RO MEMBRANE

[EIRI/EDPR/3936] J.C.: 2059

INTRODUCTION

Reverse Osmosis is a process in which dissolved inorganic solids (such as salts)

are removed from a solution (such as water). This is accomplished by household
water pressure pushing the tap water through a semipermeable membrane.

Reverse Osmosis is a technology that is used to remove a large majority of

contaminants from water by pushing the water under pressure through a semi-
permeable membrane.

To understand the purpose and process of Reverse Osmosis you must first
understand the naturally occurring process of Osmosis.

Osmosis is a naturally occurring phenomenon and one of the most important

processes in nature. It is a process where a weaker saline solution will tend to
migrate to a strong saline solution. Examples of osmosis are when plant roots
absorb water from the soil and our kidneys absorb water from our blood.

Below is a diagram which shows how osmosis works. A solution that is less
concentrated will have a natural tendency to migrate to a solution with a higher
concentration. For example, if you had a container full of water with a low salt
concentration and another container full of water with a high salt concentration
and they were separated by a semi-permeable membrane, then the water with the
lower salt concentration would begin to migrate towards the water container with
the higher salt concentration.

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Reverse Osmosis Systems (RO): Water pressure is used to force water molecules
through a very fine membrane leaving the contaminants behind. Purified water is
collected from the "clean" or “permeate” side of the membrane, and water
containing the concentrated contaminants is flushed down the drain from the
"contaminated" or “concentrate” side. The average RO system is a unit consisting
of a sediment/chlorine pre filter, the reverse-osmosis membrane, a storage tank,
and an activated-carbon post filter.

Reverse osmosis removes salt and most other inorganic material present in the
water, and for that reason, RO lends itself to use in places where the drinking
water is brackish (salty), contains nitrates or other dissolved minerals which are
difficult to remove by other methods.

Stages of Filtration

The modern RO system is a unit consisting of a sediment pre-filter to remove

particulates, turbidity, sand and rust; an activated carbon pre-filter to remove the
chlorine, pesticides, herbicides, disinfectants, and VOCs which might otherwise
damage the reverse osmosis membrane; the reverse-osmosis membrane which
removes virtually everything such as heavy metals, lead, salt, chromium and
dissolved solids; a storage tank, and an activated-carbon post filter. The carbon
post filter or polishing filter is necessitated by the demineralized, slightly acidic RO
water attacking the rubber inside the storage tank, dissolving some of the rubber.
This can be avoided by remineralizing the water prior to storage. This
remineralization technology is found in the patented Artesian Full Contact system.

Sediment Stage: removes rough particles, sand and rust.

Carbon stage: removes chlorine and chemicals which would otherwise damage
the TFC reverse osmosis membrane. Multiple carbon stages my be necessary at
this point depending on the carbon quality and contact time.

Reverse osmosis stage: removes dissolved solids nd virtually everything larger

than the water molecule itself. This is where the bulk of the purification is
accomplished.

Remineralization Stage: water purified by reverse osmosis is highly pure and

slightly acidic. The Tap Master Artesian Full Contact remineralizes with calcium
and magnesium to balance the pH, improve the taste and introduce healthy
minerals. Learn more about Alkaline Water.

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Storage tank

Optional or application specific water treatment stage(s): UV filter to destroy

microorganisms, nitrate/arsenic/fluoride/deionization selective filters to remove
whatever small amount remains of these contaminants.

Final Carbon stage: also known as a "polishing" filter this carbon filter removes
any tastes or odors the acidic RO water has "picked up" from the storage tank. In
other words the acidic water produced from systems without the Artesian Full
Contact technology will dissolve some of the rubber in the storage tank which the
final carbon filter then removes.

Membrane filtration can be a very efficient and economical way of separating

components that are suspended or dissolved in a liquid. The membrane is a
physical barrier that allows certain compounds to pass through, depending on
their physical and/or chemical properties. Membranes commonly consist of a
porous support layer with a thin dense layer on top that forms the actual
membrane. Types of Membrane filtration based on membrane pore sizes are
described below;

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 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
STAGES OF FILTRATION
STORAGE TANK
TYPES OF MEMBRANE PROCESSES
(A) ULTRAFILTRATION
(B) MICROFILTRATION MICRO FILTRATION
(C) REVERSE OSMOSIS
RO IS ALSO KNOWN AS HYPERFILTRATION
TYPES OF REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANE
(A) ASYMMETRIC MEMBRANE - CELLULOSE ACETATE (CA) MEMBRANE
MEMBRANE PREPARATION:
CELLULOSE ACETATE MEMBRANE FILTER APPLICATIONS
CELLULOSE ACETATE MEMBRANE FILTER SPECIFICATIONS
PERFORMANCE BY PORE SIZE
(B) THIN FILM COMPOSITE MEMBRAN:-
CONSTRUCTION
SPIRAL WOUND MODULE
CONSTRUCTION
HOW IT WORKS
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGE
USES AND APPLICATION
B.I.S. SPECIFICATION
PROCESS FLOW CHART
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
MANUFACTURING OF FOR THIN FILM COMPOSITE MEMBRANE ELEMENT
RAW MATERIALS:
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
THERE ARE THE MAIN THREE STEPS FOR MAKING TFC MEMBRANE
THE TECHNOLOGY FOR PREPARATION OF COMPOSITE POLYAMIDE
REVERSE OSMOSIS (RO) MEMBRANE INVOLVES VARIOUS STEPS:
(1) PREPARATION OF CASTING SOLUTION (PSF SOL)
(2) PHASE INVERSION METHOD FOR PREPARATION SUPPORTING
MEMBRANE (LAYER) (CASTING PROCESS)
IMMERSION PRECIPITATION
FACTORS AFFECTING MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
(A) ADDITION OF SOLVENT TO THE COAGULATION BATH
(B) POLYMER CONCENTRATION

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(C) ADDITION OF NON-SOLVENT TO THE CASTING SOLUTION
(D) EVAPORATION TIME
(E) PORE-FORMING ADDITIVES
MEMBRANE POST-TREATMENT
(A) ANNEALING
(B) CROSS LINKING
(C) DRYING BY SOLVENT EXCHANGE
(3) PREPARATION OF POLYAMIDE ACTIVE LAYER (COATING PROCESS)
ON SUPPORT LAYER
COATING PROCESS
(A) DIP COATING
(B) INTERFACIAL POLYMERISATION
(4) ASSEMBLING PROCESS OF SPIRAL WOUND MEMBRANE CARTRIDGE
TESTING
HYDROSTATIC TEST
MARKING
PACKING
MARKET POSITION
GLOBAL MARKET TREND
KEY MARKET PLAYERS
PLANT LAYOUT
PRINCIPLES OF PLANT LAYOUT
MAJOR PROVISIONS IN ROAD PLANNING FOR MULTIPURPOSE
SERVICE ARE:
PLANT LOCATION FACTORS
PRIMARY FACTORS
1. RAW-MATERIAL SUPPLY:
2. MARKETS:
3. POWER AND FUEL SUPPLY:
4. WATER SUPPLY:
5. CLIMATE:
6. TRANSPORTATION:
7. WASTE DISPOSAL:
8. LABOR:
9. REGULATORY LAWS:
10. TAXES:
11. SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
12. COMMUNITY FACTORS:
13. VULNERABILITY TO WARTIME ATTACK:
14. FLOOD AND FIRE CONTROL:
EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN THE PROJECT REPORT
1. DEPRECIATION:
2. FIXED ASSETS:
3. WORKING CAPITAL:

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4. BREAK-EVEN POINT:
5. OTHER FIXED EXPENSES:
6. MARGIN MONEY:
8. TOTAL LOAD:
9. LAND AREA/MAN POWER RATIO:
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULES
INTRODUCTION
PROJECT HANDLING
PROJECT SCHEDULING
PROJECT CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE
TIME SCHEDULE
SUPPLIERS OF TFC RO MEMBRANE
SUPPLIERS OF RAW MATERIALS
SUPPLIERS OF POLY SULPHONE
SUPPLIERS OF N-METHYL PYRROLIDONE
SUPPLIERS OF NON-WOVEN POLYSTER FABRIC
SUPPLIERS OF TRI METHYL CLORIDE
SUPPLIERS OF PLANT AND MACHINERY
SUPPLIERS OF TFC RO MEMBRANE MAKING MACHINE
SUPPLIERS OF SPIRAL WOUND MEMBRANE ASSEMBLING PLANT
SUPPLIERS PF POLY SULPHONE CASTING AND COATING MACHINE
SUPPLIERS OF MEMBRANE LAB TEST EQUIPMENT
SUPPLIERS OF POWER TRANSFORMERS
SUPPLIERS OF ELECTRICAL PANEL
SUPPLIERS OF COOLING TOWER
SUPPLIERS OF EFFULENT TREATMENT PLANT (ETP PLANT)
SUPPLIERS OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF AIR CONDITIONING EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF AIR COMPRESSORS
SUPPLIERS OF PLATFORM WEIGHING MACHINE
SUPPLIERS OF MATERIAL HANDLING EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS
SUPPLIERS OF JIGS AND FIXTURE
SUPPLIERS OF SUBMERSIBLE WATER PUMP

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APPENDIX – A:

01. PLANT ECONOMICS

02. LAND & BUILDING
03. PLANT AND MACHINERY
04. OTHER FIXED ASSESTS
05. FIXED CAPITAL
06. RAW MATERIAL
07. SALARY AND WAGES
08. UTILITIES AND OVERHEADS
09. TOTAL WORKING CAPITAL
10. TOTAL CAPITAL INVESTMENT
11. COST OF PRODUCTION
12. TURN OVER/ANNUM
13. BREAK EVEN POINT
14. RESOURCES FOR FINANCE
15. INSTALMENT PAYABLE IN 5 YEARS
16. DEPRECIATION CHART FOR 5 YEARS
17. PROFIT ANALYSIS FOR 5 YEARS
18. PROJECTED BALANCE SHEET FOR (5 YEARS)

COST ESTIMATION

Plant Capacity 1800 Nos/Day

Land & Building (4047 sq.mt.) Rs. 2.28 Cr
Plant & Machinery Rs. 2.25 Cr
Working Capital for 2 Months Rs. 1.56 Cr
Total Capital Investment Rs. 6.45Cr
Rate of Return 40%
Break Even Point 56%

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