AC SUBSTATIONS GROUNDING SYSTEM

DESIGN CALCULATIONS SPREADSHEET

Designed by: Ir. Farhan

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO

I DESIGN PROCEDURE BLOCK DIAGRAM 1 of 8

II GROUNDING SYSTEM CALCULATIONS 2 of 8

III RESULTS SUMMARY 7 of 8

IV USED TABLES 8 of 8
 STEP#1: FIELD DATA
A,r

STEP#2: CONDUCTOR SIZE

ts,d,Io

STEP#3: TOUCH &

STEP CRITERIA
Etouch70, Estep70

STEP#4: INITIAL DESIGN

D,n,LT,h

STEP#5: GRID RESISTANCE

Rg,LT
STEP#11: MODIFY
DESIGN
D,n,LT,LR

STEP#6: GRID CURRENT

IG

STEP#7: YES
GPR < Etouch

NO

STEP#8: MESH &

STEP VOLTAGES
Em,Es,Km,Ks,Ki,Kii

NO STEP#9:

Em<Etouch

YES

NO STEP#10:
Es<Estep

YES

STEP#12: DETAIL
DESIGN

AC Substation Grounding Design

Calculations Spreadsheet PAGE 1 / 8
AC Substation Grounding Design
Calculations Spreadsheet PAGE 1 / 8
 STANDARDS USED

IEEE Gude for Safety in AC Substation Grounding IEEE - 80 2000

STEP#1: GENERAL DESIGN DATA

1 Soil Resistivity, ρ : 100 Ohm-M

2 Gravel Resistivity, ρs : 2500 Ohm-M

3 Symmetrical Short Circuit Current, I : 13450 A

4 Duration of Earth Fault Current, ts : 0.5 Sec

5 Maximum Allowable Conductor Temp. : 700 ° C

6 Design Ambient Temperature : 40 ° C

7 Thickness of Crushed Gravel, hs : 0.102 mtr.

8 Depth of Earth Grid, h : 0.5 mtr.

9 Reference depth of the Grid, ho 1 mtr.

STEP#2: SIZE OF EARTHING CONDUCTOR

I
Amm 2  Eqn.: 40 Page : 43
 TCAP  10  4   K 0  Tm  IEEE Std. 80 - 2000
  ln  
 t c r  r  K T 
   0 a 

Where:

Material Proposed

αr = Resistivity of Conductor Material 0.0036 Ohm - M

ρr = Thermal co-efficient of resistivity at reference temperature 8.48

Tm = Max. allowable temperature in °C 657 °C

Ta = Ambient temperature in °C 40 °C

Ko = 1/a0 or 1/ar - Tr in °C 258

Iefs = rms current in Ka 13.45 KA

tc = Duration of Current in s 0.5 Sec.

TCAP = thermal capacity per unit volume from Table 1 3.58 J/(cm³°C)

Amm² = Conductor cross section in mm² 82.92 mm²

A Kcmil = 163.68 kcmil

Amm² = 82.92 mm²

THE SIZE OF CONDUCTOR SELECTED = 10.3 mm

Diameter of the Grid Conductor ,d = 0.01028 mtr.
Rounded of = 0.01 mtr.

AC Substation Grounding
Design Calculations PAGE 2 / 8
Spreadsheet
 STEP#3: TOUCH & STEP VOLTAGE CRITERIA

0.157
Estep70  (1000 6Cs  s ) Eqn. 30, Page 27, IEEE 80 2000
ts

0.157 Eqn. 33, Page 27, IEEE 80 2000

Etouch70  (10001.5Cs  s )
ts

  s Eqn. 21, Page 21, IEEE 80 2000

K 
  s

  
0 .09  1   Eqn. 27, Page 23, IEEE 80 2000
  s 
Cs 
2 hs  0 .09

Where:

Estep70 = Step Voltage for body weight of 70 kg

E touch70 = Touch Voltage for body weight of 70 kg

K = Reflection factor between different material resistivities

ρ = Resistivity of the earth beneath the surface material in W.m

ρs = Surface material resistivity in W.m

hs = Thickness of the surface material in m

Cs = Surface layer derating factor

K = -0.92

Cs = 0.71

Estep70 = 2573.75 Volts

E touch70 = 809.96 Volts

STEP#4: INITIAL DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS

Length Breadth
Preliminary Layout of Grid = 70 70

n = Number of parallel conductors = 14

D = Conductor Spacing = 5m

h = Depth of grid burial = 0.5 m

Lp = Length of the conductor across perimeter = 280 m

Nr = No. of Ground Rods = 10

Lr = Length of Ground Rods = 7.5 m

LR = Total length of Ground Rods = 75 m

LT1 = Total length of buried condcutor = 2100 m

LT = Total length of buried conductors & rods = 2175 m

Lx = Maximum length of conductor in X-Axis = 70

Ly = Maximum length of conductor in Y-Axis = 70

AC Substation Grounding
Design Calculations PAGE 3 / 8
Spreadsheet
AC Substation Grounding
Design Calculations PAGE 3 / 8
Spreadsheet
 STEP#5: GRID RESISTANCE

1 1  1 
Rg     1   Eqn. 52, Page 65,
 LT 20A  1  h 20/ A  IEEE 80 2000

Where:

A = Area of the Grid = 4900 m²

Rg = Grid Resistance

Rg = 0.67 W

STEP#6: MAXIMUM GRID CURRENT

IG  D f  Ig Eqn. 64, Page 73, IEEE 80 2000

Where:

Ig = rms Symmetrical Grid Current in A 13450 A

Df = Decrement factor for the entire duration of fault, given in s 0.7

IG = 9415 A

STEP#7: GROUND POTENTIAL RISE

GPR  I G  Rg

Where:

IG = Maximum Grid Current

Rg = Grid Resistance

GPR = 6354.8 V

If Action
GPR < The Preliminary grid design is safe
Etouch70
GPR > The Preliminary grid design is not safe , Continue to Step#8: Calculation of mesh and step
Etouch70 voltages

E touch70 = 809.96 V GPR = 6354.80 V

[[[[[[ The Initial Design is not Safe and continue to Step#8 ]]]]]]

AC Substation Grounding
Design Calculations PAGE 4 / 8
Spreadsheet
 STEP#8: CALCULATION FOR ACTUAL DERIVED STEP & MESH VOLTAGE

A Mesh Voltage

  IG  K m  K i
Emesh ( Design )  Eqn. 80, Page 91,
  
Lr
L C  1 . 55  1 . 22    L IEEE 80, 2000
  L2  l 2  R

  x Ly 

Ki = Corrective factor for current irregularity

Ki = 0.644 + 0.148 n

Where:

n = na x nb x nc x nd

na = 2 x LT / Lp

na = 15.0

nb = 1 for square grids = 1

nc = 1 for square and rectangular grids = 1

nd = 1 for square, rectangular and L-shaped gr = 1

n = 15.00

Ki = 2.86

Km = Spacing factor for Mesh Voltage

Eqn. 81, Page 93

1  D2  D  2 h  2 h  Kii  8 
Km  ln     ln   IEEE 80, 2000
2  16 hd 8 Dd 4 d  Kh    2 n  1 

Where:

Kii = Corrective wieghting factor that adjusts the effect of inner conductors on the corner mesh

1
K ii  2
Eqn. 82, Page 93
IEEE 80, 2000
(2  n) n

Kii = 0.62

Kii = 1.00 With Rods

Kh = Corrective weighting factor that empasising the grid depth

Eqn. 83, Page 93

 h 
=  1   IEEE 80, 2000
 ho 

Where:

h0 = Reference depth of grid = 1

h = Depth of the ground grid conductor = 0.5

Kh = 1.22

Km = 0.65

Emesh (design) = 786.11 Volts

AC Substation Grounding
Design Calculations PAGE 5 / 8
Spreadsheet
 (CONTINUED) STEP#8: CALCULATION FOR ACTUAL DERIVED STEP & MESH VOLTAGE

B Step Voltage

Estep ( Design ) 
  Ks  Ki    I G   Eqn. 92, Page 94
 0 . 75  L C  0 . 85  L R  IEEE 80, 2000

Where:

Ks = Spacing factor for Step voltage

1  1 1  1  0 .5 n  2

Ks        Eqn. 94, Page 94, IEEE 80, 2000
  2 h D  h  D  

Ks = 0.440

Ki = 2.864

Estep (deign) = 724.08 Volts

= 724 Volts

STEP#9: COMPARING THE COMPUTED MESH VOLTAGE FROM STEP#8 WITH THE TOLERABLE TOUCH
VOLTAGE FROM STEP#3

If Action
Em < Etouch Continue to Step#10: Comparing the computed step voltage from step#8 with the tolerable
step voltage from step#3
Em > Etouch Preliminary Design modification

E touch70 = 809.96 V Em = 786.11 V

[[[[[[[[[[ Design is Safe Continue to Step#10 ]]]]]]]]]]

STEP#10: COMPARING THE COMPUTED STEP VOLTAGE FROM STEP#8 WITH THE TOLERABLE STEP
VOLTAGE FROM STEP#3

If Action
Es < Estep Safe Design - Design is completed
Es > Estep Back to Step#4: Initial Design modification

E step70 = 2573.75 V Es = 724.08 V

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ Design is Safe - Finalize Your Design ]]]]]]]]]]]]]

AC Substation Grounding
Design Calculations PAGE 6 / 8
Spreadsheet
 Results Summary

A EARTH GRID CONDUCTOR

Type of Conductor Aluminium-clad steel wire

Size of Conductor 10 mm

Length of Conductor 2100 mtr

Depth of Conductor 0.5 m below GL

B GROUND RODS

Total Length of Ground Rods 75 mtr

Length of Individual Ground Rods 7.5 mtr

No. of Ground Rods 10 No.

C HUMAN SAFETY

UNIT Permissible Value Designed Value

Step Voltage Volt 2574 724

Mesh Voltage Volt 809.96 786

[[[[[[[[[[ Design is Safe Continue to Step#10 ]]]]]]]]]]

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ Design is Safe - Finalize Your Design ]]]]]]]]]]]]]

AC Substation Grounding
Design Calculations PAGE 7/ 8
Spreadsheet
 Used Tables

TABLE 1 - MATERIAL CONSTANTS

TCAP
Material
ar factor K0 at
Fusing rr Thermal
Description Conductivity Temperature 20°C(m W .c
at 20°C (0°C) Capacity
(%) Tm (°C) m) [J/(cm³.°C]

Copper annealed
1 1 100 1 0.00393 1 234 1 1083 1 1.72 1 3.42
soft - drawn

Copper, commercial
2 2 97 2 0.00381 2 242 2 1084 2 1.78 2 3.42
hard - drawn

Copper-clad steel
3 3 40 3 0.00378 3 245 3 1084 3 4.4 3 3.85
wire
Copper-clad steel
4 4 30 4 0.00378 4 245 4 700 4 5.86 4 3.85
wire
Copper-clad steel
5 5 20 5 0.00378 5 245 5 1084 5 8.62 5 3.85
rod
6 Aluminium EC Grade 6 61 6 0.00403 6 228 6 657 6 2.86 6 2.56
Aluminium 5005
7 7 53.5 7 0.00353 7 263 7 652 7 3.22 7 2.6
alloy
Aluminium 6201
8 8 52.5 8 0.00347 8 268 8 654 8 3.28 8 2.6
alloy
Aluminium-clad steel
9 9 20.3 9 0.0036 9 258 9 657 9 8.48 9 3.58
wire

10 Steel, 1020 10 10.8 10 0.0016 10 605 10 1510 10 15.9 10 3.28

Stainless - clad steel

11 11 9.8 11 0.0016 11 605 11 1400 11 17.5 11 4.44
rod
12 Zinc-coated steel rod 12 8.6 12 0.0032 12 293 12 419 12 20.1 12 3.93
13 Stanless steel, 304 13 2.4 13 0.0013 13 749 13 1400 13 72 13 4.03

AC Substation Grounding Design PAGE 8 / 8

Calculations Spreadsheet