Binary star motion in the field

of Kerr black hole

Stanislav Komarov, Alexander Gorbatsievich, Alexander Tarasenko

Belarusian State University,

Physics Faculty, Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics

Minsk, 23 May, 2018

S. Komarov et al. Binary star motion in the field ...

Introduction

◮ Observational evidences have shown that a supermassive black hole with a mass
M ≈ 106 M⊙ exists in the center of our galaxy (Sgr A∗ ).
◮ The results of the observations of the stars in the innermost arcsecond (the
so-called S-stars) of our galaxy give as possibilities for testing theories of gravity
(the pericenter of the star S2 lies within the 0,01”).

1′′ correspond to 0, 04 pc ≈ 400000 · M.

S. Komarov et al. Binary star motion in the field ...

Introduction

◮ The astrophysical observations gives

also evidences for the existence of the
X-ray pulsars in the closed vicinity of
the Galactic Center. This gives us
possibilities to study gravity in the
strong field regime.
◮ Do to the observational difficulties it is
possible to restrict the radiation only for
a certain sources. But the future
technologies, such as MAXIM can give
us more possibilities to studying of
these objects.

Figure. Chandra image of the Galactic Center region.

The outer and inner yellow circles correspond to 1 pc and
0.2 pc from the Galactic Center.

C. J. Hailey., K. Mori., F. E. Bauer et al. A density cusp of quiescent X-ray binaries in the central
parsec of the Galaxy.//doi:10.1038/nature25029. Nature. Vol. 556. 2018

S. Komarov et al. Binary star motion in the field ...

Formulation of the problem

The purpose of the present research is to work out methods to study time of arrival of
the pulses or redshift of the emitted light by source in binary system as a function of
time and of the parameters of motion of the binary star.

Trajectory of light

Trajectory of motion of the

Observer center of mass

S. Komarov et al. Binary star motion in the field ...

Introduction.
General Theory of Relativity

1 8πG
Rij − Rgij = 4 Tij ⇒
2 c (1)
T ji ;i = 0 — equations of motion.

S. Komarov et al. Binary star motion in the field ...

Time of arrival of the pulses and the redshift of the received light

(u i )o

(k i)o

Source
(u i )s Observer

(k i)s

δλ (k i ui )s
z= = i − 1.
λ (k ui )o

(N) (N−1) (N−1) (k i ui )s

tTOA = tTOA + Tp (z + 1) = tTOA + Tp .
(k i ui )o
Here Tp — is the pulsar period in the reference frame of the pulsar, z is the redshift,
(j)
tTOA — is the time of arrival of the j th pulse.

S. Komarov et al. Binary star motion in the field ...

Geodesics in Kerr spacetime
Firstly, consider a point-like source in Kerr space-time and calculate the redshift z0 (τ ),
where τ is the proper time of the source. The isotropic and timelike geodesics can be
found from the system of equations (with corresponding functions R(r ) and Θ(cos θ)):
dr p
= ± R(r ) ;
dτM
d cos θ p
= ± Θ(cos θ) ;
dτM
dφ
= Φ(r , cos θ) ;
dτM
dt
= T (r , cos θ).
dτM

Where {r , θ, φ, t} are the Boyer-Lindquist coordinates, τM = r 2 +adτ

R
2 cos2 θ , where τ is the proper
(for timelike geodesic), or an affine parameter (for isotropic geodesic) is the Mino time.
The obtained system of equations can be solved analytically in terms of elliptic integrals.

S. Komarov et al. Binary star motion in the field ...

Comoving reference frame

X (α) = h(α)i ηi σ.
giˆjˆ = η(i )(j) + ε(i )(j) + φ(i )(j) .
where η(i )(j) = diag (1, 1, 1, −1) and

1 1
ε(α)(β) = − R(α)(µ)(β)(ν)X (µ) X (ν) + O(̺3 ), ε(α)(4) = K(α) + Θ(α) + O(̺3 ) ,
3 c
 1 
ε(4)(4) = − 2Θ + 2ζ + ζ 2 − 2 K(α) K (α) + O(̺3 ) .
c
1
K(α) = ǫ(α)(κ)(τ )X (τ ) ω (κ) , ζ= W(α) X (α) ,
c2
Θ(α) = 2
3
R(α)(µ)(ν)(4) X (µ) X (ν) + O(̺3 ) ,
Θ= 1
2
R(4)(µ)(4)(ν) X (µ) X (ν) + O(̺3 ) .
S. Komarov et al. Binary star motion in the field ...
Model assumptions

Let v is the relative velocity of the components of the binary system, M is the mass of
supermassive black hole, m1,2 are masses of the components of the binary, R0 their
own radius, ̺ is the relative distance between the components of the binary.

M ≫ m1,2 ;
̺ ≫ R0 ;
v
≪ 1;
c
M ≫ ̺;

S. Komarov et al. Binary star motion in the field ...

The equations of motion

Equations of motion of the center of mass

dV (κ)
(m1 + m2 ) =(m1 + m2 )(2ε(κ) (µ)(ν) V (µ) ω (ν) − 2cR (κ) (ν)(µ)(4) X (µ) V (ν) +
dT (3a)
2D (κ) (ν) X (ν) − W (κ) ) − 2mcR (κ) (ν)(µ)(4) x (µ) v (ν) .

Equations of the relative motion of the components of the binary

dv (κ)
 
G (m1 + m2 ) 2c(m2 − m1 ) (κ)
= − 2ε(κ) (α)(τ ) ω (α) v (τ ) − R (ν)(µ)(4) x (µ) v (ν)
dT r ,(κ) (m1 + m2 )
(κ) (µ) 2
+ 2D (ν) x + c(R(α)(µ)(κ)(4) + R(α)(κ)(µ)(4))(X (µ) v (α) + x (µ) V (α) ) .
3
(3b)

The equations (3a) and (3b) are given in article:

Gorbatsievich, A. The equations of motion of compact binaries in the neighbourhood of

supermassive black hole / A. Gorbatsievich, A. Bobrik // The Sun, The Stars, The Universe and
General Relativity: International Conference in Honor of Ya. B. Zeldovich’s 95th Anniversary. —
Vol. 1205. — AIP, 2010. — Pp. 87-96.

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Results of numerical calculation of the orbits of relative motion

xH2L M

0.02

xH1L M
-0.04 -0.02 0.02 0.04

-0.02

-0.04

Figure: Relative motion of the components of the binary system (projection into x (1) − x (2)
”plane”) for the cases of a = 0, 1 (blue line) and of a = 0, 9 (red line).

S. Komarov et al. Binary star motion in the field ...

Calculation of the redshift. Decomposition of the redshift

Consider a source in a binary system. We can decompose redshift into series of v and
̺:
η i (τ+Δτ)

η i(τ) τ=const
dx i
σ=const

τ=const

σ=const We have used the relation k[i ;j] = 0, that is holds

i
ξ(τ) τ=const for the case of observer motion along the integral
(u i )s
curve of the Killing vector field: (u i )o = cξ i .

ki (x l )dx i d
1 + z(τ ) = − p = 1 + z0 (τ + τret ) − (ki ηi ̺)
−gkm (x l )dx k dx m
ω0 dτ
(4)
1 d 1
− (km;s ηm ηs ̺2 ) − Rlijm uCi uCj ηl ηm σP2 + O(̺3 , ̺2 v , v 2 ).
2 dτ 2

S. Komarov et al. Binary star motion in the field ...

Calculation of the redshit. Time of retardation

ki dx i = const, along an isotropic geodesic. (5)

Here dx i is the coordinate distance between two close geodesics. Applying this
equation to the points C and P yields:
Z̺
dx i dx i 1
ki dσ = −(ki u i )o dt = ω0 dt ⇒ ω0 tret = ki dσ ≈ ki ηi ̺ + ki ;j ηi ηj ̺2 . (6)
dσ dσ 2
0
τret can be expressed as:
Ztret
dt ki ηi 1 ki ;j ηi ηj 2 1 (ki ηi )2 dz0
ω0 τret = ω0 ≈ ̺+ ̺ − ̺. (7)
z +1 z0 + 1 2 z0 + 1 2 (z0 + 1)3 dτ
0

τ i
Observer
ξ(τ)
z(τ+τ )
0 ret

z(τ)
uCi
(u i )s
i
kC

C
σP
s ηi

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Formula for the calculation of the redshift of light of an extended object

  
d 1 d 1 d 1 dz0
1 + z = (1 + z0 ) 1 − (ni ηi ̺) − (ni ;j ηi ηj ̺2 ) + (ni ηi )2 ̺2 −
dτ 2 dτ 2 dτ z0 + 1 dτ

1
Rlijm uCi uCj ηl ηm ̺2 + O(̺3 , ̺2 v , v 2 ) .
2
(8)

ki
Here ni = and ni ηi ̺ = n(α) X (α) .
ω0 (z0 + 1)

ZτS
t = (z(τ ′ ) + 1)dτ ′ . (9)
0

Where
dτ
= 1 − Rlijm uCi uCj ηl ηm ̺2 + O(̺3 , ̺2 v , v 2 ) . (10)
dτS

S. Komarov, A Gorbatsievich and A. Tarasenko. Time delay of radiation from pulsar in a binary
system that moves in field of Schwarzschild black hole. — Lithuanian Journal of Physics. Vol. 52.
No 2. Pp. 88-93 (2017)
S. Komarov et al. Binary star motion in the field ...
Calculation of the redshift. Proof of the statement k[i ;j] = 0.

BMN = e i M e j N k[i ;j] = (u i )0

1
θhMN − θMN + ωMN where,
2
ωMN = B[MN] ,
θ = BM M , k
hMN = diag 1, 1

where M, N =1,2.
We obtain ωMN = 0.
If (u i )o = Aξ i , where
ξi ;j + ξj;i = 0, then k[i ;j] = 0!

Hawking S. The large scale structure of space-time / S. Hawking and G. Ellis // — CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS — 1973

S. Komarov et al. Binary star motion in the field ...

 z. , z0
-0.10

-0.12

-0.14

-0.16

-0.18

-0.20

-0.22

tcM
20 40 60 80 100

Figure: The redshift as a function of the proper time of the source. The chosen parameters of the
motion are: Kerr parameter a = 0, 1M; angular momentum per unit mass, L = 4, 9M; carter
constant per unit mass Q = 3, 0; energy per unit mass, E = 0, 984; mass of the source,
m1 = 8, 89 · 10−7 M; mass of the companion star, m2 = 4, 45 · 10−7 M; initial relative distances,
x i = {0; 0, 01M; 0}; initial relative velocities, v i /Mc = {0, 004; 0; 0, 003}.

S. Komarov et al. Binary star motion in the field ...

Thank you for you attention!

S. Komarov et al. Binary star motion in the field ...