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THE WORLD
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Giovanni Caselli

Contributing Illustrators:
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Nicholas Hewetson
John James

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DORLING KINDERSLEY, INC.

NEW YORK
 6

CONTENTS

4 THE SEVEN WONDERS OF THE WORLD

6 THE PYRAMIDS
8 BUILDING THE PYRAMIDS
10 OTHER GREAT PYRAMIDS
12 GREAT STONES OF OUR TIMES
14 THE HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON
16 THE CITY OF BABYLON
18 ENTERTAINMENT FOR THE PEOPLE
i9-^->is.'->--^^_f= -^
20 PALACES OF PLEASURE AND LEARNING
22 THE STATUE OF ZEUS
24 OLYMPIA AND THE GAMES
A DORLING KINDERSLEY BOOK 26 GREAT BUDDHAS
Editor Susan Mennell
US editor B. Alison Weir 28 PLACES OF PILGRIMAGE
Series editor Angela Wilkes
Art Editor Roger Priddy
30 THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS
Editorial director Jackie Douglas
Art director Roger Bristow
32 BUILDING THE TEMPLE
First American Edition, 1992
10 9876543

Published in the United States by

34 REACHING FOR THE HEAVENS
Dorling Kindersley, Inc 95 Madison Avenue
,

New York, New York 1 00 1

36 BUILDING A CATHEDRAL
Copyright © 1992 Dorling Kindersley Limited, London
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American
Copyright Conventions^ No part of this publication may be
38 THE MAUSOLEUM AT HALICARNASSUS
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior
permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great
40 BUILDING THE MAUSOLEUM
Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. Distributed by
Houghton

'
Mifflin Company. Boston.
42 THE TAJ MAHAL
ISBN 1-56458-145-4

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 92-52798 44 GUARDIANS OF THE TOMBS

Typeset by SX Composing Ltd, Essex
Reproduced in Singapore by Colourscan
Printed in Spain by Artes Graficas, Toledo S.A. 46 THE COLOSSUS OF RHODES
D.L TO: 1378- 1995
 48 BUILDING THE COLOSSUS
50 THE LIGHT OF LIBERTY
52 GIANT STATUES
^ 54 THE PHAROS OF ALEXANDRIA
56 BUILDING THE PHAROS
58 TOWERING CONSTRUCTIONS
60 TALL TOWERS
62 THE WONDERS OF SIZE

64 INDEX
 THE SEVEN WONDERS
OF THE WORLD
More than 2,000 years ago, a Greek writer called
Antipater of Sidon compiled a list of what he
considered to be the most spectacular
buildings of his day. These later became
widely known as the Seven Wonders of the
World. Nobody knows exactly why Antipater
made his list. Perhaps it was intended as an
early tourist guide to the countries of the
eastern Mediterranean.
The actual number of "wonders" is thought
to be significant. Since earliest times, the
number seven was considered sacred and was
often associated in folklore and religion with
special or mystical events.
Inevitably, over the centuries, some of
the Seven Wonders collapsed and fell into ruins,
so that later writers compiled their own lists of
other splendid sights or "wonders."
But what distinguishes all the "wonders"
from other buildings throughout history,
whether ancient or modern, is that there is
something amazing about them - either their
colossal size, the remarkable way in which
they were built, or simply their outstanding
beauty. And the one factor they all have m
common is their unfailing ability to
make people marvel at their very existence.

Finding a vrondex
On this map you can spot the original Seven
Wonders of the World. Each building has been
drawn m its approximate location so that you can
see where the ancient "wonders" were situated in
relation to each other.

The book of
revelations
This book IS divided into
seven chapters, based
around the Seven
V Wonders of the World.
Each chapter opens with
an artist's impression of an
ancient wonder and goes
on to explain why and how
It was built. Comparisons
are made with later
buildings, often The first chapter tells of the Chapter 2 compares the The third chapter looks at
highlighting striking pyramids of Egypt and Hanging Gardens with the Statue of Zeus and
resemblances between other big constructions, entertainment centers, other shrines, such as this
the ancient and modern. such as Stonehenge. such as the Colosseum. Buddha m Burma (Myanmar).

N 1/
 r 1 THE PYRAMIDS
Towering above the desert, near the banks of the
Nile River, stand the famous pyramids of Egypt,
A mammoth task
The largest and most impressive of
Built by the Ancient Egyptians nearly 5,000 years
the pyramids is the Great Pyramid
ago, they are the oldest of the seven ancient at Giza.Completed m 2580 bc for
wonders of the world and the only one that has King Khafu, it took thousands of
remained standing to the present day, men about 30 years to build.
The pyramids were built as tombs for the kings of
Ancient Egypt, The Ancient Egyptians believed m
life after death, so to make sure that their kings had

everything they might need m their next life, they

buried many personal treasures alongside them. In
the burial chambers of pyramids, archaeologists
have found jewels, food, furniture, musical
instruments, and hunting equipment.

The queens' tombs

Nestling at the foot of the Great
Pyramid are three smaller
pyramids. Here the chief queens
of King Khafu were buried.
Reaching for the sky
The Great Pyramid rises to a height
of about 449 ft (137 m) and each side
measures 755 ft (230 m) at its base.
The pyramid was made of about two
million blocks of stone, each
weighing about 5,074 lb (2,300 kg).
BUILDING The king's burial chamber
The Great Pyramid
THE PYRAMIDS King's burial
The pyramids were built without any chamber
machines and with the aid of only a few
simple tools. The men who built them
were not slaves, but skilled workers and
peasants who worked on the pyramids
during the months when the Nile flooded
and made farming impossible,
the fields
The pyramids were built m stages.
First the site was leveled, then a
surveyor took a bearing from the stars to
work out the position of the square base,
so that the four sides faced north, south, The king was buried in the heart of the
east, and west. pyramid. His sarcophagus, a type of coffin,
Once the foundations were laid, the was placed in the burial chamber while the
pyramid was built, using huge blocks of pyramid was still being built. The
stone cut from distant quarries and ferried entrance to the chamber was then
sealed, but many years later thieves
across the Nile. Finally the pyramid was
encased m white limestone.
broke m and stole the king's
treasures. vjt^_

Taking shape
The Ancient Egyptians built then pyramids from
the center outward. Here you can see workers
toiUng to construct the Great Pyramid at Giza.

Where are the pyramids?

A labor of love
Thousands of stonemasons, carpenters,and
ordinary laborers worked on the pyramids m
return for food and clothes. Although conditions
were harsh, people were willing to build the
king's tomb, as they considered him to be a god
Muscle power
Transporting the massive stone blocks
from the banks of the Nile to the site of
the pyramids was difficult and strenuous
work. They were dragged from
the boats to the building site by
huge teams of men.
Layer upon layer
Ramps of rubble and earth
were built up the sides of the
pyramid while it was being
constructed, but were
removed once it was finished.
The blocks of stone were
levered into place with long,
wooden poles.
OTHER GREAT PYRAMIDS
Although the pyramids built by the Ancient Seated in a stone cage
Egyptians are the most famous pyramids, they Around the large central stupa
are not the only ones ever built. Other ancient are about seventy smaller stupas.
Inside each one sits a statue of the
civilizations also built huge, pyramid-shaped
Buddha, which can be seen
monuments. Most pyramids were some kind of
through the holes m the
temple dedicated to a god. As in Ancient Egypt protective stone casing.
kings were sometimes worshipped as gods and
when they died, they were buried in tombs
concealed deep mside pyramids,

Borobodur
The word "Borobodur" means "temple
on the hill. " Situated on a hill in the
jungle of Java m
Southeast Asia,
Borobodur is the largest Buddhist
temple in the world. It was
built m about ad 800
but was later abandoned
after an earthquake and fell
into rums. For centuries the
temple lay hidden m the jungle,
but m 1814 It was discovered and
since then archaeologists have
restored it to its former glory.

Changing shapes
Borobodur looks like an
enormous terraced
pyramid. It has a square

base above which are

several circular terraces
that become smaller
toward the top. At the
very top of the temple,
150 ft (46 m) above the
ground, is a huge bell-
shaped shrine or "stupa."

A winding path
The journey to the top
involves passing through a
maze of stairs and
passageways. Adorning
the walls are thousands of
magnificent carvings
depicting scenes of life in
ancient Java and stories
about the life of Buddha.
 A pilgrim's progress
Walking to the top of the
temple is like climbing a
mountain, From the bottom
it is impossible to see the
top. The journey
symbolizes the path a
Central stupa person takes through life
to reach spiritual maturity
and understanding.
3. Circular terraces
Temple at the top
Lying m the heart of the jungle of Guatemala in
Central America, the city of Tikal was one of the
most important centers of an ancient people called
the Mayas. The Mayan civilization lasted for about
two thousand years, reaching the peak of its glory
between ad 600 and 900. Tikal became an
important religious center where splendid temples
were built m the shape of pyramids. Some of these
towered as high as 225 ft (75 m).
GREAT STONES Watchtowers
Positioned at regular

OF OUR TIME intervals along the wall are

a series of imposing
watchtowers and
Ever since his appearance on Earth, man has gatehouses. Signals were
shifted enormous stones to build the most amazing sent out from the towers,
constructions, as the Ancient Eg7ptians did when using smoke during the
day and fire at night.
building the pyramids. In early times, using only
the most primitive tools, men were able to move
colossal stones or "megaliths" great distances, then
maneuver them into the position they wanted.
Nowadays, with advanced technology and powerful
machines, man is constantly building more
sophisticated buildings, dams, bridges, and tunnels,
but It remains to be seen whether they will stand
the test of time as the constructions of our
primitive ancestors did.

The Great Wall of China

The Great Wall of China is the largest man-made
construction m the world. This huge fortification
was built to keep out fierce tribes that tried to
invade China. Begun m the 3rd century bc by the
first emperor of China, Qm Shi Huangdi, the wall took
hundreds of years to complete.

Stonehenge
On Salisbury Plain m
southern England stands
an ancient circle of standing
stones known as Stonehenge,
one of the most famous
prehistoric sites the m
world. Built between 2750
and 1100 bc, the circle
measures 97 ft (30 m) across
and is made with massive
blocks of stone that are up
to 13.5 ft (4 m) high.

A mighty feat
The longest stones found at
Stonehenge were probably
dragged to the site from
quarries 20 miles (32 km) away.
Holes were then dug for them
and they were heaved into a
standing position by teams of
men, using primitive levers.

Magic circle
It is a mystery why Stonehenge
was built. Some people thmk it
may have been used as the
setting for pagan religious
ceremonies. Others think the
stones may have helped
prehistoric people to follow
the movements of the stars.
 Itaipu Dam
Situated on the Parana River between Brazil and
Paraguay, the Itaipu Dam is the largest hydro-
electric plant in the world. The South American
countries of Brazil and Paraguay joined forces to
build the dam m the 1970s. It has an enormous
capacity and is expected to generate as much
power as the Aswan and Grand Coulee
dams combined.

Look out
Built along the crest of a
mountain range, the wall
formed an effective
barrier against invaders.
Guards were posted along
the wall so that they could
sound the alarm if danger
threatened.
A long snake
The main part of the wall is 2,150 miles
(3,460 km) long, equivalent to the
distance between London and Moscow,

-*
l;(Il±dIJ_-JfIIdLilTJL-:LU±
It stretches from the mouth of the Yellow

Sea to a point deep in Central Asia.

Parallel lines
The wall has two parapets
iy^' that rise to a height of 30 ft
(9 m) on either side of a
roadway 10 ft (3,5 m) wide.
Most of the wall is made of
stone and earth covered m
brick.

A deadly task
Building such a massive
barrier in a mountainous
region was a difficult task.
Countless slaves were
used to carry out the work
and many thousands died
in the process.
2THE HANGING A green pyramid
Exotic plants and flowers cascaded
GARDENS OF BABYLON over the terraces. Cypress trees and
palms provided shade and the air was
Of the Seven Wonders of the World, none has heavy with the scent of aromatic plants
fired people's imagination as much as the and flowers.
Hanging Gardens of Babylon. There are no
descriptions of them by writers who lived at the
time, but stories about them were passed down
by word of mouth and the legend grew of an
earthly paradise rising out of the desert,
A Roman writer visited the gardens long after
the fallBabylon and found them still standing.
of
He described them as a series of vaulted
terraces, built pyramidlike, one on
top of another, and flanked by
walls more than 23 ft (7 m) thick.
Each terrace contained soil deep
enough for trees to grow.
For the love of a wife
The gardens were built by Semiramis
in the 9th century bc on the orders of
King Nebuchadrezzar. The King
created the gardens for his wife,
Amytis, who missed the green and
hillylandscape of her homeland to the
north, Persia.The lush gardens provided
a cool refuge from the burning heat of
the desert m which Babylon stood and
many people visited them.

Watering the garden

In order to irrigate the gardens, water
was pumped from the nearby Euphrates
River through a hidden network
of pipes leading to the terraces.
THE CITY OF BABYLON City sights
Visitors to Babylon marveled at its
sights. From the heart of the city rose the
The ancient city of Babylon lay on the banks of the
towering ziggurat and a temple devoted
Euphrates River in the fertile land of Mesopotamia,
to Marduk, the patron god of Babylon.
known today as Iraq. Renowned for its Hanging
Nearby were the Hanging Gardens and
Gardens and for its defensive outer walls, which
the magnificent royal palace.
many considered to be a Wonder of the World in
their own right, Babylon was one of the wealthiest
cities of the ancient world. It was a center of both
learning and commerce, where merchants from
faraway lands came to trade m exotic spices and
precious goods.
The city reached the height of its power under
King Nebuchadrezzar, who reigned from 605 to 562
BC. But the city's golden age was not to last. In 539
Bc the Persians took control of the city and
Babylon lost its independence forever. As the
years went by, people left the city and by ad 200
it was deserted and m ruins.

r'i. / '

/i

c \^ t
 A walled city
The city was encircled by
a massive double wall with
eight great gateways.
Between the outer
battlements ran a raised
roadway wide enough for
four -horse chariots to
drive along.
Persian Gulf
The Tower of Babel?
The ziggurat was a
terraced pyramidlike
tower 300 ft (90 m) tall. At
the top of It was a temple.
Some historians think the
ziggurat may have been
the legendary Tower of
Babel in the Bible.
Remains of the past
Today nothing is left of
Babylon apart from a few
rums. Archaeologists have
excavated the main street
and think they have
discovered the foundations
of the ziggurat and the
royal palace.

garden that vanished

fThe
Nobody knows exactly
where the Hanging Gardens
-
were. Archaeologists think -4

hat they may have ,'

discovered the vaults which ^|.

formed the base of the Gardens^ n

close to the palace.
 A giant building
ENTERTAINMENT The Colosseum is huge, rising to a height of 159 ft
(50 m) and measuring nearly a third of a mile (527 m)
FOR THE PEOPLE all the way around. Its four levels were originally
shaded from the sun by a h\jjge awning.
Like the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the
Colosseum in Rome was built for the entertainment
of the people. On public hohdays, Romans flocked
to this massive sports arena to watch fierce gladiator
fights.
Work began on the Colosseum m ad 70 and
was completed 12 years later. It was a masterpiece
of engmeermg. Formed like two Greek theaters put
together, the amphitheater was oval m shape to
give spectators a good view of the fights. The
Romans used movable scaffolding so that the huge
workforce of slaves could work on the whole
building at once. They also used concrete (which
they invented) and metal frames to strengthen it.
The Colosseum is now m ruins, but even though
more than half of it has disappeared, it is still
the greatest monument of Ancient Rome.

A day at the fights

Here you have a bird's-eye view of the Colosseum.
Spectators are thronging to the entrances while
m
down the arena vicious fights are already m
progress. Part of the amphitheater is cut away so
you can see the passageways beneath the arena.

The theater at Epidaurus

One of the mam
forms of entertainment for the
Ancient Greeks was going to see plays. These
were performed m vast, open-air theaters, such as this
-WWmi
one that has been restored at Epidaurus m Greece.
Built into a mountainside, the steep auditorium could
seat as many as 14,000 people.

Perfect pitch
Even today the sound m
the theater is remarkable.
A whisper made on stage
can be heard clearly from
the top tier of the seats.

Thousands of spectators
The amphitheater could
hold up to 50,000 people,
each of whom had a
numbered seat. There were
public entrances, so the
building could be emptied
quickly. The Emperor had
his own entrance.
The spectators' galleries
The galleries rose m tiers.
The Emperor and V.I.P.s
had the best seats, close to
the arena. Knights and
wealthy citizens sat on the
next two levels and
ordinary people sat at the
top of the amphitheater.
The field of combat
The arena was a wooden
floorcovered with sand.
Scenery was hoisted up
from below by pulleys.
Beneath the arena was a
maze of passages, chambers,
and the animals' dens.
Fighting for their lives
Gladiators were prisoners of war,
criminals, or slaves condemned to
death. They were trained to fight in
special schools and the Games gave
them a chance to win their freedom.
If a gladiator fought well, the Emperor
or the crowd gave him the "thumbs
up" sign and he was pardoned. If he
was defeated and given the "thumbs
down" sign, he was killed on the spot.
There were different types of
gladiators. Some fought with a net and
trident, some with a bow and arrow,
and others with a sword and shield.
Another type fought on horseback.
One of the most spectacular fights at
the Colosseum took the form of a mock
sea battle. The arena was flooded and
gladiators fought each other from
boats or in the water,
m
^
I
Some gladiators had to fight against
wild animals, such as lions and tigers.
At the end of the fights any dead
bodies were removed and sand
spread over the blood on the ground, 19
PALACES OF PLEASURE AND LEARNING
In the last few decades some spectacular new Although many of these arts centers are large, they
buildings have been constructed as multi-purpose are not renowned for their size but for their beauty
cultural centers. These house facilities for different or the originality of their architecture.
kinds of activitiesall under one roof - stages for Competitions are often held to find a unique design
plays, concerts, and spectacles, often as well as for a new center and the resulting buildings, such
museums, art galleries, and libraries. The idea of as the Pompidou Center m Pans and the Sydney
these centers is to provide places where people Opera House, stand out from their surroundings
can enjoy hours of pleasure in many different ways and become local landmarks. They are the
without the constrictions often associated with "wonders" of our own age and attract phenomenal
traditional museums, art galleries, and theaters. numbers of visitors each year.

The Pompidou Center

This striking center of art and culture
was opened m 1977. Right m the heart of
Paris, It houses a museum of modern art,
a library, and areas for dance, films, and
other activities.

A building inside out

To keep as much free
space as possible inside
the Pompidou Center, the
architects designed it with
working parts on the
all its

outside of the building -

like abody with all its
inner organs on show,
including the skeleton.

Color coding
The building was
assembled like a giant toy
construction kit, with
different colors for each
part (not all of which
you can see here). The
framework is white, the air
conditioning system blue,
the water pipes green, the
elevators red, and the
electrical parts yellow.

Continuing outside
In front of the Center is a
big square where all sorts
of open-air entertainments
go on. As the Center's
escalators and walkways
are m transparent tubes on
the front of the building, its
can watch what is
visitors
happening in the square.
A space age fantasy in Designed by Jorn Utzon, a The Opera House is more than
concrete, the Sydney Opera Danish architect, the Opera justan opera house - it is a
House IS one of Australia's House was eventually opened center for performing arts. Its
most famous landmarks. Its m 1973. It had taken 14 years to four halls are used for concerts,

brilliant white roof rises like build and had cost a fortune, opera and ballet, theater, and
sails above Sydney Harbour. but has been very successful. other activities,

Walt Disney's dream world

The EPCOT* Center at Disneyworld, Florida, was
planned by Walt Disney to be a domed, pollution-
free city. It IS now a theme park tracing man's
progress through the age of communications. Its
dramatic gateway, shown here, is a giant sphere
nearly 17 stories high, called Spaceship Earth.

Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow

 i^i^w 'mv ')m' 'M\'^^W '•''
miDJiiMiQiyininintniif irMHiTiininirin
 R sanctuary for the gods
OLYMPIA AND THE The city ofOlympia had two different areas. One part,
GAMES the "altis," was
a walled enclosure dedicated to the
gods. The other area was where people carried out
their daily activities. According to legend, Herakles, the
Mount Olympus, the highest mountain m Greece, son of Zeus, founded Olympia.
was believed by the Ancient Greeks to be the home
of Zeus, king of the gods. For centuries, Zeus was In pursuit of excellence A mighty temple
worshipped at Olympia and by the 5th century bc Athletes came from all One of the largest temples of its
it was one of the most important holy places m over Greece to compete m day, the Temple of Zeus, was
Greece. The Temple of Zeus, begun m 470 bc, the Games. Every athlete more than 210 ft (64 m) long and
took 15 yearscomplete.
to wanted to do his best m 60 ft (18.3 m) high. Its columns
Olympia was not only famous for its temples. honor of the gods. The were more than 32 ft (9.7 m) high.
But
were held there m 776 Games had strict rules and It was eventually destroyed by a
The first Olympic Games athletes who broke them series of earthguakes m the 6th
EC. Every four years, all wars were suspended as were punished. century ad.
athletes gathered at Olympia to compete.

f-/:^}'"^'^'^^^''''

The race track

The stadium used for the
Games was built m the 4th
century bc. The arena was
600 Olympic feet long from
This became a
start to finish.
standard measure known as
the "Olympic stadion."
Spectators watched the
events from both sides of
the track.
The Greek gods
The Ancient Greeks believed
m a "family" of gods, blessed
with eternal youth, that had
complete control over the lives
of ordinary people. Zeus was
the king of the gods and
reigned over his family, some
of whomare shown here, Each
god or goddess had his or her
own special role and temples
were built for the most important
of them.

Athena Demeter Aphrodite Apollo Hestia Artemis

Consulting the gods

Ordinary people seeking
advice from the gods would
go to a temple to consult them,
Priestesses who, it was said,
could hear and interpret the
voices of the gods, would act
as their spokeswomen.
Situated on mainland
Greece, Olympia was one
of the most important city-
states m the powerful
Ancient Greek empire.

Sportsmanship
At first the Olympic Games consisted of a simple shown below, as well as chariot racing and the
race, but as the years went by, more events were pentathlon (five combined events). The games lasted
added and athletes could participate in all the sports for five days and ended with a feast.

Discus Javehn Jumping Running Wrestling 25

GREAT BUDDHAS
Buddhism is one of the oldest religions m the world. It
was founded m India m the 6th century bc by Prince
Siddhartha Gautama, a teacher who became the
Buddha - the "Enlightened One". By the 3rd century
BC,Buddhism had become the mam religion m Asia.
Buddhists believe that through meditation they can
achieve a state of "Nirvana" or true spiritual
knowledge, which will free them from physical and
worldly suffering. The center of Buddhist worship
IS the temple or shrine where there are always

Today more than 245 million people follow the statues or carvings of Buddha. There are many
Buddhist faith. Although originally an eastern religion, thousands of images of Buddha throughout the
Buddhism is also practiced in the West. Buddhist world.

The many faces of Buddha The Shwethalyaung

We have chosen to illustrate
Buddhist statues because they
have a distinctive style and are
quite unlike other religious
statues.Here you can see three
very different Buddhas.
One of the most extraordinary and life- destroyed m 1757, the city was
like examples of Buddhist sculpture is gradually overrun by the jungle.
the 10th century figure of Buddha m The Shwethalyaung lay hidden for
the city of Pegu in Burma (Myanmar). centuries until it was discovered by
Known as the Shwethalyaung, the colossal chance in 1881. In 1906, it was
statue is 180 ft (55 m) long and 46 ft (16 m) enclosed in an iron pavilion and
high at the shoulder. After Pegu was was renovated in 1946.

^-^
Wat Trimitr Gal Vihara
Seated on a pedestal mside Temple
Wat Tnmitr (Temple of the
Golden Buddha) m
Thailand, is a magnificent
16 ft (5 m) high figure of
Buddha. It is made of 5,5
tons of solid gold and is
one of the most valuable
statues m
the world. In
order to conceal its

priceless value, the 13th

century statue was
covered m
a layer of
plaster. Left m this state
until 1953, its true nature
was only revealed when
the statue was dropped
and the plaster cracked.

In a secluded spot m the

forest near Polonnaruva m
Sri Lanka, lies the Gal
Vihara Temple containing
four splendid statues of
Buddha, carved out of a
single granite wall. They
date from about the 12th
century, and are depicted
in different poses; two are
seated, one is lying down,
and another is standing.
PLACES OF PILGRIMAGE Mecca
The city of Mecca m
Saudi Arabia is the
birthplace of the prophet Muhammad,
A pilgrimage is a journey to a holy place or
the founder of Islam. As the principal city
sanctuary. Since ancient times, people have made
of the Islamic faith, it has become one of
long and perilous journeys in order to pay homage
the most famous places of pilgrimage.
to a god or hero at a special shrine. Such places
have a religious significance for various reasons.
For instance, they might be the birthplace of a
prophet, the final resting place of a saint, or,
The Great Mosque
perhaps, even the site of a miracle. Founded by Muhammad
All the major religions of the world have places in AD 630, the Great
that hold a special significance for their followers, Mosque has a huge open
Roman Catholic Christians go to Rome and Lourdes, courtyard that measures
Jews to Jerusalem, and Muslims to Mecca. These 540x365 ft (164 x111m)
and is enclosed by several
and many other sites across the world attract
rows of decorative
millions of pilgrims who go to worship their god and
columns. Overlooking the
affirm their beliefs, Special services and religious courtyard are seven
rites are held, often taking place on holy days. minarets from which the
Many of the pilgrims who come to such places "muezzins" summon the
travel great distances, some making the journey for faithful to prayer.
the one and only time m their lives. They come m
search of spiritual guidance or healing.

'
r

Jerusalem
The golden city ofJerusalem, center of the Jewish
faith, attractsthousands of pilgrims each year, One
of its most sacred shrines is the Wailmg Wall. Said
to be the only remaining part of the biblical Temple
of Herod, the wall measures 160 ft (50 m) long and
58 ft (18 m) high, Jews from all over the world visit
the shrine tomourn the destruction of the Temple
and pray European travelers
for its restoration,
invented the term "Wailing Wall" when they saw
how deeply moved the emotions
it of all those who
came to worship beside it.

Even the wall is believed

to mourn. When dewdrops

appear on its stones, it is
said that they weep for the
fall of the Temple.

Annual pilgrimage
According to Islamic tradition, all
Muslims should make the pilgrimage
to Mecca at least once m their lifetime.
Each year over a million pilgrims
make the journey to Mecca m the last
month of the Muslim calendar. Only
Muslims are permitted to enter the
Holy City.
Kaaba
In the center of the
courtyard stands the
Kaaba, a square chamber
which is the central shrine
of the Mosque. Built into
one wall is the famous
Black Stone, which
Muhammad is said to have
touched. Pilgrims walk
around the shrine 7 times
then kiss the Black Stone.
 4 THE TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS
Around 550 bc, following his conquest of the
Greek city of Ephesus on the coast of Asia Minor,
( King Croesus of Lydia built a magnificent temple m
honor of the goddess Artemis. Inside the temple
was an inner room called the/sanctuary that housed
a splendid statue of the goddess, decorated with
<

precious stones and metals. Known as the

'Artemision," the temple became famous and
attracted worshippers from far and wide. «/>xW^»^T/i«^f^^i!^^|f^^^^^
But one night in(356 bc, a madman named Herostratus
set fire to the temple. The roof caved m, the columns
collapsed, and the statue of the goddess crashed to the
ground, When 'Alexander the Great conquered
Ephesus some years later, he offered to pay for the
temple to be rebuilt. Byi250 bc, the temple had been
restored to its original splendor and was soon
acclaimed as one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
Alexander the Great never saw his dream fulfilled as it
'
took the people of Ephesus 120 years to rebuild the
Temple of Artemis.

Builton a grand scale

The Temple of Artemis was one of the
largest temples of its time. Rectangular
m shape, |it was 170 ft (52 m) wide and
366 ft (112 m) long.

Counting the columns

The templeihad 127 columns. Those at
the front of it were decorated with
intricate sculptures depicting famous
feats of gods and heroes.

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Here you can see what the temple
"liwillBMlllll 1
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looked like at the height of its

glory, 2,000 years ago. It was
famous not only for its size, but
also for its magnificent sculptures.
 BUILDING THE TEMPLE Taking shape
you can see how the Temple of
In this picture
Artemis was actually built. Large cranes and strong
The basic plan of the temple consisted of the main ropes are being used to hoist sections of the
chamber and a porch at the front. Two rows of columns into position.
massivefcolumns, 65 ft (20 m) tall and 10 ft (3 m)
across, iran parallel to the walls of the temple. After
the foundations had been laid and the temple
Forming a picture Two against one
platform built, the 'columns were slowly raised, Many people have tried to IVIostGreek temples had
block by block./Cranes and pulleys were used to decipher what the temple only one row of columns.
the massive blocks of stone and scaffolding
lift was looked like. Pictures found But the Temple of Artemis,
put up around the temple as it took shape. on coins of that period one of the grandest
The building was /made of limestone faced with have helped to give us a buildings of its time, was
marble, apart from the 'columns, which were built good idea. one of the few exceptions.
entirely of marble. The last part of the temple to be
built was the roof, after which the sculptors
set to work on the elaborate decorations
that made the temple famous.

Where the temple was

32
Final flourish
The»columns of the temple
were decorated m the
Ionic style of Classical
Greek Architecture. At the
top of each column was an
elaborate double scroll,
like a roll of parchment.
Raising the roof The statue of Artemis
Rafters and .horizontal wooden
beams formed the strong
framework that supported the
roof. The wooden structure
was lined and then covered
with both flat and ridged tiles,
made out of terracotta.

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m>
M
In Ancient Greek
mythology,rArtemis was a
huntress and the goddess
of fertility. The -statue of
Artemis m the temple at
Ephesus was «iade of gold,
% silver,ebony, and black
stone. Her many breasts
^>:s symbolized her fertility.
V^j.
v^-
s^,
1>^C Constructing the columns
,^ :>-N Eachc:olumn was made of positioned, but the rest of
'^ about 12 circular blocks of the decoration was carried
stone that were carefully- out later. Stonemasons
placed one on top of the carved grooves, known as
other. The base column
of a fluting, from top to bottom
/\.; was sculpted before being of each column.
J5«.

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REACHING FOR THE HEAVENS
Temples, such as the Temple of Artemis, have been countries, the wealthand power of the Church have
built since the earliest timesm many parts of the ensured that expense was spared when it
little

world. The first churches ever built date back only came to building churches and cathedrals. Varying
to the AD 300s, but many churches and cathedrals enormously m style, depending on the time and
now rank among the most magnificent and ornate place m which they were built, churches are often
buildings ever created. so grand that they dominate the skyline of their
Often intended by their builders to present an town or city. Some have soaring spires and others
image of heaven to worshippers, many churches magnificent domes. All, however, were built with
are large and richly decorated. Even m the poorest the same goal; to be houses of godly worship.

Four contrasting churches Cathedral of the Sagrada St. Basil's Cathedral, Moscow
The four churches pictured here Familia (Holy Family) colored onion-shaped
Its brilliantly

are m different countries and are
all very different m character and
style. Each one is extraordinary m
Its own right: either because of its
size or dimensions or because of
Its total originality
Antonio Gaudi worked on his
cathedral from 1884 until his death
m 1926, but it has never been
finished. Its ornate spires soar
above Barcelona, Spam, but it may
well take until the 22nd century to
complete the rest of the cathedral.
domes and belfries give St. Basil's, m
Moscow, Russia, a fairy-tale appearance.
Built from 1555 to 1560, on the orders of
Ivan the Terrible, it is really nine
churches - a central chapel surrounded
by eight smaller ones. The cathedral is
now a museum.
 St. Rome, Italy
Peter's in
The largest church m
the world, St.
Peter's was built on the site of the tomb
of the Apostle Peter between 1506 and
1626. The church is laid out m the
shape of a Latin cross. It is more than
700 ft (213 m) long and has a vast dome
measuring 138 ft (42 m) m diameter.

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 5THE MAUSOLEUM AT The end of the mausoleum
HALICARNASSUS The mausoleum survived for
but eventually mto rum. In the
fell
centuries,

Middle Ages, crusader knights took

King Mausolus ruled over Caria, part of modern- stones from the rums and used them to
day Turkey, in the 4th century bc. He was an build a fortress.
ambitious king and attacked many nearby cities and
states. With the money from his conquests, he built A mighty size
a new capital city at Halicarnassus. The base of the mausoleum covered
Toward the end of his life, King Mausolus an area measuring 126 ft by 105 ft (38.4 m

decided to build himself a tomb, as a monument to

by 32 m). The finished tomb was more
than 140 ft (42.6 m) tall.
his power. He wanted it to be the most magnificent
tomb ever seen. No expense was spared and the
finished tomb was so grand that it was called a
mausoleum, after Mausolus.

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THE TAJ MAHAL
Standing on the banks of the Jumna River, near
Agra in northern India, is the Taj Mahal, one of the A peaceful approach
world's most beautiful and romantic tombs, Shah The approach to the
monument leads first
Jahan, one of the Mughal emperors of India in the
through a gateway,
17th century, built the tomb m
memory of his then through a beautiful
favorite wife, Mumtaz-i-Mahal, who died m walled garden where a
childbirth. The heartbroken Shah planned to build a watercourse flanked by
copy of the Taj m black marble on the other side of cypress trees reflects
the river as his own tomb. Before he could embark the marble tomb.
on second masterpiece, however, his son seized
his
power and imprisoned him. Shah Jahan spent the
rest of his days m the fort at Agra, looking along the
muddy river to the final resting place of his wife.
Shah finally died m 1666 and was buried alongside
his wife m her tomb.

An "otherworldly" monument A labor of love

With Its onion-shaped dome and Begun in 1632, it took
slender minarets, or towers, the Taj 20,000 men 22 years to
build the Taj Mahal. They
Mahal has a fairy-tale quality. The
included craftsmen from
white marble of the monument
allover Central Asia and
appears to change color according to
European experts from
the weather and time of day. France and Italy.

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All shapes and sizes Tomb of Theodoric
Since the earliest times, people have built the Goth
tombs and monuments to honor the dead. This tomb was built at
Constructed in a wide variety of styles, each Ravenna in Italy as early as
one is grand in its own way. AD 530. Its dome-shaped
roof was hewn out of stone.

Gunbad-i-Qabus of
Gungan
Built in the early 11th
century m Persia, this
rocket-shaped tomb is
built entirely of brick and
stands 70 ft (50 m) high.

Studded with jewels

Mughal tombs were
elaborately decorated.
Delicately carved marble
screens mside the Taj
Mahal were inlaid with 43
types of precious stone,
including jade, crystal,
sapphires, and diamonds.

Guarding the tomb

Once the tomb was
finished, a solid gold
T^arTier was put up around
the coffin, which Shah
Jahan is said to have
strewn with pearls and
.diamonds. 2,000 soldiers
were posted outside to
'*^~-*^~
guard the treasure.

A lasting monument
^iCWhen the Mughal empire
collapsed, robbers broke
into the tomb and stole
most of its treasures. The
monument however,
itself,

remains intact. A symbol of

everlasting love, it is

India's most famous sight. 43

GUARDIANS OF THE TOMBS
As far back as the 10th century bc, Chinese
rulers built themselves magnificent tombs on
the outskirts of their capital cities. These tombs
were filled with royal treasures, but it was another
feature that made them unique: both the tombs and
the roads that led to them were guarded by
massive statues of animals and warriors.
These statues were supposed to guard the soul of
the emperor as his body was taken to the tomb, to
ward off evil spirits, to bring good luck, and to
serve the emperor m the next world.
Here you can find out about the guardians of the
tomb of the first emperor of all China and those of the
Mmg tombs, built nearly 2,000 years later.

The terracotta army

In 1974,peasants digging a well near the
city ofXi'an,m northwest China, came
across thousands of life-size terracotta
warriors that had been standing guard
by the tomb of Emperor Qm Shi Huangdi
for more than 2,000 years.

China's Hrst emperor

Work began on the tomb
of Qm Shi Huangdi (259-209
Bc) when he came to the
throne and continued m
secrecy for 36 years. The
tomb was built as an
underground "imperial
city," with a throne room
and treasure houses,

The undiscovered tomb

Archaeologists have not
yet excavated the tomb,
but in three underground
vaults, 1 mile (2 km) from
the tomb, the terracotta
army was found - 8,000
statues of soldiers, some
with horses and chariots,
grouped in battle order.

True to life
Made of pottery, the
figures are about 6 ft (1.8 m)
tall on average and are
hollow, with solidarms and
legs.The heads and hands
were modeled separately.
Each figure has different
features and expressions
and wears marks of rank.
The Spirit Way to the Ming Toznbs
Thirty miles (50 km) to the north of Beijing are the tombs of
the emperors of the Ming dynasty, who ruled China
from the 15th to the 17th centuries ad. The Spirit
Way was the road along which an emperor's coffin
was taken to the tombs. Four miles (7km) long, it
represented the journey taken by the emperor's
soul from life to a peaceful death. The Spirit Way
passes through several gateways and arches
before coming to the Avenue of Animals.

The Avenue of Animals

Lining the Avenue of Animals are
massive statues of animals, up to 12 ft
(3.5 m) tall, each made from a single
block of blue limestone. There are 24
pairs of animals m all, facing each
other in pairs on either side of the
road: lions, camels, horses, elephants
and mythical beasts.

Giant figures
After passing through the animals, the
Spirit Way comes to 12 colossal statues
of Chinese officials called mandarins.
Some represent the emperor's
personal soldiers. Dressed in long
coats of armor and close-fitting
helmets, they carry swords or batons
and look very fierce.
BUILDING THE COLOSSUS Growing slowly
Here you can see the Colossus in
stages of construction. The
Its final
Most of what we know about the giant Colossus is statue took about 12 years to build
based on what writers of the time said about it, It and was eventually finished in 290
was built by Chares, a pupil of the famous Greek BC. This meant that it grew at a
sculptor, Lysippus. According to one writer, the
rate of about 10 ft (3 m) a year!
statue was built using 12.5 tons (12.7 tonnes) of
bronze and 7.5 tons (7.6 tonnes) of iron,
Archaeologists have concluded that as the Weighty matters
amount of bronze used to build the statue was Because there were no machines for
relatively small, only the outer shell or "skin" of the lifting heavy materials at the
Colossus was made which was probably
of bronze, time, a mound was built up
around the statue and the
molded around a massive iron framework.
materials were transported up
Interestingly, the Statue of Liberty m New York's a spiral ramp, which was
harbor was built in a similar way hundreds of extended as the statue
years later, showing what an advanced feat of gained m height.
engineering the Colossus was for its time.

Where was the Colossus?

The statue was 'built
overlooking the harbor of the
city of Rhodes, the mam town
on the island of the same
name. Rhodes was an
important shipping center m
the eastern Mediterranean for
trade in grain, wood, skins,
wool, and slaves.
Rhodes

Mediterranean
Sea

How it came to be built

Rhodes was an independent island which
theGreeks wanted as part of their Empire.
When a Greek naval expedition tried to
invade it in 304 bc, the islanders put up
such a fierce fight that the Greek general
was forced to surrender and his fleet was
captured. The proceeds from the ships and
weapons captured as a result of this victory
were used by the people of Rhodes to pay
for the building of the Colossus.

'&^'
/^^:^

A skeleton of iron
The basic framework or
"skeleton" of the Colossus

^^ was made of iron. This was

covered with sheets of
bronze which had been
beaten until very thm, then
hammered into shape,

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Mighty weights
Inside the iron framework

m of the statue were huge

blocks of stone. These were
to give the Colossus weight
and make it stable so that it
would not fall down. Sadly, it

was not strong enough.

m
^t'
Where is it now?
y/a. After the earthquake which brought it down, the
rums of the Colossus remained untouched for
centuries. Then, m
ad 653, Islamic armies invaded
Rhodes and stole the bronze, taking it back to Syria.
I -^L\
There a merchant is said to have bought the bronze
shell and carried it away on 900 camels across the
desert, to be melted down.

Mmp'\
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i
GIANT STATUES
Sculpture is an important form of artistic expression

that can tell us much about civilizations m the past.

Ever since ancient times, people have idealized the
human body or created their own images of gods m
the form of statues or other sculpture,
The materials used to create giant statues have
changed very little since early times. Stone and
metal, favored for their long-lastmg qualities,
are still used now. Even though our building
techniques are more sophisticated today, there are
still striking similarities between the way m which

many ancient and modern statues were built.

Stone-faced giants
The pictures here show statues and reliefs
ranging from the Great Sphinx of Ancient
Egypt to the 20th-century Statue of the
Motherland m Russia.

The Great Sphinx

For nearly 5,000 years the statue of
the Great Sphinx has guarded the
pyramids at Giza (see pages 6-9). An
impressive 66 ft (20 m) high and 240 ft
(73 m) long, the Sphinx has a human
face and the body of a lion.

The Easter Island statues

Scattered around Easter Island, m
the South Pacific, are hundreds of
extraordinary statues hewn out of
volcanic rock. The origins of these
ancient statues, some as high as 70 ft

(21m), remain a complete mystery.

Easter Island
statues

1 .:
 '

The Motherland
On a hilltop outside
Volgograd mRussia
stands the colossal Christ the Redeemer
concrete "Motherland"
It was designed m
statue.
1967by the sculptor
Yevgenyi Vuchetich, to
^
commemorate the Battle of
Stalingrad (1942-43).
Measuring 270 ft (82 m), it is
ranked as the tallest statue
m the world. Christ the Redeemer
Perched on Mount
Corcovado m Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil, stands a
huge statue of Christ. The
130 ftm) high concrete
(40
statue was designed by
sculptor Paul Landowski,
and completed withm five
years m 1931.

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1^^; ivi\''' Rushmore, South Dakota, stare the face;
-"'
'
,?^'';., four American presidents. From 1927 to
- 1941, Gutzon Borglum used dynamite and
drills to create the likenesses of
Washington, Jefferson, Lincoln, and
Theodore Roosevelt. Each head measures
60 ft (18 m) and can be seen from a
-^.•..*'
distance of 60 miles (96 km).
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ALEXANDRIA A bird's-eye view
Here is the view a bird would have had
of Alexandria as it flew over the Pharos
To many people, the Pharos of Alexandria
symbolized the power and glory of the Greek
toward the city. Many of the buildings m
Alexandria were Classical Creek m
nation founded by Alexander the Great. Alexander
style, with columns and statues.
founded many cities and they were all named
Alexandria after him, but the greatest of them all
Who built the Pharos? R center of learning
was the city on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt Alexander the Great had Ptolemy 1 founded many
where the Pharos and many other magnificent the idea of building the buildings where scholars
buildings were erected. lighthouse. Sostratus was could study science, There
Under the rule of Ptolemy one of Alexander's
1, the architect and builder, wer6 botanical gardens, an
generals, and his family, who ruled Egypt for 300 Ptolemy I ordered the astronomical observatory,
years, Alexandria became njthe center of world
work to begin and it was and a school of anatomy
completed m the reign with equipment for
trade and learning, and ^ ^ one of the most of Ptolemy II. dissecting bodies.
splendid cities m the Mi/y ancient world

AMi^'
 The Pharos
Where the lighthouse was Crowning the very top of the
Lighthouse
lighthouse stood a statue of-Helios
the Greek god of the sun.

A huge mirror
The fire atthe top of the
lighthouse was
said to be
"a pillar of fire by night, of
smoke by day." The light
of the fire was reflected out
Alexandria tosea by an enormous
concave mirror.

Inner ramp
The upper part of the
lighthouse was -reached by
a sloping, spiral ramp.
> Fuel for the fire was
carried up it m
horse-
drawn carts, then hoisted
to the top by pulleys.

Keeping watch
There were hundreds of
rooms leading off the
.-ramp.Jhese had-outward-
facmg windows and were
used to keep watch out
to sea and for experiments
by astronomers.

Solid as a rock
A walled platform around
••

the base of the lighthouse

^protected it from the sea.
•"Drinking water, supplied
from the mainland by an
aqueduct, was stored m
the base of the building.

The first museum

Among the buildings

^^ Ptolemy founded were the

Museum, the first of its kind,
where mathematics and
y science were studied, and a
\ magnificent library, which
Ifi^used the largest collection
of books m the ancient world. 57
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TALL TOWERS
As have become more crowded, land for
cities the Jazz Age was the Chrysler Building in New York,
buildings has become scarcer and its cost has risen, completed m 1930. But its 77 storys were soon
The only answer to this problem has been for overlooked by the 102-story Empire State Building,
architects to design taller and taller buildings, with completed m the next year, which held the record for
many more storys available for offices and the tallest unsupported building until 1971. The tallest
residencies. Today, major cities like New York, guy roped-supported tower was the Warszawa radio
Chicago, and Toronto are noticeably dominated by mast m Poland, which was 2,119 ft (646 m) tall, but
skyscrapers that tower above the city streets. which collapsed during 1991. The KTHl-TV tower in
One of the biggest and most famous skyscrapers of Fargo, North Dakota, is now the tallest at 2,063 ft (629 m).

The tallest in the world

Five of the six towers shown here have at The Eiffel Tower, Paris
one time been the tallest buildings in the Completed m 1889, the
world. Only the Leaning Tower of Pisa Eiffel Tower is 986 ft (300 m)
tall, and was the world's
has held no such record, but it is unique
building until the
tallest
in that it leans dramatically to one side.
construction of the
Chrysler Building m 1930.

The Chrysler Building,

New York
One of the world's most
The Leaning Tower of Pisa
beautiful skyscrapers, the
Started in 1174 and finally
Chrysler Building was
completed in 1350, the bell
erected in 1930, briefly
tower of Pisa is 179 ft (55 m)
holding the record as the
tallbut leans almost 13 ft
world's tallest building
(4 m) to one side. This is
before being overtaken by
caused by the ground
the Empire State Building.
shifting beneath the tower.
It IS 1.046 ft (318 m) tall.
 The Empire State Building,
w -^
New York
\. The Empire State Building,
completed m 1931, was the X
world's tallest building
until 1971, when the World y
Trade Center m New York
was completed. The Empire
State Building stands 1,472 ft

(449 m) tall.

wm .^i

\^y

?s^
'j^i
Sears Tower, Chicago
The headquarters of Sears
Roebuck Company, a
department store chain,
the Sears Tower was
completed in 1973, briefly
^¥1, vx:
becoming the world's
tallest building. It stretches
1,454 ft (443 m) above the
city of Chicago,
^^
^"^^

'4...

The CN Tower, Toronto -^\ 7^^ '((''MfC

Completed m 1975, the

1,822 ft (555 m) tower is the
world's tallest self-supporting
building. The top 335 ft
(102 m) consist of a steel
transmission mast, assembled
from 39 different sections
lifted into place by helicopter.
 THE WONDERS OF SIZE
One of the reasons the original Seven Wonders Wonders old and new
were chosen was for their size. When they were Shown with the original Seven Wonders
built, they were among the tallest constructions m are five more recent ones - the Leaning
the world, dwarfing the houses that most people Tower of Pisa, St. Peter's Church m Rome,
lived m. Yet their size was limited by the materials the Eiffel Tower m Pans, the Sears Tower
available for building. As stone is heavy, a building m Chicago and the CN Tower m Toronto.
could not be too would topple over. This
tall or it

meant was a natural limit to

that for centuries there
the height of buildings. So even though St. Peter's m
Great Pyramid, Giza, Egypt
Rome, the biggest church m the world, was built as 450 ft (137 m)
late as the 16th century, it could easily fit mside the
Great Pyramid, built 4,500 years before it,
But the introduction of iron and steel, then
reinforced concrete in the last two centuries has
made it possible to construct much taller buildings.
The Eiffel Tower m Pans, the Sears Tower in
Chicago and the ON Tower in Toronto all easily
overlook the original Seven
Wonders of the World.

Pharos of Alexandria, Egypt

400 ft (122 m)

tot
CN Tower,
Toronto, Canada
1,822 ft (555 m)
INDEX
Agra, India 42 Easter Island statues 52 Mecca, Saudi Arabia 28-29 skyscrapers 60, 61
Alexander the Great 30, 56 Egypt 5 megaliths 12 Sostratus 56
Alexandria, Egypt 54, 56-57, 62 Alexandre Gustave 51, 58 Mesopotamia 5,
Eiffel, 16, 17 South Dakota, U.S.A. 53
altis 24 Tower, Pans 58-59, 60, 63 Middle Ages 36
Eiffel Spirit Way, China 45
amphitheater 18, 19, Empire State Building, New Mmg tombs 45 sports. Ancient Greek 25
Amytis 15 York 58-59, 61 monuments 43 standing stones 12
Ancient Egyptians 6, 8-9 EPCOT Center, Florida 21 Moscow, Russia 34 Statue of Liberty, New York 48,
Ancient Greeks 18, 22, 24, 25, Ephesus, Turkey 30, 41, 62 Motherland, The 52, 53 50-51
33,48 Epidaurus, Greece 18 Mount Olympus, Greece 24 Statue of Zeus, Olympia 22-23,
Ancient Romans 18, 19 Euphrates River 15, 16, 17 Mount Rushmore, U.SA, 53 63
Antipater 4 Mughal tombs 42, 43 statues
Apostle Peter, tomb of 35 Muhammad 28, 29 Buddhist 26, 27
Artemis 33 Gal Vihara Temple, Mumtaz-i-Mahal 42 giant 52-53
statue of 33 Polonnaruva 27 Museum of Alexandria 57 St. Basil's Cathedral 34
Temple of 30-33 gargoyles 37 Muslims 28 Stonehenge 12
Artemisia 40, 41 Gaudi, Antonio 34 St. Peter's Church, Rome 35, 62
Artemision 30 Giza, Egypt 5, 6-9, 52, 62 stupa 10
Asia Minor 5 gladiators 18, 19 Nebuchadrezzar, King 15, 16 Sydney, Australia 21
athletes. Ancient Greek 24, 25 gods/goddesses. Ancient New York, U.SA. 50-51, 58-59, Sydney Opera House 21
Avenue of Animals, China 45 Greek 22, 25 60,61
Gothic 36 Nike 23
Great Mosque, Mecca 28, 29 Nile River 6 Taj Mahal, Agra 42-43
Great Pyramids, Giza 4, 6-9 Nirvana 26 Temple of Artemis, Ephesus
Babylon, Iraq 14, 15, 16-17, 63 5,
Great Sphinx, Giza 52 30-33, 62
Barcelona, Spain 34
Great Wall of China 12-13 Temple of the Golden Buddha,
Bartholdi, Frederic-Auguste 50
Gunbad-i-Qabus of Gungan, Olympia, Greece 5, 22, 24, 25, Thailand 27
Black Stone, Mecca 29
Persia 43 63 Temple of the Giant Jaguar,
Borglum, Gutzon 53
Borobodur, Java 10-11
Olympic Games 24, 25 Tikal 11

Buddha 10, 26 Temple of Solomon, Jerusalem

Halicarnassus Mausoleum 5, 28
Buddhist
38-41, 63 Parana River 13 Temple of Zeus, Olympia
statues 26-27 4, 5,
Halicarnassus, Turkey 41 Pans, France 20, 58-59, 60, 63 24
temples 10-11
Hanging Gardens of Babylon 4, Pegu, Burma (Myanmar) 26 temples
building of
5, 14-15, 16, 17, 63 pentathlon 25 Babylonian 16
Chartres Cathedral, France
36-37 Helios 46, 57 Pharos of Alexandria 5, 54-57 Buddhist 10-11
Herakles 24 Phidias 22 Chinese 44-45
terracotta army,
Colossus of Rhodes 48-49
Great Pyramid, Giza 8-9
Herostratus 30 pilgnms/pilgnmage 11, 28-29 Guatemala 11
Tikal,

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Pisa, Italy 60, 62 Tomb of Theodoric the Goth,

40-41
Poland 60, 61 Ravenna 43
Iraq 16, 63 Polonnaruva, Sri Lanka 27 Toronto, Canada 63
Temple of Artemisia, 61,

Ephesus 32-33 Ishtar 16 Pompidou Center, Pans 20 Tower of Babel, Babylon 17

towers 58-59 Ishtar Gate, Babylon 16 Ptolemy 56, 57

burial chamber, Egyptian king's Islam 28 pyramids 4, 5, 6-9, 10-11, 14-15

8
Itaipu Dam, Brazil 13 Pythias 40
Ulm Cathedral 35
Ivan the Terrible 34 Utzon, Jorn 21
buttresses 36

Qait Bey Fort, Alexandria 54

Jerusalem, Israel 28 Qin Shi Huangdi, Emperor 12,
Caria,Turkey 38 Volgograd, Russia 53
Jumna River 42 44
cathedrals 34-35, 36-37 Vuchetich, Yevgenyi 53
Chares 48
chariot of Mausolus and Kaaba, Mecca 29 Ravenna, Italy 43
Artemisia 41 Wailing Wall, Jerusalem 28
Khafu, King 6 Rhodes, Greece 46, 48, 62
Chartres Cathedral, France kings. Ancient Egyptian 6, 8-9 Riode Janeiro, Brazil 53
Warszawa radio mast, Poland
36-37 60,61
Rome, Italy 18, 35, 62
Chicago, U.SA. 63 61, Wat Trimitr, Thailand 27
Chinese tombs 44, 45 Landowski, Paul 53 Wood, J.T. 32
Christ the Redeemer, Rio de Leaning Tower of Pisa 60, 62 sarcophagus 8, 41 World Trade Center, U.S.A. 61
Janeuro 53 Library of Alexandria 57 Scopas 40
Chrysler Building 60 lighthouse 54-55 Sears Tower, Chicago, U.S.A.
churches 34-35 Lincoln Memorial, Washington 61,63 Xi'an, China 44
CN Tower, Toronto 61, 63 43 Semiramis 15
Colosseum, Rome 18-19 Lysippus 48 Shah Jahan 42, 43
Colossus of Rhodes 5, 46-49
shrine, Buddhist 10 ziggurat 16, 17
Constantinople, Turkey 22
Shwethalyaung, Pegu 26 Zeus 22, 23, 24, 25
Croesus, King 30 Marduk 16
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus 5, Acknowledgements
38-41, 63 Dorling Kmdersley would like to thank Sandra Archer, Andrew
Disney. Walt 21 Mausolus, King 38, 40, 41 Duncan, Martin Greenwood, Kate Hinton, David Salariya, and Lynn
Disneyworld, Florida 21 Mayas 11 Bresler for their help in producing this book.
^T'm.
5|3i?^'7^*'r»:^--
 WONDERS
THE WORLD
of
For thousands of years, people have compiled lists of humankind's
greatest buildmgs. The most famous of these - only one of which is still standing -
were known as the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and were renowned for their
spectacular size and beauty. Wonders of the World skillfully reconstructs these seven ancient
"wonders" as they were when first built. It relates the story behind the building of each - such as 1
the pyramids, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, and the Colossus of Rhodes - and draws
intriguing parallels with other extraordinary buildings, both ancient and modern.

Carefully researched and magnificently illustrated, this book shows how people have
labored through the ages, with or without the aid of machines, to create buildings of lasting
beauty and fascination.

Giovanni Caselli has produced many stunning history books for young readers.
A leading author and illustrator, he also wrote Life Through the Ages and illustrated
The Body and How It Works in the See & Explore Library series.

.^...i^i^^ See & Explore Library is an original and wide-ranging series of

reference books, each of which is a wealth of information and color
illustrations. Every topic in the series has been carefully chosen not only
to appeal to young people's interests and enthusiasms, but also to
stimulate them to find out more about the world m which they live.

Other titles in this series include:

Animals and Where They Live Birds and How They Live
•

The Body ai\d How It Works Cars and How They Work
•

Dinosaurs and How They Lived Life Through the Ages Machines and How They Work
• •

Sharks and Other Creatures of the Deep Space, Stars, Planets and Spacecraft
•

Trains and Railroads Whales, Porpoises, and Dolphins

•

I! ! 'Z9L3}rgr. SEE « KXIM ORE

1.IHKAKY
ISBN 1-56458-U5-4

$12.95 m
DORi.iNG kim)i:ksi,ey, inc.
90000

NEW YORK
I'rinted in Spain
78156A"58U57'