DESIGN CRITERIA OF CIVIL AND BUILDING STRUCTURES

1. GENERAL
In this report, design criteria to be used in analysis and design for civil and building structures
will be discussed.
There are two types of structures included in the scope of project concerned with structural
design of civil structures.
▪ Building structures
o Reinforced Concrete Structure
o Structural Steel Structure
▪ Electrical Structures
o Super Structure
o Sub-Structure
▪ Earth Retaining Structure
2. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN
For analysis and design of building structures, computer program that based on finite element
method such as Etabs Integrated Building Design Software will be used.
For super structure of electrical structures, computer aided program will be used for analysis.
But analysis of electrical structure foundation (Sub-Structure), safer and conservative
analytical method will be used.
For bearing capacity checking and pile capacity checking based on geotechnical properties,
reaction values calculated based on Allowable Stress Method will be used.
For external stability checking for earth retaining structure (such as sliding, overturning),
Allowable Stress Method will be used. That means ASD load combinations will be used in
stability checking for earth retaining structure.

For design of reinforced concrete members, the design code to be followed is as below.
Type of R.C Member Design Code
Column, Beam, Wall, Slab ACI 318-08
Composite Beam ACI 360-08
Pile Capacity (Material Strength) ACI 543-08

For design of structural steel members, the design code to be followed is as below.
Type of Structural Steel Member Design Code
Column, Beam AISC LRFD 93, AISC ASD 89

3. DESIGN LOADS
The following design loads shall be taken into account for structural calculation of
foundations, columns, girders & beams of the civil and building structures.

3.1 Dead Loads

Dead or gravity loads are loads produced by the self-weight of the building with construction
materials and fixed equipment and machineries such as plumbing fixtures, electrical
equipment, and ventilation and air conditioning fans and machineries.

Unit weight of major construction materials are as follows.

Material Unit Weight Unit
Reinforced Concrete 24.0 kN/m3
Plain Concrete 23.0 kN/m3
Structural Steel 78.5 kN/m3
Brick Wall (150mm thick) 3.0 kN/m2
Ceramic Tile 1.1 kN/m2
Finishing Boards 0.3 kN/m2
Natural Soil 18.0 kN/m3

3.2 Live Loads

Live loads on the substation building are defined as loads due to occupancy use, and
loads produced by maintenance workers, equipment, machinery, and appliances.
Design live loads for the substation are shown on the following Table.

Design Live Load for Substation Building

Design Load (N/m2)
Rooms Girder, Column and
Slab and Beam Earthquake
Foundation
- Control room
- Protection and Relay room 4900 2400 1300
- Telecommunication room
Battery charger room 4900 2400 1300
Battery Room 3900 2400 1600
Office, Meeting room 2900 1800 800
Toilet, Kitchen 1800 1300 600
Employer’s Project Office
(Gust House)
- Living room 1800 1300 600
-Dining room
- Bed room

3.3 Equipment Loads

Equipment loads shall be calculated based upon the actual weight and size of the equipment
and parts to be placed on the floors during dismantling. The design loads shall comply with the
minimum of the manufactory specified load requirements. Equipment loading data shall be
attached in each detail design.

3.4 Construction and Maintenance Loads

All construction loads and anticipated maintenance loads shall be estimated for structural
design of building structure based on the construction method and the way of maintenance
including machinery and devices.

3.5 Wind Loads

Wind loads shall be estimated in accordance with the provisions of ASCE 07-10 Chapter 26
Wind load and/ or MNBC PART3 Structural Design-Section 3.3 Wind Design Criteria. The
table below is extracted from MNBC PART3 as a reference for basic wind speed to be used in
analysis and design of all civil structures.
Basic Wind Speed (3 sec Gust Wind Speed)
Basic Wind Speed
Sr. City
(mph)
1 Bago 80
2 Bhamo 70
3 Bogalay 100
4 Chauk 70
5 Dawei 90
6 Falam 70
7 Hakha 90
8 Henzada 90
9 Homalin 50
10 Hpa-An 70
11 Kale 70
12 Kawthaung 90
13 Kengtung 70
14 Kyaukpyu 130
15 Lashio 70
16 Loikaw 70
17 Magwe 70
18 Mandalay 80
19 Mawlamyine 90
20 Meiktila 70
21 Monywa 70
22 Muse 70
23 Myeik 90
24 Myitkyina 70
25 Nansam 70
26 Naypyitaw 70
27 Pakokku 70
28 Pathein 100
29 Putao 70
 30 Pyay 70
31 Sittwe 130
32 Taungyi 70
33 Thandwe 130
34 Yangon 100
35 Ye 90
36 Yenangyaung 70
According to MNBC basic wind speed table, basic wind speed for two site locations can be
predicted as table below.
Site Basic Wind Speed
Phayargyi site (Bago) 80mph
Hlaingtharyar site (Kaba-Aye) 100mph
The basic design wind speed predicted in the table above is identical with wind speed suggested
in section 13.1.4.

3.6 Seismic Loads

Seismic Loads for building structures shall be estimated in accordance with the provisions of
ASCE 07-10 Chapter 11– Seismic loads and/or MNBC PART3 Structural Design-Section3.4
Seismic Design Criteria and Design.
According to MNBC which follow ASCE 7-10 for seismic load, Seicmic Zone is classified
based on the values of 0.2 second spectral response acceleration and 2 second spectral response
acceleration as shown in figures below.
Figure 3.4.1.1: Maximum Considered Earthquake Ground Motion for 1 Sec Spectral Response Acceleration at
2% Probability in 50 Years with 5% Critical Damping, Site Class B
Figure 3.4.1.3: Maximum Considered Earthquake Ground Motion for 0.2 Sec Spectral Response Acceleration
at 2% Probability in 50 Years with 5% Critical Damping, Site Class B
Seismic acceleration classified in above two figures can be predicted as a table form below.
Table 3.4.1- 0.2s (Ss) AND 1.0s (S1) SPECTRAL RESPONSE ACCELERATIONS

Sr. City/ Town Ss S1

1 Bagan 1.55 0.62

2 Bago (Pegu) 1.07 0.43
3 Bhamo 0.66 0.26
4 Coco Islands (Great Coco Island) 1.18 0.47
5 Dawei (Tavoy) 0.25 0.10
6 Hakha 1.87 0.75
7 Hpa-An (Pa-An) 0.74 0.30
8 Kengtung 1.32 0.52
9 Kyaukpyu (Kyaukphyu) 0.84 0.33
10 Labutta 0.64 0.26
11 Lashio 0.48 0.19
12 Loikaw 1.41 0.56
13 Magwe 1.45 0.58
14 Mandalay 2.01 0.80
15 Mawlamyine (Mawlamyaing) 0.74 0.30
16 Meiktila 2.07 0.83
17 Monywa 1.72 0.69
18 Myitkyina 1.70 0.68
19 Naypyitaw 1.32 0.53
20 Pakokku 1.54 0.61
21 Pathein (Bassein) 0.87 0.35
22 Putao 2.05 0.82
23 Pyay (prome) 0.80 0.32
24 Pyinmana 1.32 0.53
25 Sagaing 2.12 0.85
26 Shwebo 2.25 0.90
27 Sittwe (Akyab) 1.26 0.50
28 Taungoo 1.20 0.48
29 Taunggyi 1.69 0.68
30 Thandwe (Sandoway) 0.88 0.35
31 Yangon (Rangoon) 0.77 0.31
Note: Long-period transition period TL is to be taken as 6 sec.

According to MNBC Spectral Response Acceleration Table, spectral accelerations Ss and S1

for two site locations can be predicted as table below.
Spectrial Response Acceleration
Site
Ss (for0.2 sec) S1 (for 1 sec)
Phayargyi site (Bago) 1.55g 0.62g
Hlaingtharyar site (Yangon) 0.77g 0.31g
3.7 LOAD COMBINATIONS
Allowable Stress Design load combinations will be used for soil bearing capacity checking and
pile capacity based on geotechnical properties checking.
ASD load combinations according to MNBC are as fillow:

3.7.1 Load Combination for Allowable Stress Design Method

Loads listed herein shall be considered to act in the following combinations; whichever
produces the most unfavorable effect in the building, foundation, or structural member being
considered. Effects of one or more loads not acting shall be considered.
1. D+F
2. D+H+F+L+T
3. D + H + F + (Lr or R)
4. D + H + F + 0.75(L + T) + 0.75 (Lr or R)
5. D + H + F + (W or 0.7E)
6. D + H + F + 0.75(W or 0.7E) + 0.75L + 0.75 (Lr or R)
7. 0.6D + W + H
8. 0.6D + 0.7E + H

3.7.2 Load Combination for Ultimate Strength Design Method

Load Combinations Load combination shall be in accordance with the provisions of ASCE 7 and /or
MNBC PART3 Structural Design-Section3.2 Load Combination and Loads. Load combinations using
strength design or load and resistance factor design (MNBC) are as follows.
1. 1.4 (D + F)
2. 1.2(D+F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5 (Lr or R)
3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (L or 0.8W)
4. 1.2D + 1.6W + L + 0.5(Lr or R)
5. 1.2D + 1.0E + L
6. 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
7. 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
EXCEPTIONS:
1. The load factor on L in combinations (3), (4), and (5) is equal to 0.5 for all occupancies in which L0 in
Table 3.2.2 is less than or equal to 100psf, with the exception of garages or areas occupied as places
of public assembly.
Where:
- D: Dead load
- F: Load due to fluids with well-defined pressure and maximum heights,
- T: Self-straining force arising from contraction or expansion resulting from temperature change,
moisture change
- H: Load due to lateral earth pressure, ground water pressure or pressure of bulk materials
- E: earthquake load
- L: live load - Lr: roof live load
- R: rain load
- W: wind load
4. STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
4.1 Concrete Compressive Strength
The listed below properties will be used for building structures.
Cube Strength Cylinder Strength Structure/ Member
Usage of Concrete
(Fcu) (f'c)
Lean Concrete 15MPa 12.5MPa All structure
30MPa 25MPa For Buildings
Structural Concrete
35MPa 28MPa For Electrical Sub Structure

4.2 Steel Bars for reinforced concrete

Reinforcing bar of HRB400 (400MPa) equivalent to fy = 58ksi will be used in all reinforced
concrete members. For safety, in design reinforcing bar will be regarded as fy = 50ksi. In local
market, ASTM A615 (equivalent to fy = 60ksi) is sometime not available.
Chemical composition and physical properties of HBR400 reinforcing bars are predicted in
table below.
Technical data of the original chemical composition (%)
Grade
C Mn Si S P V
≤0.25 ≤1.60 ≤0.80 ≤0.045 ≤0.045 0.04-0.12
Physics capability
HRB400
Yield Strength(N/cm2) Tensile Strength(N/cm2) Elongation (%)
≥400 ≥570 ≥14

Reinforcing Bar Data

Theoretical Weight of 12M No of 12m Length
Diameter Cross Sectional Area
Weight Length Bar Bar in 1 ton

(mm) (mm2) (kg/m) (KG) Nos

6 28.27 0.222 2.664 375.38
8 50.27 0.395 4.74 210.97
10 78.54 0.617 7.404 135.06
12 113.10 0.888 10.656 93.84
14 153.90 1.21 14.52 68.87
16 201.10 1.58 18.96 52.74
18 254.50 2.00 24.00 41.67
20 314.20 2.47 29.64 33.74
22 380.10 2.98 35.76 27.96
25 490.90 3.85 46.2 21.65
28 615.80 4.83 57.96 17.25
32 804.20 6.31 75.72 13.21
36 1018.00 7.99 98.88 10.43
40 1257.00 9.87 118.44 8.44

4.3 Structural steel for Civil and Building structure

Local available steel members are JIS G3101 SS400 steel members.
JIS G3101 SS400 Steel
SS400 steel is the most commonly used hot-rolled structural steel (formerly known as SS41) in Japan,
and is called general structural rolled steel in JIS G3101. SS400 material is cheap and versatile, and
plays an important role in construction, bridges, civil engineering and mechanical equipment
structures. Its appearance includes round steel, flat steel (flat steel), steel plates, steel strips and
profiles.
Material SS400 Meaning
SS400 Steel meaning: SS is the abbreviation of Steel Structure, 400 means that the tensile strength is
≥ 400 MPa (≈ 58,000psi). 50ksi
SS41 Meaning: 41 means that the tensile strength is 41kgf/mm2 or higher.
Thus, it could be concluded that JIS G3101 SS400 steel is equivalent to ASTM A572 Grade 50 steel.
Limited shapes and sizes of structural members are available at local market. The table below shows
the available I-shaped and H-shaped steel members at local market.
Local Available Steel Members
Section kg/m lb/ft H B Tf Tw r Remark
400 x 400 172.00 kg/m 115.6 lb/ft 400 400 21 13.0 22 Japan-H-Shape-RECNO-41
400 x 200 66.00 kg/m 44.4 lb/ft 400 200 13 8.0 16 Japan-H-Shape-RECNO-35
350 x 350 137.00 kg/m 92.1 lb/ft 350 350 19 12.0 20 Japan-H-Shape-RECNO-30
350 x 175 49.60 kg/m 33.3 lb/ft 350 175 11 7.0 14 Japan-H-Shape-RECNO-29
300 x 300 94.00 kg/m 63.2 lb/ft 300 300 15 10.0 18 Japan-H-Shape-RECNO-24
300 x 150 36.70 kg/m 24.7 lb/ft 300 150 9 6.5 13 Japan-H-Shape-RECNO-23
250 x 250 72.40 kg/m 48.7 lb/ft 250 250 14 9.0 16 Japan-H-Shape-RECNO-18
250 x 125 29.60 kg/m 19.9 lb/ft 250 125 9 6.0 12 Japan-H-Shape-RECNO-17
200 x 200 49.90 kg/m 33.5 lb/ft 200 200 12 8.0 13 Japan-H-Shape-RECNO-13
200 x 100 21.30 kg/m 14.3 lb/ft 200 100 8 5.5 11 Japan-H-Shape-RECNO-12
150 x 150 31.50 kg/m 21.2 lb/ft 150 150 10 7.0 11 Japan-H-Shape-RECNO-7
150 x 75 14.00 kg/m 9.4 lb/ft 150 75 7 5.0 8 Japan-H-Shape-RECNO-6