007-Introduction To Offshore Engineering PDF

SMK4122 Offshore & Ocean Engineering | Copyright © 2012 Koh Kho King
WELCOME
SMK4122
Offshore & Ocean Engineering
Dr. Koh Kho King
Room: C25‐315 | h/p: 0167627788
koh@fkm.utm.my | http://www.fkm.utm.my/~koh
Aims
• To introduce oil and gas industry
activities in general
• To encompasses various
components in the oil and gas
activities
• Introduction to survey, exploration,
platform construction, installation,
production, and maintenance in oil
and gas industry
• Introduction to various types of
offshore platforms and their
uniqueness and functionality
Course Learning Outcome
• Describe the overall scenario of
global and local oil and gas industry
• Identify and describe the main
components & activities in the
offshore oil and gas industry.
• Describe the main processes in the
design and construction
engineering of Offshore structure
• Explain the various rules and
regulations in the Offshore industry
Course Contents
1. Introduction
• Background on Oil and Gas Industry
• Oil and Gas operation activities. Types of Offshore Platforms.
• Oil Drilling and Oilfield Services. High technology exploration
and production methods
Background
• Offshore platform ‐> use for
underseabed exploration and
processing
• First Offshore platform ‐ installed
in 1947 off the coast of Louisiana
in 6m depth of water
• Today over 7,000 Offshore
platforms around the world with
some in water depths over
2,000m
Background
Platform size depends on facilities to be
installed on top side eg. Oil rig, living
quarters, Helipad etc.
Classification of water depths:
– < 350m - Shallow water
– < 1500m - Deep water
– > 1500m - Ultra deep water
– US Mineral Management Service
(MMS) classifies water depths greater
than 1,300 ft as deepwater, and greater
than 5,000 ft as ultra-deepwater.
Oil & Gas Industry
The Oil & Gas Industry comprises two parts:
Upstream – the exploration and production
sector of the industry
Downstream – the sector which deals with refining
and processing of crude oil and gas
products; their distribution and marketing
Oil & Gas Industry

Among the upstream activities would be:
Exploration : Analysing and Interpreting seismic data to determine the potential of
hydrocarbon reserves; drilling of test wells.
Conceptual development: Screening studies to determine the most efficient and cost
effective method to produce potential hydrocarbon sources i.e selection of facilities, transport
of hydrocarbon from field to customer (pipeline, floating storage and offloading (FSO) Vessels,
corrosion mitigation strategies and safety aspects of the operations.
Development: project management of construction, detailed engineering, optimum wells
location, transport of facilities to location and commissioning of facilities
Production : maintenance strategies, planing budges, Analysis of supply and demand, and
retrofit work to maintain or meet new production targets.
Malaysian O & G Industry(1)
• Petroleum exploration in Malaysia started at the beginning of the 20th
century in Sarawak, where oil was first discovered in 1909 and first
produced in 1910.
• Prior to 1975, petroleum concessions were granted by state governments,
where oil companies have exclusive rights to explore and produce
resources. The companies then paid royalties and taxes to the government.
• This state of affairs ceased on April 1, 1975 as a result of the Petroleum
Development Act, whereby PETRONAS became the custodian of petroleum
resources with rights to explore and produce resources. The national oil
company retains ownership and management control in exploration,
development and production of oil resources. Expenditure and profits are
managed under instruments called Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs).
• Malaysia has the 25th largest oil reserves and the 14th largest

gas reserves in the world.
• The total reserves is of the order of 18.82 billion barrels oil
equivalent (boe) with a crude production rate of 600 thousand
barrels per day.
• The average natural gas production stands to approx. 5.7
billion standard cubic feet per day.
• Malaysia has the 494,183 km2 of acreage available for O&G
exploration, with 337,167km2 in the offshore continental shelf
area and 63,968 km2 in deepwater.
• The acreage is split into 54 blocks, out of which 28 (a total of
205,500km2) are currently operated by Petronas Carigali Sdn.
Bhd plus seven other multinational oil companies.
Historical Natural Gas Production
Historical Crude Oil Production
Oil & Gas Activities

NO OPERATION TYPE OF STRUCTURE
1 Survey Survey ship, oceanagraphic platform/buoy
2 Wild cat or exploratory drilling Jackup, barge, drillship, semisubmersible
3 Pipe-laying Pipe-laying barge, ship, semisubmersible
4 Supply and Anchor Handling Supply vessel, platform supply vessel
5 Towing Ocean-going Tug

6 Diving Diving support vessel
Fixed platform – steel jacket, concrete gravity type, TLP,
7 Production
guyed tower
8 Heavy Lift Semisubmersible Crane Vessel, Crane Barge, Crane Ship
9 Offshore Terminal Single Buoy Mooring (SBM), SPAR Buoy
10 Underwater Inspection Submersible – ROV, manned
Cost Vs Water Depth
Initial Cost Fixed TLP

+
Installation
Floating
Water Depth
Seismic Survey(1)
Seismic Survey(2)
• Petroleum – Petra (rock) + Oleum (Oil)

• Source Rock, Reservoir Rock, Cap Rock
• Wild‐Cat, Appraisal and Development drilling
Oil & Gas Activities
Upstream
Downstream
Types of Offshore Structure
Classification of Offshore Structures
Floating
Drillship
Crane barge
Semisubmersible
Fixed Compliant
Jack up Gravity Guyed Tower TLP
Jacket Articulated columns

Types of Offshore Structure

Offshore Platform
• Fixed structures that extend to
the Seabed.
• Steel Jacket
• Concrete gravity
Structure
• Compliant Tower
Offshore Platform
• Structures that float near the
water surface‐ Recent
development
• Tension Leg platforms
• Semi Submersible
• Spar
• Ship shaped vessel
(FPSO)
Fixed Type Platforms

JACKET PLATFORM
Space framed structure with tubular
members supported on piled
foundations.
Used for moderate water depths up to
400m.
Jackets provides protective layer around
the pipes.
Typical offshore structure will have a
deck structure containing a Main Deck,
a Cellar Deck, and a Helideck.
The deck structure is supported by deck
legs connected to the top of the piles.
The piles extend from above the Mean
Low Water through the seabed and into
the soil.

JACKETED PLATFORM (Cont.)
Underwater, the piles are contained
inside the legs of a “jacket” structure
which serves as bracing for the piles
against lateral loads.
The jacket also serves as a template
for the initial driving of the piles.
(The piles are driven through the
inside of the legs of the jacket
structure).
Natural period (usually 2.5 second)
is kept below wave period (14 to 20
seconds) to avoid amplification of
wave loads.
95% of offshore platforms around
the world are Jacket supported.
Jack Up
Jacket
COMPLIANT TOWER
Narrow, flexible framed structures
supported by piled foundations.
Has no oil storage capacity. Production is
through tensioned rigid risers and export
by flexible or catenary steel pipe.
Undergo large lateral deflections (up to 10
ft) under wave loading. Used for moderate
water depths up to 600m.
Natural period (usually 30 second) is kept
above wave period (14 to 20 seconds) to
avoid amplification of wave loads.

CONCRETE GRAVITY STRUCTURES
Fixed-bottom structures made from concrete
Heavy and remain in place on the seabed
without the need for piles
Used for moderate water depths up to 300 M.
Part construction is made in a dry dock
adjacent to the sea. The structure is built from
bottom up, like onshore structure.
At a certain point , dock is flooded and the
partially built structure floats. It is towed to
deeper sheltered water where remaining
construction is completed.
After towing to field, base is filled with water
to sink it on the seabed.
Advantage - Less maintenance
Floater Type Platforms

Tension Leg Platform (TLP)
Tension Leg Platforms (TLPs) are
floating facilities that are tied down to
the seabed by vertical steel tubes called
tethers.
This characteristic makes the structure
very rigid in the vertical direction and
very flexible in the horizontal plane.
The vertical rigidity helps to tie in
wells for production, while, the
horizontal compliance makes the
platform insensitive to the primary
effect of waves.
Have large columns and Pontoons and
a fairly deep draught.
Tension Leg Platform (TLP)

TLP has excess buoyancy which
keeps tethers in tension. Topside
facilities , no. of risers etc. have to
fixed at pre-design stage.
Used for deep water up to 1200 M
It has no integral storage.
It is sensitive to topside
load/draught variations as tether
tensions are affected.
SEMISUB PLATFORM
Due to small water plane area , they are
weight sensitive. Flood warning systems
are required to be in-place.
Topside facilities , no. of risers etc. have to
fixed at pre-design stage.
Used for Ultra deep water.
Semi-submersibles are held in place by
anchors connected to a catenary mooring
system.
Semi-submersible
SEMISUB PLATFORM
Column pontoon junctions and bracing
attract large loads.
Due to possibility of fatigue cracking of
braces , periodic inspection/
maintenance is prerequisite
Semi-submersible
SPAR
SPAR:
Concept of a large diameter single vertical
cylinder supporting deck.
These are a very new and emerging concept: the
first spar platform, Neptune, was installed off
the USA coast in 1997.
Spar platforms have taut catenary moorings and
deep draught, hence heave natural period is
about 30 seconds.
Used for Ultra deep water depth of 2300m.
The center of buoyancy is considerably above
center of gravity, making Spar quite stable.
Due to space restrictions in the core, number of
risers has to be predetermined.
SPAR
FPSO
SHIP SHAPED VESSEL (FPSO)
Ship-shape platforms are called Floating
Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO)
facilities.
FPSOs have integral oil storage capability
inside their hull. This avoids a long and
expensive pipeline to shore.
Can explore in remote and deep water and
also in marginal wells, where building
fixed platform and piping is technically and
economically not feasible
FPSOs are held in position over the
reservoir at a Single Point Mooring (SPM).
The vessel is able to weathervane around
the mooring point so that it always faces
into the prevailing weather.
OSV
Parts of Platform
TOPSIDE:
Facilities are tailored to achieve
weight and space saving
Incorporates process and utility
equipment
Drilling Rig
Injection Compressors
Gas Compressors
Gas Turbine Generators
Piping
HVAC
Instrumentation
Accommodation for operating
personnel.
Crane for equipment handling
Helipad
Parts of Platform (cont.)
MOORINGS & ANCHORS:

Used to tie platform in place
Material
Steel chain
Steel wire rope
Catenary shape due to heavy

weight.
Length of rope is more
Synthetic fiber rope
Taut shape due to substantial
less weight than steel ropes.
Less rope length required
Corrosion free
Parts of Platform (cont.)

RISER:
Pipes used for production,
drilling, and export of Oil and
Gas from Seabed.
Riser system is a key
component for offshore drilling
or floating production projects.
The cost and technical
challenges of the riser system
increase significantly with
water depth.
Design of riser system depends
on filed layout, vessel
interfaces, fluid properties and
environmental condition.
Platform Installation
BARGE LOADOUT:
– Various methods are deployed
based on availability of resources
and size of structure
Barge Crane
Flat over - Top side is
installed on jackets.
Ballasting of barge
Smaller jackets can be
installed by lifting them off
barge using a floating vessel
with cranes.
– Large 400’ x 100’ deck barges
capable of carrying up to 12,000
tons are available
Oil Drilling(1)
• Drilling rigs: Exploration of oil and gas
Stay in a place for a few months (Mobile or movable)
‐ Jack‐up drilling rig
‐ MODU (Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit)
• Production platforms: Production of oil and gas
Stay in a place for at least a few years (usually 20 ‐30 years)
‐ Ground‐base structure ( <500~800 m)
‐ Floating Structures (> 800 m)
Oil Drilling(2)
Offshore Drilling Equipment
• The drill string is lowered through a conduit (riser).
Consists of a drill bit, drill collar and drill pipe. Drill
pipe sections are added at the surface as the well
deepens. The drill passes through a system of safety
valves called a Blowout Preventer (BOP) stack which
contains the pressures in the well to prevent a
blowout (escape of pressure into the annular casing
between the casing and the drill pipe or into the
hole).
• Drilling fluid (mud) is pumped into the drill pipe
from the surface and flows through small holes in
the drill bit. The mud collects rock cuttings and
flows up the annulus between the drill pipe and the
casing where the rock is strained out and the mud is
recirculated. The weight of the mud exerts a
pressure on the rock and keeps the well under
control.
Accident
Model of Ocean Ranger, which capsized in 1982, during
survival testing
P - 36 accident in 2001
Accident
Piper Alpha fire and explosion in 1988

Severe damage caused on a jacket platform
in the Gulf of Mexico by Hurricane Lilli
Accident
Gulf of Mexico Oil Spills
Accident
Accident
Offshore Practice Codes
Offshore Standards (OS)

Provides technical requirements and acceptance
criteria for general application by the offshore industry
eg. DNV-OS-C101
Recommended Practices(RP)
Provides proven technology and sound engineering
practice as well as guidance for the higher level
publications eg. API-RP-WSD
BS 6235: Code of practice for fixed offshore

structures
British Standards Institution 1982
Mainly for the British offshore sector
References
W.J. Graff: Introduction to offshore structures.
Gulf Publishing Company, Houston 1981.
Good general introduction to offshore structures.
B.C. Gerwick: Construction of offshore structures.
John Wiley & Sons, New York 1986.
Up to date presentation of offshore design and
construction.
Patel M H: Dynamics of offshore structures
Butterworth & Co., London.
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SMK4122 Offshore & Ocean Engineering | Copyright © 2012 Koh Kho King

Dr. Koh Kho King

Course Learning Outcome

Oil & Gas Industry

Oil & Gas Industry

Malaysian O & G Industry(1)

Malaysian O & G Industry(2)

• Malaysia has the 25th largest oil reserves and the 14th largest

Malaysian O & G Industry(3)

Malaysian O & G Industry(4)

Malaysian O & G Industry(5)

Oil & Gas Activities

3 Pipe-laying Pipe-laying barge, ship, semisubmersible

4 Supply and Anchor Handling Supply vessel, platform supply vessel

5 Towing Ocean-going Tug

Cost Vs Water Depth

Initial Cost Fixed TLP

• Petroleum – Petra (rock) + Oleum (Oil)

Oil & Gas Activities

Types of Offshore Structure

Classification of Offshore Structures

Jack up Gravity Guyed Tower TLP

Jacket Articulated columns

Types of Offshore Structure

Fixed Type Platforms

Fixed Type Platforms

Fixed Type Platforms

Fixed Type Platforms

Floater Type Platforms

Floater Type Platforms

 Tension Leg Platform (TLP)

Floater Type Platforms

Parts of Platform (cont.)

 MOORINGS & ANCHORS:

 Steel wire rope

 Catenary shape due to heavy

Parts of Platform (cont.)

Piper Alpha fire and explosion in 1988

 Offshore Standards (OS)

 BS 6235: Code of practice for fixed offshore

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Tension Leg Platform (TLP)

MOORINGS & ANCHORS:

Steel wire rope

Catenary shape due to heavy

Offshore Standards (OS)

BS 6235: Code of practice for fixed offshore