What are the responsibilities of a researcher

in the academic world?

•What is Plagiarism?
 What Is Plagiarism?

• Use of another’s work (ideas, words)

without giving credit to the author
• In academic work, ideas and words are
seen as private property.
• Plagiarism: Basically, plagiarism means
taking ideas or words from a source (e.g.
a book or journal) without giving credit
(acknowledgement) to the author. In
academic work, ideas and words are
seen as private property belonging to the
person who first thought or wrote them.
■ Which of the following would be considered as
plagiarism?
a) Not providing a reference when you have used
somebody’s idea.
b) Copying a few sentences from an article on the
internet without giving a reference.
c) Not giving a reference when you use commonly
accepted ideas, e.g. Aids is a growing problem.
d) Giving the reference but not using quotation marks
when you take a sentence from another writer’s
article.
e) Taking a paragraph from a classmate’s essay without
giving a reference.
f) Presenting the results of your own research.
Discussion Question
•Why should we be concerned about
plagiarism?
The reason is…
Plagiarism:
§ is cheating yourself.
§ is dishonest because it misrepresents the work
of another as your own, without giving the owner
credit.
§ devalues others' original work.

§can result in fines or legal damages due to

copyright violations.
Types of Plagiarism
• Intentional plagiarism: deliberate copying or
use of another’s work without credit.
• Unintentional plagiarism can result from:
• not knowing citation standards
• sloppy research and poor note-taking habits,
or
• careless “copying and pasting” of electronic
sources.
 Types of Plagiarism: Copying

If you copy someone

else's work and put
your name on it, you
have plagiarized.
 Copying: An Example
“Students are enabled to become critical thinkers as a
result of participating in the educative critical
community that is created by the ubiquitous use of
thought-encouraging questions, asked with a thinking-
encouraging approach. As a matter of course, students
ask themselves the same questions expert critical
thinkers ask and begin to speak, write, think and act as
critical thinkers. In this way students learn the skills,
dispositions and understandings of critical thinkers”

Clinton Golding (2011) Educating for critical thinking:

thought‐encouraging questions in a community of inquiry, Higher
Education Research & Development, 30(3), 357-370.
 Copying: An Example

This one is pretty straightforward. If a writer

copies, word for word, the text from Dr.
Godling's article and does not acknowledge in
any way that it was Dr. Golding's work, the
writer has committed plagiarism.
 Types: Patchwork Plagiarism

This occurs when the plagiarizer

borrows the "phrases and clauses
from the original source and weaves
them into his own writing"
(McConnell Library, Radford
University) without putting the
phrases in quotation marks or citing
the author.
Patchwork : An Example
“Teachers can implement certain interventions such as
critical thinking community and use external recourse
for reflection. Students are enabled to become critical
thinkers as a result of participating in the educative
critical community whereby thought-encouraging
questions and a thinking-encouraging approach are used.
This kind of community encourage students to challenge
their existing perspectives. Thus, they begin to speak,
write, think and act as critical thinkers. In this way
students learn the skills, dispositions and understandings
of critical thinkers.”

Clinton Golding (2011) Educating for critical thinking:

thought‐encouraging questions in a community of inquiry, Higher
Education Research & Development, 30(3), 357-370.
Patchwork: An Example

Now, had the "author" of this passage put the colored

phrases in quotation marks and added a citation after
the quotation, like (Golding, 2011, p.368), the
"author" would have been safe. Without the quotation
marks and the proper citation, the "author" has
committed plagiarism.
Types: Paraphrasing Plagiarism
This occurs when the
plagiarizer paraphrases or
summarizes another's
work without citing the
source. Even changing the
words a little or using
synonyms but retaining
the author's essential
thoughts, sentence
structure, and/or style
without citing the source
is still considered
plagiarism.
 Paraphrasing : An Example
“Students’ critical thinking can develop in the educative
critical community whereby thought-encouraging
questions and a thinking-encouraging approach are used.
Thus, students question themselves as expert critical
thinkers do: they start to think and perform as critical
thinkers. In this way students learn the competencies of
critical thinkers”
Clinton Golding (2011) Educating for critical thinking:
thought‐encouraging questions in a community of inquiry, Higher
Education Research & Development, 30(3), 357-370.
 Paraphrasing: An Example
Now, had the "author" of this paragraph used footnotes
or parenthetical citations to acknowledge Dr. Golding's
work, he or she would have been in the clear. However,
since the "author" acts like these ideas are his or her
own, and does not acknowledge Dr. Golding, it's
plagiarism.
 Types: Unintentional

fourth type of plagiarism:

unintentional plagiarism
it occurs when the writer
incorrectly quotes and/or
incorrectly cites a source they
are using. How is this
plagiarism, if the author didn't
mean to do it?
 Types: Unintentional
If a writer has incorrectly quoted or incorrectly cited a
source, it could be misconstrued as dishonesty on the
writer's part. The dishonest usage of another's work is
most often considered plagiarism. Therefore, the
incorrect usage of another's work, whether it's
intentional or not, could be taken for "real" plagiarism.
Avoiding Plagiarism

• simply be honest; when you've used a source in your

paper,
• give credit where it's due
• acknowledge the author of the original work you've
used.
• use your own work as often as possible. Quoting and
citing sources
• quote and/or cite your sources properly.
 Proper Quotations
In order to properly quote your sources, you
should consult the style manual that would
be appropriate for the research.
e.g., the following examples are formatted
in APA 6th.
Reflection plays an essential role in teacher learning, as
Mezirow (1991) argued, for its importance in adult
learning:
Reflection is the central dynamic in intentional
learning, problem solving and validity testing through
rational discourse. Intentional learning centrally
involves either the explication of the meaning of
experience, reinterpretation of that meaning, or
application of it to thoughtful action. (p. 99)
Using sources

■ Quoting: Using author’s exact words

■ Paraphrasing: Restating author’s ideas in your
own words and your own sentence structure
■ Summarizing: Briefly stating author’s main point
in your own words and sentence structure. A
summary is shorter than the original text.
■ All three must be followed by citations.
When to use each method

■ Quote when the individual words are just as

important as the message (e.g., poetry).
■ Paraphrase when the message is more
important than the word choice. This is often
the case!
■ Summarize when you are dealing with a large
amount of relevant source material (e.g., you’re
writing a book review).
Revision:
Decide if these situations are plagiarism
Read this paragraph and the followning ones that
used ideas from this paragrph. Are they plagiarism?
Key
Paraphrasing vs.
Summarizing
There is a difference
What is the difference?
Framing the Question: What is the difference?

Basic details:
■ Paraphrasing is a restatement of the author’s
original thought and meaning.
■ Summarization is the condensing of a passage or
thought into a much smaller package.
Paraphrasing
• Perhaps the best working definition for
paraphrasing is :
• to restate another’s work in your own words but
maintain the author’s original meaning.
• Involves putting a passage from source material into
your own words
• Paraphrased material must also be attributed to the
source
• A paraphrase is usually shorter than the original
passage
 Checklist for Paraphrasing
1. Reread the original 4. Compare your text to the
passage carefully in order original.
to fully understand the 5. Build in the in-text citation and
concept & author’s be sure to include the page no.
meaning. or paragraph no.
2. Identify the main points of
the passage.
3. Rewrite the passage in
your own words (not just
substituting synonyms or
order for some of the text).
How to paraphrase
•Start with a manageable amount of source material.
•Read it several times to make sure you understand
it.
•Close the book or other source and put it aside.
•Write the main ideas of the passage you’ve just read
in your own “voice”: the way you would say it.
•Go back to the original source and check your
paraphrase for accuracy.
■ Read the text below and then decide which is the better
paraphrase, (a) or (b).
Ancient Egypt collapsed in about 2180 BC. Studies conducted
of the mud from the River Nile showed that at this time the
mountainous regions which feed the Nile suffered from a
prolonged drought. This would have had a devastating
effect on the ability of Egyptian society to feed itself.
a. The sudden ending of Egyptian civilisation over 4,000
years ago was probably caused by changes in the weather
in the region to the south. Without the regular river
flooding there would not have been enough food.
b. Research into deposits of the Egyptian Nile indicate that a
long dry period in the mountains at the river’s source may
have led to a lack of water for irrigation around 2180 BC,
which was when the collapse of Egyptian society began.
■ Techniques
a) Changing vocabulary:
studies > research
society > civilization
mud > deposits
Note: Not all words and phrases can be paraphrased.
For example, economics, socialism or global
warming have no effective synonyms.
b) Changing word class:
Egypt (n.) > Egyptian (adj.) mountainous regions (adj.
+ n.) > in the mountains (n.)
c) Changing word order:
Ancient Egypt collapsed > the collapse of Egyptian
society began
Paraphrase a sentence

• Change individual words

• 1(a) Using synonyms:
Cats DRINK cream. Û Domestic felines CONSUME the
liquid fat of milk.
• 1(b) Using relational antonyms (also called converses):
I LENT that book to Jim. Û Jim BORROWED that book
from me.
• Change sentence structure:
[active] Cats DRINK cream. Û Cream IS DRUNK by cats.
[passive]
• Change both individual words and sentence structure :
Cats DRINK cream. Û The liquid fat of milk IS DRUNK by
domestic felines.
Paraphrase this!
Original
“To the extent that a woman's self-image is
challenged or threatened by an unattainable ideal
of an impossibly thin female physique, she may
well become susceptible to disruption of her self-
regard, and may be more likely to develop an
eating disorder.” (p.2)
Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (2004). Sociocultural idealization of thin
female body shapes: An introduction to the special issue on body
image and eating disorders. Journal of Social & Clinical
Psychology, 23, 1-6. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460
Paraphrase this!
Paraphrase
If a woman interprets the media's representation
of thinness as the ideal she must achieve, her
sense of self-esteem might be threatened and
even damaged, making her more likely to exhibit
disordered eating patterns (Polivy & Herman,
2004).
Reference
Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (2004). Sociocultural idealization of thin
female body shapes: An introduction to the special issue on body
image and eating disorders. Journal of Social & Clinical
Psychology, 23, 1-6. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.460
Paraphrase this!
Soccer Mania
“When the Maracana soccer stadium was opened to the
public in 1950, and Brazil lost in the World Cup to the
Uruguayan team, the Brazilians were so disheartened
one had the impression that the country itself had died.
And people did die of sadness. Mere threats of defeat in
a championship match can cause heart attacks, and the
despair of the public is so great that many beat their
heads against the cement posts. Such is the Brazilians’
passion for soccer.” [de Moraes and Gullar, p. 13]
Paraphrase
In 1950, when the Brazil was defeated by Uruguay for
the World Cup in Soccer in their new stadium in Rio de
Janero, Brazilians were so dejected that it seemed the
whole country had perished. In fact, some citizens
actually did die of sorrow. Brazilians react very strongly
even to the possibility of defeat in championship soccer
games; soccer fans pound their heads against the
cement posts and even suffer heart attacks. Such
reactions prove that Brazilians are very emotional about
soccer [de Moraes and Gullar, p. 13]
Exercise: Paraphrase this paragraph
Before the last century no humans had visited
Antarctica, and even today the vast continent has a
winter population of fewer than 200 people. However,
a recent report from a New Zealand government
agency outlines the scale of the pollution problem in
the ice and snow. Although untouched compared with
other regions in the world, the bitter cold of Antarctica
means that the normal process of decay is prevented.
As a result some research stations are surrounded by
the rubbish of nearly 60 years’ operations.
Possible answer
Antarctica was unexplored until the twentieth century, and
still has a tiny population in relation to its size. Yet it
suffers from various pollution problems which have been
described in a report by a New Zealand government
agency. The low temperatures there impede the usual
pattern of decay, though compared with most parts of the
world it remains in pristine condition. Some long-
established scientific bases have large piles of garbage
around them.
 Summarization
• Perhaps the best working definition for summarizing
is :
• A condensed version of an original passage or
writing. It provides only the main points and
eliminates extra details , but a summary is
considerably shorter that the original work.
• Involves putting the main idea(s) into your own
words, including only the main points
• Summaries must also be attributed to the source
• Summaries are significantly shorter than the original
and give a broad overview of the source material
 Checklist for Summarizing
1. Reread the original passage carefully in order to fully
understand the concept & author’s meaning.
2. Identify the main points of the passage.
3. Make notes of the key points
4. Rewrite the passage using only the main points of the
original work (e.g., thesis statement and conclusion)
5. Checking: Compare your text to the original
6. Build in the in-text citation
A good summary
A summary must:
1. Be in your own words!
2. Be shorter (by half) of the original
passage.
3. May contain some of the words from
the original work, however these
single words must be contained in
“quotation marks”.
4. Convey the original meaning but does
not evaluate or comment on the
author’s original work.
Exercise: Summarise the following article in about 75 words.
South Korea is planning to move its capital from Seoul to a new
site in the middle of the country. Although Seoul has been the
capital since the fourteenth century, the city of over 20 million
is now very crowded, and also close to the hostile armies of
North Korea. The new capital is planned to cost $45 billion, with
construction finishing by 2012.
There is, however, strong opposition to the project, since similar
schemes in other countries have taken far longer and cost much
more than originally planned. Australia, for example, took over
70 years to finish building Canberra, while Nigeria has never
completed its planned new capital, Abuja. Both Brazil and
Malaysia have found that the building of new capitals (Brasilia
and Putrajaya) can sharply increase the national burden of debt.
Even if the government does eventually move to the new
capital, it is unlikely that South Korea’s main businesses will
follow it, so Seoul will probably continue to be the country’s
principal city.
Model answer

It is planned to move South Korea’s capital from

Seoul to a central site by 2012, at a cost of $45
billion. Although Seoul is crowded and too near the
border, critics claim that this scheme will be too
expensive and take too long. Businesses are unlikely
to move away from Seoul when the government does.
Other countries have experienced severe problems
with capital relocation.
Summarizing a Research Article

Journal Article
•Title
•Abstract
•Introduction
•Method
•Results
•Discussion
•References
Reading the Articles

•Scan the article

•Identify the research question and reason for
the study (Introduction)
•How the hypothesis was tested/questions
being addressed (Introduction)
•The findings (Results)
•How the findings were interpreted
(Discussion)
•Write the key points in the margin
•Read for Depth
•How does the design of the study address the
research question
•What are the controls for each experiment/the
scope of study
•How convincing are the results
•What does this study contribute toward
answering the original question
•What aspects of the original question remain
unanswered
Writing the Summary
Introduction
•What was the purpose of this study? (i.e., what
question(s) did the authors want to
answer?)Why was this question important to
answer?
•(This information comes from severity/impact
of the problem, previous research into the
problem, and what previous research lacked.)
Method
•Who were the participants? (How many, ages,
diagnoses, skill levels). How were they
selected?
•Setting-where did the study take place?
•What participant behavior was being
measured? (e.g. Dependent Variable)
•How were data collected and analysed?
Method (cont)
For example, for a quantitative study
•What did the experimenters systematically do
(Independent Variable)
to influence the Dependent Variable? (e.g., Describe
the teaching procedures).
•Would you be able to replicate their procedures?
•What design was used?
•Did the authors demonstrate a functional
relationship between the IV and DV?
•Was treatment integrity assessed? How?
•Was social validity assessed? How?
•Were generalization and maintenance data
collected?
Results and Discussion
•What did they find? Was their analysis of the
data appropriate?
•Were the findings in agreement with or in
contrast to previous research?
•Should relate back to the hypothesis/ the
research questions
•Write about hypotheses/research questions,
methods and results first
•Write about introduction and discussion last
•Avoid Plagiarism
•Take notes in your own words
•Do not write in complete sentences
•Summarize the point in your own words
•If you cannot put it in your own words then
you do not understand the study
•Edit for Completeness and Accuracy
•Add information if necessary
•Cut redundancies and less important information
•Edit for Style
•Do not make readers struggle to understand you
•It is your job to make your writing easily
readable
•Eliminate wordiness
•Use Specific, Concrete Language
•Use scientifically accurate language
•Rely on paraphrasing NO QUOTING
•PROOFREAD!