3. A formation energy of 2.0 eV is required to create a vacancy in a particular metal.

At 800 C
there is one vacancy for every 10,000 atoms.

(a) At what temperature will there be one vacancy for every 1,000 atoms?

(b) Repeat the calculation, but this time with an activation energy of 1.0 eV. Note the big
change in the temperature interval necessary to obtain the same change in vacancy
concentration as was the case with an activation energy of 2.0 eV.

Diketahui :

vacancies
N v =1
m3
lattice site
N A =10000
m3
lattice site
N B =1000
m3
T 1=800 ℃=1073 K

Joule
Q v 1=2 eV =2× 1 ,6 × 10−19=3 , 2× 10−19
mol
Joule
Q v 2=1 ev=1, 6 ×10−19
mol
Joule
k =1 ,38 ×10−23
K
Ditanya : a. Tx saat energi aktivasi 2 eV

b. Tx saat energi aktivasi 1 eV

Jawab :
−Q v
kT
N v =N e
a. Kita perlu mengetahui ketergantungan temperatur dari vacancy density :

1 −Q
v −Q v
kT
ekT
−Q v −Qv 4
1 1 10 e 1 1 −Q v 1 1
104
=e k T1

103
=e kT x
1
3 e
v
kT
x
−1
= −Q 10 = −Q −ln10=
e kT
v

x
k T(1
−
T x
)
10
 k ln 10 1 1 1, 38 ×1023 ln 10 1 1 1 1 1 ,38 ×10−23 ln 10
Qv (= −
T1 Tx ) 3 , 2 ×10
−19 (
= − ) =
1073 T x T x 1073
−
3 , 2× 10−19
1 1 1
= −0,992 ×10−4 =8,33× 10−4 T x =1200 K=927 ℃
T x 1073 Tx

b.
k ln 10 1 1 1,38× 1023 ln10 1 1 1 1 1,38× 10−23 ln 10
Qv (= −
T1 Tx ) 3,2×10−19
= ( − ) =
1073 T x T x 1073
−
1 , 6 ×10−19
1 1 1
= −1 , 9 86 ×10−4 =7 ,33 ×10−4T x =1 364 K=1091℃
T x 1073 Tx