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FFS Pu 6151 PDF
FFS Pu 6151 PDF
This document is the confidential property of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Neither the whole nor any part of this
document may be disclosed to any third party without the prior written consent of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
Neither the whole nor any part of this document may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or
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without the prior written consent of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
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Geophysical Surveys for Offshore Facilities FFS-PU-6151
Summary of Changes
1. Revised technical content is indicated by change bars in the right margin.
2. Added, deleted, moved, and combined items are listed below.
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Geophysical Surveys for Offshore Facilities FFS-PU-6151
Contents
1.0 Scope............................................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 References ...................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Owner Documents .............................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards ........................................................................................... 4
2.3 Other References ................................................................................................................ 4
2.4 Conflict Resolution .............................................................................................................. 4
3.0 Terminology .................................................................................................................................... 5
3.1 Acronyms ............................................................................................................................ 5
3.2 Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 6
4.0 General ............................................................................................................................................ 7
4.1 Reconnaissance Site Characterization ............................................................................... 7
4.2 Engineering Site Investigation ............................................................................................ 8
4.3 Development Geohazard Site Investigation ....................................................................... 9
4.4 Detailed Engineering Site Investigation .............................................................................. 9
5.0 Technical Requirements.............................................................................................................. 10
5.1 General Positioning ........................................................................................................... 10
5.2 Engineering and Development Geohazard Site Investigations ........................................ 13
5.3 Detailed Engineering Site Investigation ............................................................................ 18
5.4 Geophysical Data Deliverables ......................................................................................... 19
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Geophysical Surveys for Offshore Facilities FFS-PU-6151
1.0 Scope
This functional specification contains technical requirements of geophysical surveys conducted
for offshore facilities. The types of surveys covered include the following:
1. Reconnaissance site characterization.
2. Engineering site investigation.
3. Development geohazard site investigation.
4. Detailed engineering site investigation.
Note: Requirements and details that are specific to a project should be addressed in the
project scope of work.
2.0 References
1. The following documents are referenced herein and are considered part of this
specification.
2. Unless otherwise specified in Section 2.1 or Section 2.2, use the latest edition of the
referenced documents.
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Geophysical Surveys for Offshore Facilities FFS-PU-6151
3. Supplier may propose equipment, techniques, procedures, etc., that are different from those
stated within this document and Purchaser project-specific documents.
a. Supplier shall provide information sufficient to prove that the alternative meets
Purchaser requirements.
b. Acceptance of proposed alternative will be at the discretion of Purchaser.
3.0 Terminology
3.1 Acronyms
AGC Automatic Gain Control
AUV Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
CDP Common Depth Point
CRP Common Reference Point
DGPS Differential Global Positioning System
DTM Digital Terrain Model
DVL Doppler Velocity Log
FEED Front End Engineering Design
GIS Geographic Information System
GPS Global Positioning System
HR2D High-Resolution 2D
INS Inertial Navigation System
LBL Long Baseline
LOP Line of Position
MBES Multi-Beam Echo Sounder
MRU Motion Reference Unit
NMO Normal Move-out
QC Quality Control
RMS Root-Mean-Square
ROV Remotely Operated Vehicle
SAS Synthetic Aperture Sonar
SBP Sub-Bottom Profiler
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SEG-D Society for Exploration Geophysicists file format for storing geophysical data
SEG-Y Society for Exploration Geophysicists file format for storing geophysical data
SSDM Subsea Data Model
SSS Side-Scan Sonar
SV Satellite Vehicle
TVG Time-Varying Gain
UHR Ultra-High-Resolution
UHR2D Ultra-High-Resolution 2D
UHR3D Ultra-High-Resolution 3D
UKOOA United Kingdom Offshore Operators Association
UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply
USBL Ultra-Short Baseline
UXO Unexploded Ordnance
XTF Extended Triton Format (for recording hydrographic survey data)
XYA X, Y, Amplitude
XYZ X, Y, Depth
3.2 Definitions
Accuracy Difference between a measured and true value, including
random and systematic errors.
Calibration Adjustment of an instrument to eliminate biases and systematic
errors to bring its performance into compliance with specified
tolerances.
Datum (geodesy) Set of reference points on the earth’s surface against which
position measurements are made, and (often) a model of the
shape of the earth (reference ellipsoid) to define a geographic
coordinate system.
Development Geohazard Local and/or regional site and soil conditions having a
potential of becoming active, or developing into a failure
event that could cause loss of life or damage to health,
environment, or assets. The event-triggering sources can be
ongoing geological processes or human-induced changes
caused by the field operator or by 3rd party activities.
Source: International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
(IOGP), December 2009, Geohazards from seafloor instability
and mass flow, Report No. 425.
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Geophysical Surveys for Offshore Facilities FFS-PU-6151
4.0 General
Note: Geophysical surveys are a component of overall integrated geoscience studies, the
learnings from which are necessary to safely design, construct, and operate offshore
facilities.
1. The objectives of geophysical surveys shall be as follows:
a. To provide understanding of the seabed, shallow geology, and geologic processes
affecting the site (development of geologic model).
b. To facilitate identification and assessment of development geohazards, which are key
inputs to risk quantification.
c. To allow the projection of geotechnical engineering properties throughout the site
(when geology permits).
d. To define seafloor and subsurface conditions that may influence field layout, pipeline
routes, and foundation design.
2. Information regarding desktop studies, survey planning, data interpretation and integration
shall be found referenced in IOGP Report No. 373-18-1.
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Note: Reconnaissance-level bathymetry data are datasets with a native bin size
(resolution) of greater than 3 meters (9.8 feet). Reconnaissance-level subsurface
data are any dataset with vertical resolution greater than 1 meter (3.3 feet).
3. Geotechnical and geological cores (typically 6 meters [19.7 feet] or less in length) shall be
acquired during a reconnaissance geophysical survey to ground truth geophysical data, to
provide soil properties for early front end engineering design (FEED) and to aid in defining
objectives for subsequent site investigations.
Note: The route/field layouts are still preliminary at this stage, so cores are sited across
the survey area in an effort to obtain samples representative of the development
area, and should target any features of concern identified in the desktop study.
Note: See CIV-PU-125 for more information regarding geotechnical site investigations
and specifications.
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Note: Mapping can be achieved with SBP line spacing of 2 meters (6.6 feet) or less,
as opposed to the standard 150–200 meter (492–656 foot) line spacing for an
engineering site investigation. The 2D SBP lines can then be binned into a 3D
volume for accurate mapping of the fault planes; this type of survey is commonly
referred to as a micro 3D survey.
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Geophysical Surveys for Offshore Facilities FFS-PU-6151
2. In addition to higher frequency and greater data density from the tools typical in
engineering site investigations, there are many non-standard tools and new technologies
that shall be considered for a detailed engineering site investigation, including the
following (among others):
a. High-resolution georeferenced seafloor photos (photo mosaics).
b. Synthetic aperture sonar (SAS).
c. Acoustic corer.
d. Laser bathymetry systems.
3. The outcome of a reconnaissance site characterization might highlight the need for a
detailed engineering site investigation, but often the results of the engineering site
investigation shall define the necessity and scope. Offshore geotechnical engineering
experts and development geohazard experts shall be consulted in Phase 2 and Phase 3 of
the project for support in designing and oversight of these surveys and associated studies.
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5. Supplier shall provide an installation report, detailing notable items such as the following:
a. Tests for site multipath and satellite vehicle (SV) masking at all global positioning
system (GPS) antenna locations.
b. Adequate addressing of and, where necessary, rectification of local radio interference
“noise.”
6. DGPS accuracy shall be as follows:
a. Better than ±1 meter (3.3 feet) relative to grid coordinate system.
b. Demonstrated relative to a fixed reference during mobilization.
Table 3: Combined Accuracy of All Elements Used to Determine the Sensor Position
Relative to the Surface Vessel
Positioning System Overall Accuracy
USBL (plus DVL/INS) Better than 0.25% of slant range
LBL* Better than 0.5 m (1.6 feet), with residuals
< 0.2 m (0.7 feet) 1 sigma
* Supplier’s selection of use of LBL should enhance the accuracy requirement stated
for USBL use.
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2. Field calibration of any underwater positioning system (or component thereof) shall be
performed by Supplier according to the requirements of SSM-SU-5419.
3. Supplier shall fully detail the basis for determining the selection of the appropriate system.
4. The underwater positioning system(s) shall be used to provide X, Y, and Z offset to all
survey sensor platforms relative to the vessel surface position. The offset to each sensor
shall be used in real time to provide an absolute position coordinate and shall be logged
together with all raw data relative to a common GPS time base.
5. Supplier shall calibrate the system(s) in the work area or at similar water depth, and shall
demonstrate the validity of the calibration procedures prior to work commencing.
6. Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) positioning accuracy shall be better than
1.0 percent of water depth within the entire survey area. Calibration reports shall confirm
accuracy of the entire field.
7. A combined ultra-short baseline (USBL) and relative tracking (Doppler velocity log [DVL]
or inertial navigation system [INS]) acoustic system shall be used.
8. The transducer (and motion compensatory) shall be a hull-mounted installation, positioned
close to the center of rotation of the vessel, and well placed in respect to detrimental
interference sources (e.g., propellers, thrusters, and machinery noise).
9. The transponder fit to the sensor tow platform shall be carefully planned to minimize
ambient noise or signal masking, or both.
10. Supplier shall ensure use of current industry standard transponders, according to
manufacturers’ recommendations for source output and beam width, for the site depth
conditions and operating layback.
11. AUVs shall be equipped with an INS coupled with a velocity logger. The INS shall
interface with the USBL for position, updated via an acoustic modem.
12. Ray tracing algorithms, using the full speed of sound profile through the water column to
correct for acoustic ray bending, shall be used in real time for sensor platform positioning.
13. In the event that positioning tolerances cannot be met by use of a USBL system, Supplier
shall utilize a long baseline (LBL) system.
14. For LBL, an active acoustic interrogator shall be mounted on the sensor platform.
a. Arrays shall be established to ensure intervisibility and with adequate redundancy
within the network.
b. The array layout shall be planned so that redundancy in the network ensures that final
residuals and 95 percent error ellipse are within the required accuracy.
15. Low- or medium-frequency transponders shall be used.
a. A minimum of 4 lines of position (LOPs) for each position fix shall be available at all
times.
b. If the number of LOPs is reduced to three, the acceptability of the fix shall be at the
discretion of Purchaser representative.
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Geophysical Surveys for Offshore Facilities FFS-PU-6151
5.2.1 Bathymetry
When specified in the scope of work, bathymetry equipment and processes shall meet the
requirements in Sections 5.2.1.1 through 5.2.1.4.
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Geophysical Surveys for Offshore Facilities FFS-PU-6151
4. Soundings shall be corrected and compensated for variations in sound velocity, ray
bending, and other environmental and atmospheric effects, and shall be referenced to the
survey vertical datum.
5. Supplier shall ensure a minimum 100 percent useable coverage between adjacent swathes.
a. Gaps, holidays, or holes shall be infilled if onboard post-processing indicates their
existence.
b. If a line spacing is specified by Purchaser, Supplier shall inform Purchaser at the time
of proposal submission whether or not the Supplier’s proposed equipment and
operation plan will provide 100 percent useable coverage. If Supplier feels the line
spacing is insufficient to maintain this useable coverage, in the proposal phase Supplier
shall recommend a change in line spacing.
6. The minimum levels of fidelity shown in Table 4 shall be required from the swath
bathymetry data:
7. Vessel speed, acoustic beam width, beam spacing, swath angle update rate, and line
configuration shall be such that the final gridded density in Table 4 is normally achieved.
8. The expected sounding accuracy and data density shall be demonstrated to Purchaser.
9. Acoustic backscatter data from swath bathymetric system shall be logged and processed as
part of the geophysical data set. Acoustic backscatter data shall be presented at highest
possible resolution.
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5. The minimums shown in Table 6 shall be required from the SSS data.
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5.2.3.3 Streamer
1. A multi-channel high-resolution streamer shall be provided by Suppler.
2. The sensitivity of each streamer group shall be at least 5 micro volts/micro bars.
3. All streamer channels shall meet the conductivity and leakage (> 1000 Kohms) criteria
before the start of each survey line.
3. The system used shall be capable of providing a resolution of at least 0.5 meters (1.6 feet)
within the upper 30 meters (98.4 feet) of sediment.
4. The system shall be fitted with a depth sensor to allow correction by reference to the sea
surface.
5. The depth sensor shall be interfaced with the SBP system to produce a topo-corrected
seafloor and sub-bottom image in the final processed data. The data shall be amplitude-
balanced and digitally stored in a format readily useable on a workstation (Society for
Exploration Geophysicists file format SEG-Y).
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6. If Supplier cannot ensure that Purchaser’s proposed chirp mode frequency, equipment, and
operation plan (proposed herein or in project scope of work) will achieve the required
resolution and depth of penetration, Supplier shall inform Purchaser at time of proposal.
In such case, Supplier shall propose alternative or supplemental sub-bottom profiling
systems to ensure that requirements and objectives are met.
7. For any sub-bottom source used, Supplier shall prove the system source signature to be a
stable and sharp signature at maximum power output and firing rate, through use of a
suitably calibrated hydrophone of documented sensitivity, with the source signature
recorded on a storage oscilloscope. A printout of the source signature shall be included in
the mobilization report.
8. As a minimum, onboard processing capability shall include the following:
a. Presentation of depth and position referenced sections corrected for sensor motion and
recorder scale changes.
b. Presentation of selected preliminary depth-corrected SBP records.
5.2.5 Magnetometer
1. If the survey is in an area where local regulations require use of a magnetometer, or in an
area where buried pipes and debris (including UXO) may be an issue, a towed cesium
magnetometer or equivalent shall be provided, with the sensing load capable of being
towed in a stable position above the seabed.
2. In normal operation, the sensor shall be towed above the seabed at a height not exceeding
8 m (26.2 feet). The tow positions shall be far enough behind the vessel that the magnetic
hold at the sensing head is unaffected by vessel maneuvers.
Note: Detailed engineering site investigations typically require the same data types listed
in Section 5.2, but at greater data density and higher resolution. In addition, they
may require high-resolution georeferenced seafloor photos (photo mosaics), SAS,
acoustic corer, and laser bathymetry systems.
2. Offshore geotechnical engineering experts and development geohazard experts shall be
consulted when writing specifications for these types of surveys.
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2. Delivery of some deliverables shall be during ongoing survey operations (as specified in
Table 9); all other deliverables shall be delivered at or shortly after survey completion.
3. Supplier ultimately shall deliver the data in final format (i.e., corrections already made),
ready for workstation loading and interpretation on commercially available seismic
interpretation software.
4. Supplier shall provide IHS Kingdom Suite software project files (including all
interpretation products) as a final deliverable.
5. Data and interpretive products shall be supplied in a GIS database following the subsea
data model (SSDM) referenced in IOGP Report No. 462-02. Characteristics of the data
model shall be defined on a project-specific basis.
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