Reviewer in English 10

2nd grading- 1st summative test

Five Elements of Fiction (Short Story) → Character vs. Character:
struggles against other people
1. Plot
→ Character vs. Nature: struggles
2. Setting
against animals, weather,
3. Character
environment etc.
4. Point of View
→ Character vs. Society: struggles
5. Theme
against ideas, practices or
PLOT customs of others
3. Climax
• How the author arranges events • turning point of the story
to develop the basic idea • readers wonder what will
• Sequence of events in a story or happen next: will the conflict be
play resolved or not?
• Planned, logical series of events
with beginning, middle and end THREE-FOLD PHENOMENON:
• Short stories usually have one plot → Main character receives new
and can be read in one sitting information.
→ Main character accepts this
FIVE ESSENTIAL PARTS OF PLOT: information (realizes it but does
1. Exposition (Introduction) not necessarily agree with it.)
• Beginning of the story → Main character acts on
• Characters, background and this information (makes a choice
settings revealed that will determine whether or
2. Rising Action not objective is met.)
• events in the story become 4. Falling Action
complicated • resolution begins
• between the introduction and • events and complications start
climax to fall into place between climax
• Conflict is revealed and denouement
5. Resolution (Conclusion)
Conflict • final outcome of events
• essential to plot
• opposition ties incidents together
and moves the plot 2. SETTING
• arguments, struggles or obstacles • time and location that a story
INTERNAL CONFLICT: struggle within takes place
one’s self • very important for short stories

→ Character vs. Self: struggles with MULTIPLE ASPECTS TO CONSIDER:

own soul, physical limitations, • Place
choices etc. • geographical location
EXTERNAL CONFLICT: struggle with a • where the action took
force outside one’s self place
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2nd grading- 1st summative test
b. Time CHARACTERS CAN BE

• historical period 1. Round

• time of day, year etc.
• when did it take place
c. Weather Conditions
• rainy, sunny, stormy etc.
d. Social Conditions
• daily life of character’s like
• local color (speech, dress,
mannerisms, customs etc. of
a place)
e. Mood or Atmosphere
• feeling that is created at the
beginning of the story
• cheerful or eerie
→ fully developed personalities that
are affected by the story’s
events
→ can learn, grow or deteriorate
by the end
→ most convincing when they
resemble real people by being
→ consistent, motivated and life-
like
2. Flat
→ one-dimensional character
3. Dynamic
→ does go through change
→ grows during the story
4. Static
→ does not go through change

CHARACTER POINT OF VIEW

• There are two meanings for • angle from which the

Character: A person in a fictional story is told
Story and Qualities of a Person VARIATIONS OF POV:
1.) A person in a fictional story
→ Protagonist First Person
• clear center of story • story told by the protagonist
• all major events are • interacts closely with the
important to this protagonist or other
character character
→ Antagonist • uses pronouns such as “I”,
• opposition or enemy of “me”, “we”
the main character • story is experienced through
2.) Qualities of a person this person’s eye and only
→ his/her/their physical • knows what he/she knows or
appearance feels
→ what he/she/their says, thinks,
feels, dream and what Second Person
he/she/their does or does not do
• told by a narrator
→ what other say about
• pronouns are “you”, “your”,
him/her/them and how others
“yours”
react to him/her/them
 Reviewer in English 10
2nd grading- 1st summative test
Third Person 2.) Various figures of speech
(symbolism, allusion, simile,
• told by a narrator who sees all
metaphor, hyperbole or irony)
the action
may be utilized to highlight the
• pronouns are “he”, “she”, “it”,
theme
“they”, “his”, “hers”, “its”, “theirs”
3.) Examples of common themes
• may be a character in the story
occurring in literature, on
• Limited
television and in film are: Things
→ probably the easiest
are not always as they appear to
→ funnels all action through the
be. Love is blind. Believe in
eyes
yourself. People are afraid of
→ of a single character
change. Don’t judge a book by
→ only what the narrator sees can
its cover.
be seen
• Omniscient
→ god-like
SHORT STORIES
→ narrator knows and sees
everything • short, can usually be read in on
→ can move from one character’s sitting
mind to another • concise, information is relevant
TWO TYPES OF OMNISCIENT POV: Note: Unlike novels where the story is
diverged from the main plot. Short
A. Innocent Eye/ Naïve Narrator
stories- Usually try to leave behind a
→ story told through child’s eyes, single impression or effect. Usually
narrator’s judgment is different though not always built around one
from that of an adult character, place, idea, or act. Because
they are concise, writers depend on the
B. Stream of Consciousness
reader bringing personal experiences
• story told so readers solely and prior knowledge to the story
experience a character’s
FOUR COMPONENTS OF A SHORT STORY
thoughts and reactions
I. PLOT
THEME
• action that takes place in the
• central message story
• moral of the story • series of connected happenings
• underlying meaning of a fictional and their result
piece • must have an initial event or
• may be the author’s thoughts on conflict
the topic or view of human
STAGES OF A PLOT
nature
1.) Introduction of characters
2.) The situation: Initial conflict
1.) Story’s title usually emphasizes 3.) The generating circumstances,
what the author is saying which create a
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2nd grading- 1st summative test
4.) Rising action: heightened
anticipation
5.) Climax: highest point of
anticipation, can make or break
the main character Falling
Action and Conclusion: also
known as denouement
PROPERTIES OF SHORT STORIES:
• Dramatic Conflict
→ usually the basis of the story
→ source of problems which may or
may not be overcome in the
climax
• Foreshadowing
→ used to leave clues to lure the
readers to try predict the ending
• Repetition
→ helps drive home a point
→ used to create other literary
devices
• Suspense
→ draws readers to the work
II. SETTING
• background against which the
incidents of the story take place
• place where, time when, social
conditions and atmosphere and
tone
III. CHARACTERS
• living beings in the story that
think or act
• keeps the story going
• can relate to people
FOUR METHODS OF PRESENTING A
CHARACTER:
1.) Actions or thoughts of the
character
2.) Conversations the character
engages in
3.) Conversations of other
characters about a third
character
4.) Author’s own opinion (overt or
implied)
Points of View: Presentation of a Story
Author Omniscient: all knowing, all
seeing, third person
Author Participant: first person, author
may be main character or secondary
character Author as an Observer: third
person, objective treatment, as though
story teller had no inner sight into the
character’s thinking or behavior
Multiple story tellers: third person
IV. THEME
• total meaning of the story
• does not have to be tied up in
simple moral
• without this, story lacks meaning
or purpose
• stated or implied
What is a plot?
→ what happens
→ how it happens
What are the parts of the plot?
→ exposition: introduces setting
and characters
→ inciting incident: creates the
central conflict or struggle
→ the development: struggle takes
place
→ climax: high point of interest and
suspense
→ resolution: end of
conflict
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2nd grading- 1st summative test
What is conflict?
• Conflict is the struggle between
two opposing forces
→ central conflict: main
character must fight against
some force or make an
important decision
→ internal conflict: inside a person’s
mind
• e.g. character is torn
between risking his life to
save someone else’s
→ external conflict: person or group
struggles against another a
human or non-human force e.g.
storm or a car that won’t start
Special Plot Techniques
→ suspense: feeling of excitement
or tension the reader experiences
as plot unfolds; raises questions in
the reader’s mind
→ foreshadowing: hint or clue
about an event that will occur
later in the story
→ flashback: section of the story
that is interrupted to tell about an
earlier event
→ surprise ending: ending that
catches the reader off guard
with something unexpected
Formulating Assertions And opinion
What is an Assertion?
→ An Assertion is a statement used
to make a declaration or to
express strong belief on a
particular topic, often without
evidence
→ Can be formulated after a story
or poem, Even after watching a
play.
Purpose of Writing an Assertion:
→ It is for the writer to convey
directly an idea or feeling to
convince the reader to accept
the writer’s interpretation of a
particular literary work.
Before Writing an assertion…
→ The author must
comprehensively read or watch
a literary work.
→ He must take down the part he is
for, or he is opposed to, followed
by explanation to it.
→ It is also best to collect evidence
from the same or other literary
authors that have the same
assertion as with the writer.
Different types of Assertion:
• Basic Assertion
• Emphatic Assertion
• I Language Assertion
1.)Basic Assertion
→ It is an Statement used to express
the author’s feelings, beliefs and
opinion directly.
→ Usually used in writing formal
papers such as thesis and
dissertation.
Example: The Philippines has an
advanced civilization before the
Colonization of Spain. Form and
Branches of government, social
structure and the existence of ancient
writing are some of the evidences that
proves the Advancement if the Pre-
Colonial Period.
→ The first sentence is considered
as the basic assertion. The
second sentence contains the
 Reviewer in English 10
2nd grading- 1st summative test
proofs and evidences that
support the assertion.
2.)Emphatic Assertion
→ It is as statement used to express
empathy or on how the person
understands the feeling sand
emotions of the Literary Author.
→ Can be used in writing both
informal and formal paper.
→ It is usually composed of 2 parts:
o First Part- the statement
that recognizes the
situation or even or even
the feeling of the
characters on the text
being read
o Second Part- Statement
where the writer states his
stand about the situation.
Example: I know that the Philippine,
before pre-Spaniard Colonization, has
their system of writing called the
“baybayin”. This alone proves that
Filipinos are literate as opposed to the
Spaniard’s Claim.
Explanation: The first paragraph
recognizes the situation based on the
text being read. The second paragraph
recognizes the writer’s stand on the
situation.
3.)I Language Assertion
→ It is a statement used to express
the feeling and preference of
the author
→ It is called the “I Language
Assertion” because it focuses on
the writer using the Pronoun “I”.
→ It is composed of three parts:
o First part- contains the
accurate information from
the Literary work,
especially the topic the
author disagrees with
(When you…)
o Second Part- includes the
feeling or effect towards
the topic (It affects/I feel)
o Last Part- includes the
recommendation or
preference of the writer.
(Therefore, I prefer/ I
want)
Example: Upon reading that the
Ancient Filipino civilization is divided into
three social classes, namely
“maharlika”, “timawa” and “alipin”, I
feel proud because of the Civilization,
social advancement and also at the
same time sad because of the
promulgation of Social Differentiation
with his finding, I want to further
research on the existence of theses
social stigma.
Explanation: The example given I
divided into three parts that includes
feelings and preference of the writer.
Two Factors that MUST be considered
before Formulating Assertion:
→ Determine the type of paper you
are going to write and can either
be formal and informal.
→ Determine the type of Literary
work you are going to examine
including novel, poem, etc.
Common Types od Assertion
(According to Degree of Certainty)
1.) Fact
→ This is a statement that can be
proven objectively by direct
experience, testimonies of
 Reviewer in English 10
2nd grading- 1st summative test
witnesses, verified observations Formulating Claims of Fact, Policy and
or the results of the research. Values

Example: The Sampaguita’s roots are Argumentative Essay

used for medical purposes, such as
anesthetic and a sedative.
2.) Convention
→ It is a way in which something is
done in similar to tradition and
norms.
→ Depends on historical
precedent, laws, usage and
customs
Example: The Sampaguita belongs to
the Genus Jasminus of the family
Oleaceae.
3.) Opinion
→ It is based on facts, but is difficult
to prove objectively because of
the uncertainty of producing
satisfactory proofs of soundness.
Example: The Popularity od
Sampaguita flowers is most evident in
Places of worship.
4.) Preference
→ It is based on personal choice;
therefore, they are subjective
and cannot be objectively
proven or logically attacked.
→ Writer aims to convey and
defend an opinion by supporting
it with solid and sound evidences
in order to convince others to
accept or agree with
his/her/their ideas
A GOOD Argument has the Following:
• Evidence
→ Or the reasons, facts, statistics,
examples or statement from
experts, studies, or other sources,
to support the claim
• Counterclaim
→ Opposing or contrary view that
challenges or offsets the claim
• Rebuttal
→ Or the statement of arguments
that negate or disapprove the
counterclaim
Kinds of Argumentative Claims:
A. Claim of Fact
→ Asserts that a condition exists,
existed or will exist
→ Based on facts or data that the
audience will accept as being
objectively verifiable

Example: Sampaguitas are the most Other Ways to Support:

beautiful and most fragrant of all
→ Statistics
flowers.
→ Example
→ Testimonies

Facts are not Negotiable:

→ Atlas
→ Maps
→ Reference Books
→ Telephone Directories
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2nd grading- 1st summative test
→ Data from scientific sources → If using the Rogerian approach,
you will have to point out the
Claim of Fact:
PROs and CONS of the solution
→ Inference
C. Claim of Value
→ Statement about the unknown
on the basis of the known Definition/Characteristics:
→ Difference between fact and
→ Attempt to prove that something
inference is inference is an
is more or less desirable than
interpretation, or an opinion
others
reached after informed
→ Express approval or disapproval
evaluation of evidence.
or taste and morality
→ Can be attacked or defended
→ Make a judgement
on basis of standards that
→ Keep audience in Mind
measure worth of an action
→ Must consider what the
belief, or object
audience can do about the
→ Our likes and disliked should be
situation
supported by reference
→ Hope to accomplish to get the
→ Analysis will be the same of all
readers to consider the situation
areas of human experience
or problem from your
→ Not all claims are neatly stated
perspective
→ There are exceptions to
→ Continue to think about “What di
generalizations
I want my reader to do or think?”
B. Claim of Policy

→ Asserts the specific plan or

courses of action should be
instituted as solutions to problems
→ Almost always “Should” or
“ought” or “must” is expressed or
implied in the claim
→ A major mistake made is ignoring
the opinion of Others
→ You can only support you own
idea if you can acknowledge
the other person’s perspective
In Defending a claim of policy, you
have to do some steps:
→ Make Factual Claim
→ Refer to values that support
claim
→ The introduce policy to show
why your solution will solve the
problem
Aesthetics
→ Study of beauty and the fine arts
→ Controversies over works of art
rage fiercely among experts and
laypeople alike
→ The Rogerian Approach to
conflict resolution can be useful
in resolving disagreements over
the standards of judging
Two General Areas in which people
most often disagree about matters of
value:
→ Aesthetics
→ Morality
Claim of Value
→ In formulating value claims, you
should be prepared to ask and
 Reviewer in English 10
2nd grading- 1st summative test
answer questions about the way
in which your value claims and
of those of others have been
arrived at
→ Although you cannot make
someone believe what you
believe, you can give good
reasons to express your opinion

Morality

→ Value claims about Morality

express judgements about the
rightness or wrongness of
conduct or belief
→ Disagreements are as wide and
deep as in the arts, and more
significant