Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work format

Cristian Andres Gonzalez Gonzalez

Group 203058_45

1144184932

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2020 30-09
Questions: (write with your own words)

1. In the context of electromagnetic waves, what is an open propagation medium?

R//
An open propagation medium is a medium which allows electromagnetic waves to
move freely, in this case we could take the vacuum as an open propagation medium
since electromagnetic waves do not need a medium as such to propagate, therefore
Being in a vacuum, it can move at its highest speed of propagation, which is very
close to or equal to the speed of light.

2. Within the propagation mediums, what is the meaning of the “Loss Tangent”?
R//
The tangent of the angle of losses, is a parameter that determines the dielectric
capacity of a medium, thus allowing to determine if it allows the optimal
propagation of the wave, this because if we have a medium that has greater
electrical conductivity, much of the Power of the wave will be absorbed, causing it
to lose range and strength.
3. How the propagation medium is classified according to the value
of the “Loss Tangent”?
R//
Perfect dielectrics: They do not present conduction current;
therefore, they do not generate losses.

Perfect conductors: it means that they do not present polarization currents so they
do not have capacitive effects.

Good insulators: they have conduction current and also have

losses due to the joule effect, but this is negligible compared to the
capacitive effect it has.

Good Conductors: like good insulators, it has conductive and

capacitive effects, but the conduction current and the losses due to
the joule effect are more significant.

Dissipative dielectric: These have both capacitive and conductive

effects but neither is negligible compared to the other, it could be
said that both characteristics are in balance.
 4. Define the propagation parameters for waves traveling through a medium
(they are different from the wave parameters).

R//
Dispersion Relationship: In physics and electrical engineering, dispersion
relationships describe the effect that the dispersion of a medium has on the
properties of a wave traveling within that medium. The dispersion relationship
relates the wavelength or wave number of a wave to its frequency.
Attenuation: We can define the attenuation of a wave as the decrease in intensity as
it moves away from the focus. It is due exclusively to the distribution of its energy
over a larger and larger surface.
Absorption: We can define the absorption of a wave as the phenomenon by which
its intensity decreases due to the dissipative effects of the propagation medium that
cause the reduction of the energy it carries.
The wave impedance of an electromagnetic wave: is the ratio of the transverse
components of the electric and magnetic fields (the transverse components are those
that are at right angles to the direction of propagation). For a transverse-electric-
magnetic (TEM) plane wave traveling through a homogeneous medium, the wave
impedance is everywhere equal to the intrinsic impedance of the medium.

Application exercise:
The following 5-step exercise describes the method to characterize an electromagnetic wave
when propagating in an open environment, for which, each student must choose 1
propagation media of the 5 proposed in Table 1 and announce it within the Task 1 forum to
avoid repetition.
Table 1: Conductivity 𝛔 and electrical permittivity 𝛆𝐫 of some media.
Media 𝛔 [𝐒⁄𝐦] 𝛆𝐫 [ ]
7
1. Copper 5.80𝑥10 1
2. Sea water 4 80
3. Vegetable soil 1.00𝑥10−2 14
4. Dry soil 1.00𝑥10−4 3
5. Sweet water 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝟖𝟎
𝜀 = εr ε𝑜 ; εo = 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of the medium chosen
in Table 1, if through it travel an electromagnetic wave E of frequency 𝑓 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 +
10) 𝑀𝐻𝑧. Note that 𝐶𝐶𝐶 are the last 3 digits of your identification number.
𝜎 𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = =
𝜔𝜀 2𝜋𝑓εr ε𝑜
Identification number:1144184932, then 𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 932
Then: 𝑓 = (932 + 10) 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 942 𝑀𝐻𝑧 = 942𝑥106 𝐻𝑧
Selected propagation medium: Sweet wáter
Copper conductivity: 𝛔 = 0,001 𝑆/𝑚
Copper electrical permittivity: 𝛆𝐫 = 80
1.00𝑥10−3
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =
2𝜋 ∗ 942𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 80 ∗ 8.8542x10−12 𝐶 2 /N𝑚2
THE TANGENT OF LOSSES:

𝑻𝒂𝒏(𝜹) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟓 = 𝟐𝟑𝟖. 𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟔

THE ANGLE OF LOSSES:

𝛿 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔−1 (0.0002385)
𝜹 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟔°
 2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of the chosen medium
according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:

Table 2: Classification of propagation media.

Media Tan(δ) δ [°]

1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°
2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric) 0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°
3. Dissipative dielectrics (Dielectrics with losses) 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 10 6° < δ <= 84°
4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10 84°< δ < 90°
5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

Interpretation: According to the concept of Tangent of losses, explain the meaning of the
value obtained for 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿).
R//
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟓
𝛿 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟔°
0 < 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟖𝟓 ≤ 𝟎. 𝟏
0 < 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟔𝟔° ≤ 𝟔°
If we analyze the result obtained for the loss tangent and for the angle, we obtain a value
greater than 0 but less than 0.1, therefore we can determine that it is a medium, Good
insulator.
This since the tangent of losses works to determine the dielectric capacity of any medium,
in this case through which an electromagnetic wave can pass, as we observe the dielectric
capacity is low therefore it is a good insulator.
The loss tangent allows me to identify ...

1. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3 shown below,
calculate the following propagation parameters of the wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).
 Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.
Parameter Not dissipative Lost low dielectric Dielectrics with losses Good conductors

𝜸 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝒋𝝎√𝝁𝜺 √𝒋𝝎𝝁(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) √𝑗𝜔𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜶 0 𝝈𝜼⁄𝟐 𝑹𝒆() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜷 𝜔√𝜇𝜀 𝝎√𝝁𝜺 𝑰𝒎() √𝜋𝑓𝜎𝜇𝑜

𝜼 √𝜇 ⁄𝜀 √𝝁⁄𝜺 √𝒋𝝎𝝁⁄(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) √𝑗𝜔𝜇𝑜 ⁄𝜎

𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇𝑜 ; 𝜇𝑟 = 1 (𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎) ; 𝜇𝑜 = 1.2566x10−6 T m/A

𝜸 = √𝒋𝝎𝝁(𝝈 + 𝒋𝝎𝜺) = √𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒇𝝁𝒓 𝝁𝒐 (𝝈 + 𝒋𝟐𝝅𝒇𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝒐 ) = . ..

Note that 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓, 𝜇 = μr μ𝑜 y 𝜀 = εr ε𝑜

R//
Since fresh water is an insulating medium or with low dielectric loss, we will perform the
calculations based on that:

𝜸 = 𝒋𝝎√𝝁𝜺

𝜸 = 𝑗2𝜋𝑓√μr μ𝑜 ∗ εr ε𝑜

6 m −12 2
𝜸 = 𝑗 ∗ 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 942𝑥10 √1 ∗ 1.2566x10−6 T ∗ 80 ∗ 8.8542x10 𝐶 /N𝑚2
A

𝜸 = 𝟎 + 𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟓𝟖𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟓𝟕𝟑𝟔 𝑗

𝜶 = 𝝈𝜼⁄𝟐
As we do not have the value of the intrinsic impedance of the medium, we will proceed to
make use of the following formula that with the values already provided we can calculate.
 𝝁 μμ
𝜼=√ =√ r 𝑜
𝜺 εr ε𝑜

1 ∗ (1.2566 x 10−6 )
𝜼=√
80 ∗ (8.8542 x 10−12 )

𝜼 = 𝟒𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟒𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟐 𝑶𝒉𝒎

Now if we can find the value of alpha:

𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ∗ 𝟒𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟕𝟗𝟒𝟏𝟒𝟗𝟐

𝜶=
𝟐
𝑵𝒑
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟓𝟑𝟗𝟕𝟏
𝒎

𝜷 = 𝝎√𝝁𝜺

−6 −12 2
𝜷 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝝅 ∗ 𝟗𝟒𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 √1 ∗ (1.2566 x 10 ) ∗ 80 ∗ (8.8542 x 10 𝐶 /N𝑚2 )

𝑹𝒂𝒅
𝜷 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟓𝟖𝟑𝟎𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟓𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟕𝟕
𝒎
3. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following equations, calculate
the propagation characteristics of the wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed 𝒗𝒑 .
b. Wavelength 𝝀.
c. The penetration depth of the 𝜹𝒑 wave in the medium.

Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator, paste the image of the operation on
the report, then write the final result including the units.

2𝜋 ∗ (942 𝑥 106 𝐻𝑧) 𝑚

𝑉𝑝 = 𝑅𝑎𝑑
= 33518286.976696
176.5830265573577 𝑠
𝑚

2𝜋
𝜆= 𝑅𝑎𝑑
= 0.0355820456228 𝑚
176.5830265573577
𝑚

1
𝛿𝑝 = 𝑁𝑝
= 47.4844186421205 𝑚
0.02105953971
𝑚
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning of the value
obtained for each of the propagation characteristics 𝑉𝑝 , 𝜆 and 𝛿𝑝 .

R//
Velocity of propagation: The result that we obtained from this calculation indicates that
the speed with which the wave propagates through the medium, which in this case would be
fresh water, is high but still very far from the speed it would reach in the empty.
Wavelength: For this result we could observe that the wavelength is the distance that a
periodic disturbance travels that propagates through a medium in a cycle, in this case the
wavelength is very short, this is due to the frequency that has, since the higher the
frequency, the shorter the wavelength.
Penetration Depth: This determines the depth to which a wave can enter or penetrate
through a medium, in this case we obtained the result that the analyzed wave could
penetrate the medium "fresh water", which it was very deep.

Application example

Microwave oven

Microwave ovens are a domestic application of these waves. In many homes "microwaves"
are used. These ovens heat food by generating microwave waves (via a magnetron) that
actually selectively heat the water. Most foods, even "dry" foods, contain water. The
microwaves make the water molecules move, vibrate, this movement produces friction and
this friction heating. This not only warms food, other things, such as containers, can become
hot when they come into contact with food.

Video link

URL: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1x2d0EFlb5adqhtcH6wk0SsbfDIP9nWdQ/view

References

• http://portal.uned.es/Publicaciones/htdocs/pdf.jsp?articulo=6104207GR02A01
• Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic Press.
(pp. 513-519). Recovered from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/logi
n.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_513