LLB HISTORY RESEARCH PAPER

BAR COUNCIL OF INDIA [1980-2000]

Under the Supervision of

Dr. Nazima Munshi
(Asst. Professor of History)

​Submitted by:
Name: Chaitanya Sapkal
Roll NO: B042
FY BALLB (B)
2019-24
Table of Contents
Contents
Abstract
Introduction
Literature review
Book review
Article review
Case-law
Case: Yakub Abdul Razak Memon vs State of Maharashtra

Comparative study
Conclusion
Bibliography
Books
 Beginning of a new era under Babur rule in India.
Introduction:
Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur (1483-1530), born prince of Fergana in Transoxiana y
of Ibrahim Lodi and this became the main reason of the defeat of Ibrahim Lodi in war of
panipat. Same(modern Uzbekistan and Tajikistan) the founder of the Mughal empire in India, is
best remembered for three things: the story of his death, the controversy over his mosque, and
extraordinary reputation of the Baburnama, his book.

India was one of the richest countries in the world. Invaders used to get attracted
to the wealth of the India. There were six muslin invaders who invaded India before Mughals
those invaders were: Mamluk (1206-1290), Allah Uddin Khilji (1290-1320), Tughlaq
(1320-1413), Sayyad (1414-1451), Lodi (1451-1526) and then Mughals (1526-1857). Babur was
the ruler of Kabul (Afghanistan) and was attracted to India because of the wealth which India
had, Babur did not invade India to capture it but as he saw there was no political stability and
unity in India he felt that India can be captured. Babur challenged Ibrahim Lodi the last ruler of
Lodi dynasty and there was first war of Panipat in 1526 in which Ibrahim Lodi was defeated in
spite of having 1 lakh of army against twenty thousand army of Babur. The reason behind it was
Babur used strategy and also had modern weapons like guns and cannons which were missing
with the arm happened with the war with raja of Rajasthan Rana sangha, who was a great
warrior but could not defeat Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur and then after that Babur marched
towards the royal throne (Shahi Takt) of Delhi and eventually captured it and then the rule of
Mughal dynasty began which carried out up to 400 years of Indian history. As there was
invasion of Mughal empire, there was a change seen in the society in form of culture and
politics. There was also a change in architecture. The economic condition of India was good.
Trade and commerce flourished. there was development in the military as Babur was the first
one to introduce gun power to Indian rulers. There were many changes in different fields which
we can still observe.
Literature review:
Book: The Baburnama

Author: Annette Beveridge

Publisher: Morden Library New York

Place of publishing: United States of America

Year of Publishing: 1917

Baburnama (chapter 3 – Hindustan):

Baburnama is the Biography of Zahiruddin Mahammad Babur in which it is the third chapter
Hindustan where it is described why Babur tried to capture Indian territory, what problems
were faced by him and what all changes he brought in India. When Zahiruddin Babur invaded
in India his first adversary was the last ruler of Lodi dynasty with whom he fought his first war
in India which was first battle of Pani pat. Babur won the battle because of his strategy and
Morden weapons like guns and cannons which was new for Ibrahim Lodi and could not defeat
Babur’s army. Babur also defeated Rajasthan’s Raja Rana sangha with the use of his of his
advance weapon. Eventfully Babur also captured Delhi by defeating sultans and captured the
royal throne (shahi takt). Babur was a great leader according to few historians. Babur
Described India as Hindustan is a vast and populous kingdom and productive realm. To the
east and south, in fact to the west too, it ends at the ocean. To the north is a mountain range
that connects the mountains of the Hindu Kush, Kafiristan, Kashmir. Babur also observed that
division of time was different in India as per their country. Babur used to give awards to his
army leaders and minister to encourage them to do their work. According to Babur one of the
chief faults of Hindustan was there was no running water. Therefore, Babur started developing
the infra structure of India by constructing waterwheels, create running water, and make
geometry spaces. One of the main moto of Babur was to spread religion for that there were
missionaries. Babur died within four years of his rule in India which was (1526-1520) and then
Humayun son of Babur succeeded the throne.

Book: Social and Cultural History of India

Author: Dr. Suchitra Malhotra

Publisher: Swastik Publications

Place of publishing: Delhi-110094 (India)

Year of publishing:2012

Social and cultural History of India (chapter 1- Society in Mughal Era) :

As the book states that The society in the time of the Mughals was to large eater feudal in the
nature. It was stratified into different grades, the top of which the king. Bellow him were the
officials, nobles, the mansabdars, the common people formed soul thing like an unprivileged
class and plied their hums Trades and Profession. There was a considerable gap in standards of
living between the nobility and common people.

As the Mughal period which started from Babur the economic condition of India was good.
Trade and commerce Flourished and even the Europeans viewed India for trade. Babur and
other Mughal empowers encouraged production through both agriculture and industries.
Beside edible crops, the agricultural production included cotton, Indigo and opium. There was
an immediate impact of Islam on the condition of women. Pardhad system was introduced
which was common practice in Muslims which were made mandatory to the Hindu women
under circumstances. Economically the position of Muslim women was better than Hindu
women. There was a change in dressing and food habitats. Babur, a man of critic taste, did not
much appreciated the buildings of the Turkish and afghans rulers at Delhi and Agra. But he was
impressed by the architecture at Gwalior. He employed hundreds of workmen on his buildings
in Agra and built a large Masjid in Panipat and Ayodhya Babura Masjid which have many
cantorial facts behind it.

Article review:
Name of article: Babur’s contribution to understand and development of India

Name of author:

Name of Journal:
Year of publication:

The above article states that Babur was a very good as a leader and was also working for the
betterment of the society of India and therefore it was said that Babur was welcomed by the
society as Ibrahim Lodi rule was unlike by them. As the rule of Babur came to India there was
development in the military of India ass Babur introduced advance weapons and ammunition.
He not only improved the military but also tried to bring change in the mechanism of the
agriculture production in India. He for instance Babur introduced new crops to the Indian
Farmers, and also encouraged to use of improved water lifting devices for the purpose of
irrigation. His generously in this context helped improvement and change. Babur also tried to
improve the infrastructure of India by building proper irrigation of water, geometrical planning
of the city and also by building gardens and wells in the city. as the Mughal Empire came to
India it gave India an official language of Urdu. The ideology if brotherhood was appreciated in
Hindus. The change took place in economic sector particularly as trade flourished. after the
establishment of Mughal empire, the concept of equality and brotherhood was praised by the
lower cast downtrodden people in Hindus There were different games influenced by the
Mughals among in India were Hunting, Hawking polo, and many other games. The Indian diet
was also affected by the central Asian cuisine

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286357509_BABUR'S_CONTRIBUTIONS_TO_UNDE
RSTANDING_AND_DEVELOPMENT_OF_LINKAGES_BETWEEN_CENTRAL_AND_SOUTH_ASIA

Comparative Study​:

​ England under the rule of Henry VIII

As there was a beginning of the rule of Babur in India, in England there was rule of Henry VIII
the king of England in 1509 until his death 1547. The best known for his six marriages, in
particular in efforts to have his first marriage to (Catherine of Aragon). Henry is also known as
the father of 'Royal Navy'. He invested Heavily in the Navy, increasing its size greatly from a
few to more than 50 ships.

Henry is also known for his radical changes to the English constitution, by assist of the theory
of divine rights of the king. He also expanded the royal power during his reign. The
government was not stable at the time of the Henry VIII reign. The Government was not stable
at the time of Henry VIII. power of tundra Merchants, including henry, was whole and entire
ruling, as they use to claim that the decision was by the grace of god alone. The crown was
also Dependent on the use of those function that constituted the royal prerogative. These
includes acts of diplomacy, declaration of war, the issue of royal pardon and power to
summon and dissolve the parliament as and when required. Henry VII the father of Henry VIII
was very careful with the money and because of which Henry VIII inherited with a very
prosperous economy from his father. But in reign of Henry VIII was a near disaster in financial
term. There was heavy spending and mismanagement damaged the economy.

Case analysis:
Case: Yakub Abdul Razak Memon vs State of Maharashtra

Bench: Sathasivam, B.S Chauhan

Appellant: Yakub Abdul Razak Memon

Respondent: State of Maharashtra

In the above judgment the appeal and the connected have been directed against the final
orders and judgment of various dates by the presiding officer of the court under Terrorist and
Disruptive Activities Act,1987 for Bombay Bomb Blast Case. These appeals have been filed
under Section 19 of TADA by the accused against their conviction.

The case of prosecution states that Babri Masjid at Ayodhya was demolished on 6.12.1992.
After the demolition, there was a lot of violence throughout the country as Muslims worship
place was demolished. To take a revenge of the demolition, tiger Memnon and Dowood
Ibrahim, a resident of Dubai, planed a conspiracy to do a terriost attack in the city of Bombay.
Dowood Ibrahim agreed to send arms and ammunition form abroad. Tiger Menon in support
with his men, particularly, the accused persons, received those arms and ammunition through
sea coast of Bombay. After that tiger Menon sent some of the accused person to Pakistan. The
court gave death sentence for the accused persons.
Bibliography:

• Book: Medieval History

• Book: Social and Cultural History of India

Author: Dr. Suchitra Malhotra

• Book: The Baburnama

Author: Annette Beveridge

• https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/babur/babur1.html

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286357509_BABUR'S_CONTRIBUTIONS_TO
_UNDERSTANDING_AND_DEVELOPMENT_OF_LINKAGES_BETWEEN_CENTRAL_AND_SO
UTH_ASIA

• https://indiankanoon.org/
Conclusion:

The conclusion of the project would be that Babur came to India for the wealth of it but ended
up ruling the India and gave a new beginning to India under Babur rule and also was the first
ruler of Mughal dynasty. As the Mughals invaded in India there were a lot of changes faced by
the local Hindu people like pardha system which were followed by Muslim women because of
the circumstances. There was prosperity in economy under Babur rule. The trade was
flourished and the people of the subject were economically stable. There was a discrimination
between Hindu and Muslim as the ruling was Muslim but for justice in the everyone was
treated equal. Babur Improved the military power in India by introducing gun power in India
which was then used by many of the Indian kings in their military. Babur gave a change in the
agriculture of India by advising the farmers to also plant cash crops like cotton, Indigo and
opium. Babur also gave a geometrical structure and built gardens of the flora and fauna. Babur
also started building wells of the supply of water for the people. Babur also built two Masjid in
Agra and in Ayodhya which is even now a heated discussion of babri masjid. India under babur
was well maintained and was also there was prosperity which give us conclusion that Babur
was a king who worked for betterment if the subject.

Abstract

India was one of the richest country and many of the invaders kept an eye on it there were six
Muslim invaders who invaded in India were: Mameluke (1206-1290), Allah Uddin Khilji
(1290-1320), Tughlaq (1320-1413), Sayyad (1414-1451), Lodi (1451-1526) and then Mughals
(1526-1857) and then the Mughals who ruled India for more than 300 years. Zahiruddin
Muhammad Babur was the first Emperor of Mughal dynasty who defeated Ibrahim Lodi the
last ruler of Lodi dynasty was deafeted in the first war of Panipat.After Ibrahim lodi even the
king of Rajasthan Raja rana sanga was also defeted Zahiruddin Babur. He took advantage of
the advance technology of arms and ammunition as babur was the one who introduced
gunpowder to india. After invading india Babur absorbed there were a lot of diverse cultures
and also their different rituals and practices.The advent of the Mughals in India marked the
function of a new era in legal, as well as politics in India. Even the culture of india was
affected.The paper will mainly focus on the politics and the changes observed on india after
the invasion of Mughal dynasty in India.The drastic change which India witnessed requires
explanation which will be given in the paper.