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Chapter 1.6
Equations and
Inequalities

1 2

Equations and Inequalities Solution Set

Equation is a statement that two The solution set of an equation

algebraic expressions are equal. or inequality is the set of all real
or complex values of the variables
Inequality is a statement that two that satisfy the given equation
algebraic expressions are not equal. or inequality.
3 4

Solving
SOLUTIONS of Equations
Equations/Inequalities
Consider the following equations:
1. 12 + 9 = 21
To solve an equation/inequality 2. x + 9 = 21

means to find the solution set Equation (1) is always true while equation (2) is
of the equation/inequality. true for a particular value of the variable x.

An equation involving a variable is called

an open equation.
6
5
EQUATIONS & INEQUALITIES

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SOLUTIONS of Equations Linear Equations

A solution of an open equation in one variable is

ax  b  0
the value of the variable for which the equation is
true.

b
x
The set of all solutions of an equation is called the

a
solution set of the equation.

If the solution of an open equation is the entire set

of real numbers, the equation is said to be an

 b 
identity.
SS   
a
Otherwise, the equation is called a
conditional equation. 7
8
EQUATIONS & INEQUALITIES

LINEAR Equations

LINEAR
An equation in one variable, say x, that can be
written in the form

EQUATIONS
ax + b = 0
where a and b are real numbers with a  0 is
called a linear equation in the variable x.

Examples:
1. 2x + 3 = 6  2x – 3 = 0
2. 7(x – 2) = 0  7x – 14 = 0
9 10
EQUATIONS & INEQUALITIES

LINEAR Equations LINEAR Equations

From the linear equation ax + b = 0,
We obtain the following equivalent equations: Thus, the solution of the linear equation
ax  b  0, a  0
(ax + b) + (-b ) = 0 + (-b) by APE
ax + [b + (-b )] = 0 + (-b) by Asso. of +
ax + 0 = 0 + (-b) by Additive Inv.
ax = -b by Additive Ident.
(1/a) · ax = (1/a) · (-b) by MPE
[(1/a) · a] x = (1/a) · (-b) by Asso of · is given by x   b . The solution set
1 · x = (1/a) · (-b) by Multiplicative Inv. a  b
x = (1/a) · (-b) by Multiplicative Iden of the linear equation is   .
x = -(b/a) by Def’n of Div.  a
11 12
EQUATIONS & INEQUALITIES EQUATIONS & INEQUALITIES

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LINEAR Equations Examples

Example 1: 1. 7 x  5  16
7 x  21
Find the solution set of the following linear
equations:
1. 7 x  5  16
2. 2 x  3  3 x  10 x3
SS  3.
4x 2x 1
3.  x
5 3 2 13 14
EQUATIONS & INEQUALITIES

Examples Examples
2. 2 x  3  3x  10
4x 2x 1
3.  x
5 3 2

2 x  3 x  10  3
1 2 x  10 x  15 x 1

15 2

 x  13
7x 1

15 2

x  13 7x 
15

 SS  13.
2 15 
15  SS   .
x 14 
15
4 16

LINEAR Equations 2. rs  at  bt  s; s
rs  s  bt  at
Example 2:

s  r  1  bt  at
Solve for the indicated variable in terms of
the other variables:

1. ax  b  cx  d ; a
2. rs  at  bt  s; s
bt  at
3 xy  4 s
3.
2y  3
 1  x; x
17
r 1 18
EQUATIONS & INEQUALITIES

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3 xy  4
3.  1  x; x Try these!!!
2y 3
3xy  4  1  x  2 y  3 • The conversion from the Celsius
3xy  4  2 y  3  2 xy  3 x scale to the Fahrenheit scale is
given by the linear equation
3 xy  2 xy  3 x  2 y  3  4 9
5 xy  3x  2 y  7 F  C  32
5
x  5 y  3  2 y  7 1. What is the boiling point of water
2y  7 in the Fahrenheit scale?
x
5y  3 2. What is 0 degree F in degree
Celsius?
19 20

What is the boiling point of What is 0 degree F in degree

water in the Fahrenheit scale? Celsius?

F  100   32
We know that
water boils at 100
9 F 
9
C  32
5
degrees Celsius. 5
 9  20   32
9
0  C  32
5
9
32  C

 212.
5
 3 2 5   9 C
160  9C Thus, 0 degree
Thus, water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit. Fahrenheit is -160/9
160
  C degrees Celsius. 22
9
21

Recall grades are computed as

follows:
AC got 98% in the MATH
11 Midterm Exam. He 30ME  30 PF  40 EXER  PS
30 .98   30 PF  40 .95   65
averages 95% in the
exercises. What is the
minimum grade that he 29.4  30 PF  38  65
needs to be exempted 30 PF  65  29.4  38
from the final exam?
23 24

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30 PF  65  29.4  38
30 PF  2.4
2.4
PF  How about if he wants to
30
get an UNO (96%)?
PF  0.08  8%
Thus, even if AC gets zero on the
Prefinal Exam, he will still be
exempted from the Final Exam. :p
25 26

Example 1.6.5 Example 1.6.5

Solve the following equations for 2. 1  2  3x  4   4  2  x   5
the indicated variable. 1  6x  8  8  4 x  5
bh 9  6x  3  4 x
1. V  , for b
4 4 x  6x  3  9
4V  bh
2x  6
4V 4V
b b x 3
h h
 4V 
SS  3
SS   
 h  27 28

Solving Quadratic Equations Example

1. Write the equation as ax 2  bx  c  0 Solve the following.

1. x 2  2x  8
2. a. Use the quadratic formula. x 2  2x  8  0
b. Factor ax 2  bx  c and apply  x  4  x  2   0
the theorem: x 4  0 x 2  0
x  4 x 2
SS  4,2
If mn  0 then m  0 or n  0
29 30

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Example Solving Quadratic Equations

Solve the following.
2. 8x 2  22x  5  0 To complete the square of x 2  kx ,

 4x  1 2x  5   0 add the square of one  half the

k
2
4x  1  0 or 2x  5  0 coefficient of x ; that is, add   .
2
x1 x5
4 2

SS  1 , 5
4 2   31 32

Example Solving Quadratic Equations

The technique can be employed to solve
Complete the square of the following algebraic
quadratic equations.
expressions by adding a completing term. Express
the resulting expressions as a square of a binomial. 1. x 2  4x  6
x 2  4x  4  6  4
1. x 2  4 x
 x  2  10
2

2. x  9 x
2

3. 2x 2  10x
x  2   10
x  2  10
33

SS  2  10  34

Solving Quadratic Equations Quadratic Equations

ax 2  bx  c  0
2. 3x 2  6x  8 x 2   7 ax 2  bx  c
3x  6 x  9 x 2 7 b c

 
2

 
x2  x  completing the square:
3 x  2x  9 a a
SS  2  7
2

3x 
b 
2

 2x  4  9  12 b b2 c b2  a  b 
2

x  x 2  
2
 
2

a 4a a 4a 2  2   2a 
3  x  2   21  
2

 x  2
 b  b2  4ac b2
2

7  x  2a   4a 2 
2

35   4a 2 36

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Quadratic Equations Quadratic Equations

 b  b2  4ac ax 2  bx  c  0
2

 x  2a   4a 2
 
b  b2  4ac
b b2  4ac x Quadratic Formula
x
2a

4a 2 2a
b  b2  4ac
x 
2a 2a  b  b2  4ac b  b2  4ac 
b  b2  4ac SS   , 
x
 2a 2a 
2a 37 38

Example 1.6.6 Example 1.6.6

1. x 2  4 x  6 b  b2  4ac 2. 2x 2  5  4 x b  b2  4ac
x x
a  1 b  4 c  6 2a 2x  4 x  5  0
2 2a

a2 b  4 c5
4  16  4  2  5  4  24
x 

   
4 4
SS  2  10
4  2 6i 2 2  6i 2  6i
  
39 4 4 2 40

Example 1.6.6 Discriminant

2x 2  5  4 x
b  b2  4ac
2x 2  4 x  5  0 x
2  6i 2a
x
2

Discriminant: D  b2  4ac
SS   
41 42

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Discriminant Example 1.6.8

b  b2  4ac Find the nature of the solutions
x
2a of 4 x 2  8x  3  0.

D  0 : only one real solution

a4 b  8 c 3
b2  4ac  64  4  4  3   16  0
D  0 : two distinct real solutions
D  0 : no real solution
 two distinct non-real complex solutions  The equation has 2 distinct
43
real solutions. 44

Sum/Product of Roots Sum/Product of Roots

Sum: Product:
 b  b2  4ac  b  b2  4ac 
 b  b2  4ac   b  b2  4ac    
    2a  2a 
   
 
2 a 2a   
   
 b
2

2b  b2  4ac
2

 
2a 4a 2


b


b2  b2  4ac 
a 4a 2
45 46

Sum/Product of Roots Sum/Product of Roots


b2  b2  4ac  ax 2  bx  c  0
4a 2
b  b2  4ac
2
 b
4a 2 Sum of Roots:

4ac a
4a 2 c
c Product of Roots:
 a
a 47 48

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Example 1.6.9 Factor Theorem

Find the sum and product of the
roots of 2x 2  3x  4.
2x 2  3x  4 a is a root of the equation P  x   0
2x 2  3x  4  0 if and only if x  a is a factor of P  x  .
a2 b  3 c  4
  3  3 4
Sum:  Product:  2
2 2 2
49 50

Example 1.6.11 Example 1.6.11

Use the factor theorem to determine Using the Factor Theorem, solve the equation
if x  1 is a factor of 2x  x  4 x  1.
4 3 x 3  6 x 2  11x  6 (Hint: Show that x  1 is a factor.)

x  1  x   1  x 3  6 x 2  11x  6
x 3  6 x 2  11x  6  0
Is  1 a solution to P  x   2x 4  x 3  4 x  1  0 Is x  1 a factor of x 3  6x 2  11x  6?
P  x   x 3  6x 2  11x  6
P  1   2  1    1   4  1   1  2  1  4  1  0
4 3

P 1   13  6 1  11 1   6  0
2

x  1 is a factor of 2x 4  x 3  4 x  1. 51 x  1 is a factor of x 3  6x 2  11x  6. 52

x 3

 6x 2  11x  6   x  1
x 3  6x 2  11x  6  0
x 1 x3 6 x 2 11x 6
 x  1   x 2  5x  6   0
 x  1 x  2 x  3   0
1 1 6 11 6
1 5 6
1 5 6 0 x 1  0 x 2 0 x 3  0
x 5x 6 r0 x 1 x 2 x 3
2

SS  1,2,3
x 3  6x 2  11x  6  0
 x  1   x 2  5x  6   0 53 54

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Fundamental Theorem of
Algebra
P  x   a  x  r1  1  x  r2  2   x  rm  m  0
k k k

if
Every polynomial of degree n  has at most 
n real roots  up to multiplicity  . ki  1, ri is a simple root.
ki  2, ri is a double root.
ki  m, ri is a root of multiplicity m.

55 56

Example 1.6.12 Theorem

The roots of P   x   0 are precisely

Determine the roots of
P  x    x  1 x  3   x  5   0
2 4
the additive inverses of the roots of
P  x   0.
distinct roots: 1,  3, 5

2 is a root of P  x   0
1 is a simple root.
3 is a double root.
2 is a root of P  x   0
5 is a root of multiplicity 4. 57 58

Example 1.6.15 Variation of Signs

Obtain an equation whose roots are
the negatives of the roots of
2x 5  3x 3  4 x 2  x  2  0 If the terms of P  x  are arranged in
descending powers of x , we say that
P  x   2x  3x  4 x  x  2  0
5 3 2
a variation of sign occurs when two
P  x   2  x   3  x   4  x    x   2  0 successive terms have different signs.
5 3 2

2x 5  3x  4 x 2  x  2  0 59 60

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Example 1.6.16 Descartes Rule of Signs

Determine the number of variation of
signs for each polynomial.
The number of positive roots of the
polynomial equation P  x   0 with
1. x 5  x 4  2x 2  3x  4
real coefficients is equal to the
variation of signs: 3 number of variation of signs in P  x 
2. 2x 5  3x 3  4 x 2  x  2
or less than that by an even number.

variation of signs: 4 61 62

Descartes Rule of Signs Example 1.6.17

Determine the possible number of positive,
negative, and complex roots of
P  x   2x 7  4 x 4  2 x 3  x  5  0
The number of negative roots of P  x   0
P   x   2x 7  4 x 4  2x 3  x  5  0
is the number of positive roots of P  x   0.
positive roots: 2 or 0
negative roots: 3 or 1
non-real complex roots: 6 or 4 or 2
63 64

Rational Root Theorem Example 1.6.18

Consider Solve 2x 3  3x 2  7x  3  0
p : 1, 3 q :  1,  2
a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  ...  an x n  0, an  0
p 1 3
with integral coefficients. :  1,  3,  , 
q 2 2

p
If is a root, where p and q are 2x 3  3x 2  7 x  3  0
q
2x 3  3x 2  7x  3  0
relatively prime integers, then p is a
factor of a0 and q is a factor of an .
65 positive roots: 3 or 1 negative roots: 0
66

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2x 3  3x 2  7 x  3  0 2x 3  3x 2 7x 3
p 1 3 1
: 1,3, , 2 3 7 3
q 2 2 2
1 1 3
2x 3 3 x 2 7x 3 2 2 6 0
1 2 3 7 3 1  1
is a root and  x   is a factor.
2 1 6 2  2
2 1 6 3
 1

 x  2  2x  2 x  6  0
 
2

1 is not a root
67 68

 1

 x  2  2x  2x  6  0
2
 Example 1.6.19
 
 1

x  2 2 x  x  3  0
 
2
 Solve x 4  8 x 3  14 x 2  13x  6  0
p : 1, 2, 3, 6 q : 1
 1 p : 1, 2, 3, 6
x  2  0 x2  x  3  0 q
 
1 1  11i
x x x 4  8 x 3  14 x 2  13x  6  0
2 2
x 4  8x 3  14 x 2  13x  6  0

1 
SS    positive roots: 0
2
69 negative roots: 4 or 2 or 0 70

x 4  8x 3  14 x 2  13x  6  0  x  1   x 3  7x 2  7 x  6   0
p : 1, 2, 3, 6 p : 1, 2, 3, 6
q q

x 4  8 x 3  14 x 2  13x  6 x 3  7x 2  7x  6
1 1 8 14 13 6 6 1 7 7 6
1 7 7 6 6 6 6
1 7 7 6 0 1 1 1 0

1 is a root,  x  1  is a factor. 6 is a root,  x  6  is a factor

 x  1   x 3  7x 2  7 x  6   0 71
 x  1 x  6   x 2  x  1  0 72

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 x  1 x  6   x 2  x  1  0 Example 1.6.20

x 1  0 x 6 0 x2  x 1  0 1 2 7
 
x  1 x  6 a 1 b 1 c 1 x  2 x  1 x2  x  2
1  1  4 1 1  Solution: The LCD of the RE is  x  2  x  1 .
x
2 Multiplying both sides by the LCD:
1  3 1  3i
 
2 2
 x  2  x  1  x  2  x  1   x 2  x  2   x  2  x  1
 1 2   7 

SS  1, 6
73 74

 x  2  x  1  x  2  x  1   x 2  x  2   x  2  x  1
 1 2   7 
In a 2- resistor parallel
circuit, the total resistance
  x  1  2  x  2   7   x  2  x  2
is 10 ohms. If component
has resistance 25 ohms,
Checking the results shows that the LCD what is the resistance in the
≠ 0 for x  2 .
other component?
Therefore, the solution set is SS  2 .
76
75

Hence the equation

From Physics, the
becomes
resistances in a parallel 1 1 1
circuit are related by  
10 25 R2

 2  , LCD  2  52  R2
1 1 1
1 1 1 2  5  5 R2
 
RT R1 R2 5 R2  2 R2  50, R2  0
3R2  50
50
R2 
3
77 78

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Linear and Quadratic Forms

• Rational Equations.
Thus, the resistance of 6x  7
0
the second component x  2x 1
2

 6 x  7, x 2  2 x  1  0
is ohms.
 6 x  7,  x  1 0
2

 6 x  7, x  1
7 7 
x  SS   
79
6 6 80

Linear and Quadratic Forms Linear and Quadratic Forms

• Rational Equations. 2. Find the solution set.
3x 2x 1
1.  0 5x2  4 x  3
x 3 x 3 0
3 x  x  3   2 x  1 x  3
 x  3 x  3
0
 x  3 x  3 5 x 2  4 x  3  0, x  3

5x2  4 x  3 4  16  60
0 x R
 x  3 x  3 81
10 82

Linear and Quadratic Forms Linear and Quadratic Forms

3 2 3
  2
x  3 x  2 x  5x  6
3x 2x 1 LCD   x  3 x  2 
 0
x3 x3

 SS   
 x  3 x  2    x  3 x  2 
3 2
x3 x2
 x  3 x  2 
3
 2
x  5x  6
83 84

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Linear and Quadratic Forms Find the Solution set.

3  x  2   2  x  3  3, x  2,3
4 x2  1 5
 2x  1  LCD   2 x  3 x  2 
2x  3 x2

 3x  6  2 x  6  3 4x 2
 1  x  2    2 x  1 2 x  3 x  2   5  2 x  3

 x3 with x 
3
, 2

 SS   
2
4 x 3  8 x 2  x  2   4 x 3  4 x 2  11x  6   10 x  15 
4 x 2  20 x  11  0
20  576
x
85
8 86

Find the Solution set. Work Problems

4x 1 5 3
Daniel can do the MATH 11 V
2
 2x  1  with x  , 2
2x  3 x2 2
homework by herself in 2 hours.
20  576
x
8
Kathryn can do it alone in 3
20  24 hours. If they will work together,

8 how long will it take them to
4 1
x   x
44

11
finish the homework?
8 2 8 2
 1 11 
 SS   ,  
2 2  87 88

1 1 1
Note that Daniel can do the job in 2 Hence,   , LCD  6 x
hours, so he works at a rate of 2 3 x
⁄ . 3 x  2 x  6, x  0

Similarly, Kathryn’s rate is

5x  6
⁄ 6
. x
5
Let be the time it takes for them to
finish the homework. Then their total They can finish the homework
rate is ⁄ . in hours.
89 90

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Example 1.6.20
 x  2  x  1  x  2  x  1   x 2  x  2   x  2  x  1
 1 2   7 

1 2 7
 
x  2 x  1 x2  x  2   x  1  2  x  2   7   x  2  x  2
Solution: The LCD of the RE is  x  2  x  1 .
Multiplying both sides by the LCD:
Checking the results shows that the LCD
≠ 0 for x  2 .

 x  2  x  1  x  2  x  1   x 2  x  2   x  2  x  1
 1 2   7 
Therefore, the solution set is SS  2 .

91 92

Example 1.6.21
3 2 3 Checking the results shows that the LCD
  = 0 for x  3 . Thus, 3 is NOT a solution,
x  3 x  2 x2  5x  6 hence, there is NO SOLUTION to the
Solution: equation.
The LCD of the fractions is  x  3 x  2  .
Therefore, the solution set is SS   .
Multiplying both sides by the LCD yields:
3  x  2   2  x  3  3
 3x  6  2 x  6  3
 x 3 93 94

Example 1.6.22 Checking:

2  2  8
x  2  2
2
:
x  3  1  3x  x  3  3x  1 9  9   3 1  3  3  

 
   9  3
x 3  3x  1  square both sides of the  2
2 2
 is an extraneous solution
 equation not the equation  9
x  3  9x 2  6 x  1
9x 2  7 x  2  0   9x  2  x  1   0 x 1: 1  3 1  3  3 1   3
2

SS  1
9x  2  0 x 1  0
2
x x 1
9 95 96

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Example 1.6.23 3 x  2 2 x 2  3 x  5

2x  5  x  1  2

9 x 2  4 2x 2  3x  5 
 
9x  8x  12x  20
2 2

2x  5  x  1 4
2

x 2  12x  20  0
2x  5  2 2x 2  3x  5  x  1  4  x  10  x  2  0
3x  4  2 2x 2  3 x  5  4 x  10  0 x 2  0
3x  2 2x 2  3x  5 x  10 x 2
97 98

Checking:
x  10 : 2 10   5  10  1  8  4
10 is an extraneous root.
Equations which are
Quadratic in Form
x  2: 2 2  5  2  1  4  2 and
2 is an extraneous solution Absolute Value Equations

SS  
99 100

Example 1.6.24 Example 1.6.25

x 4  1  2x 2  
 x2  
 2 x2 1  0
2
 2  2
2

6 1    5 1    6  0

x 
 x  x
1 0  x2 1  0
2
2
2
Let u  1 
x  1
2
x
x  i 6u  5u  6  0
2

 2u  3  3u  2   0
SS  i, i 3 2
u u
101
2 3 102

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3 2 1. Find the solution set of the following.

u u
2 3  2 x  1  3  2 x  1  2
2

2 3 2 2
1  1  Let = 2 − 1. Then the equation becomes
x 2 x 3 u 2  3u  2
2x  4  3x 3x  6  2x u  3u  2  0
2

5x  4 x  6  u  2  u  1  0
4  u  2  0  u 1  0
x  4 
5 SS   , 6  u  2  u 1
5 
104
103

1. Find the solution set of the following. 2. Find the solution set of the following.

 2 x  1  3  2 x  1  2 x 4  5 x 2  4  0.
x   5  x2   4  0
2

2 2

We let = 2 − 1. So
Let = . Then the equation becomes
u  2  u 1 j2  5 j  4  0
 2x 1  2  2x 1  1  j  4  j  1  0
2x  1  2 2x 1  1  j  4  0  j 1  0
2x  3 2x  2
3 x 1
x 3 
2  SS   ,1
 2105  106

2. Find the solution set of the following. 3. Find the solution set of the following.
x 4  5 x 2  4  0. x 4  5 x 2  4  0.

 j  4  0  j 1  0
x  2 2
 5 x2   4  0
Let = . Then the equation becomes
x 4 0
2
x 1  0
2
j2  5 j  4  0
 x  2  x  2   0  x  1 x  1  0  j  4  j  1  0
x  2 x  1  j  4  0  j 1  0
x2  4  0 x2  1  0
 SS  2, 1,1, 2 x 2  4 x 2  1
107 ∴ = {±2 , ± } 108

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4. Find the solution set of the following. 4. Find the solution set of the following.
3x  4 x  1  0 3 x 2  4 x 1  1  0
3 x   4  x 1   1  0
2 1

1 2
Now we have some rational equations.
Let = . Then the equation becomes
x 1  1 x 1  1
3n 2  4n  1  0 3
 3n  1 n  1  0 1 1

1
1
x 3 x
 3n  1  0  n  1  0
n 1 x3 x 1
3n  1
x 1  1
n 1
3  SS  1,3
x 1
1
3
109 110

5. Find the solution set of the following. 5. Find the solution set of the following.
6x 3  7 x 3  3  0  7x 3 0
2 1 2 1
6x 3 3

  1 2
 1  Now we have
6 x 3   7  x 3   3  0
1   13  1
3
    1 1 3

a   x  x   


Let = . Then the equation becomes

3
/
3 3    3
6a 2  7 a  3  0
 3a  1 2a  3  0  x  33  27
 3a  1  0  2a  3  0
3  1   3
3
3 1 3

a    x 3    x 3    

1 3
a a 2 2    2
3 2
111  x  33  27 112

5. Find the solution set of the following.

 7x 3 0
2 1
6x 3 3
Find the solution set of
Now we have
 x 1    
x  1  0.
2
3
3  1   3
3
3 1 3

a x    x 3    

3
2 2    2

 2 8
3

 x     
 3 27
 8
 SS  27,  
 27  113

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Solution to QUIZ 10.

 x 1    
x  1  0.
2
3
Let = + 1. Then
3u 2  u  0 END OF LECTURE 19.
u  3u  1  0
 u  0  3u  1  0
x 1  0 3  
x 1 1  0
x  1 1
x 1 
3
 SS   x  115
2
3

Equations Involving
Try this at home!
Absolute Values

x a a 0
xa or x  a
x  4  3x  2  2  0

x 2
x 2 or x  2
117 118

Example 1.6.30
2. x 2  3x  4 x  6
Solve the following equations. x 2  3 x  4 x  6 or x 2  3x    4 x  6 
1. 2x  5  3 x2  x  6  0 x 2  3x  4 x  6
2x  5  3 or 2 x  5  3  x  3  x  2   0 x 2  7x  6  0
2x  2 2x  8 x  3  x  6  x  1  0
x  1 x  4 x 2 x6 x 1
SS  3,1 , 2 and 6 are extr. soln.
SS  1, 4 119 120

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4. x 2  1  2 x  1
x
3. 4
x 1 x2 1
2
x x x 1
4 or  4
x 1 x 1 x2 1
2
x  4x  4 x  4 x  4 x 1
3 x  4 5 x  4  x  1 x  1 2
4 4 x 1
x x
3 5 x 1  2
x 1  2 or x  1  2
 4 4  x 3 x  1
SS   , 
3 5  121 SS  1,3 122

What if ….

A  B
A B A B
End of section 1.6.1 EQUATIONS

A  B A  B

A  B  A  B
123
124

Inequalities Recall: Interval Notation

x a  x  b   a,b x a  x  b  a,b
A statement that one mathematical
expression is greater than or less than
another is called an inequality. x a  x  b  a,b  x a  x  b   a,b
x x  a   , a  x x  a   , a 
Goal: Find solutions and solution sets x x  a   a,   x x  a  a,  
for inequalities.
125 126

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Example 1.6.26
4x  5
2.  x 1
2

  2  x  1
Find the solutions of the following  4x  5 
2
linear inequalities.  2 
1. 5  3x  x  7 4 x  5  2x  2
 x  3x  7  5 4 x  2 x  2  5
4 x  12 2x  7
4 x 12 7
 x
4 4 2
x 3  7   7 
SS  x x     , 
SS  x x  3   ,3  127
 2   2 
128

4. 6  2  2x  9
8  2x  7
3. 4  3x  5  10
7
9  3x  15 4x
2
3x 5 7
x 4
2

SS   3,5   7 
SS   ,4 
129
2  130

Example 1.6.28

Find the solution set for the following. 2. x 2  3x  2  0

1. x 2  2x  15  x  2 x  1  0
x 2  2x  15  0
 x  3 x  5  0 C.N . :  2, 1

C.N . :  5,3

SS   , 5    3,   131 132

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C.N . :  2, 1

3. x 2  6x  9  0
x  3  0
2

SS  3

0
4. x 2  2x  1  0
0
 x  1 0
2

0 0 SS    1

 x  2 x  1  0 SS  2, 1 133 134

Example 1.6.29
x 9
0 C.N . : 4,9
x 4

Find the solution set for the following

rational inequalities.
3x  1 3x  1  2x  8
1. 2 0 0
x 4 x 4
3x  1 x 9
2  0 0 0
x 4 x 4
3x  1  2  x  4  
0 0
x 4

SS   4,9 
C.N . : 4,9
135 136

4 3 7  2x 1 7
2.  0 C.N . : 1, ,
2x  1 x  1
 2x  1 x  1 2 2
4 3
 0
2x  1 x  1
4  x  1   3  2x  1 
0
 2x  1 x  1 0
4 x  4  6x  3
0
 2x  1  x  1 0
7  2x 0
0
  1 x  1
2 x
  0
1 7
SS   , 1   , 
C.N . : 1, , 1 7
2 2 137
 2 2
138

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Inequalities Involving
Example 1.6.31
Absolute Values
Solve the following inequalities.
If a  0
1. 1  4 x  8
8  1  4 x  8
x a a  x  a 9   4 x  7
a  x and x  a 9 7
x
4 4
7 9  7 9 
x a x  a or x  a x SS   , 
139
4 4  4 4 140

3. 2x  1  x  1
2. x  6  7   x  1   2x  1 and 2x  1  x  1
x 6 7 or x  6  7  x  1  2x  1 x 0
x 1 x  13 3x  2
2
│ │

x
0 2/3

SS  1,     , 13

3
│ │
0 2/3

SS   ,     ,0   
2 
3 
141 142

 x  2  x  3   0 C.N . : 3,2

4. x 2  x  4  2
x2  x  4  2 or x 2  x  4  2
0
x2  x  4  2 0
x x 6 0
2 0 0
 x  2  x  3   0 C.N . : 3,2
SS1   , 3  2,  
143 144

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1
5. 1
x 4
x2  x  4  2 1 1
1  and 1
x 4 x 4
x2  x  4  2 or x 2  x  4  2 1
1  0
x 4
 x  4 1
SS1   , 3  2,   x 4
0

SS2  2,1
x  5
0
x 4
  x  5

SS   , 3  2,1  2,  

0
x 4
x 5
0 C.N . : 5, 4
145 x 4 146

x 5
0 C.N . : 5, 4 1
x 4 5. 1
x 4
1 1
1  and 1
x 4 x 4
0
SS1   , 5    4,   │ │ │

0 SS2   , 4    3,  

-5 -4 -3

│ │ │


-5 -4 -3
0
SS    , 5    4,       , 4    3,   

SS1   , 5    4,   SS   , 5    3,  

147 148

END

149

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