Biomolecules | Biomolecules- One

shot revision 2021

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Biomolecules

Trivial Name:
D-glucose
Cyclic hemiacetal structure of glucose

From NCERT Textbook, page no. 415

Cyclic hemiacetal structure of glucose
 Cyclic hemiacetal structure of glucose
● In solid state, glucose is present in hemiacetal cyclic state and 𝛃
is little more stable. They are also called as anomers.

● Hemicyclic structures of glucose are stable and glucose in solid

state is present in 𝛂, 𝛃 form, 𝛃 being more stable.

● 𝛂, 𝛃 are diastereomers of each others and they are also known as

anomers.
 Anomers
These carbohydrates which differ in configuration only at anomeric
carbons are known as anomers.
 Epimers
These carbohydrates which differ in configuration only at one
carbon other than anomeric carbon are known as epimers.

D-glucose D-mannose
Epimers
R-D Haworth Structure of glucose
R-D Haworth Structure of glucose
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 Mutarotation
The spontaneous change in the specific rotation value of an optically
active compound is known as mutarotation.
Fructose
Cyclic hemiacetal structure of fructose
Haworth Structure of fructose

𝛂-D ⊖ fructose
 Sucrose
Sucrose, commonly known as “table sugar” or “cane sugar”, is a
carbohydrate formed from the combination of glucose and fructose.
Sucrose
 Maltose
Maltose is a sweet disaccharide carbohydrate consisting of two
glucose units.

H2O
C12H22O11 C6H12O6 + C6H12O6

𝛂-D⊕ glucose
Maltose
 Lactose
Lactose is a large sugar molecule that is made up of two smaller
sugar molecules, glucose and galactose.

H2O
C12H22O11 C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
𝛃 -D⊕ galactose 𝛃 -D⊕ glucose
Lactose
 Starch
It is the mixture of two polysaccharides

Amylose (15-20 %) Amylopectin (85-80 %)

 Amylose
● Linear polymer of 𝛂-D⊕ glucose unit (100 -1000)

● (1, 4) 𝛂 glycosidic linkage

● Water soluble
 Amylopectin
● Cross Linked polymer of 𝛂-D⊕ glucose

● (1, 4) 𝛂 glycosidic linkage, (1, 6) cross link

● Water insoluble
 Amylose

(1, 4) 𝛂 glycosidic linkage

 Amylopectin
(1, 6) glycosidic linkage (cross link)

(1, 4) 𝛂 glycosidic linkage

 Cellulose
● Linear polymer of 𝛃 - ⊕ glucose.

● (1, 4) 𝛃 glycosidic linkage

Cellulose
 Shows
Carbohydrates Reducing sugar
mutarotation

Glucose ✔ ✔

Fructose ✔ ✔

Mannose ✔ ✔

Sucrose ❌ ❌

Maltose ✔ ✔

Lactose ✔ ✔

Starch ❌ ❌

Cellulose ❌ ❌
Reaction of carbohydrates
Reaction of carbohydrates
Example
Example
Reaction of carbohydrates with HI
Reaction of carbohydrates with NH2OH
Reaction of carbohydrates with HCN
Reaction of carbohydrates with Ac2O
JEE 2008

Ac2O (excess)
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