Important Reagents

Sl
Reagent /Conditions Reaction Remark
No

Strong Oxidation
KMnO4 / H+ - CH2OH  - COOH
1° alc  Acid
1

K2Cr2O7/H+ 2o alc  ketone

AgNO3/NH4OH
2. -CHO  -COOH Aldehyde Acid
Tollen’s reagent

Felhing’s solution Aldehyde Acid

3. Alkaline CuSO4 -CHO  -COOH
Only aliphatic aldehydes
Na-K Tartarate
- COOH  - CH2OH
Acid  1° alcohol

Ketone  2o alcohol
LiAlH4
- CHO  - CH2OH Aldehyde  1° alcohol
4. Strong Reduction
-COCl  -CH2OH Alkyl halide  1° alcohol

-CONH2  -CH2NH2 Amide 1° alcohol

-NC  -NHCH3 Isocyanide  1° alcohol

- CN  - CH2NH2 Cyanide Primary amine

NaBH4
5. - CHO  - CH2OH Aldehyde  1° Alcohol
Only for Aldehydes

-CH2OH -CHO
Cu / 573 K or CrO3 or
6. Dehydrogenation
PCC

7. PCl5 or PCl3 or SOCl2 -OH -Cl Substitution

8. Aq NaOH / KOH -X -OH Nucleophilic substitution

9. KCN -X  -CN Nucleophilic substitution

10 AgCN -X  -NC Nucleophilic substitution

11 Alcoholic KOH Alkyl halide  Alkene Dehydrohalogenation

Markonikov addition
12 HBr
Alkene  alkyl halide

13 H2 / Pd-BaSO4 -COCl  -CHO Rosenmund Reduction

14 Zn-Hg / HCl >C=O  - CH2 - Clemmenson Reduction

-COOH + NH3  -
15 NH3 / Δ -COOH  - CONH2
COONH4

16 Br2 / NaOH -CONH2  - NH2 Step Down ( Hoffmann)

17 HNO2 or NaNO2/HCl -NH2  - OH HONO

18 CHCl3 / alc KOH -NH2  - NC Carbyl amine

19 P2O5 -CONH2  - CN Dehydration

20 H3O+ -CN  - COOH Acidic Hydrolysis

21 OH- -CN  - CONH2 Alkaline hydrolysis

22 Red P / Cl2 α-H of acid -Cl HVZ Reaction

In benzene ring

Condition from to Electrophilic substitution

23 Fe / X2 /dark -H -X Halogenation

24 CH3Cl / AlCl3(anhyd) -H -CH3 Friedel Craft alkylation

25 CH3COCl / AlCl3(anhyd) -H -COCH3 Friedel Craft acylation

26 Conc.HNO3/con.H2SO4 -H -NO2 Nitration

27 Conc H2SO4 -H -SO3H Sulphonation

28 KMnO4 / H+ -R -COOH Oxidation

Mild oxidation(Etard
29 CrO2Cl2 / H+ -CH3 -CHO
Reaction)

30 Sn / HCl or Fe/HCl -NO2 -NH2 Reduction

31 NaOH / 623K / 300 atm -Cl -OH

32 Zn dust / Δ -OH -H

NaNO2 / dil HCl / 273-

33 -NH2 -N2+Cl- Diazo reaction
278 K

34 CuCl / HCl or Cu/HCl -N2+Cl- -Cl Sandmeyer or Gattermann

35 CuBr / HBr or Cu/HBr -N2+Cl- -Br Sandmeyer or Gattermann

36 CuCN / KCN -N2+Cl- -CN Sandmeyer

37 KI -N2+Cl- -I

38 HBF4 / Δ -N2+Cl- -F

39 H3PO2 or CH3CH2OH -N2+Cl- -H

40 H2O / 283 K -N2+Cl- -OH

41 HBF4/ NaNO2, Cu / Δ -N2+Cl- -NO2

-N=N-C6H5-
42 C6H5-OH -N2+Cl- Coupling ( p-hydroxy)
OH

-N=N-C6H5-
43 C6H5-NH2 -N2+Cl- Coupling ( p-amino)
NH2