Modul Bahasa Ingris

MODUL PERKULIAHAN
Bahasa Inggris 1
• Basic Social Etiquette
• Modals of Obligation
• Modals of Permission
Kode Mata Kuliah : U5119006

Fakultas : Teknik Tatap Muka
Program Studi : Teknik Mesin

05 Disusun Oleh : Sholihannisa Dwi SK,
S.S, M.Sas
ABSTRAK
There are certain accepted behaviors in all social situations that you need to learn. With few
exceptions, putting them into practice can make a big difference in your social life. There are
times throughout every day of your life when you have to make a choice of whether to use good
etiquette or be that person whose friends and family start avoiding. Even under the most trying of
situations, it isn’t that much more difficult to be well mannered, and you’ll ultimately feel better
later if you do the right thing.
Most parents teach their children a handful of manners, but a lot of things typically fall through
the cracks. After all, being a parent is difficult enough as it is. Adding manners and etiquette
lessons takes time, and most adults are already swamped. So, don't blame your parents for not
teaching you how to hold a fork at a dinner party or send an RSVP to an invitation. It's never too
late to take responsibility for your own actions.
TUJUAN
Tujuan dari pertemuan kelima pada mata kuliah ini adalah :
Mahasiswa mampu memahami dan menyebutkan contoh etika social, serta mampu
menggunakan modals untuk menyatakan keharusan (obligation) dan meminta izin
(permission).
2020 Bahasa Inggris 1 Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

2 Sholihannisa Dwi SK: sholihannisa.kazeinda@undira.ac.id http://www.undira.ac.id
PEMBAHASAN
A. Basic Social Etiquette
There are certain accepted behaviors in all social situations that you need to learn. With
few exceptions, putting them into practice can make a big difference in your social life.
There are times throughout every day of your life when you have to make a choice of
whether to use good etiquette or be that person whose friends and family start avoiding. Even
under the most trying of situations, it isn’t that much more difficult to be well mannered, and you’ll
ultimately feel better later if you do the right thing.
Most parents teach their children a handful of manners, but a lot of things typically fall
through the cracks. After all, being a parent is difficult enough as it is. Adding manners and
etiquette lessons takes time, and most adults are already swamped. So, don't blame your
parents for not teaching you how to hold a fork at a dinner party or send an RSVP to an
invitation. It's never too late to take responsibility for your own actions. Below are 10 quick and
easy manner tips you can apply in your daily life:
#1 Be Friendly and Polite
If you step outside your house during the day, you’re likely to encounter people, so try to be
friendly. Even on miserable days when everything seems to be going wrong, forcing a smile has
the potential to lift the mood of not only the person you’re looking at but yours as well. Offer a
greeting, and you might even see an extra ray of sunshine.
Certain words carry a tremendous amount of power when you care enough to be polite and
civil to others. Add “please,” “thank you,” “you’re welcome,” and “excuse me” to your vocabulary,
and you may find others responding with reciprocated kindness. You get extra points in the
manners and conversation department if you include a compliment, such as, "Good job," or "You
look nice today."

#2 Be On Time
Avoid being late for an appointment with anyone, whether it's your doctor or your child. Being on
time shows your respect for the other person.
When you're late for meetings, appointments, work, get-togethers with friends, or anything else,
you're forcing others to wait, which is a huge waste of their time. They'll never get those minutes
or hours back. Remember how you feel when you've had to wait for someone.
#3 Be a Helper
You don’t have to be a Boy Scout to help out your fellow citizen. If you see someone whose
arms are overloaded with packages, open the door for them. Also, if you have just entered a
building and someone is right behind you, hold the door to keep it from slamming in his or her
face. These gestures of kindness are simple but make a big difference in everyone's mood.
#4 Respect Others
When you interact with other people, you need to respect them. Allow others to voice their
opinions without argument. Respect their personal space as you would want others to respect
yours. When you are in the company of someone of greater authority, show him or her proper
respect.
The old saying “If you don’t have anything nice to say, then don’t say anything” is wise and
should be followed in most social and business situations. You’ll avoid having to backtrack or
explain if you keep your snarky thoughts to yourself. Avoid gossip, even if it is juicy and
entertaining. If you know that a political discussion will result in an argument and possibly even
name calling, avoid starting one.
#5 Let Others Go First
If you can let others go first without awkwardness, then do it. This includes walking, standing in
line, and driving. A woman with small children will appreciate getting through the checkout lane
quickly, particularly if her children are hungry or bored. If a driver needs to move into your lane,
and you can let him in without the person behind you rear-ending you, then gesture for him to go
ahead.
#6 Hold Down the Noise
This world has become too noisy, so try not to add to it. Keep your cell phone ringer volume as
low as possible. If you work in an office cubicle, be considerate of your fellow office mates by
keeping your voice low while chatting on the phone. Don’t honk at other drivers unless it’s to
avoid an accident.
#7 Eat Politely
Whether you brought your lunch or you’re eating out with friends, everyone appreciates good
table manners that your parents should have taught you. Keep your elbows off the table, don’t
talk with your mouth full, and avoid reaching across people to grab the saltshaker. Formal
dinners have more etiquette rules, so if you’ll be going to one of those, take a little time to brush
up on what’s expected.
When eating in a restaurant, there are additional rules you need to follow. You need to be
considerate of everyone, from others in your group to the server. Make sure your you talk to your
children about behaving properly before you take them to a restaurant so they'll be welcome
back.
#8 Remove Your Hat
The old remove-the-hat-indoors etiquette rule seems to have gone out the window, but there are
still some guidelines that you’d be wise to follow. If your hat is large and obstructs someone’s
view (such as at church or in a theatre), remove it. If you are on a business call or job interview,
don’t risk being seen as impolite by leaving your hat on. When the national anthem is played, it’s
a sign of respect to stand and remove your hat.
#9 Send a Thank You Note

Being thankful will never go out of style. When someone does something for you, or sends you a
gift, thank the person with a handwritten note. It’s the least you can do for a person who has
taken the time to think of you.
#10 Introduce People
When you are in a situation where you’re the only person who knows the other parties, take the
time to introduce them. Look at the person whose name you are saying, speak clearly, and if
you’re in a social setting, find something the people have in common. For example, you might
say, “Jim, I’d like you to meet my friend Sally. She just got back from Italy, and since you used to
live there, I thought you might enjoy talking about your experiences.”
Communication
Regardless of who you are, you’ll have the need to communicate throughout life. Being a good
communicator can do a variety of things for you, including sharing important information, winning
people to your side, and raising your children.
Learning to communicate:
• Conversation – Learn how to hold a decent conversation, with back-and-forth dialogue.

Never monopolize a discussion, or you may find yourself stuck in a corner trying to
figure out why others are walking a wide berth around you.
• Gossip – Never gossip. Not only is it bad form, if word ever got back to the person you
were talking about, you can pretty much be assured you’ll be the subject of the next
gossip session.
• People’s names – Everyone has one, and most people appreciate your effort to learn
their names if you spend more than a minute or two talking with them. This applies to
social and business contacts.
• Cell phones – In a nutshell, use your cell phone sparingly in public. No one else wants
to listen in on a private conversation or wait while you text someone the latest Internet
joke. And whatever you do, ignore your phone while you're checking out at the cash
register. Texting or chatting on the phone is rude to the cashier and the people behind
you.
• Email – Think before you hit “send.” Most electronic mail can never be taken back.
• Social media – Facebook, Twitter, and other social media are part of most people’s
lives. Remember that not only can your friends see what you post, others can repost,
copy, share, or retweet anything you put out there.
• Rude questions – We have all gotten them. There are ways to deal with them and not
come across as snarky. If you're not sure how to answer a rude question, don't say
anything. Just smile and change the subject.
• How to Graciously Change the Subject - There are times certain things shouldn't be
discussed, and it's up to you to shift the conversation.
Business
Business is a funny animal. On the one hand, the bottom line is considered the most important
factor. However, if you get down to the nitty gritty, most people look at business etiquette and
manners as essential to even get to the bottom line. There is a social element to most offices, so
observe protocol and remember that your behavior will affect your future.
How to have good manners in business:
• Business relationships – Knowing how to form and maintain business relationships can
provide job security and a healthy bottom line. It's a good idea to limit personal
conversations at the office on a need-to-know basis. Be a good team player, don't
make annoying sounds that might distract others, and offer to assist coworkers if they
need help.
• Proper attire – Know how to dress in any situation. If your office has "casual Fridays,"
don't dress like you're going to the beach. It's still a work environment and should be
treated with respect.
• Getting ahead – Learn what is expected in order to get ahead in your business. Show
up on time, do a good job, and maintain a positive attitude.
• Office cubicles – Cubicle-dwelling can be trying during the best of times. Knowing how
to work closely with others is essential for anyone in an office. Be polite and respectful
to those who work around you. Keep noise, smells, and any other distractions to a
minimum.

• Shaking hands – A decent handshake can give someone a good first impression, and
we all know that you only have one shot at that.
• Business gifts – It’s always fun to give someone a gift to celebrate a special occasion, a
promotion, or a job well done. Make sure your gift is appropriate to the setting and
occasion. You would never want to embarrass someone with a personal or
inappropriate gift.
• Acknowledge others – When someone comes up with a brilliant idea or does
something others need to know about, be the first to congratulate him or her. Do this in
meetings or in front of the boss to show that you are a team player. Never take credit
for someone else's work.
B. Modals of Obligation
We use modal verbs of obligation when we want to express a person’s obligation to do

something – that is when we want to tell somebody whether they are required or expected to
do something.
To express obligation, we can use have

to + infinitive, must + infinitive and should + infinitive.
The rules for modal verbs of obligation vary on several factors. First, we need to
decide if we want to express a positive or negative obligation. Second, we need to factor in
whether the event takes place in the present or past.
Must
We use “must” to talk about obligations. Often, when we use “must”, the authority for the
obligation comes from the person who is speaking.
Examples:
“You must do your homework every night.” (Because I say you must!)
“I must stop smoking!” (Because I think it’s a good idea to stop.)

Remember that “must” is a modal auxiliary verb. This means that it doesn’t change its ending (I
must, he must, etc.) and that it’s followed by the infinitive without ‘to’. (“You must phone me”
not “You must to phone me”.)
Have to
We can also use “have to” to talk about rules and regulations. The authority for the obligation
doesn’t come from the person who is speaking. Perhaps the rule is a general law or obligation.
“In England you have to pay tax.”

“We have to check everyone’s ID.”
“Have to” is a normal verb. Use “do” or “does” to make a question, and “don’t” or “doesn’t” to
make a negative.
“Do you have to vote in an election?”

“He doesn’t have to wear a uniform to school.”
Need to
We use “need to” to talk about what is necessary.
Examples:
“You need to go to the hairdresser’s. Your hair is very long.”

“She needs to go to the doctor. She gets headaches every day.”
“Need to” is like “have to”: use do / does to make questions:
“Do you need to pass an exam to get into university?”

“Does she need to get a job?”
should

Should is a weak obligation, and we use it to give advice.
“You should study hard so you can pass the exam.”

“He should see a doctor.”
The negative form is “shouldn’t”:
“You shouldn’t smoke. It’s bad for your health.”
Be + supposed to / expected to
Both supposed to and expected to have similar meaning and are used to indicate an
assumption or expectation in the passive form.
• He is supposed to study for his exams but instead he is playing video games.
• You were supposed to visit your grandmother, did you go?
• She was expected to finish the assignment yesterday but she is still doing it.
• We are expected to clean the house today before our parent arrive home.
• It is supposed to rain tomorrow, I hope it doesn’t.
To say something isn’t an obligation
To say there is no obligation, use “don’t / doesn’t have to” or “don’t / doesn’t need to”.
Examples:
“You don’t have to bring food on the trip.”

“She doesn’t have to work in the evening.”
“I don’t need to pay now. I can pay later.”

“They don’t need to speak English in their job.”
Typical grammar mistake! Be careful when you use “don’t have to”. It does not mean the same
as “mustn’t” – see below.
To say something is forbidden
To say that there is an obligation not to do something, use “mustn’t”.
“You mustn’t play here – it’s dangerous!”

“He mustn’t eat peanuts. He’s allergic to nuts.”
We can also use “can’t”:
“You can’t go out tonight. You’ve got homework.”
C. Modals of Permission
Use the modal verbs of permission, 'can,' or 'could,' to indicate whether someone has
permission to do something or not.
Use 'can' to say that someone IS allowed to do something and 'cannot' or, 'can't,' to say
that they do NOT have permission (are not allowed) to do something.
Example:
Students can register for fall classes beginning next week.
Children under ten cannot use the pool without adult supervision.
We can also use 'could' to say that someone was allowed to do something in the past. We
use 'could not' or, 'couldn't,' to say that they were NOT allowed to do it.
Example:
We could go to any shop in the mall we wanted to.
Both staff and students could use the ice rink.
We couldn't study in the library after 6 pm.
We use 'be allowed to/ be permitted to' when talking about permission but not in the sense
that you are asking for it or granting it. For instance, we would say "I was allowed backstage
after my third attempt." Or, "you are not permitted to use your calculator on your math's exam."
We mostly use 'may' for more formal situations and 'may not' is used to say that someone is
not allowed to do something.
Example:
"Mr. Smith, may I go to the restroom?"
"You may go as soon as you have finished your exam."
Retailers may not sell items below the manufacturer's price.
However, we use the modal verbs of permission 'can' when we are giving permission to
others.
Example:
"You can borrow my book if you want, Diane."
"You can go leave work now, I've got it covered."
"Tom can go with you."
Modal Verbs of Permission = politeness, respect
In many languages, the third person is used even when talking to an individual as a sign of
respect and formality. In the English, however, we don't have such a luxury and resort to voice
inflection and modal verbs to show politeness or respect to someone unknown to us or
someone older than ourselves.
'Can' is less formal and more direct than 'could.' When asking in a simple or direct way we
use 'can.'
Can I ask a question?

Can we have something to drink? We are thirsty.
When being polite, or wanting to show respect, 'could' is a better choice than can as it is a
more polite form than 'can.'
Could I ask you a question, please?

Could I try this coat on?
'May' and 'Might' can also be used when asking permission but are much more formal.
May I use your restroom, please?

Might I ask what your name is?
'Might' is rarely used in this way as it's considered old fashioned usage, however, educated
and polite people still use modals to indicate politeness and show respect and I, for one, am in
favour of this kind of usage.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Azar, B. S. (2003). Fundamentals of English grammar. Longman.
Lebeau, I., Rees, G., Hall, D., & King, D. (2008). Language leader: pre-intermediate:
coursebook and CD-ROM. Pearson Education Limited.
Murphy, R. (2012). English grammar in use. Ernst Klett Sprachen.
Hutchinson, T., & Sherman, K. (2013). Network: Get Connected. Oxford University Press.
Edwards, Lynda. (2013). English Elevator International (Pre-Intermediete). Jakarta, Indonesia:

Asta Ilmu Sukses.
https://www.thespruce.com/social-etiquette-tips-1216646
https://www.thespruce.com/quick-and-easy-manners-tips-1216616
https://www.english-at-home.com/grammar-modals-obligation/
http://www.advanced-english-grammar.com/modal-verbs-of-permission.html


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MODUL PERKULIAHAN

Kode Mata Kuliah : U5119006

Program Studi : Teknik Mesin

2020 Bahasa Inggris 1 Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

#1 Be Friendly and Polite

2020 Bahasa Inggris 1 Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

#5 Let Others Go First

#6 Hold Down the Noise

#8 Remove Your Hat

#9 Send a Thank You Note

2020 Bahasa Inggris 1 Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

#10 Introduce People

• Conversation – Learn how to hold a decent conversation, with back-and-forth dialogue.

How to have good manners in business:

2020 Bahasa Inggris 1 Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

We use modal verbs of obligation when we want to express a person’s obligation to do

To express obligation, we can use have

“I must stop smoking!” (Because I think it’s a good idea to stop.)

“In England you have to pay tax.”

“Do you have to vote in an election?”

We use “need to” to talk about what is necessary.

“You need to go to the hairdresser’s. Your hair is very long.”

“Need to” is like “have to”: use do / does to make questions:

“Do you need to pass an exam to get into university?”

2020 Bahasa Inggris 1 Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

“You should study hard so you can pass the exam.”

The negative form is “shouldn’t”:

“You shouldn’t smoke. It’s bad for your health.”

To say something isn’t an obligation

“You don’t have to bring food on the trip.”

“I don’t need to pay now. I can pay later.”

To say that there is an obligation not to do something, use “mustn’t”.

“You mustn’t play here – it’s dangerous!”

We can also use “can’t”:

“You can’t go out tonight. You’ve got homework.”

Modal Verbs of Permission = politeness, respect

Can I ask a question?

Could I ask you a question, please?

2020 Bahasa Inggris 1 Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

May I use your restroom, please?

2020 Bahasa Inggris 1 Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

Azar, B. S. (2003). Fundamentals of English grammar. Longman.

Murphy, R. (2012). English grammar in use. Ernst Klett Sprachen.

Edwards, Lynda. (2013). English Elevator International (Pre-Intermediete). Jakarta, Indonesia:

2020 Bahasa Inggris 1 Pusat Bahan Ajar dan eLearning

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