CONTENTS

CHAPTER (I) BASIC THEORY

Historical Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1 General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Velocity Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 Momentum Transfer Principles . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 Energy Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5 Theories of Turbomachines . . . . . . . . . . 11
Euler Theory (Elementary) 11
Modern Theory 14
Necessity for flow unsteadiness 18
1.5.4 Approximate calculation of deviation 19
after Stodola
1.6 Some Practical Considerations (Actual
Machine Design) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Friction 20
Disk Friction 20
Leakage 21
Pre-rotation of the fluid 21
1.7 Coefficients and Efficiencies . . . . . . . . . 22
Circulatory Flow Coefficient 22
Manometric Efficiency 22
Mechanical Efficiency 23
Volumetric Efficiency 23
Hydraulic Efficiency (Turbine) 23

CHAPTER (II) DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND

SIMILITUDE OF TURBOMACHINES

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2 Dimensional Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3 Hydraulic Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4 Application of Dimensional Analysis on

A
 Turbomachines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.1 Discussion 27
2.4.2 Performance Curves 28
2.5 Scale Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Reynolds Number effect 29
Scale effects in Hydraulic Machines 30
Scale effects in compressible machines 35
2.6 Affinity Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.7 Specific Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Pumps 41
Compressors and Blowers 43
Hydraulic Turbines 43
2.8 Pressure and Flow Coefficients . . . . . . . . 44
2.9 Specific Diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

CHAPTER (III) CASCADE MECHANICS

"TWO-DIMENSIONAL APPROACH"

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.2 Cascade Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.3 Analysis of Cascade Forces . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.4 Lift and Drag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.5 Cascades in Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.6 Cascade Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
General Approach 55
Fluid Deviation 57
Off-Design Performance 59
Turbine Cascade Performance 59
3.7 Mach Number Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.8 Ideal Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Zero Lift Angle 62
Impulse Flow Angle 63
3.9 The Head-Capacity Curve of Straight Cascade . 64
3.10 Radial Cascade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.11 Cascade Characteristics Analysis . . . . . . . 67
3.12 Singularity Method . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Method of Solution for Single Airfoil 69
Conformal Transformation Method 71