HISTOLOGY OF THE EYE Transcribed by: Angelo Louise A.

Sayo
Lectured by: Dr. Gonzales Proofread by: Kaye Reyes & Erina Valdes

EYE: BACKGROUND  Also known as the eyeball

 Sphere (2.4 cm anterior-posterior [AP] diameter):
Orbital Cavities (Orbits) o Wall Layers:
 Tunica Fibrosa
 Tunica Vasculosa
 Where the eyes are lodged
 Tunica Interna (Retina):
Contents of the orbital cavities:  Retina contains photoreceptors
 Anterior Half:  Light entering the eye passes through
o Eyeballs several refractive media before reaching
the retina (anterior to posterior):
 Posterior Half:
o Cornea
o Fat:
o Aqueous Humor
 Protects the eye from injury during violent
o Lens
movements
o Vitreous Humor
o EOM (Extraocular Muscles):
 Six skeletal muscles that originate from the orbit  Refractive media concentrate light and
 Insert into the outer surface of the eyeball focus the inverted image of an object on
 Direct the eyes to the object of concern the photoreceptors in the retina.
o Blood vessels and nerves  Photoreceptors transmit attributes of the
image to the brain for interpretation via the
optic nerve.
Eye
o Cavity:
 Anterior Chamber (aqueous humor)
 Posterior Chamber (aqueous humor)
 Vitreous Chamber (vitreous humor)

EYE: HISTOLOGIC LAYERS

 Tunica Fibrosa:
o Sclera
o Cornea

 Tunica Vasculose (Uvea; Uveal Tract):

o Choroid
o Ciliary Body
o Iris

 Tunica Interna (Retina):

o Anterior
o Posterior (Retina Proper)

Eye: Tunica Fibrosa

 Sclera:
o Posterior 5/6th
o White and opaque
o Center of scleral curvature = posterior pole of the
eye
(Refer to this picture for the next few pages/ o Limbus
“EYE: HISTOLOGIC LAYERS” section)  Corneo-scleral junction

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 Cornea:
o Anterior 1/6th
o Transparent
o Center of corneal curvature = anterior pole of the
eye

Eye: Sclera

 0.3 – 1.0 mm thick:

o Thickest at the posterior pole
o Thinnest at the equator of the eye
 Dense irregular connective tissue:
o Bundles of type I collagen fibers
o Ground substance
o Fibroblasts
 Canal of Schlemm:
o In sclera, near the limbus
o Circumferential system of endothelium-lined canals
o Canals are irregular and interconnect
o Drainage channel for aqueous humor from the
anterior chamber to the venous system

 Optic Disk (Optic Papilla):

o Region where the optic nerve exits the eyeball
o Optic nerve is enveloped by a sheath of dura mater
that blends with the sclera

 Lamina Cribrosa:
o Perforated area of sclera where the optic nerve
 EOM insert into sclera fibers exit
 Tenon’s Capsule:
o Dense connective tissue fascial sheath that envelops Eye: Cornea
the eyeball external to the sclera
 Tenon’s Space (Episcleral Space):  Anterior 1/6th of layer
o Between Tenon’s capsule and the sclera  Thicker than the sclera:
o With loose network of collagen fibers (episclera) o 0.8 – 1.0 mm
o Central region thinner than peripheral
 Limbus:
o Point of connection with the sclera
 Angle:
o Point of connection with the iris via trabecular
network
 Avascular:
o Nutrition by diffusion from:
 Vessels of the limbus
 Aqueous humor
 With numerous nerve endings:
o Very sensitive

Cornea: Histologic Layers

1. Tenon’s capsule  Epithelium

2. Cornea  Bowman’s Membrane
3. Levator palpebrae superioris
 Stroma (Substantia Propria)
4. Lateral rectus
5. Inferior oblique  Descemet’s Membrane
6. Lacrimal gland  Endothelium

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  5-10 um; thinner than Bowman’s membrane
 Composition:
o Basal lamina of the endothelium
o Fine collagen and some elastic fibers

5. Endothelium
 Simple cuboidal epithelium
 Cells:
o Basal surface rests on Descemet’s membrane
(actually, the basement membrane of endothelium)
o Apical surface in contact with aqueous humor

Eye: Tunica Vasculose (Uvea)

 Choroid
o Forms middle histologic layer of the posterior 2/3rd
of the eye
o Vascular and pigmented

 Ciliary Body
1. Epithelium: o Thickened anterior edge of the choroid
 Stratified squamous, nonkeratinized
 Cells:  Iris
o 5-6 layers o Thin, circular diaphragm
o Numerous free sensory nerve endings between cells o Hole at the center (pupil)
o Rapid turnover rate: about 7 days
o Continuous mitosis of basal cells and shedding of Eye: Choroid
superficial cells
o Most superficial cells with microvilli soaked in
 0.1 – 0.2 mm thick
precorneal tear film (7 um of lipid and glycoprotein)
o Deepest cells are columnar:  Suprachoroidal lamina
 Lateral surfaces = desmosomes o A.k.a. epichoroid; lamina fusca
 Basal surfaces = hemidesmosomes and anchoring o Loose connective tissue that attaches the
proteins and filaments choroid to the sclera
o Rich in elastic fibers, melanocytes, and
2. Bowman’s Membrane: fibroblasts; also macrophages
 Fibrillar lamina (8-12 um) to which the basal lamina of
the corneal epithelium is anchored
 Acellular and amorphous
 Randomly arranged type I collagen fibrils embedded in
ground substance

3. Stroma (Substantia Propria):

 Thickest layer (90% of the cornea)
 Composition:
o Extracellular Substance:
 Amorphous Ground Substance
 Rich in keratin sulfate and chondroitin
sulfate  Layers:
 Collagen Fibers
 In bundles that are arranged in layers o 1. Vessel Layer
o Cells:  Outermost layer
 Fibroblasts (keratocytes)  Loose connective tissue with branches and
 Lymphocytes – few tributaries of ciliary arteries and veins
4. Descemet’s Membrane:  Numerous melanocytes
 Homogeneous layer

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 o 2. Choriocapillary Layer  Ciliary Muscles:
 Network of fenestrated capillaries  Longitudinal – opens trabecular network
 Largest capillaries in the body  Circular – accommodation that enables the
 Supply the outer layers of the retina eye to focus for near or far vision

o 3. Bruch’s Membrane  Accommodation:

 A.k.a. lamina basalis choroidea
 1 – 4 um thick
 Amorphous under light microscope
 Under electron microscope (5 layers):
 Basal lamina of capillaries of choriocapillary
layer
 Layer of collagen fibers
 Layer of elastic fibers
 Layer of collagen fibers
 Basal lamina of pigment epithelium
o When the ciliary muscle contracts – near vision
 Ciliary body moves forward
 Tension on zonule fibers decreases
 Lens, because pliable, increases its curvature so
that the focal length shortens
o When it relaxes – far vision

Eye: Iris

 Substance:
o Loose connective tissue with numerous capillaries
Eye: Ciliary Body
o Cells:
 Melanocytes
 Ring of tissue  Fibroblast
 Triangular on the meridional section  Smooth muscle cells
 Ciliary processes: o Sphincter pupillae muscle:
o Finger-like processes on the posterior surface  Smooth muscle fibers near the free margin of the
o Connective tissue richly supplied with fenestrated iris
capillaries (source of aqueous humor)  Constricts the pupil on parasympathetic stimuli

 Regions:  Anterior Surface:

o Epithelial Portion: o Rough and grooved
 Adjacent to the vitreous cavity and the equator o Covered by the discontinuous layer of fibroblasts
of the lens and melanocytes
 Pars Plicata:
 With ciliary processes – source of aqueous  Posterior Surface:
humor o Smooth
 Pars Plana: o Rests on the anterior surface of the lens
 Devoid of ciliary process o Iridial Retina:
 Covered posteriorly by ciliary retina (part of the  Covers the posterior surface of the iris
anterior retina):  Continuous with ciliary retina
 Derived from pigment epithelium  Layers:
 Derived from layer of rods and cones (ciliary  Internal Layer:
epithelium – no melanocytes) o Heavily pigmented (vs. nonpigmented
o Uveal Portion: in ciliary body)
 Adjacent to the sclera  External Layer:

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 o Less pigmented than in the ciliary
retina
o Cells are myoepithelial cells that
contain myofilaments:
 Form dilator pupillae iris
 Arranged radially on the periphery
of the iris
 Dilate the pupil under sympathetic
surface
 Synapse with rod and cone cells at the
outer plexiform layer and with ganglion
cells at the inner plexiform layer
 Ganglion Cells
 Carry impulses from bipolar cells to the
thalamus
 Axons comprise the optic nerve
 All three cell types synapse with each other
serially
 The retina is practically only 3 neurons thick

o Integrating
 Amacrine Neurons:
 Various types that synapse with ganglion
cells at the inner plexiform layer
 Horizontal Neurons:
 Synapse with axons and rod and cone cells
at the outer plexiform layer
 These are both cell bodies in the inner nuclear
layer

 Supporting cells (glial cells)

Eye: Tunica Interna (Retina)

 Parts:
o Anterior:
 Lines the:
 Inner surface of ciliary body (ciliary retina)
 Posterior part of the iris (iridial retina)
 Discussed in connection with the uvea
o Posterior (Retina Proper):
 Photosensitive portion of the retina
 Extends from the optic disk to the posterior edge
of the ciliary body, where it ends as a wavy line
(ora serrata)

Retina: Composition

 Epithelium Retina: Layers

 Neurons:
o Functional:
 Photosensitive Cells:
 Rod Cells
 Cone Cells
 Bipolar neurons
 Named after the shape of dendrites; tubular
vs. tapering apically
 Nuclei comprise outer nuclear layer
 Axons synapse with bipolar cells
 Bipolar Cells
 Receive impulses directly from
photosensitive cells and transmit to
ganglion cells

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1. Pigment Epithelium:
 Single layer of pigmented cuboidal cells
 Nucleus is basally located
 Basal lamina forms the innermost layer of Bruch’s
membrane
 Apical surfaces are provided with microvilli and
cylindrical processes that envelop the tips of the
photoreceptors
 Functions:
o Phagocytose the ends of the rods as they are shed
o Increase the contrast of a visual image by absorbing
reflected light
o Synthesis of retinal from retinol (vitamin A):
combines with opsin to form rhodopsin
2. Layer of Rods and Cones:
 Photoreceptor layer
 Light-sensitive dendrites or photoreceptors (rods and
cones) of the photosensitive cells
3. Outer Limiting Membrane:
 Narrow, eosinophilic structure
 Contains functional complexes formed by rods and cones
with Muller cells (a type of glial cell)
4. Outer Nuclear Layer:
 Contains nuclei of rod and cone cells
 Nuclei of cone cells are in the outer region while those of
rod cells are in the central region of layer
5. Outer Plexiform Layer:
 Amorphous under light microscope (LM)
 Synapses formed by rod and cone cells and dendrites of
bipolar cells
 Horizontal cells also synapse here with axons
6. Inner Nuclear Layer:
 Cell bodies and nuclei of bipolar cells
 Thinner than the outer nuclear layer
 Also contains horizontal and amacrine neurons and
nuclei of Muller cells
7. Inner Plexiform Layer:
 Contains axons of bipolar cells and dendrites of ganglion
cells and their synapses
 Contains also integrative connections of ganglion cells
and amacrine neurons
8. Ganglion Cell Layer:
 Contains bodies and nuclei of ganglion cells
 Also contains glial cells and retinal vessels
9. Nerve Fiber Layer:
 Contains unmyelinated axons (afferent fibers) of ganglion
cells
 The axons gather in bundles, run parallel to the retina
and converge at the optic disk to form the optic nerve
10. Inner Limiting Membrane
 Layer that adjoins the vitreous body
 Consists of basement membranes of Muller cells
Retina: Photosensitive Cells
1. Rod Cells:
 More numerous than cones (100 – 120 million/eye vs. 6
million for cones)
 Slender, elongated cells (50 um long and 3 um wide)
 Single dendrite (called rod) with two segments:
o Inner:
 Numerous mitochondria and polyribosomes
 Well-developed Golgi complex
o Outer
 Discs:
 Membrane-bound, flattened, and
stacked
 Membranes contain pigment rhodopsin
(visual purple)
 Rhodopsin changes in configuration
when hit by light, and this initiates
visual stimulus
 Rhodopsin is reconstituted immediately
after its response to light
 Discs at the apex of the rod
continuously shed
 Discs and rhodopsin are continuously
synthesized from the inner segment of
the rod
o Segments connected by constricted region of
cytoplasm that has nine microtubule doublets
(similar to cilium minus central pair of
microtubules)
 More sensitive to light than cones
 Used in conditions of poor lighting (e.g., night vision)
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2. Cone Cells:
 Basic structure is similar to rods, except that cones:
o Contain several pigments that are responsive to
green, red, or blue light
o Principal pigment is iodopsin that is stimulated by
intense light (color perception and visual acuity)
o Discs are not shed off
o Synapse one-on-one with bipolar cells
 Several rods may synapse with single bipolar cell
Retina: Supporting Cells
 Microglia
 Astrocytes
o These two cell types are discussed with nervous
tissue
 Muller Cells
o Structurally and functionally similar to astrocytes
o Large cells whose processes envelop and support
neurons in retina
o Nuclei in internal nuclear layer
o Processes extend from outer to inner limiting
membrane
Retina: Modifications
 Iridial and ciliary retina (already discussed)
 Fovea centralis
o Ovoid depression, about 0.5 mm diameter
o 4 mm lateral and slightly below optic disk
o Area of greatest visual acuity and color
perception
 Area packed with photoreceptors,
exclusively cones
 Inner layers of retina are absent
 Macula Lata (yellow spots in figure above)
o 1.5 mm ovoid area that surrounds the fovea
o Yellow in gross specimens
 Optic disk (papilla)
o Region where optic nerve fibers exit the eye
o No photoreceptors (blind spot)
o Central artery of the retina (usually only artery to
retina) and retinal veins enter and exit the eye
through central part of the optic nerve
EYE: REFRACTIVE MEDIA
 Structures that:
o Serve as a system of convex lenses
o Focuses an inverted image of an object viewed on
the retina
1. Cornea:
 Previously discussed
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2. Aqueous Humor:
 Fills the anterior and posterior chambers
 Clear, slightly alkaline fluid derived from plasma
 Less protein, urea, and glucose than plasma but more
lactate, pyruvate, and ascorbate
 Nourishes lens and cornea aside from serving as
refractive medium
 Secreted continuously into the posterior chamber by
ciliary epithelium 4. Vitreous Humor:
 Flows into the anterior chamber via pupil  Fills vitreous cavity
 Drains into the canal of Schlemm and trabecular network  Gelatinous, transparent, 99% water
(loose fibers around the base of the cornea and iris)  Contains:
o Collagen fibrils (type II and type XI)
o Glycosaminoglycan (principally hyaluronic acid)
o Hyalocytes – cells responsible for synthesis of
collagen and hyaluronic acid
 Functions:
o Refractive media
o Provide structural integrity to the eye
o Also provide a pathway for nutrients to the lens,
ciliary body, and retina

EYE: ACCESSORY STRUCTURES

1. Conjunctiva:
 Thin, translucent mucous membrane
 Covers exposed anterior portion of sclera up to the
3. Lens: limbus (bulbar conjunctiva)
 Biconvex elastic tissue (posterior surface is more convex)  Lines inside of eyelids (palpebral conjunctiva)
 Highly cellular but transparent and amorphous  Fornices (superior and inferior) – transitional area where
 Structure: conjunctiva adheres loosely to the underlying tissue
o Capsule (Lens Capsule):  Conjunctival sac – entire space bounded by conjunctiva;
 Envelops lens receives ocular medications
 10 – 20 um thick
 Collagen fibers (type IV) and glycoproteins
o Epithelium (Subcapsular Epithelium):
 Simple cuboidal epithelium
 Covers anterior part but not posterior part of the
lens
 Cells nucleated but few organelles; bound
together by desmosomes and gap junctions
o Substance (Cortex):  Epithelium:
 Lens Fibers: o Stratified columnar with numerous goblet cells
 2,000 – 3,000 cells that comprise substance  Lamina Propria:
 Shaped like six-sided prisms o Loose connective tissue
 8 – 10 um width; 2 um thick
 Long (7 – 10 mm); they span anterior and
posterior poles of the lens
 Peripheral fibers curving to give lens a
biconvex form
 No nuclei and organelles
 Filled with proteins (crystallins)
 Minimal intercellular substance and cell
membranes of adjacent cells are fused
 Differentiate from cells of the subcapsular
epithelium

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2. Eyelids:
 A.k.a. palpebrae 3. Lacrimal Apparatus:
 Upper and lower  Refers to structures involved in the production and
 Thin folds of tissue that protect the exposed portion of drainage of tears
the eyeball o Watery fluid similar in composition to plasma
 Core is dense fibroelastic plate (tarsus; tarsal plate) o Moistens the exposed surface of the eye
covered by skin anteriorly and palpebral conjunctiva o Functions:
posteriorly  Prevents cornea from drying up
 Lubricates eyelids
 Skin:  Nourishes corneal epithelium
o Has fine hairs but at the free edge, 3-4 rows of  Removes irritants and other foreign substances
coarse and long eyelashes  Has antibacterial properties
o Hypodermis is loose connective tissue devoid of  Helps combat infection by transporting
fat lymphocytes and other white blood cells

 Muscles:  Components:
o Orbicularis Oculi: o Lacrimal gland
 Skeletal muscle  Located on anterosuperior temporal portion of
 Anterior to the tarsal plate orbit
o Levator Palpebrae:  Secretes tears
 In upper lid  Consists of several separate lobes
 Tubuloalveolar gland similar to salivary glands
 Glands: structurally
o Meibomian  Acinar cells are typical serous secreting cells
 20-25 glands per eyelid  Myoepithelial cells present
 Embedded within tarsal plate  Secretion drain into ducts which ultimately
 Atypical sebaceous glands: converge to form 6-12 excretory ducts that
 Not associated with hair follicle drain into conjunctival fornix
 Long ducts draining numerous acini each;
and open at free edge of eyelids
 Oily secretion prevents free edge of eyelids from
adhering together

o Moll:
 Modified sweat glands located in dermis
 Empty secretions into follicles of eyelashes

o Zeiss:
 Sebaceous glands that are smaller than
meibomian glands
 Located in dermis
 Empty secretions into follicles of eyelashes o Lacrimal canaliculi
 Two tiny tubes (superior and inferior canaliculi)
o All three glands: collective secretion form an oily film to which tears flow
over tear layer that prevents evaporation  Lacrimal puncta:

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  Opening of canaliculi
 Round apertures (0.5 mm) in diameter
 At medial aspect of upper and lower lids
 About 1 mm diameter and 8 mm long
 Join together to form a common canaliculus
 Lines by thick nonkeratinized stratified
squamous epithelium
o Lacrimal sac
 Dilated portion of lacrimal drainage system
 Lies in lacrimal fossa
o Nasolacrimal duct
 Continuation of lacrimal sac inferiorly
 Opens into inferior nasal meatus lateral to
inferior turbinate
REFERENCES
In-class lecture, Histology textbook
PAST E QUESTION RATIONALIZATIONS
1. Eye compartment/s that contain/s aqueous humor:
A. anterior chamber
- The anterior chamber does contain aqueous
humor. pg. 310
B. posterior chamber
- The posterior chamber does contain aqueous
humor. pg 310
C. vitreous chamber
- The vitreous chamber does not contain aqueous
humor. It contains vitreous humor.
D. A & B only
2. Histologic layer of the cornea where the basal lamina of
the corneal epithelium rests:
A. Bowman’s membrane
- is where the basal lamina of the epithelium rests.
B. Descemet’s membrane
- is where between the endothelium and the
substantia propria or stroma.
C. Bruch’s membrane - is the inner most layer of the
choroid, not the cornea. pg. 303
D. None of the above
3. The blood supply of the rods and cones in the retina comes
from the:
A. terminal branches of the central artery of the
retina
- Supplies the inner layers of the retina.
B. capillaries of the choroid
- Supplies the outer layers of the retina.
C. both
D. neither
4. The muscle fibers responsible for accommodation are in
the:
A. upper and lower eyelids
- levator palpebrae in upper eyelid and obicularis
occuli in upper and lower eyelids. Note: These are
skeletal muscles. pg. 312
B. iris
- contains dilator pupillae with sympathetic
stimulation and sphincter pupillae with
parasympathetic stimulation. pg. 305-306
C. epithelial region of the ciliary body
- Subdivided into: Pars Plicata (with ciliary processes)
and Pars Plana (devoid of ciliary processes) pg. 304
D. uveal region of the ciliary body
- does contain the 'circularly-arranged' muscle cells
for accommodation. Note the 'longitudinally-
arranged muscle fibers open the trabecular network
to enable aqueous fluid drain. pg. 305
5. The cells that comprise the constrictor pupillae are:
A. myoepithelial cells
- Constrictor pupillae and dilator pupillae are both
myoepithelial cells. pg. 305-306
B. skeletal muscle cells
C. smooth muscle cells
D. cardiac muscle cells
6. The canal of Schlemm , the endothelial-lined tubes that
serve as drainage channels for aqueous humor
are located in the:
A. choroid
- located more closely to the vitreous chamber,
below the retina. pg. 303-304
B. cornea
- Does not contain the Canal of Schlemm.
C. sclera
- Does contain the Canal of Schlemm which is
located near the limbus and drains aqueous humor
from the anterior chamber to the venous system.
Note: Aqueous humor also drains into the trabecular
framework from the anterior chamber as well. pg.
311
D. retina
- Does not contain the Canal of Schlemm pg. 306-
309
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7. The largest fenestrated capillaries in the body are found in
the:
A. vessel layer of the choroid
- Does not contain the largest fenestrated capillaries
in the body, but does
service them. pg. 304
B. Bruch’s membrane
- Does not contain blood vessels. Inner most layer of
the choroid. pg 303
C. trabecular meshwork
- Drains aqueous humor into the venous system. pg.
311
D. choriocapillary layer of the choroid
- Contains the largest fenestrated capillaries in the
body that service the outer layers of the retina. pg
304 Consists of branches of the short ciliary and
posterior ciliary arteries that come from the
ophthalmic artery. pg 309 These capillaries arise
from the blood vessels in the vessel layer. pg 304
Also note the venous drainage through the retinal
vein to the superior ophthalmic vein or cavernous
sinus.
8. The optic nerve is made up of the axons of the:
A. rod cells and cone cells
- Axons go into the outer plexiform layer and
synapse with dendrites of bi-polar cells. pg. 308
B. bipolar neurons
- Axons go into inner plexiform layer and synapse
with the dendrites of ganglion cells. pg. 308-309
C. ganglion cells
- Ganglion cell layer. Axons run up into the nerve
fiber layer and form the optic nerve. pg. 309
D. Muller cell
- Inner limiting membrane cells. Support cells that
envelope the neurons of the retina. pg. 306
9. The horizontal neurons synapse with the other retinal
neurons in the:
A. inner plexiform layer
- Contains Amacrine cells. pg. 309
B. outer plexiform layer
- Horizontals cells synapse with the axons of rods
and cones in this layer. pg. 308
C. inner limiting membrane
- Consists of the basement membrane of Muller Cells.
pg 309
D. outer limiting membrane
- Contains junctional complexes that are formed by
the rods and cone cells with Muller cells. pg 308
10. TRUE of the photoreceptor cells in the retina:
A. The flattened discs in the apex of their
photoreceptors are continuously being shed by the
rod cells but not by the cone cells.
- True. Pg 308
B. The dendrites of the cone cells are longer than
those of the rod cells.
- False, rods are longer than cones. pg 307
C. The axons of the rod cells synapse one-on-one
with the dendrites of the bipolar cells while the
axons of several cone cells may synapse with the
dendrite of a single bipolar cell.
-False, the axons of cone cells synapse one-on-one
while several rod cells may synapse with one
dendrite of a single bipolar cell. pg. 308
D. All of the above
11. Region that is devoid of a lining or covering epithelium:
A. anterior surface of the lens
- enveloped by a lens capsule and has a simple
cuboidal epithelium. pg.310
B. anterior surface of the iris
- covered in Endothelial cells. pg 305
C. posterior surface of the iris
- lined by iridial retina. pg 305
D. all of the above
12. The cells that produce retinal from the active form of
vitamin A are located in the:
A. choroid
- contains vessel layer, choriocapillary layer, and
Bruch's glassy membrane. pg. 303-304
B. pigment epithelium of the retina
- produces retinal, also synthesizes and stores
melanin. pg 307
C. corneal endothelium
- innermost layer of the cornea. Does not contains
cells that produce retinal. Pg. 302-303.
D. external nuclear layer of the retina
- Outer nuclear layer of retina contains cell bodies of
rods and cones. Does not contains cells that produce
retinal. pg. 309
Page 11 of 12
13. Glands that are embedded in the tarsal plate of the
eyelids:

A. meibomian glands
- Sebaceous glands in the tarsal plate. Secrete to
free edge of eyelids. pg. 313
B. glands of Moll
- modified apocrine sweat glands. Along with the
sebaceous glands of zeis, located in the dermis and
secrete into hair follicles. pg. 313
C. Ciaccio’s glands
- Accessory glands lacrimal glands located in the
tarsal plate. Secrete to the conjuctival surface pg.
313
D. A & C only
NOTE: Secretions from Glands of Moll, Zeis and
Meibomian combine to form the oily layer that
makes up the third layer of the tear film that protects
the cornea.

14. TRUE of the lacrimal glands:

A. They are compound tubuloalveolar glands.

- True, they are compound tubuloalveolar glands.
pg. 314
B. They are mixed glands.
- False, they are only serous glands. pg. 314
C. They are not provided with myoepithelial cells.
- False, they have myoepithelial cells. pg. 314
D. All of the above

15. TRUE of the bulbar conjunctiva:

A. It lines the inner surface of the eyelids.

-False, it lines the anterior portion of the sclera. The
palpebral conjunctiva lines the inner surface of the
eyelids. pg. 311
B. Its epithelial lining is stratified columnar.
-True, its lining is stratified columnar but atypical
because of numerous goblet cells. pg. 311
C. It forms the posterior wall of the conjunctival sac.
- The space bounded by the palpebral conjunctiva
anteriorly and the bulbar conjunctiva posteriorly is
known as the conjunctival sac. pg 311
D. All of the above

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