Lectured by: Doc JC Reyes

Transcribed by: Jem De Robles & Alex Villa

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Proofread by: Rajeeb Hussin

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)

 A group of neurons or part of the nervous system

that would provide fine, discrete control the
viscera:
o Control the beating of the heart
(REVIEW) Divisions of the Nervous System
o Control the way how food is digested
Example: When you’re experiencing
o Excreting urine
palpitation, you can feel that the heart is
o Defecation
beating fast so it means that it reaches the
o Peristaltic movement of the
conscious mind.
gastrointestinal tract
 It is a separate entity from the Peripheral Nervous CNS

System because there are parts in the ANS that are

seen in the CNS
o There are also parts in the CNS that will PNS

also control the entire ANS

 Together with the endocrine system, controls the
Sensory (Afferent) Motor Efferent
internal environment of the body Component Component

Role of the ANS Somatic Nervous

Autonomic
Visceral Seneory Nervous System
System
(ANS)

1. Maintain Homeostasis
 By controlling the visceral function Somatic Sensory
Sympathetic
Division
2. Coordinate body’s response to stress and
exercise
 Example: When you ran 300m, you will Parasympathetic
Division
experience changes or bodily responses
that will adapt for that particular change
like sweating and increase in heart rate  CNS – contain cell bodies that process and interpret
etc. all neural information. Located at the central
3. Assist the endocrine system in reproduction neural axis.

 PNS – contain network of nerve fibers that will

General Features/Characteristics
1. Involuntary and unconsciously controlled
 No chance of controlling any part/system
of the autonomics
2. Reflexive
 Response is very quick and immediate
 It’s a REFLEX because it’s a NON-voluntary
Short reflex arc. Response of the ANS has
to be fast.
3. Works in tandem with the conscious mind
 Although the ANS is functioning in an
unconscious effort, it will work in tandem
with the conscious mind.
transmit or relay impulses to and from the CNS
o Always remember the peripheral nerves
and cranial nerves when referring to PNS
o General Schema of PNS:
 Sensory (Afferent) Component –
towards the CNS and utilize the PNS
 Motor (Efferent) Component –
output generated by the sensory
component. Away from the CNS.
Direction of impulse in the Sensory Component is
towards the CNS. The output of CNS will be delivered
through the PNS as the Motor Output by controlling
the muscles.

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 If we are talking about the peripheral nerves, it is
referred as to DRG.

Explanation of the image:

 The picture above is a simple schematic diagram of
 The stimulus (heat) will activate the receptors, in
reflex arc. A – Sensory arm, B – Motor arm, C –
this case: temperature and pain receptor.
Interneuron.
 It will generate impulse which will travel through
o Interneuron is responsible for connecting
the cutaneous nerves (a pain sensation that will
the Sensory and Motor arm. It can be
travel to the sensory nerve – DRG)
localized in the spinal cord or it can extend
 As it reaches the posterior horn it can either move
up to a higher center in the brain.
upward in order to reach the level of consciousness
to signal the brain that the stimulus is a painful
stimulus. In such that particular stimulus will now
signal the spinal cord through the interneuron to
create a motor response that will withdraw the
extremity away from the painful stimulus.

Reflexive Direction – a simple circuit/simple reflex arc

wherein the impulse will no longer move to the CNS but
the response is very quick

 Why do we need short pathway for this? – The

stimulus is noxious/traumatic stimulus so that the
body can respond and the extremity can be
 This is a motor (above) and sensory (below) neuron. withdraw easily.
Sensory Motor Neuron
Neuron  Why do we need a long pathway? Why do we need
Neuron Pseudounipolar Bipolar/Multipolar to bring the impulse to the cerebrum or at the
Direction of Towards the Away from the level of consciousness? – To consciously avoid the
impulse CNS. CNS. painful stimulus from happening again. The
information is needed to be stored in the memory
Towards the
target organ bank so when that similar stimulus is encountered
again, the response will be replicated.
 All sensory information will be processed in the Doc JC: For example kapag mainit yung plantsa, tinouch
Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) and enter the nyo. Anong gagawin nyo hahawakan nyo ulit? Nagstore na
Posterior Horn of the Gray Matter (posterior sya sa memory, in the short term memory bank. In such
portion of SC). that it will signal the brain that the particular surface is
 Motor information will exit the Anterior Horn hot and will stimulate the pain receptors so you will not
do it again. Ewan ko lang sa iba, nasasaktan na, ginagawa
(anterior portion of SC)
pa ulit. 
 The 2 components (Sensory & Motor) will combine
to form the Spinal nerve

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The Sensory of the PNS has nothing to do with the ANS o From the CNS, there is only one alpha
because what is generated by ANS is a motor output motor neuron.
which will control cardiac and smooth muscle.  Autonomic will be utilizing two order neuron:
Preganglionic Neuron & Post Ganglionic Neuron

MEMORIZE THE TABLE BELOW BY HEART AND SOUL

Features Somatic Autonomic Myelination:
Skeletal Muscle Smooth/Cardiac
Target tissue
muscle and glands  Somatic – skeletal muscle are all myelinated
Conscious/Unco Unconscious (Some  Autonomic – preganglionic is myelinated while
Regulation
nscious (reflex) influenced by the 2nd order neuron (postganglionic)
conscious mental unmyelinated.
function)
Reaction to Contraction Stimulation or
Stimulation Inhibition Neurotransmitters:
Neurons 1 2  Somatic – acetylcholine
Present Pre-ganglionic:  Autonomic – pre: Ach; post: Ach or Nor
Present
Myelination
Post-ganglionic: PLEASE KNOW THIS BY HEART, BODY, MIND & SOUL
Absent
Acetylcholine Pre-ganglionic: Ach
Neurotransmitters
Post-ganglionic:
Ach/NE

In Terms of Target Tissues:

 Somatic – these are groups of the PNS that will
synapse with the skeletal muscle.
 Autonomic – these are groups of the PNS that
will synapse with the cardiac and smooth
muscle.
o Role of autonomic in glandular function
is for secretion. Remember that the
pathways wherein the secretory  Somatic: the target organ is the skeletal muscle
products are passing through are lined and the response is always stimulatory.
by smooth muscles.  Autonomic:
o Effect: stimulate or inhibit a particular
In Terms of Regulation: organ
 Somatic – conscious/voluntary and unconscious o Neurotransmitter: whether it is
reflex sympathetic or parasympathetic, it will
o Unconscious Reflex – no control over always utilize acetylcholine
the contraction of skeletal muscle  With regards to the Postganglionic
 Autonomic – unconscious Neurotransmitter:
o Example: Phobia in snakes will  Sympathetic – express
generate an autonomic response. norepinephrine or
adrenaline
Reaction to Stimulation:
 Parasympathetic –
 In somatic, it will always result into muscle
acetylcholine
contraction.
 In autonomic, the result is stimulation or BREAK TIME! 
inhibition
o It can relax/contract the Now before you proceed, make sure you already
cardiac/smooth muscle mastered the somatic and autonomic table.

In Terms of Neurons:
 Somatic will only utilize one order neuron

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 POSTGANGLIONIC NEURON
 Cell body is found outside the CNS (“autonomic
ganglia”)
 Axon is unmyelinated
 Synapse with effector organ (cardiac/smooth
muscle and glands)
 Most numerous in number compared to
preganglionic.

Neurotransmitters (MUST KNOW BY HEART)

 Norepinephrine – Sympathetic
o Exception: sweat glands & blood vessels of
skin and muscles
 Postganglionic neuron of these
structures will express Ach instead
of Norepinephrine though it is
This image will just compare the autonomic and supplied by the sympathetic
somatic pathway. nervous system.
 The expressing neurotransmitter to
 The one on the right will demonstrate the Somatic these structure cholinergic or
Pathway acetylcholine
o Focus on the green line. This is utilizing a  Acetylcholine – Parasympathetic
single neuron, innervating the skeletal o Numerous in number
muscle.
 Autonomic Pathway In terms of length, it is opposite of the preganglionic
o There are two neurons:  Parasympathetic – closer to the target tissues.
 Neuron 1 is embedded inside the Axons are shorter.
CNS.  Sympathetic – axons are longer.
 Neuron 2 located outside the CNS.
It will synapse on smooth, cardiac,
ANS vs ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
and glands. FOCUS ON MOTOR
ASPECT.
Endocrine will also control the visceral function.
What’s the difference?
PREGANGLIONIC NEURON
 Cell body is embedded in the central nervous Similarities:
system.  Both are involuntary
o It’s either in the brainstem or in the spinal  Both affect smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and
cord glands.
o Remember the parasympathetic nucleus of
the cranial nerves: III, VII, IX, & X Differences:
 The cell bodies of these neurons  Modes of how to activate effector organ
will represent the preganglionic o Autonomic – Nerves &
part of the ANS Neurotransmitters
 Axon is myelinated o Endocrine – Blood vessels & Hormones
 Synapse with postganglionic neuron
 Utilizes Acetylcholine (Ach) as neurotransmitter  Speed and duration of their effects
 Few in numbers o Autonomic
 Shorter in Sympathetic; Longer in Parasympathetic  Fast to take effect
 Short duration
o Endocrine
 Slow to take effect
 Long duration

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 Divisions of ANS: Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
MUST KNOW HANGGANG MAKAGRADUATE
Similarities:
 Preganglionic Neuron
 They will both produce Ach as a
o Intermediolateral Horn of Spinal Cord
neurotransmitter.
 Marks the origin of the
 Both pre-ganglionic neurons are myelinated
preganglionic neuron of the
 The cell bodies of the Pre-ganglionic are in the
sympathetic system,
CNS but their ganglions are found in the PNS.
o Thoracic and Lumbar Segments (T1-L2)
 They directly synapse with their effector organ,
o White Rami Communicantes
whether a cardiac, smooth muscle or gland.
These were the exact words of Doc JC from the recordings:
Differences: Intermediolateral horn of spinal cord will mark the
 The length of the Pre-ganglionic axons of the origin of the preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic
Parasympathetic is longer than the system, that’s the first order neuron and is located at
Sympathetic. T1 – L2 of spinal cord.
 The length of the Post-ganglionic axons in the  Meaning, the cervical segments should not have
 The Post-ganglionic of the Sympathetic will intermediolateral horn even L3 below.
produce Norepinephrine while the Post-  This is the reason why we also call the
ganglionic of the Parasympathetic produces sympathetic nervous system as
Acetylcholine Thoracolumbar Outflow because it will
originate from the thoracic and lumbar
Parasympa Sympathetic segments.
thetic  Once it exits the spinal cord, it will now form
Length of Longer Shorter the White Rami Communicantes
Preganglionic
Axon
 Postganglionic Neuron
Length of Shorter Longer
Postganglionic o Paravertebral Ganglia
Axon o Prevertebral Ganglia
Neurotransmitter Ach Ach o Gray Ramus Communicantes
of Preganglionic
Neurotransmitter Ach Norepinephrine The preganglionic neuron will either synapse to the
of (with exception of paravertebral ganglia and prevertebral ganglia and will
Postganglionic the sweat glands, form the Gray Rami communicantes
blood vessels of
skin and muscle

The role of the adrenal gland acting as a specialize

form of postganglionic organ – also this one is
cholinergic

SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

“Fight, Flight, Fright” Reaction

Explanation of the image:

 The Pre-ganglionic will pass Anterior/Ventral root
of the SC and as it forms the spinal nerve, the

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 fibers will use the White Rami Communicantes in
order to synapse with the postganglion.
 So if you destroy the White Rami Communicantes,
the axons of the Pre-ganglionic will be destroyed
too and if you destroy the Gray Rami
Communicantes, you will destroy the Post-
ganglionic axons.
 But if you destroy the Spinal Nerve, you will
destroy BOTH the axons of the Pre & Post-
ganglionic neuron.
Remember:
Preganglionic – White
Postganglionic - Gray
Sympathetic chain – found at the sides of the vertebral
bodies.
 Notice that there are two structures that
will connect the sympathetic chain to the
peripheral nerve. These are called Spinal
Nerve:
 That’s the posterior nerve root and
anterior nerve root.
 The posterior nerve root has a
swelling known as DRG.
 The two (Posterior & Anterior
Nerve Root) will combine to form
the peripheral nerve.
 Now at T1 to L2, notice that there are
structures that will connect the
sympathetic chain with that of the
peripheral nerve. These are called Rami
Communicantes
 One is gray rami other is white
rami.
Lateral Horn
 This is where the preganglionic neuron will
originate.
 It will exit via the anterior horn via the Anterior
Nerve Root.
o As it reaches the spinal nerve, it needs to
synapse to the sympathetic ganglion.
o Fibers of the preganglionic will form the
white rami communicantes in order to
synapse with the sympathetic ganglion.
 Sympathetic ganglion which will
now be the source of postganglionic
neuron and will now from the gray
rami communicantes and will go
back to the peripheral nerve
Remember:
Lateral Horn > Preganglionic > White
Sympathetic Ganglion > Postganglionic > Gray
Fate of the Preganglionic Neuron (MUST KNOW MUST
KNOW!!!)
1. Synapse with adjacent Paravertebral Ganglion
2. Synapse with Prevertebral Ganglion
3. Ascend in Sympathetic Chain and synapse with
a higher Paravertebral Ganglion
4. Descend in Sympathetic Chain and synapse with
a lower Paravertebral Ganglion
What’s the difference with paravertebral and
vertebral?
 Paravertebral – at the side of the vertebra.
If we’re going to connect this, we now call
this the sympathetic chain of ganglions or
sympathetic ganglion chain
 Prevertebral – group of ganglions that are
not part of the sympathetic chain.
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 Preganglionic Axon forming a synapse with
paravertebral ganglion utilizes the White Rami
Communicantes
o in order to reach the paravertebral
ganglion, they must form the white rami
communicantes
 Paravertebral Ganglion forms the following (re-
enters the spinal nerve via Gray Rami
Communicantes – before it can form the structures
below, it needs to form the gray rami
communicantes):
o Sympathetic nerve to the eye and salivary
glands
o Sympathetic Nerves (Cardiac and
Pulmonary Plexus)
o Greater Splanchnic Nerve
o Lesser Splanchnic Nerve
o Lumbar Splanchnic Nerve
o Sacral Splanchnic Nerve

Distribution of Sympathetic Nerves

They synapse with an excitor neuron in the ganglion
which is bridged by Acetylcholine (ACh)  The
postganglionic nonmyelinated axons leave the
ganglion and pass to the thoracic spinal nerves as
gray rami communicantes  They travel cephalad “kala ko ba walang sympathetic nerves sa cranial
in the sympathetic trunk to synapse in the cervical nerves? Bakit may sympathetic nerve to the eye and
region  The postganglionic nerve fibers pass via
salivary glands? It will not be carried by the
gray rami communicantes to join the cervical spinal
sympathetic nerves, it will pass the wall of blood
nerves  They may pass through the ganglia of the
sympathetic trunk without synapsing and leave the vessels in order to reach the eye.”
sympathetic trunk as Greater Splanchnic, Lesser  Therefore, Sympathetic Nerves to the eye and
Splanchnic, and Least Splanchnic nerve. salivary glands are not found in the cranial
nerves because they are incorporated in the
The Greater Splanchnic Nerve is formed from
wall of the blood vessels of that areas.
branches from the 5th to the 9th thoracic ganglia. It
pierces the crus of the diaphragm to synapse with
excitor cells in the ganglia of the celiac plexus,  Prevertebral Ganglion
renal plexus and the renal medulla. o Aka Pre-aortic/Collateral Ganglia
o Not part of the sympathetic chain
The Lesser Splanchnic Nerve is formed from
o Postganglionic cell supplying the abdomen
branches of the 10th and 11th thoracic ganglia. It
descends with the greater splanchnic ganglion and and viscera
pierces the diaphragm to join excitor cells in o Components: (MUST KNOW MUST MUST)
ganglia in the lower part of the celiac plexus.  Celiac Ganglia
 Will form Greater
The Least Splanchnic Nerve arises from the 12th
thoracic ganglion, pierces the diaphragm and Splanchnic Nerves
synapses with excitor neurons in the ganglia of the  Superior Mesenteric Ganglia
renal plexus  Will form Lesser Splanchnic
Nerves
 Inferior Mesenteric Ganglia
 Will form Lumbar
Splanchnic Nerves
 Adrenal Gland:
o Will act as Special Sympathetic
Postganglion tissue
o Innervated by Preganglionic of T5-T11
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 o Instead of nerves, it will release NE/E to
the bloodstream
PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
“Rest and Digest”. Governs peristalsis, defecation, any
action that will cause conservation and restoration of
energy
Preganglionic Neuron:
Nuclei of Cranial Nerves (MUST KNOW)
 CN III – Edinger Westphal
o It will synapse with the Ciliary Ganglion
 Remember the Edinger Westphal -
before it will reach the ciliary
muscle it needs a second order
neuron which is the Ciliary
Ganglion,
 It is the one that will
connect/synapse to the effector
muscle.
 Controls pupillary constriction and
lens accommodation.
 CN VII – Superior Salivary Nucleus
o Synapse with Pterygopalatine Ganglion
 It will form Vidian Nerve in order to
supply the lacrimal gland
o Synapse with Submandibular Ganglion
 Will give rise to Chorda Tympani
 Supplies the submandibular
and sublingual gland
 CN IX – Inferior Salivary Nucleus
o Synapse with Otic Ganglion
 Will supply the Parotid Gland
 CN X – Dorsal Motor Nucleus
o Everything that is seen here are all
preganglionic.
 Postganglionic are not seen
because it is closely adjacent to
the target tissue
 Example: myenteric plexus
o Longest cranial nerve extracranially
o Responsible for the formation of Plexuses:
 Cardiac and Pulmonary Plexus –
supplies the heart and lungs
 Celiac Plexus
 Inferior mesenteric Plexus
 Hypogastric Plexus
The preganglionic neuron will not only come from the
Cranial Nerve Nuclei because it also receives
contributions from sacral segments (S2, S3, & S4).
 Now from the sacral cord, these is S3 to s4
contribution – will form the pelvic nerves that
will supply the reproductive tissue including
the urinary bladder.
 The nerve fibers coming from the cranial
segments will form the pelvic splanchnic nerves
that is why the other name for Parasympathetic
Nervous System is Cranio-Sacral Outflow
Postganglionic Neuron
 Termed as Terminal ganglion
o these neurons in the tissues are hardly
seen because they are immediately
adjacent to the target organ
 Short in length
Cranial Nerve Pregang Neuron Postgang Neuron
CN III Edinger Ciliary Ganglion
Oculomotor Westphal
CN VII Facial Superior Pterygopalatine
Salivary Nucleus Ganglion
Submandibular
Ganglion
CN IX Inferior Salivary Otic Nucleus
Glossopharyngeal Nucleus
CN X Vagus Dorsal Motor -
Nucleus
Distribution of Parasympathetic Nervous System
The connector nerve cells of the parasympathetic
nervous system are located in the brainstem form
nuclei in CN III (Edinger-Westphal Nucleus), VII
(Superior Salivary Nucleus and Lacrimatory
Nucleus), IX (Inferior Salivary Nucleus), X (Dorsal
Nucleus of the Vagus). The axons of these connector
nerve cells emerge from the brain within the cranial
nerves
The cranial parasympathetic ganglia are the Ciliary,
Pterygopalatine, Submandibular, and Otic. In
certain locations, the ganglion cells are placed in
nerve plexuses such as Cardiac Plexus, Pulmonary
Plexus, Myenteric Plexus of Auerbach and
Meissner’s plexus.
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 o Occurs primarily during emotional stress
 Brainstem Control
o GI
o Arterial Pressure and heart rate
Control of ANS by Higher Centers o Respiration
 Hypothalamic Control
END OF TRANSCRIPTION
o Posterior and Lateral Portion of
References:
Hypothalamus
 Doc JC’s Recordings
 Control the Sympathetic Division
 Pre-lecture handouts
o Pre-optic and Anterior Portion of
 Snell’s Clinical Neuroanatomy
Hypothalamus
 Past Autonomics Transes (Barney & Friends,
 Control Parasympathetic Division
Crammer’s Unite)
 Cortical Control

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No need to memorize this table. Just familiarize.

Page 10 of 12
Past E!
57. Similarity between sympathetic and
parasympathetic nervous system:
a. Both preganglionic axons are encased by a myelin
sheath
b. Its preganglionic neurons are located outside the
CNS – Sympathetic: Within the CNS; Parasympathetic:
Outside the CNS
c. Both postganglionic neurons are cholinergic –
Sympathetic Postganglionic Neurons: Norepinephrine
with exception of the sweat glands, blood vessels of
skin and muscle). Parasympathetic Postganglionic
Neurons: Acetylcholine
d. Both preganglionic axons are long – Shorter in
Sympathetic; Longer in Parasympathetic
58. True of preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic
nervous system:
a. It is adrenergic, axon is long and encased with
myelin sheath, cell body embedded in the CNS
b. It is cholinergic, axon is short and encased with
myelin sheath, cell body is found outside the CNS
c. It is cholinergic, axon is long and encased with
myelin and cell body embedded in the CNS
d. It is adrenergic, axon is short and has no myelin
sheath, cell body forms ganglia
59. Similarity between preganglionic neuron of
parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
a. Both neurons form ganglia
b. Both are cholinergic
c. No myelin sheath – Preganglionic: myelinated;
Postganglionic: UNmyelinated
d. Both axons are short – Parasympathetic: Longer;
Sympathetic: Shorter
60. True of postganglionic neuron of sympathetic
nervous system
a. Cholinergic for blood vessels of skeletal muscles
b. Adrenergic for sweat glands – Cholinergic for sweat
glands, blood vessels of skeletal muscles and skin
c. Cholinergic for cardiac muscles – Norepinephrine for
cardiac muscles
d. Adrenergic for skin blood vessels - Cholinergic for
sweat glands, blood vessels of skeletal muscles and
skin
61. True of white rami communicantes;
a. It contains axons of preganglionic neuron of
sympathetic nervous system
b. It contains axons of postganglionic neuron of
parasympathetic nervous system
c. It contains axons of preganglionic neuron of
parasympathetic nervous system
d. It contains axons of postganglionic neuron of
sympathetic nervous system
- White and Gray rami communicantes convey
autonomic signals for the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM
62. True of gray rami communicantes:
a. It contains axons of preganglionic neuron of
sympathetic nervous system
b. It contains axons of postganglionic neuron of
parasympathetic nervous system
c. It contains axons of preganglionic neuron of
parasympathetic nervous system
d. It contains axons of postganglionic neuron of
sympathetic nervous system
- White and Gray rami communicantes convey
autonomic signals for the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS
SYSTEM
63. True of prevertebral ganglion:
a. Contains cell bodies of postganglionic neuron of
parasympathetic nervous system - Sympathetic
b. Supply the viscera in the abdominal cavity
c. Neurons in paravertebral synapses with prevertebral
ganglia – Refer to page 7 of the transcription
d. It is part of the sympathetic ganglia – Not part of the
Sympathetic chain
64. Sympathetic nerve to the eye and salivary glands is
carried by what cranial nerve?
a. CN VII and IX
b. CN IX
c. CN VII, IX, X
d. None of the above - “kala ko ba walang sympathetic
nerves sa cranial nerves? Bakit may sympathetic nerve
to the eye and salivary glands? It will not be carried by
the sympathetic nerves, it will pass the wall of blood
vessels in order to reach the eye.” –Doc JC
65. Preganglionic neuron of the heart is called:
A. Otic Ganglion – Postganglionic neuron of the Parotid
Gland
b. Celiac Plexus
c. Dorsal Motor – Responsible for the formation of
Plexuses:
Cardiac and Pulmonary Plexus –
supplies the heart and lungs
Celiac Plexus
d. Ciliary Ganglion – Ciliary muscle
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66. Pterygopalatine Ganglion is

a. Preganglionic neuron of parotid gland – Inferior

Salivary Nucleus
b. Postganglionic neuron to salivary gland
c. Postganglionic neuron of inferior salivary nucleus –
Otic Ganglion
d. Postganglionic neuron of lacrimal gland

67. Postganglionic neuron of parotid gland

a. Inferior salivary nucleus – Synapses with the Otic

ganglion to supply the Parotid gland (Meaning it is the
preganglionic neuron of the Parotid Gland)
b. Otic ganglia
c. Superior salivary nucleus - Synapses with
Pterygopalatine Ganglion (It will form Vidian Nerve in
order to supply the lacrimal gland) and with
Submandibular Ganglion (will give rise to Chorda
Tympani to supply the submandibular and sublingual
gland). Preganglionic neuron of the lacrimal and
sublingual gland.
d. Pterygopalatine ganglion – (Forms the Vidian Nerve
to supply the lacrimal gland)

68. Parasympathetic preganglionic neuron to urinary

bladder:

a. Dorsal motor – Responsible for the formation of

Plexuses:

–
supplies the heart and lungs

b. S2, S3, S4
c. Otic Ganglion – Supplies the Parotid Gland
d. Celiac Ganglion

69. True of adrenal gland:

a. Special sympathetic preganglion - POSTganglion

b. Innervated by T5-T11 preganglionic neuron
c. Releases Acetylcholine in the bloodstream – Releases
Norerpinephrine/Epinephrine
d. All of the above

70. Superior Mesenteric Ganglia

a. Paravertebral Ganglia – Prevertebral ganglion

b. Arises from Lesser Splanchnic nerve
c. Parasympathetic function - Sympathetic
d. Sympathetic ganglia – Not part of the sympathetic
chain

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