The eye is made up of THREE layers

 Vision is made possible by the stimulation of the

1. Fibrous layer - sclerae and cornea photoreceptor cells in the retina

2. Choroidal Layer/ Uvea- choroid and iris and ciliary  Receptor cells are the RODS and CONES
bodies
PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS
3. Nervous coat-retina
A. Rods
SCLERAE
 Located peripherally
 maintains eye shape  Sensitive to dim light
 Works for DIM vision
 It is the "white of the eye"  Black, white and gray vision
 Peripheral vision
 Located in the posterior portion of the eye
B. Cones
 Connects to the cornea
 Located in fovea Centralis
CHOROID  For color vision
 Red, green, blue receptors
 Is packed with blood vessels and pigmented to  For fine discrimination
absorb light
THE OPTIC NERVES
 Prevents blurring of image
Cranial Nerve II
 Forms the iris and lens in front
 Nerve fibers from median half of each retina
 Schlemm's Canal circles where cornea and iris cross at the OPTIC CHIASM and travel to
meet opposite sides of the brain

 Iris-gives the eye fits color  Nerve fibers from the lateral halves of the retina
remain uncrossed
 Ciliary body made of smooth muscles; contracts
to reduce tension of suspensory ligament on lens  When damaged, loss of vision becomes
permanent
 Lens - converges light onto retina
THE OPTIC NERVES
RETINA
 This is the collection of fibers from the cells in
 The inner posterior layer of the eye the retina

 Photosensitive  passes through the brainstem

Contains 4 layers: cells  will reach the occipital lobe for visual
interpretation
o Pigmented epithelial
THE CHAMBERS
o Photoreceptor cells
1. Anterior
o Bipolar neuron
- the locus of intraocular pressure (IOP)
o Ganglion neuron
- filled with aqueous humor that circulates
THE EYE AND THE VISUAL PATHWAY through suspensory ligament, the pupil and the
 cornea and exits through the CANAL of Visual cortex at the posterior (back) of the brain.
SCHLEMM
DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS FOR THE EYE
- Enhances light refraction
DIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPY
- Cleans and nourishes eye structures
 A hand held instrument (ophthalmoscope) with
- Determines IOP (10-21 mmHg) various plus and minus lenses is used to examine
the eye. The lenses can be rotated to bring the
2. Posterior Chamber cornea, lens and retina into focus.

- located in front of the lens and the ciliary body  During the exam, the room should be dark and
the patient's eye must be level with the
- The VITREOUS BODY examiner.

- filled with vitreous humor (gelatinous and clear)  Allow patient to have a target to gaze and keep
that holds the retina in place. his eyes steady and open.

ACCESSORY STRUCTURES

- Socket
- Eyelid
- Eyelashes
- Eyebrows
- Conjunctiva
- Lacrimal glands and ducts
- Oculomotor muscles

FUNCTIONS OF THE EYE

 Light reception

 Accommodation

 Binocular Vision

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Light waves
/
Cornea (light waves are bent or converged)
/
pupil in the iris
/
crystalline lens
/
Nodal point (N) located immediately behind the back
surface of the lens.
(The image becomes reversed and inverted)
/
vitreous humor
/
retina (macula)
/
optic nerve
/