INDIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPY
multiple images are captured using digital video
 Is used to see larger areas of the retina but in an
unmagnified state.
 The ophthalmoscope produces bright and
intense light. The light source is affixed with a
pair of binocular lenses mounted on the
examiner's head.
 The ophthalmoscope is used with a hand - held,
20 diopter lenses.
BIOMICROSCOPY/ SLIT LAMP
 The binocular microscope is mounted on a table
which enables the user to examine the eye with
magnification of 10 to 40 times the real image.
 The illumination can be varied from a broad to a
narrow beam of light for different parts of the
eye.
COLOR VISION TEST
 The ability to differentiate colors has a dramatic
on the activities of daily living.
 NOTE: the photoreceptor cells responsible for
color vision are the cones and the greatest ea of
color sensitivity is in the macula, the area of
densest cone concentration.
AMSLER GRID
 The test is used for patients with macular
problems like macular degeneration.
 Each eye is tested separately. The patient is
asked to stare at the central fixation spot on the
grid and to report any distortion in the squares of
the grid.
EYE ULTRA SONOGRAPHY
 Very useful especially when the view of the
retina of the eye is obstructed by opaque media
such as cataract or hemorrhage.
 3-dimensional images can be created and the
entire ultrasound examination can be recorded
for later use.
OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY
 Light is used to evaluate retinal and macular
diseases as well as anterior segment conditions.
 This is a non-invasive study and does not
involve physical contact.
FLOURESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY
The test evaluates:
 clinically significant macular edema
 documents macular capillary non perfusion
 identifies retinal and choroidal
neovascularization in age - related macular
degeneration.
INDOCYANINE GREEN ANGIOGRAPHY
 Used to evaluate abnormalities in choroidal
vasculature a condition often seen in macular
degeneration.
 Indocyanine green dye is used to inject IV and
angiography.
TONOMETRY
 ls used to measure IOP by determining the
amount of force or pressure necessary to indent
or flatten a small anterior area of the globe of the
eye.
VISUAL ACUITY TESTS
makes use of the Snellen's Chart that comes in many
types
• Normal: 20/20
> meaning at 20 feet, client can read the letters without
difficulty
> if client's acuity is 20/50, it means that he reads the
letters at 20 feet that a person with normal visual acuity
can read at 50 feet.
ABBREVIATIONS:
OD-right eye
OS-left eye
OU-both eyes
The eyes are tested separately for visual acuity
Ex: OD 20/20, OS 20/50
INTERPRETATIONS:
 If patient can read 3 out of 5 letters on the 20/15
line, then the result is: 20/15-2
 If patient cannot read the largest letter on the
chart, move the chart to him or move him to the
chart.
 If he reads only the largest letter (E) at 10 feet
distance, then the result is: 10/200
"COUNT FINGER" METHOD
 The examiner uses fingers to check client's
visual acuity.
 Is used when client cannot identify even the
largest letter in the Snellen's Chart. Ex: The
result is CF/3' if he identifies the number of
fingers at 3 feet.
 Hand Motion Technique last resort if "CF"
method is still difficult. Raise hand up, down or
left, right.
NOTE:
 A patient who can perceive only light is
described as having light perception (LP)
 The vision of a person who cannot perceive light
is known as (NLP) (No Light Perception)
FIND THE JOB DESCRIPTION OF THE
FOLLOWING:
  Ophthalmologist  Astigmatism - distorted visual image

 Optometrician
LOW VISION AND BLINDNESS
 Optician
 Low vision - visual impairment that requires
 Oculist assistive devices and strategies to aid vision

INSTILLING EYE MEDICATIONS  BCVA- Best Corrected Visual Acuity; measures

 Have patient tilt his head back and toward his
affected eye so that excess medication can flow
away from the tear duct.
INSTILLING EYE MEDICATIONS
visual acuity versus distance
 20/20 - normal visual acuity
LOW VISION
Means that the BCVA is between 20/70

 Have patient tilt his head back and toward his - 20/200
affected eye so that excess medication can flow
away from the tear duct. BLINDNESS
Defined as BCVA of 20/400 to No light Perception
 The drug should be applied to the conjunctival (NLP)
sac. Never instill eye drop directly to the
eyeball. BLINDNESS:

EYE DISORDERS  ABSOLUTE BLINDNESS

STRABISMUS  Absence of Light Perception

 Muscles that control eye movement are weak LEGAL BLINDNESS

 One eye deviate from the other when focused on  BCVA does not exceed 20/200 in the better eye
an object. or whose visual field diameter is 20 degrees or
less
Common symptom: DPLOPIA
MANAGEMENT:
 Exotropia - outward
 Corrective eye glasses and other optic devices
 Entropia/ esotropia - inward
 Visuals aids
 Hypertropia -upward
 Simplify environment
 Hypotropia - downward
 Use of guide
 Amblyopia - reduced visual acuity

MANAGEMENT:
 (dogs) and other techniques (stick)
 Corrective eye glasses
 Surgery (as needed)
 Eye exercises

 Surgery to correct the squint

NYSTAGMUS

Involuntary, rhythmic movement of the eyes in a back

and forth or cyclical movement.

Causes:

 Ear problems lesions in labyrinth, damaged

vestibular nerve

 Brain problems - damaged cerebellum or brain

stem

REFRACTIVE ERRORS

 Myopia - near sightedness

 Hyperopia -far sightedness