conjunctiva Sclera

-Membrane that lines the eyelids -located in fibrous layer

-Connects to the outer surface of the eye -White connective tissue layer

-secretes mucus to lubricate the eye and keep it -Seen anteriorly as the "white of the eye"
moist

Structure of the eyeball

lacrimal apparatus
Fibrous layer- Outside layer Vascular layer-
includes lacrimal gland+ducts Middle layer

-Protects, moistens, and lubricates the eye Sensory layer- Inside layer

-Empties into the nasal cavity(why you have a

stuffy nose when you cry)
Sensory layer (inside layer forming wall of
eyeball)

lacrimal glands -Signals pass from photoreceptors via a two-

neuron chain
produces lacrimal fluid from eyes medially
-Signals leave the retina toward the brain

extrinsic eye muscles

through the optic nerve
-six muscles attach to the outer surface of
-division of it is theOptic disc (blind spot) is
where the optic nerve leaves the eyeball Cannot
the eye see images focused on the optic disc

-Produce eye movements -No photoreceptor cells are at the optic disc, or
blind spot

eyelids
Cornea
Meet at the midpoint of the eye
-located in the fibrous layer

-Transparent, central anterior portion

eyelashes
-Allows for light to pass through
-Tarsal glands produce an oily secretion that
lubricates the eye -Repairs itself easily

-Ciliary glands are located between the

eyelashes
Choroid Rods

-rich nutritive layer(within the vascular layer) in
the posterior of the eye
-Pigment prevents light from scattering
-neuron if the retina and vision
-Most are found towards the edges of the retina
-Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision

-All perception is in gray tones

Ciliary body

-smooth muscle attached to lens located in the

Cones
vascular layer
-Allow for detailed color vision

-Densest in the center of the retina

Iris
-Different cones are sensitive to different
-located in the vascular layer
wavelengths
-regulates the amount of light enters the eye
-Color blindness is the result of the lack of one
-gives eye color based on pigment of the eye cone type

pupil Fovea centralis

-rounded opening in the iris lateral to blind spot

-Area of the retina with only cones

Retina -Visual acuity (sharpest vision) is here

-Located in the sensory layer

-has multiple layers Aqueous humor

-Outer pigmented layer located in the aqueous (anterior) segment

-Inner neural layer -Watery fluid found between lens and cornea

-Contains photoreceptors -Similar to blood plasma

(Rods, Cones) -Helps maintain intraocular pressure

-Image formed on the retina is a real image -Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea
(real images are upside down,reversed from left
to right, or smaller than the object)
Vitreous humor
-Light must be focused to a point on the retina
for optimal vision -Gel-like substance posterior to the lens

-Prevents the eye from collapsing

-Helps maintain intraocular pressure Taste buds

-taste buds are found on the sides of papillae on

the tongue
Accommodation
-Most are on the tongue
the lens of the eye must change shape to focus
on closer objects (less than 20 feet away -Soft palate

-Cheeks

Glaucoma -house the receptor organs

can cause blindness due to increasing pressure

within the eye
chemoreceptors

Both taste and smell use these

photoreceptors
-Stimulated by chemicals in solution
they convert light into signals (rods and cones)
-Taste has four types of receptors

-Smell can differentiate a large range of

myopia chemicals

nearsighted- far objects are blurry

-Light from those objects fails to reach the external (outer ear)
retina and are focused in front of it
involved in hearing only
-Results from an eyeball that is too long

Auricle (pinna)
hyperopia
the shell shaped structure of the outer ears that
farsighted- near objects are blurry and distant surrounds the auditory canal opening
objects clear

- Near objects are blurry while distant objects

External acoustic meatus (auditory canal)
are clear
-Narrow chamber in the temporal bone •Lined
- Distant objects are focused behind the retina
with skin and ceruminous (wax)
- Results from an eyeball that is too short or
glands
from a "lazy lens"
-Ends at the tympanic membrane

Gustatory cells
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
receptors of the taste buds
-covers the opening of the auditory canal
middle ear(Tympanic Cavity) dynamic equilibrium

-Air-filled cavity with the temporal bone -These receptors respond to angular or rotary
movements
-Only involved in the sense of hearing
-dynamic equilibrium receptors are located in
the semicircular canals
Bony Labyrinth
-Action of angular head movements
(inner ear)

-Includes sense organs for hearing and balance

vestibular nerve
-Filled with perilymph
involved in angular head movements of the
-Contains a maze of bony chambers within the dynamic equilibrium

temporal bone -sends impulses through the cranial nerve

Cochlea Organ of Corti

subdivision of the inner ear Located within the Cochlea and contains the
hearing receptors
receives sound in the form of vibrations, and
converts these vibrations into nerve impulses
perilymph

Vestibule plasmalike fluid in the bony labyrinth

situated between the semicircular canals and

the cochlea
endolymph

located inside a membraneous labyrinth of sacs

Semicircular canals inside the perilymph

part of the inner ear lined with cilia

(microscopic hairs) and filled with a liquid
cochlear nerve
substance, known as endolymph
a division of cranial nerve that the hair cells
transmit impulses through to the temporal lobe
static equilibrium

contains receptors called maculae that report

hair cells
changes in position of the head in space with
the respect to the pull of gravity when the head hearing receptors
is not moving. (static = at rest) help us keep our
head upright
Olfactory receptors ossicles

-in the roof of the nasal cavity transmit the vibratory motion of the eardrum to
the fluids of the inner ear and is made up of the
-Neurons with equipped with long Cilla
hammer anvil and stirrup
-Chemicals must be dissolved in mucus for
detection
hammer (mallus)
-impulses are transmitted via the olfactory
nerve when the eardrum moves the this moves with it
and transfers the vibration to the anvil
-Interpretation of smells is made in the cortex

anvil (incus)
olfactory hairs
the anvil then passes the vibration to the stirrup
long cilia that protrude from the nasal
epithelium and are contin-uously bathed by a
layer of mucus secreted by un-derlying glands.
stirrup (stapes)
aka nose hairs
the stirrup then presses on the oval window of
the inner ear which sets fluids in motion and
and excites the hearing receptors
olfactory nerve

bundled axons of olfactory neurons that are

used to transmit impulses to the olfactory mechanoreceptors
cortex of the brain
receptors sensitive to mechanical pressures
such as touch, sound, or contractions

tectorial membrane

stimulate thereceptor cells, positioned on the optic nerve

basilar membrane in the spiral organ of Corti,
Purely sensory; carries impulses for vision.
by bending the "hairs" through the movement
of the gel-like tectorial membrane that lies over Fibers arise from the retina of the eye and form
them the optic nerve.
otolith

tiny stones made of calcium salts that roll in pigmented layer

response to gravity when the head moves

the outer layer of the retina composed of

pigmented cells that absorb light and prevent it
from scattering inside the eye