1.

01 Special Senses
Anaphy
The Senses -Dilute salt solution (tears)
- Sense is the ability to perceive stimuli.
-Contains antibodies and lysozyme
1. General Senses Protects, moistens, and lubricates the eye.
- Receptors distributed over a large part of the body.
a. Somatic Senses Extrinsic Eye Muscles
b. Visceral Senses
- Muscles attach to the outer surface of the eye.
2. Special Senses
More specialized in structure and are localized to specific parts of  Superior rectus-eyes looks up
the body.  Lateral rectus-eyes look outward
General Senses Special Senses  Medial rectus-eyes look inward
 Inferior rectus-eyes looks down
Include somatic sensations Include smell, taste, vision,  Superior oblique-eyes look out and down
(tactile, thermal, pain, and hearing and equilibrium.
proprioceptive) and visceral  Inferior oblique-eyes look in and up
sensations.
Anatomy Of The Eye
Scattered throughout the Concentrated in specific
body. locations in the head.
Simple structures. Anatomically distinct - The wall of the eyeball is composed of three tissue layers or
structures. tunics.
Complex neural pathway. 1. Fibrous Tunic –outside layer
2. Vascular Tunic –middle layer
THE EYE
- The eye is the organ of vision. 3. Nervous Tunic –inner layer

Vision -the act of seeing. Fibrous Tunic

The eyes are responsible for the detection of visible light. 1. Sclera
-White connective tissue layer
Protection for the eye - Seen anteriorly as the “white of the eye”
Most of the eye is enclosed in a bony orbit 2. Cornea
A cushion of fat surrounds most of the eye
- Transparent, central anterior portion that covers the colored
Accessory Structures of the Eye iris.
- Allows for light to pass through
Eyelids or palpebrae
Eyelashes and eyebrows Vascular Tunic Or Uvea
Meibomian Glands –a special kind of sebaceous gland at the rim - the middle layer of the eyeball. It is composed of three
parts: choroid, ciliary body, and iris
of the eyelids inside the tarsal plate, responsible for the supply
of meibum. 1. Choroid
Ciliary Glands –modified sweat glands between the eyelashes. - Highly vascularized
Conjunctiva - Membrane that lines the eyelids ; Secretes mucus - Blood-rich nutritive tunic (blood vessels provide nutrients to
to lubricate the eye the posterior surface of the retina).
2. CilliaryBody
Lacrimal Apparatus
- Contains smooth muscle called ciliary muscles which alters the
–a group of structures that produces and drains lacrimal fluid or
tears. shape of the lens adapting it for near or far vision.
3. Iris
Lacrimal gland –produces lacrimal fluid or tears - the colored portion of the eyeball, is shaped like a flattened
Lacrimal canals –drains lacrimal fluid from the eyes. donut.
Lacrimal sac –provides passage of lacrimal fluid towards nasal - regulate the amount of light entering the eyeball through the
cavity. pupil
Nasolacrimal duct –empties lacrimal fluid into the nasal cavity. Pupil –rounded opening in the iris, the hole in the center of the
iris.
Function of the Lacrimal Apparatus
Properties of lacrimal fluid
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Nervous Tunic  Refracts light greatly

1. Outer Pigmented Retina Internal Eye Chamber Fluids

- Keeps light from reflecting back into the eye.
2. Inner Sensory Retina
- Contains photoreceptor cells that respond to light.
- Photoreceptors are specialized cells that begin the process by
which light rays are ultimately converted to nerve impulses
-Rods
- Cones
- The retina contain specialized nerve receptors sensitive to light
intensity (rods) and wavelengths or colors of light (cones).
Signals pass from photoreceptors via a two-neuron chain
Bipolar neurons –outer synaptic layer
Ganglion cells –the inner synaptic layer
Signals leave the retina toward the brain through the optic
nerve.
Aqueous Humor
- Watery fluid found in chamber between the lens and
cornea.
- Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea.
- Drains into scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm) and
then into the blood.
Vitreous humor
- a transparent jellylike substance that holds the retina
flush against the choroid, giving the retina an even
surface for the reception of clear images.
THE EAR
Houses Two Senses
1. Hearing - the ability to perceive sounds.
- interpreted in the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe

The optic nerve then carries the message to the brain where it is 2. Equilibrium (balance)
interpreted as sight in the visual center of the occipital lobes. - helps you maintain your balance and be aware of your
Optic Nerve –carries impulse from the retina to the occipital orientation in space.
lobe of the brain -interpreted in the cerebellum

Neurons of the Retina and Vision Receptors are mechanoreceptors

1. RODS -a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or
- allow us to see in dim light, such as moonlight and peripheral distortion.
vision - Different organs house receptors for each sense
- Perception is only black, white, and all shades of gray in
between. Anatomy of the Ear
The ear is divided into three areas
2. CONES 1.Outer ear -external
Allow for detailed color vision 2.Middle ear
Fovea centralis –area of the retina with only cones. 3.Inner ear – internal
The area of highest visual acuity or resolution (sharpness of
vision). 1. Outer or External Ear
site of cones - Involved in hearing only
Extrafovial region –area of rods ; Also where peripheral vision Structures of the external ear
occurs  Pinna (auricle)
Types Of Cones In The Retina: - collects sound.
(1)Blue Cones -sensitive to blue light - is a flap of elastic cartilage shaped like the flared end of
(2)Green Cones -sensitive to green light a trumpet and covered by skin.
(3)Red Cones -sensitive to red light.
 External auditory canal
The optic disc is also called the blind spot. - channels sound inward
- a curved tube about 2.5 cm (1 in.) long that lies in the
Lens temporal bone and leads to the eardrum.
 Biconvex crystal-like structure
- -contains a few hairs and specialized sweat glands
 Helps focus images on the retina to facilitate clear
called ceruminous glands that secrete earwax or
vision.
cerumen.
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 Receptors = about 16,000 hair cells on the basilar

 Eardrum or Tympanic Membrane membrane which are the receptors for hearing.
- -a thin, semitransparent partition between the external  Gel-like tectorial membrane is capable of bending hair
auditory canal and middle ear. cells.
 Cochlear nerve attached to hair cells transmits nerve
2. Middle Ear or Tympanic Cavity impulses to auditory cortex on temporal lobe.
- a small, air-filled cavity in the petrous portion of the
temporal bone that is lined by epithelium. TASTE AND SMELL
- only involved in the sense of hearing Chemical senses
- three smallest bones: Both senses use chemoreceptors
-Stimulated by chemicals in solution
1. malleus (hammer) –the inner -Taste has four types of receptors
2. incus (anvil) –the middle bone -Smell can differentiate a large range of chemicals
3. stapes (stirrup) –the base or footplate
OLFACTION- The sense of smell
The Auditory Ossicles - Olfactory receptors are in the roof of the nasal cavity.
- contains an opening that leads directly into the - Impulses are transmitted via the olfactory nerve.
auditory (pharyngotympanic) tube commonly known as - Interpretation of smells is made in the cortex.
the eustachian tube.
- allows for equalizing pressure during yawning or THE SENSE OF TASTE
swallowing. Taste buds house the receptor organs
Location of taste buds
3. Inner Or Internal Ear -Most are on the tongue
- known as osseous labyrinth -twisted bony -Soft palate
tubes.because of its complicated series of canals -Cheeks
- Includes sense organs for hearing and balance
Two Main Divisions: The Tongue and Taste
Bony Labyrinth - Taste buds are found in elevations on the tongue called
•a series of cavities in the petrous portion of the temporal bone. papillae which increase the surface area and provide a
•divided into three areas: rough texture to the upper surface of the tongue.
(1) the semicircular canals  FiliformPapillae –sharp with no taste buds
(2) the vestibule  FungifiormPapillae –rounded with taste buds
(3) the cochlea  Circumvallate or Circular Papillae –large papillae with
taste buds
Membranous Labyrinth - The tongue is covered with projections called papillae
•Inner area - Taste buds are found on the sides of papillae
•house the receptors for hearing and equilibrium.
Anatomy of Taste Buds- Taste Sensations
1.The vestibuleis the oval central portion of the bony labyrinth. Sweet receptors- Sugars
2.The semicircular canals are 3 bony canals projecting superiorly Saccharine -excessively sweet or sentimental.
and posteriorly from the vestibule. Some amino acids
- At one end of each canal is a swollen enlargement called the Sour receptors - Acids
ampulla. Bitter receptors - Alkaloids
3.The cochlea is a bony spiral canal that resembles a snail’s shell Salty receptors- Metal ions
and makes almost three turns around a central bony core called
the modiolus.

Organs of Hearing
 Organ of Corti or Spiral Organ- Located within the
cochlea

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