Pulmonary function test

Lung volumes:
(A) Static lung volumes: These are
measured based purely on volume,
during relaxed breathing
 TLC, FRC, RV, and VC

(B) Dynamic lung volumes:These are

measured as time-based volume
during forced inspiration and
expiration
• Dyanamic lung volumes

1.Timed vital capacity or forced vital capacity (FVC

2.Forced expiratory flow (FEF25%-75%)
3.Minute ventilation (MV)
4.Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV)
5.Breathing reserve (MVV-MV)
6.Dyspneic index (DI). Normally it is 90%
DI = BR X 100
MVV
Less than 60%: Dyspnea
FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume in first second) is
calculated as the percentage volume of FVC which is
expired in the first second of forceful expiration.
Normally, FEV1 is 80% of FVC with FVC taken as
100%
FEV2 is 95% of FVC
FVC
• Forced vital capacity (FVC):
– Total volume of air that
can be exhaled forcefully
from TLC
– The majority of FVC can
be exhaled in <3 seconds
in normal people, but
often is much more
prolonged in obstructive
diseases
– Measured in liters (L)
FEV1
• Forced expiratory volume in 1
second: (FEV1)

– Volume of air forcefully

expired from full inflation
(TLC) in the first second

– Expressed as % of FVC
FEF25%-75%
• Forced expiratory flow 25-75%
(FEF25-75)
– Mean forced expiratory flow
during middle half of FVC
– Measured in L/sec

– May reflect effort independent

expiration and the status of the
small airways
– Highly variable
– Depends heavily on FVC
Peak Expiratory Flow rate (PEFR): It is the maximum flow
rate of air during a single forced expiration.
• Valuable parameter to record in patients of asthma
(increased airway resistance)
• Treatment with bronchodilators shows improved PEFR.
Wright’s Mini Peak Flow Meter → PEFR
 Restrictive Vs Obstructive
diseases
• Restrictive diseases • Obstructive diseases
are characterized by are characterized by
reduced compliance increased airway
which may be because resistance which may be
of reduced due to bronchospasm,
distensibility of lungs secretions, or a tumour
or a mechanical within the airways or
obstacle to expansion pressing them from
of lungs outside.
• Obstructive airways • Restrictive lung disease
disease – Airways are normal, but
expansion and relaxation
– Usually worse on of lungs are impaired
expiration
– airways collapse,
especially on forced a)Lung fibrosis
breathing b) Disease of pleura, chest wall-
Pleural effusion,
pneumothorax, Scoliosis
a)Asthma c) Muscular dystrophy
b)Bronchitis d)Pneumonia
c) COPD
d)Emphysema
FEV1

FEV1 less than in

Restrictive disease
Restrictive and Obstructive
Disorders
 Advanced Spirometry
What is
this?

Spirolab III
Data obtained in Printed Form
Thank you