You are on page 1of 6

Pdvvdfkxvhwwv Lqvwlwxwh ri Whfkqrorj| Jxlgr Nxhuvwhlqhu

Ghsduwphqw ri Hfrqrplfv
Wlph Vhulhv 4716;7

Ohfwxuh Qrwh 7= Suhglfwlrq dqg Zrog Ghfrpsrvlwlrq

Zh frqvlghu d zhdno| vwdwlrqdu| wlph vhulhv {W dqg duh lqwhuhvwhg lq rewdlqlqj d iruhfdvw ri {W
aW wkdw plqlpl}h wkh phdq
edvhg rq sdvw revhuyhg ydoxhv ri {W 1 Lw lv frpprq wr frqvlghu iruhfdvwv {
vtxduhg iruhfdvw huuru1
H +{W  { aW , @ lqi H +{W  |,
\ 0W
zkhuh PW lv wkh vhw ri doo phdvxudeoh ixqfwlrqv ri i{W > ===> { j vxfk wkdw | 5 PW l H| dqg lqfoxghv
wkh frqvwdqw ixqfwlrqv4 1 E| wkh surmhfwlrq wkhruhp

aW @ S0W +{W , @ H0W {W


{

zkhuh H0W {W lv wkh frqglwlrqdo h{shfwdwlrq ghqhg e|

HZ H0W [ @ HZ [ ;Z 5 PW

zkhuh [ lv dq| udqgrp yduldeoh ghqhg rq wkh vdph vdpsoh vsdfh dv {W =


Lw iroorzv dw rqfh wkdw {W  H0W {W 5 P" W
vlqfh iru doo | 5 PW lw kdv wr krog iurp wkh
ghqlwlrq ri wkh frqglwlrqdo h{shfwdwlrqv wkdw H +| +{W  H0W {W ,, @ H|{W  H|H0W {W @
31 E| wkh surmhfwlrq wkhruhp wklv hvwdeolvkhv wkdw wkh frqglwlrqdo h{shfwdwlrq lv d surmhfwlrq1
Wklv uhvxow lv qrw yhu| xvhixo lq sudfwlfh ehfdxvh wkh frqglwlrqdo h{shfwdwlrq fdqqrw lq jhqhudo eh
frpsxwhg1 Lw lv wkhuhiruh xvhixo wr uhvwulfw dwwhqwlrq wr wkh fodvv ri ehvw olqhdu suhglfwruv1 Zh ghqrwh
wkh forvhg olqhdu vsdq ri i4> {W > = = = > { j e| PCW 1 Wkhq wkh ehvw olqhdu suhglfwru vdwlvhv

H+{W  {aW , @ lqi H +{W  |,


\ 0CW
SWr
dqg e| wkh surmhfwlrq wkhruhp zh kdyh djdlq wkdw {aW @ S0CW +{W , @  . M  ! { r vxfk wkdw
MW W M

Wr 
[
!MW fry +{WrM > {WrL , @ fry +{W > {WrL , l @ 3> = = = > w  4
M 
vlqfh vsi4> {W > = = = > { j  PW lw iroorzv lpphgldwho| wkdw lq jhqhudo
 
H +{W  H0W +{W ,,  H {W  S0CW +{W ,

Wkh rqo| h{fhswlrq lv wkh fdvh zkhuh {W lv d Jdxvvldq surfhvv1 Wkhq lw lv wkh fdvh wkdw

H0W +{W , @ S0CW +{W ,=

Lq sduwlfxodu zh zulwh iru wkh ehvw olqhdu suhglfwru

aW @ S0CW {W


{ iru w  4=

Qrwh wkdw PCW @ vs i{W > ===> { j @ vs i{W  { aW > ===> {  {a j = Wkhuhiruh {W fdq eh irxqg e| surmhfwlqj
rqwr wkh sdvw iruhfdvw huuruv i{W  {aW > ===> {  {a j1 Zh fdq ghqh {aW uhfxuvlyho| e| vhwwlqj

a @ 3
{
4 Pruh irupdoo|/ }| lv wkh j0hog jhqhudwhg e| t%| c c % c l1h1 }| lv wkh vpdoohvw vljpd hog ri wkh vdpsoh vsdfh
l vxfk wkdw %| c c % duh phdvxudeoh ixqfwlrqv1
vxfk wkdw
Wr 
[
{aW @ MW +{WrM  {
aWrM , wA4
M 
zkhuh
Wr 
[
MW k{WrM  {aWrM > {WrL  {
aWrL l @ k{W > {WrL  {
aW r L l =
M 
"Mr e| wkh surmhfwlrq wkhruhp/ wkh ohiw0kdqg vlgh uhgxfhv wr
aWrM 5 PCWr
Vlqfh {WrM  {

aWrL n @ k{W > {WrL  {


LW n{WrL  { aW r L l +714,

aWrL @ WMrrL MWrLr +{WrLrM r  {


 S
Ghqrwlqj n{WrL  {aWrL n @  WrL dqg vxevwlwxwlqj iru { aWrLrM r ,
ohdgv wr 5 6
WrrL

 LW @ r  7 +l . 4,  [ MWrLr k{W> {WrLrMr  {aWrLrMrl8


Wr L [
+715,
M 
zkhuh fry+{W > {WMKM , @  [ +k,= Qrz/ wkh odvw whup lq wkh vxp/ k{W > {WrLrMr  { aWrLrM r l > zklfk lv
htxdo wr WrLrM r  MLW irup +714,/ fdq eh vxevwlwxwhg lq +715, wr jlyh
5 6
WrrL

 LW @ r
[
 7 +l . 4,   MWrLr M LW WrLrM r 8 =
Wr L [
M 
{W n @  [ +3,  WMr  MWr WrM r dqg  @  [ +3,= Qrwh wkdw
  S
Dovr/ W @ n{W  {aW n @ n{W n  na
WrW @ r 
  [ +4, dvvxplqj wkdw  [ +k, lv nqrzq ru hvwlpdwhg1 Wkhvh htxdwlrqv vkrz wkdw doo wkh
frh!flhqwv fdq eh fdofxodwhg uhfxuvlyho|1

k0vwhs dkhdg suhglfwlrq

Zh qrz zdqw wr suhglfw {WK edvhg rq {W > ===> { 1 Wkh olqhdu suhglfwru lv

aWK
{ @ S0CW +{WK ,
Wr 
[
@ !MWKr +{WrM  {
aW r M , =
M 
Zh zdqw wr dsso| wkhvh jhqhudo uhvxowv wr iruhfdvw {WK li {W lv dvvxphg wr iroorz dq DUPD+s> t,
surfhvv ri wkh irup
!+O,{W @ +O,%W %W  Z Q +3>  ,
zkhuh !+O, @ 4  ! O===  !S OS dqg +O, @ 4 .  O . === . T OT 1 Ghqh

zW @ r !+O,{W w A pd{+s> t,

dqg ohw
zW @  r {W iru w  pd{+s> t,=
Qrwh wkdw vs i{W > ===> { j @ vs izW > ===> z j1 Zh ghwhuplqh z
aW uhfxuvlyho| dv ehiruh/ l1h1

a
z @ 3
Wr 
[
aW
z @ MW +zWrM  z
aWrM , =
M 

5
aW n zh fdq qrz ghwhuplqh wkh frh!flhqwv MW dv
Ghqrwlqj W @ nzW  z
MW WrM @ kzW > zWrM  z
a Wr M l = +716,
Qrz iru w A pd{+s> t, dqg m A t lw iroorzv wkdw zWrM  z "M 1 Wkhuhiruh
aWrM 5 PCWrM dqg zW 5 PCWr
MW @ 3 iru w A pd{+s> t, dqg m A t1 Iurp +716, zh kdyh qrz iru w A pd{+s> t, dqg m ? t
T rM r
% &
r 
MW @  WrM kzW > zWrM l 
[

NWrM r NMW WrNrM r
N 
dqg TW @ rr
W T
kzW > zWrT l = Dovr/


r
[ T

 r @ nz r n 
W M W 
M NW r rr rr
M W M N

 N

dqg qrwlqj wkdw HzL zM @  Z +l  m, zlwk


; r
A   +l  m, 4  l> m  p
? r [
A SS
ST ^ [ +l  m,  U  !U  [ +u  ml  mm,`
 plq+l> m,  p ? pd{+l> m,  5p
 Z +l  m, @
U  U U MLrM M
A
A   plq+l> m, A p
=
3 rwkhuzlvh1
Wkhvh uhodwlrqvklsv doorz iru uhfxuvlyh hvwlpdwlrq ri MW >  W dqg z
aW 1 Iru odujh w dqg +O,
aW fdq eh dssur{lpdwho| ghwhuplqhg e| xvlqj wkh sdudphwhuv M ri wkh odj sro|qrpldo
lqyhuwleoh z
+O, lqvwhdg ri wkh rswlpdo surmhfwlrq sdudphwhuv1 Wkh suhglfwlrqv iru {W duh qrz rewdlqhg iurp

z
aW @  r S0CWr {W
@  r {
aW w ? pd{+s> t,
dqg
z
aW @  r S0CWr !+O,{W
@  r +a
{W  ! {Wr  ===  !S {WrS , w  pd{+s> t,=
Lw iroorzv wkdw +zW  z
aW , @ {W  {
aW = Wkhuhiruh
[
W

{aW @  MW +{WrM  {


aWrM , w ? pd{+s> t,
M 
[
T

{aW @ ! {W . === . !S {WrS . MW +{WrM  {


aW r M , w  pd{+s> t,
M 
Lw iroorzv lpphgldwho| wkdw iru {W DUPD+s> 3,
aW @ ! {W . === . !S {WrS =
{
Wkh k0vwhs dkhdg suhglfwru fdq eh irxqg lwhudwlyho|
aW
{ @ S0CW {W
@ ! S0CW {W . ! {W . === . !S {WrS
[
T

. !MW +{WrM  {
eWrM , >
M K

vr lq sduwlfxodu iru wkh DU+s, prgho


aWKr . ! {
aWK @ ! {
{ aWKr . === . !S {
aWKrS k A s  4=

6
7141 Wkh Zrog Ghfrpsrvlwlrq
Zh vkrz wkdw d phdq }hur vwdwlrqdu| surfhvv {W fdq eh ghfrpsrvhg lqwr d shuihfwo| suhglfwdeoh
frpsrqhqw dqg d PD+4, surfhvv zlwk zklwh qrlvh lqqrydwlrqv1
Ohw PW @ vsi{V > v  wj dqg ghqh wkh rqh0vwhs phdq vtxduh suhglfwlrq huuru dv
 
  @ H {W  S0Wr {W = +717,

W
Dovr ohw Pr @ PW vxfk wkdw Pr lv d forvhg olqhdu vxevsdfh ri P @ vsi{W > w 5 ]j= Zh
W r
fdoo d surfhvv {W ghwhuplqlvwlf li {W 5 Pr = Iru d ghwhuplqlvwlf surfhvv wkh iruhfdvw huuru yduldqfh
lv  
H {W  S0Wr {W @ H +{W  {W , @ 3
vlqfh {W 5 Pr  PWr = Zh suryh wkh Zrog ghfrpsrvlwlrq wkhruhp1
Wkhruhp 714 +Zrog Ghfrpsrvlwlrq,1 Li {W lv zhdno| vwdwlrqdu| dqg phdq }hur zlwk  A 3 dv
ghqhg lq +717, wkhq [
{W @ #M %WrM . yW +718,
zlwk
 
l, %W  Z Q 3>  >
ll, H +%W yV , @ 3 ; w> v>
lll, yW 5 Pr >
S 
ly, #M ? 4=
y, yW lv ghwhuplqlvwlf1
Surri1 Ohw
%W @ {W  S0Wr {W
 #M @ k{W > %WrM l
[
yW @ {W  # M % Wr M
M 
Zh kdyh %W 5 PW dqg %W 5 P"
Wr e| wkh surmhfwlrq wkhruhp1 Wkhuhiruh
H+%W %V , @ 3 ; w 9@ v=
Dovr H%W @ 3 e| olqhdulw| ri S0Wr {W dqg vwdwlrqdulw| ri {W 1 Djdlq e| olqhdulw| ri S0Wr {W dqg
zhdn vwdwlrqdulw| ri {W zh kdyh H%W @ H+{W  S0Wr {W , @  lqghshqghqw ri w1 Wklv vkrzv wkdw %W
lv Z Q+3>  ,1
Dovr ohw KW @ vsi%W > %Wr > ====j= Wkhq KW kdv d frxqwdeo| lqqlwh ruwkrjrqdo edvlv %W 1 Wkh surmhf0
wlrq ri {W rqwr KW lv wkhq jlyhq e|

[
S+W {W @ #M %WrM =
M 
Wr vkrz wklv ohw |W @ S+W {W vxfk wkdw e| wkh ghqlwlrq ri wkh surmhfwlrq rshudwru |W 5 KW = Lw qrz
iroorzv wkdw iru hyhu|  A 3 dqg vrph n ? 4
 

 [N 
 [
|W 
 k| W Wr M Wr M 
> % l %  @ mk|W > %WrM lm ? =
 M   M N

7
Wr vhh wklv uvw qrwh wkdw n|W n  n{W n e| wkh surmhfwlrq wkhruhp1 Wkhq e| Ehvvho*v lqhtxdolw|
N
[
mk|W > %WrM lm  n|W n iru doo n
M 
zklfk suryhv wkh deryh lqhtxdolw|1 Qh{w qrwh wkdw

k|W > %WrM l @ k|W  {W > %WrM l . k{W > %WrM l @ k{W > %WrM l @  #M

vlqfh |W  {W lv ruwkrjrqdo wr KW = Zh kdyh wkhuhiruh hvwdeolvkhg wkdw


 
 [N 
 
|W 
 # M % Wr M 
 ?
 M  

dqg wkdw 
[
#M ? 4=
M 
Wkhq
3 4

[
HyW %V @ H C{W  # M % Wr M > % V D
M 
@ H{W %V  #M H%V
H{W %V 
@ H{W %V   @3

iru v  w dqg iru v A w %V 5 P" "
Vr  PW > exw yW 5 PW vr HyW %V @ 3 djdlq1 Iurp yW 5 PW @
PWr vsi%W j dqg HyW %W @ 3 lw iroorzv yW 5 PWr 1 Uhshdwlqj wkh vdph dujxphqw dqg xvlqj

W
HyW %WrM @ 3 ohdgv wr yW 5 PWrM wkxv yW 5 PWrM  Pr 1 Wkhq
M 
vsiyM > m  wj  Pr =
S
Iurp {W @ yW . #M %WrM zh kdyh

PW @ KW vsiyM > m  wj= +719,

Ilqdoo|/ li } 5 Pr _ PW @ Pr wkhq } 5 PVr vxfk wkdw k}> %V l @ 3 iru doo v= Exw wklv vkrzv
wkdw } 5 KW" ru } 5 vsiyM > m  wj e| +719, vxfk wkdwPr  vsiyM > m  wj lpso|lqj wkdw

Pr @ vsiyM > m  wj iru doo w=

Wklv phdqv wkdw yM lv ghwhuplqlvwlf/ l1h1 wkh suhglflwrq huuru yduldqfh lv }hur1

D surfhvv lv vdlg wr eh sxuho| qrq0ghwhuplqlvwlf li Pr @ i3j= Lq wklv fdvh wkh Zrog ghfrpsr0
vlwlrq lv ri wkh irup 
[
{W @ # M % Wr M
M 
zkhuh #M dqg %WrM duh dv ghqhg ehiruh1 Surfhvvhv lq wklv fodvv lqfoxgh wkh DUPD+s> t, prgho
lqwurgxfhg ehiruh1

8
Wkh k0vwhs dkhdg suhglfwru ri +718, lv jlyhq e|

[
S0W {WK @ #M %WKrM . yWK
M K

vlqfh %WN BPW iru n A 3= Lw dovr iroorzv wkdw wkh yduldqfh ri wkh suhglfwlrq huuru lv jlyhq e|
 
Kr 
[ 
n{WK  S0W {K n @ 
 # M W K r M 
% 
M  
K[ r
@  #M =
M 
Dv k $ 4 wkh yduldqfh ri wkh suhglfwlrq huuru whqgv wr wkh yduldqfh ri {W =

You might also like