Formulas for chem exam

Mole formulas

- Moles represent a number the same way a dozen represents 12

- The number represented is 6.022 x 10^23, a.k.a. Avogadro’s Number
o This number was chosen because one mole of Carbon-12 is 12 grams
- n = m/M
o n = moles
o m = mass
o M = Molar mass (g/mol)
- n = N/NA
o n = moles
o N = number of particles
o NA = Avogadro’s number
- C = n/V
o C = concentration/Molarity (mol/L)
o N = moles of solute
o V = volume of solvent
- pH = -log [H+]

Electromagnetic radiation

o c=vλ
 Speed = frequency x wavelength/lambda
 In a vacuum, c = 3 x 10^8
o E = hv
 E = energy of light in Joules
 H is a constant = 6.626 x 10^-34
 V = frequency of light in s^-1 or waves (Hz)
- To calculate first ionisation energy
o (1 – atomic number)^2 x 13.6
The gas laws

- Boyle’s law
o V ∝ 1/P
o Volume of a gas is inversely proportional to pressure (where temperature and moles are
constant)
- Charles’ Law
o V∝T
o Volume of a gas is proportional to its absolute temperature (where pressure and
number of moles are constant)
- Avogadro’s principle
o V∝n
o Volume of a gas is proportional to number of moles of gas particles
- Ideal gas law
o Pv = nRT
 P = pressure in atm/pascal
 V = volume in litres
 N = number of moles
 T = temperature in kelvin (0° C = 273° K)
 R = ideal gas constant
 8.314 J/K/mol
o Use when pressure is given in Pascals
 0.0821 L atm K/mol
o Use when pressure is given in atm

Molar volume

- One mole of any gas occupies 22.4L at STP

o Standard temperature and pressure are 0° C and 1 atm
Boiling point elevation

 Tb = Kb x m
- Change in Tb = number of degrees by which the solution’s boiling point is raised above the
normal boiling point for the pure solvent
- m = molality of solute in mol/kg
o Solute concentration is expressed as molality because this unit is independent of
temperature (unlike molarity)
- Kb = the molal boiling point elevation constant
o For water, the value is 0.512 degrees C/m

Freezing point depression

- Tf = change in temperature, number of degrees by which the solution’s freezing point is

depressed below the normal freezing point for the pure solvent
- m = molality of solute
- Kf = molal freezing point depression constant

Osmosis

o Pi = cRT
- Pi = osmotic pressure (atm)
- C = solute concentration (molarity)
- R = ideal gas constant (8.3145 J/mol/K or 0.0821 L atm/mol/K)
- T = temperature in K
First-order reactions

- The rate equation for a first-order reaction with respect to A

o [A]t = [A]0 e^-kt or [A]t/[A]0 = e^-kt
 [A]t refers to concentration of A at a particular time
 [A]0 refers to concentration of A at the start
 K is the rate constant
 T is the time
o This is the integrated rate equation for a first order reaction

Rates and temperature

o K depends on temperature according to the Arrhenius equation

o K = Ae^(-Ea/RT)
 A = frequency factor or pre-exponential factor
 Ea = activation energy
 Ea = -R x slope
 T = Temperature in kelvin
 R = ideal gas constant, 8.314 J/K/mol

Heat capacity

o qn = n x Cp x delta T
 n = matter being heated or cooled
 The units for Cp are J/K/mol or J/K/g or J/K/kg
 The units for qn are J or kJ