ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES

SMART BUILDING MATERIALS

ASSIGNEMENT – IV

SOMESH SIDDHARTH (A1988520002)

SEMESTER –I
M.ARCH
(ASAP)

Under the Supervision of

Ar. Rajeev Sinha

Lecturer of
ADVANCED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOHGIES [ARCH644]

AMITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTER PRADESH
SECTOR 125, NOIDA -201303, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA
1. LIGHT TRANSMITTING CONCRETE
The advancement in the technology has given us many types of concrete like plain cement
concrete, high strength concrete and many other.
But there are still advances in the building material where a concrete through which light can
be passed is introduced.
This type of concrete is similar to the traditional concrete but this has only some special
features like it permits light through it and provide a finer architectural look.
The light transparent concrete is also called as translucent concrete. This is a material made
from concrete which can transmit light through it, which is possible due to the uniform
insertion of optical fibers into the whole body.
It is made of fine concrete embedded with4% by weight of optical glass fibers. The working
principle of transparent concrete is based on Nano-optics.

MATERIALS
1) Cement
2) Sand (passing through 4.75mm sieve size)
3) Water
4) Optical Fiber

Optical fiber properties

• The optical fibers which should be present in concrete should be placed directly on
each other.
• The optical fibers which should be present should behave like silt and should allow
light transmission through them.
• The optical fibers which should be present should have their fiber aligned in
transparent concrete cube
• The optical fibers which should be present should be of flexible type and should be
made of glass or plastic.
 • The optical fibers which should be present should have the ability to transmit the light
between two ends of the fiber
• The optical fibers which should be present should transmit light so effectively that
there should be no loss of light through the fiber.

Advantages
• These reduce the permeability of concrete
• Resins seal the boundary of optical fibers and concrete
Applications
• Transparent concrete blocks are suitable for Floors
• Transparent concrete blocks are suitable for load-bearing walls
• In furniture for the decorative and aesthetic purpose
• Lighting indoor fire escapes
• In furniture for the decorative and aesthetic purpose & Light sidewalks at night
• Lighting fixture & Transmitting concrete walls of restaurants, clubs, and other
establishments to reveal how many Customers are inside.
LIGHT THEORY OF OPTICAL
Total Internal Reflection The phenomenon in which a light ray travelling from a denser
medium to a relatively rarer medium having an angle of incidence greater than critical angle
will reflect back into the same medium, this principle is called as total internal reflection. The
optical fiber undergoes multiple internal reflections till the ray of light emerges out from the
other end of the fiber. The bent in optical fiber has no effect on it.

2. THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE PRODUCTS

Laminated Thermo Plastic Panels
The thermoplastic laminates manufactured at the site of XELIS, also referred to as composite
panel products, are manufactured with our continuous production method X- CCM®
(Continuous Compression Molding) according to the requirements and specifications of our
customers.
The special characteristics of the composite laminates include their exceptional degree of
flexibility regarding the stacking, the material selection options, and the range of possible
surface finishes. A subsequent and repeatable forming (Hot Stamp Forming) provides
unlimited adaptability options of our products. High degrees of deformation can be attained
with our laminates.
Material Forms
Thermoplastic material exists in three material forms. First form is the fabric prepregs wherein
a typical glass or carbon fiber woven material and a thermoplastic resin are integrated to the
fabrics. They are slightly drapable and conformable and are typically calledas semi-pregs due
to the presence of most of the resin on the fabric surface. The impregnation occurs in a high
temperature autoclave. Ten Cate manufactures a broad range of materials under its Cetex
brand name utilizing carbon and fiberglass fabrics with different resins such as PEI, PA, PEEK
and PPS.
Advantages of Thermoplastic Composites
Thermoplastic composites have been utilized for several years successfully. Some of the
advantages of thermoplastic composites.
• Ability to utilize short cycle time thermoforming part fabrication techniques
• Low moisture uptake
• Good toughness and damage resistance
• Room temperature storage quality eliminates the use of any refrigeration and allows
large structure fabrication without the limits of our time constraints
• Ability to re-form parts as thermoplastic resins can retain their properties even after
repeated heating and cooling
• Very low void content
Manufacturing Processes
Recent developments in automated techniques facilitate cost-effective production of
thermoplastic parts. Several companies develop a wide range of automated techniques to
enhance production speed and thermoplastic part quality. Some of the most common
techniques used include Automated Fiber Placement and Tape Placement, Thermoforming,
Robotic Lay-up, and Continuous Compression Molding (CCM).

3. FLOATING CONCRETE STRUCTURE

A floating concrete structure is usually a solid body made of reinforced concrete & an inner
chain of chambers filled with a lightweight impermeable material, typically polystyrene but,
here the concrete is made to float by addition of aluminum powder as an air entraining agent.
In addition to this, the concrete includes polypropylene fibers for good binding, nano silica for
increasing its strength, CaCl2 as an accelerator & Dr. Fixit for water proofing. Aluminum mesh
instead of steel mesh is used for reinforcement, for making it light weight & corrosion
resistant.
MATERIALS USED:
The cement used is somewhat similar to Ferrocement but, instead of steel wire mesh,
aluminum wire mesh is used possessing a light weight than regular chicken mesh making an
innovative type of “Aluminicement”(Carbon fiber mesh can also replace the aluminum mesh
as it is the best among the light weight but strong meshes available). Pozzolanic Portland
Cement (PPC) reinforced with polypropylene fibers, for increasing the binding among particles
was used, pursuing following physical & chemical properties:

PROPERTIES
• Light Weight: Density range from 650 Kg/m3 to 1850 Kg/m3 as compared to 1800
Kg/m3 to 2400 Kg/m3 for conventional brick and concrete respectively. Despite
millions of tiny air-filled cells, it is strong and durable.
• There is Lightweight advantage for the structure design, leading to savings in
supporting structures and foundation.
• Compressive Strength: 2.0 to 7.0N/mm2.
• Excellent Acoustic Performance: It can be used as effective sound barrier and for
acoustic solutions. Hence, highly suitable for partition walls, floor screens/roofing and
panel material in auditoriums.
• Earthquake Resistant: Since lighter than concrete & brick, the lightness of the material
increases resistance against earthquake.
• Workability: Products made from lightweight concrete are lightweight, making them
easy to place using less skilled labor. The bricks can be sawed, drilled and shaped like
wood using standard hand tools, regular screws and nails. It is simpler than brick or
concrete.
• Lifespan: Weather proof, termite resistant and fire proof.
4. AEROGELS
Aerogels are among the lightest solid materials known to man. They are created by combining
a polymer with a solvent to form a gel, and then removing the liquid from the gel and
replacing it with air. Aerogels are extremely porous and very low in density. They are solid to
the touch. This translucent material is considered one of the finest insulation materials
available.
Aerogels' Porous Materials
Since their invention, aerogels have primarily been made of silica. The silica is combined with
a solvent to create a gel. This gel is then subjected to supercritical fluid extraction. This
supercritical fluid extraction involves introducing liquid carbon dioxide into the gel. The
carbon dioxide surpasses its super critical point, where it can be either a gas or a liquid, and
then is vented out. This exchange is performed multiple times to ensure that all liquids are
removed from the gel. The resulting material is aerogel.
Applications
The thin films, which are fabricated through a collaboration with the University of Akron in
Akron, Ohio, have also been sent to other government agencies and NASA centers, which has
garnered interest in the technology.
"Usually when people see them, they say 'Wow, this is an aerogel?'" Meador says. Other NASA
centers have expressed interest in further exploring these thin polymer
aerogels, for applications like cryogenics or in the next space suit. Polymer aerogels are
ideally suited for use in a vacuum, like in space, as well as in different gravity scenarios, such
as the moon or other planets.

5. CREATIVE WEAVE METAL MESH

Metal meshes have been known as decorative and functional design elements in architecture
for only a few years. Architectural wire mesh is light-weight. Welded wire mesh offers
additional strength and stability to the woven cloth, and can be manufactured with cable,
straight and shaped wires for additional design elements. Custom weaves can provide
strength for safety as well as security and insulation for sound dampening applications.
Architectural mesh and fabrics can be easily fabricated and shaped to meet the design
requirements of your project. The mesh can be woven using a wide range of alloys and in
conjunction with other metallic products to provide a dramatic and eye-catching look.
DWT can design and manufacture custom meshes to meet your specific application, including
traditional and custom solutions for attaching and securing the metal fabric and wire mesh.

6. ARCHITECTURAL MESH & FABRIC

APPLICATIONS
Ideal applications for architectural wire mesh include:
• Security Screens
• Shade screens
• Partitions
• Fill panels
• Elevator compartments and hoist ways
• Exterior facades
• Protective grilles, screens and barriers
• Protective enclosures
• Store fronts

Materials:
All products are available in corrosion resistant stainless steel (aisi 304 and aisi 316). This
material is not flammable and has exceptional resistance to outdoor elements. A lasting
investment with low maintenance cost. We also offer unique variants in brass and bronze.
Aluminum and galvanized steel is not in our standard but also possible.
Finishing treatment:
In cooperation with our partners we offer electro-polishing, pickling and powder coating.
Fixing:
Depending on mesh type we offer folding, flat tension profiles and grommets. For on-site
installations we recommend suitable fitters.

7. FOAMED ALUMINUM
A versatile material with virtually limitless design and architectural applications. As well as its
unique appearance, it has sound absorbing properties making it ideal for applications requiring
both sound absorption and beauty. It is used for Facades, wall cladding, ceiling tiles or dropped
ceilings, restaurants, bars, offices, apartment buildings, showroom displays, Terrazzo flooring,
signage, lighting fixtures, exhibits, and any application that you dare to imagine.
Aluminum foam creates strong yet lightweight panels. Similar in appearance to a metallic
sponge, it is visually striking, with a modern dramatic look. For architecture, aluminum foam is
produced in panels ranging in various densities, and in thicknesses from 12.7mm to 43.2 mm
(custom available pending quantities). Standard versions are Small, Mid and Large.
The surface of each panel is either left in its solid natural form as produced, or undergoes
surface preparations which provide many different appearances. Appearances as a solid
surface “shimmering” look to a translucent “water froth” look, even custom designs. The 2
sides of each panel, identified as ‘top and/or bottom, look very different from each other.

Properties of Aluminum Foam

Applications
Typical applications of all foam types include:
• Sound absorption
• Fragmentation capture
• Impact absorption
• Heat sinks and exchangers
Matrix for chemical beds and scrubber

chicken mesh making an innovative type of “Aluminicement”(Carbon fiber mesh can also
replace the aluminum mesh as it is the best among the light weight but strong meshes
available). Pozzolanic Portland Cement (PPC) reinforced with polypropylene fibers, for
increasing the binding among particles was used, pursuing following physical & chemical
properties:
PROPERTIES
• Light Weight: Density range from 650 Kg/m3 to 1850 Kg/m3 as compared to 1800
Kg/m3 to 2400 Kg/m3 for conventional brick and concrete respectively. Despite
millions of tiny air-filled cells, it is strong and durable.
• There is Lightweight advantage for the structure design, leading to savings in
supporting structures and foundation.
• Compressive Strength: 2.0 to 7.0N/mm2.
• Excellent Acoustic Performance: It can be used as effective sound barrier and for
acoustic solutions. Hence, highly suitable for partition walls, floor screens/roofing and
panel material in auditoriums.
• Earthquake Resistant: Since lighter than concrete & brick, the lightness of the material
increases resistance against earthquake.
• Workability: Products made from lightweight concrete are lightweight, making them
easy to place using less skilled labor. The bricks can be sawed, drilled and shaped like
wood using standard hand tools, regular screws and nails. It is simpler than brick or
concrete.
• Lifespan: Weather proof, termite resistant and fire proof.
8. AEROGELS
Aerogels are among the lightest solid materials known to man. They are created by combining
a polymer with a solvent to form a gel, and then removing the liquid from the gel and
replacing it with air. Aerogels are extremely porous and very low in density. They are solid to
the touch. This translucent material is considered one of the finest insulation materials
available.
Aerogels' Porous Materials
Since their invention, aerogels have primarily been made of silica. The silica is combined with
a solvent to create a gel. This gel is then subjected to supercritical fluid extraction. This
supercritical fluid extraction involves introducing liquid carbon dioxide into the gel. The
carbon dioxide surpasses its super critical point, where it can be either a gas or a liquid, and
then is vented out. This exchange is performed multiple times to ensure that all liquids are
removed from the gel. The resulting material is aerogel.
Applications
The thin films, which are fabricated through a collaboration with the University of Akron in
Akron, Ohio, have also been sent to other government agencies and NASA centers, which has
garnered interest in the technology.
"Usually when people see them, they say 'Wow, this is an aerogel?'" Meador says. Other NASA
centers have expressed interest in further exploring these thin polymer
aerogels, for applications like cryogenics or in the next space suit. Polymer aerogels are
ideally suited for use in a vacuum, like in space, as well as in different gravity scenarios, such
as the moon or other planets.

9. CREATIVE WEAVE METAL MESH

Metal meshes have been known as decorative and functional design elements in architecture
for only a few years. Architectural wire mesh is light-weight. Welded wire mesh offers
additional strength and stability to the woven cloth, and can be manufactured with cable,
straight and shaped wires for additional design elements. Custom weaves can provide
strength for safety as well as security and insulation for sound dampening applications.
Architectural mesh and fabrics can be easily fabricated and shaped to meet the design
requirements of your project. The mesh can be woven using a wide range of alloys and in
conjunction with other metallic products to provide a dramatic and eye-catching look.
DWT can design and manufacture custom meshes to meet your specific application, including
traditional and custom solutions for attaching and securing the metal fabric and wire mesh.

10. ARCHITECTURAL MESH & FABRIC

APPLICATIONS
Ideal applications for architectural wire mesh include:
• Security Screens
• Shade screens
• Partitions
• Fill panels
• Elevator compartments and hoist ways
• Exterior facades
• Protective grilles, screens and barriers
 • Protective enclosures
• Store fronts
Materials:
All products are available in corrosion resistant stainless steel (aisi 304 and aisi 316). This
material is not flammable and has exceptional resistance to outdoor elements. A lasting
investment with low maintenance cost. We also offer unique variants in brass and bronze.
Aluminum and galvanized steel is not in our standard but also possible.
Finishing treatment:
In cooperation with our partners we offer electro-polishing, pickling and powder coating.
Fixing:
Depending on mesh type we offer folding, flat tension profiles and grommets. For on-site
installations we recommend suitable fitters.

11. FOAMED ALUMINUM

A versatile material with virtually limitless design and architectural applications. As well as its
unique appearance, it has sound absorbing properties making it ideal for applications
requiring both sound absorption and beauty. It is used for Facades, wall cladding, ceiling tiles
or dropped ceilings, restaurants, bars, offices, apartment buildings, showroom displays,
Terrazzo flooring, signage, lighting fixtures, exhibits, and any application that you dare to
imagine.
Aluminum foam creates strong yet lightweight panels. Similar in appearance to a metallic
sponge, it is visually striking, with a modern dramatic look. For architecture, aluminum foam is
produced in panels ranging in various densities, and in thicknesses from 12.7mm to 43.2 mm
(custom available pending quantities). Standard versions are Small, Mid and Large.
The surface of each panel is either left in its solid natural form as produced, or undergoes
surface preparations which provide many different appearances. Appearances as a solid
surface “shimmering” look to a translucent “water froth” look, even custom designs. The 2
sides of each panel, identified as ‘top and/or bottom, look very different from each other.
Properties of Aluminum Foam
Applications

Typical applications of all foam types include:

• Sound absorption
• Fragmentation capture
• Impact absorption
• Heat sinks and exchangers
• Matrix for chemical beds and scrubbers
• Filters and mist elimination of water and oils
• Core structure for high strength panels
• Battery plates and spacers
• Weight reducing components in aircraft or automotive applications
• Catalyst surface

12. SMART CONCRETE

Due to temperature gradients, surface cracks can occur at very early ages in concrete
structures. Because the hydration has just started it is possible that these cracks can heal with
continuing hydration. The aim of this research was to investigate if cracks that arise at early
ages can heal and under what conditions. Primarily the strength of healed cracks was
considered. When water flows through cracks smaller than 0.2 mm, the flow will decrease and
can stop completely. This is called self-healing. Precipitation of calcium carbonate and clogging
by loose particles are the most mentioned causes.

MATERIALS:
1) Cement – Ordinary Portland cement of grade 53 available in local market is used in the
investigation. The cement used has been tested for various properties as per IS: 4031-
1988 and found to be confirming to various specifications of IS: 12269-1987 having
specific gravity of 3.0.
2) Coarse Aggregate – Crushed granite angular aggregate of size 20 mm nominal size
from local source having specific gravity of 2.71 is used as coarse aggregate.
3) Fine Aggregate – Natural river sand having specific gravity of 2.60 and confirming to IS-
383 zone II is used
4) Water – Locally available portable water confirming to standards specified in IS 456-
2000 is used.
5) Microorganisms – Any of the following bacteria may be used for the process: • Bacillus
sphaericus • Bacillus cohnii • Bacillus halodurans • Bacillus pseudofirmus • Bacillus
subtilis
 • It is quite costly than normal concrete so becomes uneconomical.
• It is not suitable for Indian atmospheric condition
• It gives better results only if comes in contact with water
• Process of activation of bacteria is tedious
• It takes more time for working of bacteria in concrete.
The microbial induced calcite precipitation reaction may cause lower number of capillary
pores and clogging of the pores, which reduces chloride ion transport in concrete. The use of
bacterial cells has thus become a viable solution not only to some durability problems but
also, as an environmentally responsible course of action. The new method of self-healing
design to repair cracks in cracked concrete was suggested, and self-healing properties of
cracked concrete using various mineral admixture were investigated. This microbe proved to
be efficient in enhancing the properties of concrete by achieving a very high initial strength
increased and thus we can conclude that the produced calcium carbonate has filled some
percentage of void volume thereby making the texture more compact and resistive to seepage
METHODOLOGY – The following steps are involved in the implementation of the project and
are not limited to
• Literature Survey
• Collection of Required RAW materials
• Designing of concrete M20 Grade mix as per IS 10262-2009
• Culturing of Calcite Depositing Bacteria • Casting and curing of controlled concrete
cubes, beams and cylinders
• Creating a fault plane for bacterial concrete application
• Application of cultured bacteria for cracked Surface
• Strength and durability tests on healed concrete
• Comparison of strength and durability characteristics of controlled M20 grade
concrete
• and bacteria healed concrete
• Discussions and conclusions to be done on the results obtained.
ADVANTAGES:
• Helpful in filling of cracks in concrete.
• Helpful to reduce leakage of residential building.
• Helps to reduce permeability in concrete.
• Helpful to reduce corrosion of reinforced concrete.
• It increases durability of concrete
DISADVANTAGES
CONCLUSIONS
16