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DISCOURSE ANALYSIS, Yayu Susi, BG31701
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS, Yayu Susi, BG31701
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS, Yayu Susi, BG31701
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
Instructions:
Questions:
Answers:
1. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976:1-2) mention that text is a semantic unit (unit
of meaning). He said that the text is the language people produce and react to, what they
say and write, read and listen to, in the course of daily life.
Etymologically, text comes from metaphorical use of the Latin verb texture ’weave’,
suggesting a sequence of sentences or utterances ‘interwoven’ structurally and
semantically.
It is commonly used in linguistics and stylistics to refer to a sequential collection of
sentences or utterances which form of unity by reason of their linguistic COHESIVE
and semantic COHERENT.
Examples: a scientific article, a recipe, a poem, public lecture, etc.
According to Werlich (1976) says that text is an extended structure of syntactic units
(i.e. text as super-sentence) such as: words, groups, clauses, and textual units that is
marked by both coherenT among the elements and completion.
Cohesive (concern to the ways of components of the surface text connected, such as:
phrase, clause and sentence).
Coherent (the ways of concepts and relations (links) which underlie the surface text,
such as: frames, schemas, plans, and scripts).
Intentionality (concerns to the text procedure’s attitude and intentions, such as:
monitoring and mediation).
Acceptability (concern to the text receiver’s attitude, such as: judging sentences).
Informativity (the extent to which the contents of a text, such as: attention,
information theory).
Situationality (factors which make a text relevant to situation and occurrence, such as:
mediation and evidence).
Intertextuality (concern with the factors that make the utilization of one text depended
upon knowledge, such as: monitoring and managing).
Example: Narrative text (tales, stories, etc.), Argumentative text (explanation,
scientific, articles, etc.), Descriptive text (descriptions, portrayals, etc.), Instructive
text (textbooks).
2. That in the text the essentially semantic unit as a form of interaction, cohesive and
coherence not random but connected, mode of linguistics realization, and create and or
created by context (situationally relevant).
Examples: passage, story book, documents, etc.
Whereas, non-text consists of random sequences of linguistic units or information that
describing picture.
3. Cohesive text is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds
text together and gives it meaning.
It focuses of the grammatical aspects of writing.
The text uses certain conventions that help to make a text cohesive.
The topic of the text enables the writer to select from a lexical set of related words.
Words are sometimes left out because the meaning is clear from a previous sentence
or clause (It is called ellipsis).
According Halliday and Hasan (1976) Cohesion is the systematic relation between
one element and another in a text. Text is cohesive when the element are tied together
and considered meaningful to the reader. i.e. one item presupposes the other.
He is also classifies cohesion in English into two abroad categories: grammatical
cohesion and lexical cohesion.
Grammatical cohesive is the surface marking of semantic link between clauses and
sentences in written discourse and between utterances and turn in speech. Lexical
cohesive refers to how the writer uses lexical items, such as: verb, adjectives, nouns,
and adverbs. There are four types of grammatical cohesive text. Those are reference,
ellipsis, substitution, and conjunction.
Reference (indicates by personal, demonstrative and comparative)
Examples:
- That is wonderful idea!
To retrieve the meaning of that, the reader must look outside the situation.
- I have six bananas. Put them into a box
It is clear that them in the second sentence refers back to the six bananas of the first
sentence.
- Amy went to the party. She sat with Sara
In fact, both love football (my brothers). In the second sentence, the nominal my brothers
is omitted.
In verbal ellipsis, the verb is omitted. In the example, the verb been studying is left out
in B.
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
Example:
According to Halliday and Hasan (1976) divided lexical cohesion into two categories,
namely: reiteration and collocation. Reiteration is a mechanism of producing cohesion in
a text by means of repetition of two or more lexical items.
Example:
Collocation is achieved through the association of lexical item that regularly co-occur.
Example: heavy rain, heavy sleeper, a heavy drinker, heavy snow, heavy traffic.
The main example of coherent text is the group of people who vote the same way or a
person who speaks clearly and make sense.
5. No, it isn’t. Because cohesive text refers to connectivity in a text and coherent text refers
to how easy it is to understand the writing.
Examples:
Cohesive & coherent
Her favorite color is pink. She likes it because it is calming and it relaxes me. She often
goes outside in the summer and lies on the grass and look into the clear sky when she is
stressed. For this reason, she’d have to say her favorite color is pink.
B: “Time is difficult to manage. I am always late for my social appointments like when I
have a date with a girl.”
References:
- www.p3g.unm.ac.id/index.php/download/category/48-modul-plpg-2017.html?
download=671%3Abahasa-inggris
- www.ccsenet.org/elt
- www.journal.uad.ac.id/index.php/ADJES/article/download/4987/2781