June 1994 (revision) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook Austenitic Stainless Steels * FbA

Author William D. Klopp 21-6-9

1. General tions. This heat treatment

Alloy 21-6-9 was introduced in the 1970's as an im¬

allows all of the carbon to be
dissolved and retained in solid
Fe
proved austenitic stainless steel offering exceUent cor¬
rosion resistance, stability of the austenite phase, and
solution, thus alleviating any
sensitization which might Low C
greater room temperature strength and toughness as have occurred previously.
compared to the basic 18Cr-8Ni A1S1 Series 300 stain¬ Slow cooling through or sub¬ 20 Cr
less steels. The improved corrosion resistance is sequent reheating in the tem¬
gained by the increase in chromium content from
18 to 21 percent. The addition of 9 percent manganese
perature range 1000 to 1600F 6.5 Ni
causes carbides and possibly
promotes good stability of the austenite phase even
though the nickel content is reduced from 8 to 6 per¬
sigma phase to nucleate at the 9 Mn
austenite grain boundaries
cent. The stable austenitic structure makes 21-6-9
attractive for cryogenic applications. Nitrogen, rather
and should be avoided. The
carbides are predominantly
0.28N
than carbon, is employed as a strengthener in order to (FeCrJÿCj. Carbide precipita¬
reduce corrosion sensitization associated with grain tion and associated reduction
boundary precipitation of chromium carbides. As a of chromium content at the grain boundary regions
result of the higher nitrogen content (0.3 percent), the causes sensitization, which is manifested in both
room temperature yield strength of 21-6-9 is almost greatly reduced local corrosion resistance and
twice those of Types 304, 321, and 347 stainless steel. embrittlement (see Section 2.1.2) (Refs. 19, 20).
Nitrogen is also an effective strengthener at cryogenic Stress relief annealing can be performed in the
temperatures. The alloy can be further strengthened
temperature range 900 to 1300F.
only by cold work. It can be formed using similar tech¬
niques to those used for 300 Series stainless steels and Alloy 21-6-9, along with all other austenitic stainless
it can be welded using conventional methods. It is steels, can be bright annealed in either pure hydrogen
or dissociated ammonia. The dew point of the atmo¬
easily rolled or forged into a variety of product forms.
Severely cold worked material retains low magnetic sphere must be less than -60F and both the workpieces
and the furnace must be dry and clean (Ref. 20).
permeability, reflecting its high austenite stability.
Prolonged heating in the range 1000 to 1600F should 1.6 Hardness
be avoided in order to prevent formation of grain
(See Figures 3.2.1.3 and 3.3.1.6 and Tables 3.2.1.2,
boundary carbide phases (sensitization) and sigma
3.2.1.4, 3.2.1.5, 3.2.1.6, 3.2.2.1, and 3.2.2.2.)
phase. Alloy 21-6-9 has found applications in chemical
process and pollution-control equipment and steam Hardness can be increased to about Rockwell C 40 to
and autoclave applications. It is also used extensively 44 by 60 percent cold reduction.
in a variety of aerospace and cryogenic applications
1.7 Forms and Conditions Available
such as ducting and bellows systems, exhaust systems,
clamps, flanges, and hydraulic line tubing (Refs. 18-22). Alloy 21-6-9 is available as forging billets, bars, wire,
forgings, sheet, strip, plate, and tubing in a wide range
1.1 Commercial Designation of commercial sizes in the annealed condition. Sheet,
21-6-9. strip and tubing are also available in the high tensile
temper condition. The alloy can be cast or extruded as
1.2 Alternate Designations well (Refs. 1, 10).
Nitronic 40, ASTM XM-11, UNS S21904 [The grade
1.8 Melting and Casting Practice
designated ASTM XM-10 (UNS S21900), which con¬
tained 0.08 percent carbon, is no longer produced Standard practice includes electric furnace air melt.
(Ref. 9).] Electroslag remelting can also be employed to produce
cleaner, more homogeneous ingots (Ref. 23).
1.3 Specifications
1.9 Special Considerations
1.3.1 [Table] Specifications.
1.9.1 Alloy 21-6-9 is particularly useful in applications re¬
1.4 Composition quiring good corrosion resistance and high toughness
at cryogenic temperatures.
1.4.1 [Tablej Specified compositions.
1.9.2 Alloy 21-6-9 is affected only slightly by hydrogen
1.5 Heat Treatment (see Section 2.3.3).
Annealing is performed in the temperature range 1920 1.9.3 Prolonged heating or slow cooling through the tem¬
to 2100F followed by quenching or rapid cooling. Liq¬
perature range 1600 to 1900F promotes formation of
uid nitrogen quenching is appropriate for thicker sec- deleterious grain boundary precipitates of sigma

© 1994 by Purdue Research Foundation, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907. All Rights Reserved. Code 1314
U.S. Government License. This material may be used, duplicated or disclosed by United Page 1
States Government agencies without the payment ol any royalty.
FeA » Austenitic Stainless Steels Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook
21-6-9
phase and carbide (sensitization). These reactions
cause reduced corrosion resistance and decreased
toughness and should be avoided (see Sections 1.5
and 2.1.2).
1.9.4 Alloy 21-6-9 is stable with respect to transformation
of austenite to martensite at ambient and elevated
temperatures. However, martensite can form during
deformation at cryogenic temperatures (see Sections
2.1.2.1 and 3.4.1).
1.9.5 Heating in vacuum at high temperatures causes va¬
porization of manganese and should be avoided (see
Section 2.1.2).
1.9.6 Welds should be heat treated after joining to eliminate
sensitization in the heat-affected zone (see Sections
2.3.1, 3.3.3, and 4.3.1).
1.9.7 Alloy 21-6-9 is embrittled by copper contamination
during welding or brazing (see Sections 4.3.1 and
4.3.3).
1.9.8 Inconel 625 filler metal should be used for welds in¬
tended for cryogenic service to avoid reduced tough¬
ness in thick welds joined with W 21-6-9 filler (see
Section 4.3.1).
2. Physical Properties and Environmental
Effects
2.1 Thermal Properties
2.1.1 Melting Range. Solidus temperature, 2470F (Ref. 24).
2.1.2 Phase Changes. (See Tables 3.3.3.2 and 3.3.7.1.2 for
effects of sigma phase on mechanical properties.)
2.1.2.1 Time-temperature-transformation diagrams.
Sigma phase forms at the grain boundaries
during prolonged heating in the temperature
range 1000 to 1600F, with deleterious effects
on mechanical properties. Sigma phase causes
decreased tensile ductility and decreased
impact energies, depending on the amount
present. The amount of sigma phase which
forms is dependent on heat treatment (or
thermal exposure) and on the amount of delta
ferrite originally present, which in turn varies
with composition and processing. Delta ferrite
is a body-centered-cubic phase which is
normally stable at temperatures above about
2550F in iron-chromium-nickel alloys but
which can also be retained to lower tempera¬
tures by high concentrations of ferrite stabiliz¬
ing elements such as chromium. Delta ferrite
is undesirable as it causes low temperature
embrittlement and promotes sigma phase
formation. The stability of various phases,
including delta ferrite, in stainless steels is
indicated by the Schaeffler diagram, shown in
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June 1994 (revision)
Figure 2.1.2.1.1. The chromium and nickel
equivalents are calculated from the formulae:
Cr eq. = (Cr) + 2(Si) + 1.5(Mo) + 5{V) +
5.5(A1) + 1.75(Cb) + 1.5(Ti) +
0.75(N)
Ni eq. = (Ni) + (Co) + 0.5(Mn) + 0.3(Cu) +
25(N) + 30(C)
The location of the equivalent composition
range corresponding to that specified for
21-6-9, as indicated in Figure 2.1.2,1.1, is seen
to overlap the delta ferrite region, although
several representative analysed compositions
are within the fully austenitic region. It has
been suggested that the calculation of nickel
equivalents may need to be modified for use
with alloys such as 21-6-9 which have much
higher nitrogen and manganese contents than
normally found in those steels on which the
Schaeffler diagram was originally based (Ref.
21). However, even in material whose average
composition is austenitic, delta ferrite can
sometimes form due to local enrichment of
ferrite stabilizing elements resulting from
solidification segregation (Ref. 19).
2.1.2.1.1 [Figure! Schaeffler diagram showing
locations of 21-6-9 equivalent com¬
positions.
In as-rolled plate, the heat treatment tempera¬
ture producing the maximum amount of
sigma phase from delta ferrite is 1500F. Lesser
amounts of sigma are formed at 1600 and
1400F. The transformation of delta ferrite to
sigma begins within 15 minutes at 1500F and
is almost complete after 24 hours at this
temperature (Ref. 25). The relative amounts of
sigma phase observed after heating for vari¬
ous times and temperatures from a second
study are given in Table 2.1.2.1.2 (Ref. 19).
2.1.2.1.2 [Table] Effect of elevated tempera¬
ture exposure on sigma phase for¬
mation.
Carbides also form at the grain boundaries
during prolonged heating in the temperature
range 1000 to 1600F, and, like sigma phase, are
deleterious to ductility. The relative amounts
of carbide phase observed after heating for
various times and temperatures are given in
Table 2.1.2.1.3 (Ref. 19).
2.1.2.1.3 ITable] Effect of elevated tempera¬
ture exposure on the precipitation of
grain boundary carbides.
Approximate time-temperature curves for for¬
mation of precipitates at grain boundaries and
at deformation bands of initially cold-worked
June 1994 (revision) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook
material are presented in Figure 2.1.2.1.4.
Some of the precipitates were identified as
(Ref. 26).
2.1.2.1.4 [Figure1 Time-temperature curves
for carbide precipitation.
Transformation of austenite phase to marten-
site does not occur during cold rolling up to at
least 60 percent at room temperature (Ref. 27).
Martensite does form, however, on deforma¬
tion at -321 and -423F (Ref. 22).
The hydrogen solubility in 21-6-9 at 387F and
10 ksi hydrogen pressure is 118 to 127 ppm
for both annealed and cold-worked material
(Ref. 28).
The diffusivity and permeability of hydrogen
in 21-6-9 are shown in Figure 2.1.2.1.5. The
rates are not significantly affected by cold
working or heat treatment (Ref. 29). The per¬
meability of deuterium/ tritium (of interest for
potential fusion reactor applications), shown
in Figure 2.1.2.1.6, is similar to that of hydro¬
gen when the alloy is sputter-coated with pal¬
ladium but 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower
when the metal surface is oxidized (Ref. 30).
Another study indicated that the permeability
of tritium, shown in Figure 2.1.2.1.7, is similar
to that of hydrogen when the alloy is in the
cold-worked condition. However, for alloy in
the annealed condition, the tritium permeabil¬
ity is greater at temperatures below about
750F compared to that observed for cold-
worked alloy. This difference in rates is attrib¬
uted to microstructural changes in the alloy
related to slow cooling rather than quenching
after heat treatment (Ref. 31).
2.1.2.1.5 [Figure] Hydrogen diffusivity and
permeability.
2.1.2.1.6 [Figure] Permeability of deuterium/
tritium through palladium-coated
and oxidized alloy.
2.1.2.1.7 [Figure] Tritium permeability in
cold worked and annealed alloy.
For applications such as the Stirling automo¬
tive engine where reduced hydrogen perme¬
ability is desired, dopants can be added to the
gas phase to promote formation of thin,
adherent surface oxide films which have low
hydrogen permeability. The permeability of
21-6-9 can be reduced, for example, by a factor
of 10 to 50 at 1400 and 1508F by the addition
of 1volume percent COz to the hydrogen
(Ref. 32).
Boron cosegregates with nitrogen to the sur¬
face during heating at about 1300F or higher
Austenitic Stainless Steels « FeA
21-6-9
where it forms boron nitride. This film uni¬
formly covers the surface after 1hour of heat¬
ing and is stable down to room temperature
(Ref. 33).
Manganese segregation to the surface has
also been observed for 21-6-9. Vacuum an¬
nealing at temperatures on the order of 2200F
cause vaporization of manganese from grain
boundaries with consequent formation of
intergranular porosity and deterioration of
mechanical properties (Ref. 34).
2.1.3 Thermal Conductivity.
2.1.3.1 [Figure] Thermal conductivity.
2.1.4 Thermal Expansion.
2.1.4.1 [Figure] Effect of temperature on the mean
coefficient of thermal expansion.
2.1.5 Specific Heat.
2.1.5.1 [Figure] Specific heat.
2.1.6 Thermal Diffusivity.
2.2 Other Physical Properties
2.2.1 Density 0.283 lb/cu inch, 7.83 g/cc (Ref. 1).
2.2.2 Electrical Properties. Electrical resistivity at room
temperature is 29 microhm-inch (Ref. 35).
2.2.3 Magnetic Properties.
2.2.3.1 [Table] Effect of cold-working on magnetic
permeability at various field strengths.
2.2.3.2 [Table] Effect of exposure at cryogenic tem¬
peratures on magnetic permeability of 21-6-9
and Type 310 stainless steel.
2.2.4 Emittance.
2.2.5 Damping Capacity.
2.3 Chemical Environments
2.3.1 General Corrosion. The general corrosion resistance
of 21-6-9 is very good, approximately equivalent to
that of Type 304. Resistance to rusting in marine at¬
mospheres is better than that of Type 304. The reduc¬
tion in carbon diffusivity effected by nitrogen tends to
reduce sensitization in non-heat-treated weldments of
21-6-9 as compared to that which occurs with Type
304 (Ref. 21).
Weldments show complete freedom from accelerated
corrosion in the heat-affected zone. However, like
Type 304L, even 21-6-9 with its low carbon content of
0.04 percent is susceptible to intergranular corrosion
after long exposure in the carbide precipitation tem¬
perature range (see Table 2.1.2.1.3) (Refs. 1, 11).
The resistance of 21-6-9 to cracking in hot chloride-
containing media is approximately equal to that of
Type 304 stainless steel (Ref. 11).
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FeA • Austenitic Stainless Steels Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook
21-6-9
2.3.2 Stress Corrosion. Specimens in both the annealed and
high tensile temper conditions stressed to between 40
and 90 percent of yield strength showed good resis¬
tance to corrosion in salt fog and aqueous saline solu¬
tion (Ref. 1).
Welded specimens exposed in marine atmospheres
have excellent resistance to stress-corrosion cracking
(Ref. 1).
2.3.3 Hydrogen Effects. (See Figures 3.3.1.1 and 4.3.1.4 and
Table 2.4.1.) Several different studies agree that hydro¬
gen has only minor effects on tensile properties at
near-ambient temperatures but disagree on details.
in one study, smooth and notched specimens showed
higher ultimate strengths when tensile tested in
helium or hydrogen than when tested in air, but yield
strength and ductility were essentially unaffected by
test environment, as seen in Figure 2.3.3.1. Prior expo¬
sure under stress in hydrogen produced an increase in
yield strength, but ultimate strength and ductility
were similar to those of the unexposed material, as
shown in Table 2.3.3.2. No effects of notches were ap¬
parent. In a second study, exposure of plate material
to 10 ksi hydrogen for 340 hours at 572F resulted in
slight increases in room temperature flow stress and
about 25 percent loss in reduction in area (RA) as com¬
pared to uncharged material. A greater ductility loss
occured for notched specimens similarly charged with
hydrogen (Ref. 36). A third study reported that 21-6-9
is insensitive to hydrogen damage at slightly elevated
temperatures and slow strain rates. These data, shown
in Figure 2.3.3.3, indicate that the notched tensile
strength was reduced slightly in hydrogen as com¬
pared to air, but the elongation to fracture was not sig¬
nificantly affected. Hydrogen did not affect the
fracture mode (Ref. 27).
2.3.3.1 [Figure] Smooth and notched tensile proper¬
ties of sheet in air and high-pressure helium
and hydrogen.
2.3.3.2 [Table] Smooth and notched tensile properties
2.3.4 Oxidation. The high temperature oxidation resistance
of sheet before and after combined static load¬
ing and exposure to high-pressure hydrogen.
2.3.3.3 [Figure] Effects of hydrogen on notched ten¬
sile properties at slow strain rate.
These differing details on hydrogen effects may reflect
minor microstructural differences among the various
lots of 21-6-9 studied. Hydrogen has been observed to
reduce strength and promote cracking at grain bound¬
aries, slip bands, and other interfaces. These hydro¬
gen-induced effects, which occur primarily at high
stresses, are dependent on the metallurgical condition
of the alloy and the concentration of available hydro¬
gen (Ref. 37). In high-energy-rate-forged (HERF) alloy,
the effect of hydrogen on room temperature toughness
has been related to the microstructure. Those micro-
structures least susceptible to hydrogen-induced inter-
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June 1994 (revision)
granular fracture contain patches of recrystallized
grains which act as barriers to crack propagation
(Ref. 38).
The effects of hydrogen charging pressure and tem¬
perature on impact energy are shown in Figure 2.3.3.4.
The impact energy is slightly reduced with increasing
hydrogen content. The reduction in toughness with
decreasing temperature is associated with strain local¬
ization and formation of large microvoids. Hydrogen
does not change the fracture mode but does enhance
the embrittlement mechanisms promoted by low tem¬
perature (Ref. 39).
2.3.3.4 [Figure] Effect of hydrogen on impact energy
at room temperature and -321F.
Stable austenitic steels such as 21-6-9 exhibit mild
sensitivity to sustained-load cracking in gaseous
hydrogen. In hydrogen at 14.5- and 28-ksi pressure,
sustained-load cracking occurs above a threshold stress
intensity which has not been accurately measured be¬
cause of the high toughness of the alloy. The threshold
stress intensities are not a function of hydrogen pres¬
sure but are similar in magnitude to those exhibited by
Types 304L and 316 stainless steel (Ref. 40). At a much
lower hydrogen pressure of 15,7 psi, no sustained-load
cracking is observed at room temperature (Ref. 27).
Hydrogen causes minor reductions in the ductility of
weld metal. As shown in Table 2.3.3.5, testing in a
hydrogen environment has little effect on the tensile
properties of uncharged welds. However, charging in
hydrogen for 10 days at 392F increases the hydrogen
content throughout the thickness and decreases tensile
reduction in area by about one-fourth. The tensile
strengths and uniform elongations are essentially
unaffected. Fractures occur at the boundaries between
the austenite matrix and ferrite phase which forms in
the weld metal during solidification (Refs. 41, 42).
2.3.3.5 [Table] Effects of hydrogen on tensile proper¬
ties of gas-tungsten-arc welds.
of 21-6-9 in air is good, approximately equivalent to
that of Type 304 at 1600F but better at 1800F, shown in
Table 2.3.4.1.
2.3.4.1 [Table] Oxidation resistance in air of 21-6-9
and Type 304 stainless steel.
Exposure in air at 1675F produces a scale which is par¬
tially adherent. The loose, nonprotective portion of the
scale consists of MnCr204, FeCr204, (Cr,Fe)203, and
MrijOÿ The composition of the adherent portion of the
scale varies with silicon content of the alloy. It is com¬
posed primarily of MnFe204 and MnCr204 in 21-6-9
which is high in silicon and MnFe204 alone in low sili¬
con alloy. Low silicon content promotes higher rates of
oxidation and greater amounts of spalling (Ref. 43).
In a diesel-fueled atmosphere simulating the combus¬
tion environment of a Stirling cycle automotive engine,
June 1994 (revision) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook
the oxidation resistance of 21-6-9 is much less than
that exhibited in air. Considerable spalling occurs over
long exposures, resulting in weight losses as shown in
Figure 2.3.4.2. The surface oxide consists of spinel
(Ref. 44).
2.3.4.2 I
Figure] Oxidation-corrosion behavior at
1508F under simulated Stirling automotive
engine combustion conditions.
The ignition temperature in oxygen at ambient pres¬
sure appears to be at or just below the alloy melting
point. Once ignited, the alloy will generally burn to
completion. The temperatures generated during com¬
bustion range from 3990 to 4360F (Ref. 45).
2.4 Nuclear Environments
Exposure to high-pressure hydrogen or tritium causes
a decrease in total elongation and plastic strain to frac¬
ture but does not affect yield or ultimate strengths, as
shown in Table 2.4.1. Although low temperature stor¬
age has no additional effect on hydrogen-charged
alloy, the tritium-charged material is embrittled. The
further embrittlement of the tritium-charged material
is attributed to porosity produced by tritium decay
into helium (Ref. 46).
2.4.1 [Table] Effects of long-term hydrogen and tritium
exposure and aging on tensile properties.
3. Mechanical Properties
3.1 Specified Mechanical Properties
3.1.1 ITable] AMS and ASTM specified mechanical proper¬
ties.
3.2 Mechanical Properties at Room Temperature
3.2.1 Tension Stress-strain Diagrams and Tensile Properties.
Representative stress-strain curves are shown in Fig¬
ure 3.2.1.1. Typical mechanical properties are pre¬
sented in Table 3.2.1.2. The effects of cold work and
stress relief annealing are shown in Figure 3.2.1.3 and
Tables 3.2.1.4 and 3.2.1.5. Test direction has no signifi¬
cant effect on the room temperature tensile properties
of annealed sheet, as seen in Table 3.2.1.6.
3.2.1.1 [Figure] Stress-strain diagram.
3.2.1.2 [Table] Typical mechanical properties for bar
and sheet.
3.2.1.3 [Figure] Effect of cold working on mechanical
properties of sheet.
3.2.1.4 ITable] Effect of cold rolling and stress reliev¬
ing on mechanical properties of sheet.
3.2.1.5 [Table] Effect of cold drawing and stress
relieving on mechanical properties of wire.
3.2.1.6 [Table] Effect of test direction on mechanical
properties of sheet for two heats.
Austenitic Stainless Steels « FeA
21-6-9
The variations of yield strength with strain rate for
sheet and bar are shown in Table 3.2.1.7 and Figure
3.2.1.8, respectively. The linearity of the relationship
for the bar material indicates absence of any change in
mechanism over the eight magnitude range of strain
rates covered. The strain rate sensitivity exponent, N,
equivalent to the slope of the double-log plot, is deter¬
mined as 26 (Ref. 47).
3.2.1.7 [Table] Effect of strain rate on the yield
strength of sheet.
[Figure] Effect of strain rate on the yield
3.2.1.8
strength of annealed bar at room temperature.
3.2.2 Compression Stress-strain Diagrams and Compression
Properties.
3.2.2.1 [Table] Compressive yield strength and
modulus of elasticity of sheet for two heats.
3.2.2.2 [Table] Relaxation characteristics of compres¬
sion springs exposed at 850F under stress.
3.2.3 Impact. (See Figure 2.3.3.4 and Section 3.3.3.)
3.2.4 Bending.
3.2.5 Torsion and Shear. The shear strength of annealed
sheet and strip is approximately 105 ksi in single shear
in both the longitudinal and transverse directions. The
ratio of shear strength to ultimate strength is about
0.90 (Ref. 1).
3.2,6 Bearing.
3.2.6.1 ITable] Bearing strength of sheet for two
heats.
3.2.7 Stress Concentration.
3.2.7.1 Notch properties. (See Figures 2.3.3.1 and
4.3.1.4 and Table 2.3.3.2.)
3.2.7.2 Fracture toughness.
3.2.8 Combined Loading.
3.3 Mechanical Properties at Various Temperatures
3.3.1 Tension Stress-strain Diagrams and Tensile Properties.
Stress-strain curves at room temperature to -321F,
shown in Figure 3.3.1.1, indicate a monotonic reduc¬
tion in ductility with decreasing temperature, in both
the uncharged and hydrogen-charged conditions. The
fracture mode was ductile rupture at all temperatures
but tended increasingly toward intergranular fracture
at lower temperatures (Ref. 48).
3.3.1.1 [Figure] Stress-strain behavior of uncharged
and hydrogen-charged alloy,
Tensile properties of annealed sheet, plate, and cast
alloy are presented in Figures 3.3.1.2 to 3.3.1.5.
3.3.1.2 [Figure] Tensile properties of annealed sheet
at -423 to 1200F.
3.3.1.3 [Figure] Effect of test temperature on tensile
properties of annealed sheet.
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FeA « Austenitic Stainless Steels Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook
21-6-9
3.3.1.4 [Figure] Effect of cryogenic test temperature
on tensile properties of plate.
3.3.1.5 IFigure] Tensile properties of cast alloy at -423
to 1200F.
Tensile properties of cold rolled sheet are presented in
Figures 3.3.1.6 and 3.3.1.7.
3.3.1.6 [Figure] Effect of test temperature on tensile
properties of cold rolled sheet.
3.3.1.7 I Figure] Effect of cryogenic test temperature
on tensile properties of 21-6-9 verses Type 310
stainless cold rolled sheet.
The change in yield strength with strain rate over the
temperature range -58 to 167F is shown in Figure
3.3.1.8. The average value of the strain rate sensitivity
(slope of plot of log yield stress versus log strain rate)
over this temperature range is 24.6, similar to the
value of 26 measured at room temperature (see Table
3.2.1.7) (Ref. 49). The increase in yield strength with in¬
creasing strain rate remains consistent from room tem¬
perature to at least 1400F, as shown in Figure 3.3.1.9
(Ref. 47).
3.3.1.8 [Figure] Effect of strain rate on yield strength
of annealed bar at -58 to 167F.
3.3.1.9 [Figure] Effects of temperature and strain rate
on yield strength of annealed bar.
The effects of melting process at room temperature to
-321F are shown in Figure 3.3.1.10. The strenth of air-
melted material is consistently higher than that of the
higher purity electroslag-remelted and vacuum-arc-
remelted materials. Ductilities are unaffected by the
melting process (Ref. 50).
3.3.1.10 [Figure] Effects of melting process on tensile
properties at room and cryogenic tempera¬
tures.
3.3.2 Compression Stress-strain Diagrams and Compression
Properties.
3.3.3 Impact. (See Figure 2.3.3.4.) The Charpy impact energy
of plate is greater in the longitudinal than in the trans¬
verse orientation, as shown in Figure 3.3.3.1.
3.3.3.1 [Figure] Effect of cryogenic test temperature
and orientation on impact energy of plate.
The presence of grain boundary carbides causes inter-
granular fracture and a significant reduction in impact
toughness at low temperatures (Ref. 19). Data from an¬
other study also illustrates this point, with impact en¬
ergies for sensitized material being much lower than
those for non-sensitized material at -100 and -320F,
shown in Table 3.3.3.2.
3.3.3.2 [Table] Effect of cryogenic test temperature on
impact energy of annealed and sensitized bar.
The low temperature impact energies for materials
melted by three processes are shown in Figure 3.3.3.3.
The air-induction-melted material has highest impact
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June 1994 (revision)
energy at room temperature and -58F but lower than
both electroslag-remelted and vacuum-arc-remelted
materials at -148 to -321F. The impact energies de¬
crease with decreasing temperature but remain at a
high level (Ref. 50).
3.3.3.3 [Figure] Effects of melting process on impact
energy at room and cryogenic temperatures.
3.3.4 Bending.
3.3.5 Torsion and Shear.
3.3.6 Bearing.
3.3.7 Stress Concentration.
3.3.7.1 Notch properties. (See Figure 2.3.3.3.) Double
edge notch tensile properties from room tem¬
perature to -321F are presented in Figure
3.3.7.1.1. The ratio of crack strength to yield
strength is above unity even at cryogenic
temperatures, indicating that the alloy is
crack-tough. However, the value of K will
be dependent on specimen size and type. The
results indicate only that the material has
good toughness. No effect of melting process
is evident on low temperature crack tough1
ness (Ref. 50).
3.3.7.1.1 [Figure] Effects of melting process
on double edge notch tensile prop¬
erties at room and cryogenic tem¬
peratures.
Heat treatment which simulates sensitization
has no significant effect on tensile properties
of smooth or notched alloy at room tempera¬
ture or -320F. Similar behavior is exhibited by
Type 304L, as seen in Table 3.3.7.1.2.
3.3.7.1.2 [Table] Effect of cryogenic test tem¬
perature on smooth and notched
tensile properties of annealed and
sensitized 21-6-9 and Type 304L
stainless steel.
3.3.7.2 Fracture toughness. (See Table 4.3.1.3.) Alloy
21-6-9 has exceptionally high toughness at
cryogenic temperatures. Fracture toughness is
measured indirectly, since the specimen size
required for valid plane strain fracture tough¬
ness tests would be larger than that which is
practical. The equivalent energy fracture tough¬
ness, Kkd, at -275F has been measured as
390.7 ksiVin. for plate annealed for 2 hours at
2000F. This value is independent of orientation
(TS or TL) and temperature of precracking
(RT or -275F) (Ref. 51). Values for the estimated
plane strain fracture toughness parameter
KJc(J) are calculated as 239 and 161 ksiVin. at
-321 and -452F, respectively (Ref. 22). Values
for Kq at -452F have been reported as 144 and
151 ksiVhv (Ref. 52).
June 1994 (revision) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook
3.3.8 Combined Loading.
3.4 Creep and Creep Rupture Properties
3.4.1 [Figure! Creep rupture behavior at 1200 to 1500F for
annealed bar and sheet.
3.4.2 [Table] Creep strength of annealed bar.
3.5 Fatigue Properties
3.5.1 Conventional High-cycle Fatigue. The fatigue strength
of annealed bar is approximately 49 ksi at 108 cycles
{based on R.R. Moore tests on specimens from 1-inch
diameter bar) (Refs. 1, 11).
3.5.2 Low-cycle Fatigue.
3.5.3 Fatigue Crack Propagation. At stress intensity factor
range values less than 25 ksiVin., crack growth occurs
more rapidly at -275F than at room temperature, as
shown in Figure 3.5.3.1. Above this value, crack
growth rates are comparable at both temperatures
(Ref. 51).
3.5.3.1 [Figure] Fatigue crack growth behavior of an¬
nealed plate at room temperature and -275F.
Crack propagation rates at room temperature to -452F
are presented in Figure 3.5.3.2. The alloy undergoes
partial transformation to martensite during fatigue at
-321 and -452F but not at room temperature. The rates
at room temperature and -321F are essentially equiva¬
lent, while those at -452F are faster. Formation of mar¬
tensite during fatigue thus appears to increase the
crack propagation rates (Ref. 53).
3.5.3.2 [Figure] Fatigue crack growth behavior at
room temperature, -321 and -452F.
3.6 Elastic Properties
3.6.1 Poisson's Ratio, 0.285 (Ref. 35).
3.6.2 Modulus of Elasticity. Values for the dynamic modu¬
lus of elasticity at room temperature have been re¬
ported as 28,500 ksi (Ref. 1) and 28,210 ksi (Ref. 54).
3.6.3 Modulus of Rigidity. (See Table 3.2.2.1.) The dynamic
modulus of rigidity (shear modulus) at room tempera¬
ture is 10,950 ksi (Ref. 54).
3.6.4 Tangent Modulus.
3.6.5 Secant Modulus.
3.6.5.1 / Figure] Secant modulus for annealed plate at
room and cryogenic temperatures.
4. Fabrication
4.1 Forming
4.1.1 Cold Forming. The same cold forming equipment and
techniques are utilized as those for Type 300 series
stainless steels. However, 21-6-9 has a higher yield
Austenitic Stainless Steels • FeA
21-6-9
strength and work-hardening rate than the Cr-Ni aus¬
tenitic steels and this must be taken into consideration
in choosing equipment with the proper capacity. In¬
termediate annealing between operations may be re¬
quired (see Section 1.5) (Ref. 1).
4.1.2 Forging. 21-6-9 is readily forged with standard proce¬
dures using initial forging temperatures of 2100 to
2200F and finishing temperatures of 1700 to 1800F.
Large sections should be charged into furnaces oper¬
ating at or below 1600F, followed by equalizing at
2000F and soaking at 2100 to 2200F for 20 minutes per
inch of thickness. Sections under 4 inches in diameter
or thickness can be charged directly into furnaces at
2000 to 2200F. After forging, air cooling or water
quenching may be used (Ref. 1).
High energy rate forging (HERF) is used to produce
complex forgings of 21-6-9 which are required to meet
high strength and ductility standards. Since 21-6-9 is
not capable of being strengthened by precipitation re¬
actions, such mechanical property requirements must
be imparted by fabrication. The high strain rates of
HERF, about 800 sec"1, extend the transition from cold
working to hot working from the normal values of 0.4
to 0.5 Tm (where Tm is the absolute melting point) to
at least 0.6 T . Strengths in HERF processed parts are
thus higher than those in press formed (PF) parts
formed at the same temperatures. A further advan¬
tage is that the duplex substructures in HERF
forgings result in significantly increased ductility at
equivalent strength as compared to PF forgings. The
range of HERF processing parameters in one study on
21-6-9 included starting temperatures of 1850 to 1900F
(0.79 to 0.81 Tm) and finishing temperatures of 1400 to
1700F (0.63 to 0.74 Tm). Variation in properties and
structure can occur between different forgings and
also between different locations within an individual
forging. These variations relate to finishing tempera¬
ture of the last forming stage and/or to the forming
sequence (Ref. 24).
4.2 Machining and Grinding
Cutting speeds are somewhat lower for 21-6-9 than
those for other Cr-Ni austenitic stainless grades due
to the higher work hardening rates of 21-6-9. Cutting
speeds for single point turning of 21-6-9 are about 20
percent lower than for Types 304 and 316 stainless
when carbide tools are used, and about 33 percent
lower with high speed steel tooling (Ref. 1).
4.3 Joining
4.3.1 Fusion Welding. (See Table 2.3.3.5.) Alloy 21-6-9 can
be welded by most conventional techniques. Welding
processes and techniques normally used in joining the
Cr-Ni austentic stainless steels, such as gas-tungsten-
arc (GTA), gas-metal-arc (GMA), shielded-metal-arc
(SMA), and electron-beam (EB), may be used on
21-6-9 with few exceptions.
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FeA • Austenitic Stainless Steels Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook
21ÿ6-91
Alloy 21-6-9 is particularly sensitive to copper con¬
tamination. Small amounts of copper on the metal sur¬
face cause cracking in the heat-affected zone after GTA
welding and should be avoided (Ref. 55). Copper
back-up and hold-down fixtures should be chromium
plated to avoid copper contamination. Alternatively,
fixtures made from steel, aluminum, or the ferrite
chromium stainless steels can be used satisfactorily
(Refs. 1, 11).
Particular attention must be paid to cleanliness and
welding procedures to ensure good welds and mainte¬
nance of corrosion resistance in the weld areas.
Welded parts should receive a post-weld heat treat¬
ment to alleviate residual stresses which can cause
cracking in the heat affected zone. Welded parts
should also be descaled and passivated in order to
remove contaminants which can reduce corrosion
resistance during subsequent service (Ref. 56).
For the GTA and GMA methods, W 21-6-9 weld wire
should be used. Alternate filler materials are Type 309,
312, and 347 stainless steels or nickel-base alloys. The
selection of alternate fillers should be based on the
corrosion, strength, or cryogenic requirements of the
application.
Welded joints in the as-welded condition have
strengths almost equivalent to the unwelded base
metal, as shown in Table 4.3.1.1 and Figure 4.3.1.2
(Refs. 1, 12).
4.3.1.1 [Table] Typical tensile properties of GTA- and
GMA-welded sheet and plate at room tem¬
perature.
4.3.1.2 [Figure] Typical tensile properties of GMA-
welded sheet and strip at room and elevated
temperatures.
For cryogenic applications, weldments of 0.250 inch
or less in thickness made with W 21-6-9 filler metal ex¬
hibit good toughness while those greater than 0.250
inch require special weld filler metals (Refs. 1,2, 11).
Reduced fracture properties at cryogenic temperatures
of fusion welds made with 21-6-9 filler metal are possi¬
bly related to the presence of delta ferrite in the weld
metal (Ref. 21). The use of Inconel 625 filler metal,
however, allows retention of good strength, ductility,
and toughness at -452F by a variety of standard weld¬
ing processes, as shown in Table 4.3.1.3. Ductile frac¬
ture mode was observed in all tensile tests (Ref. 57).
4.3.1.3 [Table] Mechanical properties at -452F for
21-6-9 plate welded with Inconel 625 filler metal.
Weld penetration during autogenous fusion joining of
21-6-9, which is reduced as compared to Type 304
stainless because of higher manganese content, can
be substantially improved by the presence of surface-
active trace elements such as selenium and sulfur. The
addition of 140 ppm selenium to the base metal in¬
creased the depth/width ratio of GTA welds by 180
percent (Ref. 58).
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June 1994 (revision)
Additions of 77 ppm selenium also substantially im¬
proved the penetrations for laser and electron-beam
welds (Ref. 60). Alternatively, the addition of 500 to
1400 ppm S02 to the torch gas allowed a similar
increase in depth/width ratio. The increase in sulfur
content at the weld bead was less than 30 ppm with
700 ppm SO, in the torch gas. It should be noted that
S02 is toxic and appropriate safety measures are
required for its use (Ref. 60).
Specific welding parameters for the GTA and GMA
processes are given in References 1,2, and 10.
High joint efficiencies can be attained in 21-6-9 by
electron-beam welding. Tensile strengths approach
100 percent although elongations are less than those
of unwelded base metal. The tensile properties of
EB-welded sheet are similar to those of GTA-welded
sheet. Ductilities are slightly reduced and yield
strengths slightly increased in notched specimens.
The presence of a 10 ksi hydrogen environment has
no significant effect, as shown in Figure 4.3.1.4. The
alloy does not exhibit increased sensitivity to inter-
granular corrosion (sensitization) as a result of weld¬
ing, although Type 304 is sensitized by electron-beam
welding and requires post-weld heat treatment
(Ref. 61).
4.3.1.4 [Figure] Smooth and notched tensile proper¬
ties of GTA- and EB-welded sheet at room
temperature in air and in high-pressure
gases.
Two-pass techniques are generally required in EB
welds to eliminate porosity (Refs. 1, 11). Specific
parameters for EB welding are given in Reference 12.
.3.2 Resistance Welding. High quality joints can be made
in 21-6-9 using upset resistance welding techniques
(Ref. 62). Specific parameters for conventional resis¬
tance spot welding are given in Reference 16.
4.3.3 Brazing. Alloy 21-6-9 can be joined satisfactorily with
a number of commercially available brazes. However,
the alloy is sensitive to liquid metal embrittlement
and grain boundary penetration by copper and
copper-containing braze alloys. Tin and possibly gold
in high copper content brazes contribute to
embrittlement. Braze alloys containing copper are not
recommend for use with 21-6-9 (Refs. 55, 63).
4.4 Surface Treating
Procedures for cleaning, pickling, descaling, and pas-
sivating are the same as those for Types 302 and 304
stainless steels (Ref. 17).
June 1994 (revision) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook Austenitic Stainless Steels • FbA
21-6-9

Table 1.3.1 Specifications (Refs. 3-9)

Alloy 21-6-9

Specifications Product Form UNS

AMS 5595 E Sheet, strip and plate S21904

Bars, wire, forgings, extrusions and

5656B S21904
flash-welded rings

5561B Welded and drawn tubing S21900

55628 Seamless tubing S21904

Bars and shapes (XM-10) S21900

ASTM A 276-91a
(XM-11) S21904

Wire (XM-10) S21900

A 580-91a
(XM-11) S21904

A 666-91 Sheet, strip, plate, flat bar (XM-11) S21904

Table 1.4.1 Specified compositions (Refs. 3-9)

Alloy 21-6-9

Specification AMS5595E, 5656B ASTM A 276, A 580 ASTM A 666

Percent Percent Percent

Element
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum

Carbon — 0.04 — 0.04 0.04

Nitrogen 0.15 0.40 0.15 0.40 C 15 0.40

Chromium 19.00 21.50 19.00 21.50 19.00 21.50

Nickel 5.50 7.50 5.50 7.50 5.50 7.50

Manganese 8.00 10.00 8.00 10.00 8.00 10.00

Silicon — 1.00 — 1.00 — 0.75

Phosphorus — 0.060 — 0.060 — 0.060

Sulfur — 0.030 — 0.030 — 0.030

Molybdenum — 0.75 — — —
Copper — 0.75 — — —

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2H5-91

...
21-6-9 I I I I Table 2.1.2.1.2 Effect of elevated temperature exposure on
See text (or definition of compositional equivalents sigma phase formation (Ref. 1)
O Representee equivalent I

25 .
compositions
Equivalent AMS specified
composition range ,
_ Alloy 21-6-9
V
Sigma Formation Rating a
20
Austenite Austenite Exposure Time (hr) 1 9 25 100

S 15 Martensite
Exposure Temperature (F)
Austenite
+
Delta Ferrite 600 1 1 1 1
10
Martensite Austenite
800 1 1 1 1
* Martensite\
Martensite
+ Delta
_
X-+ Delta Ferrite
Delta
Ferrite
1000 1 1 1 1.2

1100 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.6

5 10 15 20 25

Chromium Equivalent (percent)

1200 1.2 1.2 2 2.6

Fig. 2.1.2.1.1 Schaeffler diagram showing locations of 21-6-9 1400 1.4 2.B 3.4 3.6
equivalent compositions (Ref. 19)
1600 1.6 2.4 3 3.4

Table 2.1.2.1.3 Effect of elevated temperature exposure on Note: Ratings are averages of 5 heats containing 0.04 percent
the precipitation of grain boundary carbides (Ref. 1) carbon maximum.
a Sigma rating code:
Alloy 21-6-9
None = 1 -1.4 Medium = 3,5 -4.5
Trace = 1.5 -2.5 Heavy = 4.6-5
Carbide Formation Rating a Light = 2.6 - 3.4

Exposure Time (hr) 1 9 25 100

18D0 21-6-9
Exposure Temperature (F)

600 1 1 1 1 1600
/— Grain boundary MjjCj start
800 1 1 1 1 2 1400
/
D
s z— Deformation band M23ÿ6 start
a
1000 1 1 1 1.4
ÿ
1200
1100 1 1.6 3.2 5

1200 1.6 3.6 4.8 5.6 1000

\
0.1 10 100
1400 3 3 3.8 3.8
Time (hr)
1600 1.6 2 2 2.5
Fig. 2.1.2.1.4 Time-temperature curves for carbide
Note: Ratings are averages of 5 heats containing 0.04 percent carbon precipitation (Ref. 26)
maximum.
3 Solar carbide rating code:
None = 1-1.4 Medium =3.5-4.5
Trace = 1.5 -2.5 Heavy = 4.6-5
Light = 2.6 -3.4 Very heavy = 5.5-6

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June 1994 (revision) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook Austenitic Stainless Steels » F8A
21-6-9

Temperature (F) Temperature (F)

900 800 700 600 500 400 800 600 400 200

21-6-9, Streetÿ f f 1 | 21-6-9, Sheet

Electroplated with 0.004 mil palladium (Ret. 29) Annealed 1650F, 2 hr 1247F, 8 hr + 1112F
*
10"5 -or coated with palladium by vapor deposition - 8 hr, AC
(Ret. 27) 1 I I I
a Cold-rolled (Ret. 29)
o Annealed 1922F, 1 hr, WQ (Ret. 29)
ÿ Annealed 1949F, Q (Ret. 27)

Palladium-coated

6
u
Q

£ÿ
£ 10"11
to
'
Q
10-12
.zr Oxidized
|10-'3
Data below 400F are for
tritium, normalized to
deuterium

12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Inverse Absolute Temperature (104/*)

Inverse Absolute Temperature (104/X) Fig. 2.1.2.1.6 Permeability of deuterium /tritium

through palladium-coated and oxidized alloy
Fig. 2.1.2.1.5 Hydrogen diffusivity and permeability (Ref. 30)
(Refs. 27, 29)

Temperature (F)

1400 1200 1000 800 600 400

- :
21-6-9, Sheet
I
1 i 1

Electroplated vitti o.; mil nic kel

ID"5 N

s•v •
ÿ
Anneal 3d 1922F, 2 hr, sc
Cold w orked

10"®
VV
V5.
"eu

X
-©-
10"7
z
ra
<D
E X R

i
10"8

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Inverse Absolute Temperature (Iff4/*)

Fig. 2.1.2.1.7 Tritium permeability in cold worked and annealed alloy (Ref. 31)

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FeA * Austenitic Stainless Steels Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook June 1994 (revision)
21-6-9
20 12
21-6-9 21-6-9
Annealed Annealed

£ 16 ir 11

e
m 12 10
2-
>
5
8

E
V
(5 4
400 800 1200 1600 2000

Temperature (F)

-400 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000

Fig. 2.1.4.1 Effect of temperature on the mean coefficient
Temperature (F) of thermal expansion (Ref. 1)

Fig. 2.1.3.1 Thermal conductivity (Ref. 1)

ro <*> -9 Table 2.2.3.1 Effect of cold-working on magnetic

permeability at various field strengths (Ref. 1)
0.10
Alloy 21-6-9

0.08 Condition Magnetic Permeability

Field Strength (oersteds) 50 100 200 500

s. 0.06

Annealed 1.005 1.004 1.004 1.002

0.04
Cold reduced 15 percent 1.004 1.004 1.003 —

0.02 35 percent 1.005 1.005 1.005 —

60 percent 1.010 1.010 1.012 <1.02
-460 -400 -300 -200 -100 100

Temperature (F)

Fig. 2.1.5.1 Specific heat (Ref. 64)

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June 1994 (revision) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook Austenitic Stainless Steels • FeA
21-6-9

Table 2.2.3.2 Effect of exposure at cryogenic temperatures 21-6-9, Sheet

on magnetic permeability of 21-6-9 and Type 310 stainless 0.056-in. thickness
Annealed
steel (Ref. 1) Grain size-ASTM 11
Code: 1 - air
Alloy 21-6-9 310 180
_ 2 - 10 ksi helium
Notch tests: 3 - 10 ksi hydrogen
60° V on both edges of 0.20-in, wide specimen
Condition Annealed 0.025-in. deep: R = ,002-in. max
160
Magnetic permeability at
Test Temperature (F)
500 oersteds
140
75 1.002 1.002

-320 1.005 1.007 120

75 1.002 1.003
100
Note: Specimens tested at 75F, at -320F and retested at 75F to
measure effects of low temperature exposure on room
temperature permeability. 80

60

40

20

0 0
Smooth Notched

Fig. 2.3.3.1 Smooth and notched tensile properties of sheet

in air and in high-pressure helium and hydrogen (Ref. 12)

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FeA • Austenitic Stainless Steels Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook June 1994 (revision)
21-6-9

Table 2.3.3.2 Smooth and notched tensile properties of sheet before and after combined static loading and exposure to
high-pressure hydrogen (Ref. 12)

Alloy 21-6-9

Condition Annealed

Thickness (in.) 0.056

Type of Test Smooth Notched3

Exposure to 10,000 psi hydrogen None Exposed11 None Exposed'1

Ffu (ksi) 129 137 131 133

Fty (ksi) 81 105 97 122

e, in 0.60-in. (percent) 52 49 11 10

RA (percent) 68 67 48 50

a 60' V-notch at mid-point gage section; 0.025-inch depth; R 0.002-inch max: = 6.

=
ÿ
Specimens were exposed to 10,000 psi hydrogen for 300 hours at a static stress of 80 ksi to ensure some plastic deformation during
exposure. No failures occurred during 300 hour period and specimens were immediately tested in air after removal from autoclave in same
manner as unexposed specimens.

21-6-9, Sheet 21-6-9, P ate

Annealed 1949F, Q Hot cross-rolled
Notched 0.28-in. dee p with 0.012-in. thic k diamond saw blade Hydrogen charged t 572F, 45 days
Tested in air or 15.7 psi hydrogen Charpy V notch spe :imens
Strain rate 8.5 x 10" sec"1
300
o Air
ÿ Hydrogen
85
200
-c _RT
W

1 80
\
e
a>
tz
CO
\ X 100

rx
CD

——
5 75
>
-
t=
o
I-
O
-o."'"
<D I
« 70
o
Z
4 8 12 16 20 24

Hydrogen Charging Pressure (ksi)

65

— 10 Fig. 2.3.3.4 Effect of hydrogen on impact energy at room

temperature and -321F (Ref. 39)

too 200 300

Temperature (F)

Fig. 2.3.3.3 Effects of hydrogen on notched tensile prop¬

erties at slow strain rate (Ref. 27)

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21-6-9

Table 2.3.3.5 Effects of hydrogen on tensile properties of gas-tungsten-arc welds (Ref. 42)

Alloy 21-6-9

Tensile Properties 3

Hydrogen
Weld
Charging Test Elongation Reduction
Filler
Metal
Pressure Environment Ftv Ftu in
(ksi) (KSi) (ksi) Area
(percent)
Uniform Total
(percent) (percent)

— air 78.2 108.2 9.7 14.3 54

— 10 ksi H2 77.5 107.0 10.2 13.8 57

— 25 ksi H 2 83.1 114.0 10.8 14.6 61

Type 308L b 3.5 air 80.2 109.8 8.8 11.6 49

3.5 10 ksi H2 — 109.6 - — 43

10 air 84.0 112.5 10.2 11.9 44

10 25 ksi H 2 88.0 123.1 9.7 10.4 44

— air 76.9 112.1 11.8 19.0 60

— 10 ksi H 2 72.2 109.4 13.6 22.1 75

— 25 ksi H 2 78.8 115.3 11.7 19.8 69

21-6-9 3.5 air 74.5 111.5 12.9 17.7 56

3.5 10 ksi H2 88.8 119.9 — — 50

10 air 78.8 114.4 12.5 15.6 50

10 25 ksi H 2 85.4 122.1 13.8 17.2 49

a Tensile specimens contained transverse regions of weld metal, heat affected zone, and base metal. Fractures occurred in weld metal.
Strain rate 0.02 min~1. Gage length 1-inch.
b Nominal composition: Fe - (19-21)Cr - (10-12)Ni - 0.03C - 2Mn - 1Si.
c Charged for 10 days at 392F.

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FeA • Austenitic Stainless Steels Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook June 1994 (revision)
21-6-9

Table 2.3.4.1 Oxidation resistance in air of 21-6-9 and Type 21-6-9 Sheet
304 stainless steel (Ref. 1) Exposed for 5 r cycle in diesel-fuele d
com justion atmosp tere
10
Alloy 21-6-9 304 21-6-9 304
o
Test Time (hrs) 400 1000
-10
Test Temperature (F) Oxidation Loss (grams/sq in.)
-20
1600 — — .06 .05

1800 .11 .30 — — -30

Note: Tests run in an electric muffle furnace with a small amount of -10
saturated air introduced to prevent stagnant atmosphere from
occurring during exposure. -50
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Time (hr)

Fig. 2.3.4.2 Oxidation-corrosion behavior at 1508F under

simulated Stirling automotive engine combustion cond¬
itions (Ref. 44)

Table 2.4.1 Effects of long-term hydrogen and tritium exposure and aging on tensile properties (Ref. 46)

Alloy 21-6-9

Form Forged Bar

Tensile Properties
Exposure Aging
Condition Conditions Fty Hu Total Elongation Plastic Strain
(ksi) (ksi) (percent) to Fracture

(None) (None) 116 135 70 0.34

4.4 ksi, H2. 386F, -10F,

56 days 123 144 53 0.34
7 years

10 ksi. T2, 386F,

60 days (None) 120 136 52 0.38

10 ksi, T2. 386F. -1 OF,

126 134 10 0.06
17 months 5 years

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RTPinj

Table 3.1.1 AMS and ASTM specified mechanical properties (Refs. 3, 4, and 7-9)

Alloy 21-6-9

Hardness, Bend
Minimum Tensile Properties
Specification Form Condition3 Thickness (In.) max Diameter,
(HRB) min (t)
Ftu (tol) Fty (ksl) eb, (pel) RA (pet)

<0.1875 100 60 40

Sheet, strip, SHT 1900 F, 20.1875 90 50 40

AMS 5595E
and plate >RAC
<0.249 1c.e

>0.249 <0.749 1d, 2e

— 100

Bars, wire, SHT 1950 F,

forgings, forced air cool
5656B
extrusions, or faster — 90 50 40 60 100
and rings

Bars and
ASTM A 276
shapes
Annealed — 90 50 45 60

A 580 Wire Annealed — 90 50 45 60

£0.030 130 115 15

Sheet, strip,
A 666 1/4 hard
plate and flat >0.030 130 115
bar
1/16, 1/8 hard <0.1874 1c

—
Note The original AMS and ASTM documents should be consulted tor complete specification details.
—
a SHT solution heat treated; RAC — rapid air cool.
b Elongation in 4D or 2-inch.
c Free bend, 180 degrees minimum.
d Free bend, 90 degrees minimum.
e V-block, 135 degrees minimum.

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FeA » Austenitic Stainless Steels Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook June 1994 (revision)
21-6-9
80
21-6-9 /
Annealed ÿ

- Transverse
Longitudi lal // '
- //
//
ft
ft
60 ft

17)
-*
¥
M
40
53

/
20

0 10 20 30 40 50

Strain (10'4 in. par in.)

Fig. 3.2.1.1 Stress-strain diagram (Ref. 1)

ible 3.2.1.2 Typical mechanical properties for bar and sheet (Ref, 1)

Alloy 21-6-9

Form Bar Sheet

High Tensile
Condition Annealed 1950F, WQ Annealed
Temper

Size (in.) 6x6 4x4 2.5x4.5 1diameter — —

Ftu (ksi) 99 98 100 100 112 145

Fty (ksi) 65 58 68 57 68 130

e, 2-in. (percent) 48 55 48 53 44 20

RA (percent) 70 75 70 75 — —
Hardness - Rockwell — — — — B96 C34

Note: Longitudinal Tests

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June 1994 (revision) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook Austenitic Stainless Steels • FeA
2Uÿ

21-6-9, Sheet I
Annealed to hardness ot flB 92
200 Longitudinal

160

2
M
to
120
£
CO

40
c:
60

40

20

0
0 20 40 60

Cold Reduction (percent)

Fig. 3.2.1.3 Effect of cold working on mechanical properties

of sheet (Ref. 1)

Table 3.2.1.4 Effect of cold rolling and stress relieving on mechanical properties of sheet (Ref. 1)

Alloy 21-6-9

Cold Reduction (percent) 0 15 30

Stress Relief Temperature (F) None 900 1250 None 900 1250 None 900 1250

Ftu (ksi) 115 116 116 142 146 142 177 185 167

F|y (ksi) 70 71 71 131 132 118 159 178 154

e, 2-in. (percent) 44 44 44 23 23 26 12 11 19

Hardness (R c) B94 B94 B94 34 34 32 40 42 39

Note: Stress relieving was for 1 hour at indicated temperatures.

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FeA • Austenitic Stainless Steels Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook June 1994 (revision)
2HHTI
Table 3.2.1.5 Effect of cold drawing and stress relieving on mechanical properties of wire (Ref. 1)

Alloy 21-6-9

Cold Reduction (percent) 15 30

Stress Relief Temperature (F) None 1000 1150 1300 None 1000 1150 1300

F(u (ksi) 128 128 125 122 179 179 166 159

Fty (ksi) 108 102 92 93 162 162 149 140

e, 4D (percent) 56 56 45 60 28 28 28 40

RA (percent) 70 68 67 65 57 57 54 57

Hardness (R c) — 21 20 20 40 39 33 30

Note: Stress relieving was for 2 hours at indicated temperatures followed by air cooling.

Table 3.2.1.6 Effect of test direction on mechanical Table 3.2.1.7 Effect of strain rate on the yield strength of
properties of sheet for two heats (Ref. 1) sheet (Ref. 1)

Alloy 21-6-9 Alloy 21-6-9

Condition Annealed 1950F Cross-head Speed

to Fty - actual .0017 .0254 .0515 .123 .319
Heat Designation A B (In. per in. per min.)

Test Direction Long. Trans. Long. Trans.

Fty (ksi) 69.2 72.6 74.4 74.9 78.2

Ftu (ksi) 119.1 117.1 111.7 110.6

Note: Ffy are averages of duplicate transverse tests.

Ffy (ksi) 75,4 75.0 65.0 63.9

e, 2-in. (percent) 43 43 45 43

Hardness (R b) 95.5 95.5 93.5 93.5

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June 1994 (revision) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook Austenitic Stainless Steels « FbA
21-6-9

21-6-9, <2
Table 3.2.2.1 Compressive yield strength and modulus of
Anneale TJ h- CO 1 hr, vac jum elasticity of sheet for two heats (Ref. 1)
180
140 Alloy 21-6-9
2
a 100 9>.
6 Condition Annealed 1950F
80 ,O'¬ '"*1
60 er
O-O" Heat Designation A B
40
Test Direction Long. Trans. Long. Trans.

Fey (ksi) 75.1 73.6 64.6 62.7

20
10"8 10-6 10"4 10-2 10° 102
Modulus of Elasticity
29.3 28.6 29.4 28.4
Strain fiatelmln"1) (psi x 10 6)

Fig. 3.2. 1.8 Effect of strain rate on the yield Hardness (R g) 95.5 95.5 93.5 93.5
strength of annealed bar at room temperature
(Ref. 47)

Table 3.2.2.2 Relaxation characteristics of compression springs exposed at 850F under stress (Ref. 1)

Alloy 21-6-9

Cold Reduction (percent) 15 30

Stress Relief Temperature (F) None 1000 1150 1300 None 1000 1150 1300

Relaxation a, loss in load (percent) — 10.2 10.0 6.8 — 9.1 6.8 7.3

Fty (ksi) 108 102 92 93 162 162 149 140

Hardness (R c) — 21 20 20 40 39 33 30

Note: Fty and hardness shown are properties ol original wire.

a Compression springs stressed at 40 ksi at room temperature and exposed at 850F tor 5 days.

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FeA * Austenitic Stainless Steels Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook June 1994 (revision)
21-6-9

Table 3.2.6.1 Bearing strength of sheet for two heats (Ref. 1)

21-6-9, Plate
Annealed 1922F, 2 hr
Alloy 21-6-9 Hydrogen charged 1063F, 14 days, 10 ksi H2
Strain rate 4.5 x 10-4 sec"'
i i
Condition Annealed 1950F Uncharged
B2 Charged
Heat Designation A B

Test Direction Long. Trans. Long. Trans.

Fbru (ÿi) 264.0 264.8 251.2 255.2

Fbry (ksi) 163.5 141.1 127.5 117.5

2.0 percent offset

Note: e/D = 2.0; hole diameter 0.375-inch.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Strain (percent)

Fig. 3.3.1.1 Stress-strain behavior of uncharged and

hydrogen-charged alloy (Ref. 48)

21-6-9, Sheet 1 I 21-6-9, Sheet

0.062- and 0.078-in, hlckness Annealed Rg93
Annealed 1950F, 2 hr RAC Transverse tests
280
120
240
200 100
160
F.u
120 80
80
60
40

0
— J
Jty
40
60 -LK

40 / rÿ-r
20
20 ÿ
/
a 0

=
0
-460 - 200 0 200 400 600 800 1000120014001600 I 60 I
Zi c x-brokc on gage mark
Temperature (F)
~
e
40
a- m 1
X ,;
CJ
Fig. 3.3.1.2 Tensile properties of annealed sheet at
ÿ423 to 1200F (Ref. 65) I 20
400 800 1200

Test Temperature (F)

Fig. 3.3.1.3 Effect of test temperature on tensile properties

of annealed sheet (Ref. 1)

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June 1994 (revision) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook Austenitic Stainless Steels « F6A
21-6-9

21-6-9, Plate | 21-6-9, Investment cast I

4.75-in. thickness Annealed 1950F, 2 hr, RAC
Annealed 1950F, WQ
-
Longitudinal and transverse tests 10 each

-460 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000120014001600

Temperature (F)

Fig. 3.3.1.5 Tensile properties of cast alloy at -423

to 1200F (Ref. 65)

21-6-9, Sheet
Cold rolled Code CR-percent Rc

-460 -400

Test Temperature (F)

Fig. 3.3.1.4 Effect of cryogenic test temperature on tensile

properties of plate (Refs. 13, 14)

Test Temperature (F)

Fig. 3.3.1.6 Effect of test temperature on tensile prop¬

erties of cold rolled sheet (Ref. 1)

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FeA • Austenitic Stainless Steels Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook June 1994 (revision)
21-6-9

21-6-9, S tlBBt 21-6-9, Bar I I

360 Annealed 1976F, 1 hr, vacuum

—
o- O 21-6-9 (.04 C)
o-—ÿ Type 310 Strain rate (sec-1)
320
\ Ftu ~
2.2x10s
3.5 x102
280

8
I 240
\Ftu
20D
Fty •
160
20
Fty .
100 200 300 400
10
— cr"
-
Temperature (F)

Fig. 3.3.1.8 Effect of strain rate on yield strength

of annealed bar at -58 to 167F (Ref. 49)
•400 -300 -200 -100 0 100

Tost Temperature (F)

21-6-9, Plate
Fig. 3.3.1.7 Effect of cryogenic test temperature on tensile Hot rolled fro m 2050 to 21 )0F without reheating
properties of 21-6-9 versus Type 310 stainless cold rolled sheet I
(Ref. 1)
Ftuÿ • o AirElectroslag
ÿ ÿ
induction melted
remelted
260 a a Vacuu ti am remelted

21-6-9, Bar
-
Annealed 1376F 1 hr.w cuum V \ \\
220
100 *
_
2
80
O Strain r atelO"4 sec"1
O Strain r ate 10"s ± 50 '«> sec-1
180
U \ S

N,

\*

"t- 60 *
s
140 ÿ

40

20 . O
_ rv,
\ 100
1

80 _KA
_ M
«
ÿE
60 2 e, 4d
400 800

Temperature (F)
1200 1600 2000 u

£
40

20
§- -§ — 0 -ft -A—

0
Fig. 3.3.1.9 Effects of temperature and strain rate on yield -400 -300 -20D -100 100
strength of annealed bar (Ref. 47)
Temperature (F)

Fig. 3.3.1.10 Effects of melting process on tensile properties at

room and cryogenic temperatures (Ref. 50)

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June 1994 (revision) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook Austenitic Stainless Steels * FfiA
21-6-9

21-6-9, Plate | Table 3.3.3.2 Effect of cryogenic test temperature on

4.75-in. thickness impact energy of annealed and sensitized bar (Ref. 1)
Annealed 1950F, WQ
i »
280
Alloy3 21-6-9

—- .
ÿ Longiti dinal
}
• Transv >rse
i Thickness 1-inch diameter
240 /

Charpy V
o Condition11 Annealed Sensitized
200
/ o Test Temperature (F) Room -100 -320 Room -100 -320

Impact energy,
£ 160
ÿ
Charpy V-notch >240 >230 115 >240 181 21
(ft/lbs)
ÿa
CO 120 3
E 0.04 C maximum.
9,
ÿ /
/"Cha rpy ÿ b Annealed 1950F; sensitized at 1250F for 2 hours to simulate heat
keyholeÿ-G"
9 affected zones of weldments.

n
40 21-6-9. Plate
Hot rolled tr im 2050 to 2' OOF without rcheating
Fatigue-crac ked V-notch aind opposing J-notch
t
it — o Air induction melted
-460 -400 -300 -200 -100 100 — Electroslag
ÿ n melted
A Vacuum arc ÿemelted
Tesl Temperature (F) A
ÿ
fi
Fig. 3.3.3.1 Effect of cryogenic test temperature and orientation
ÿ5 1.5
* •
-
A ÿ

A
on impact energy of plate (Ref. 13)
o
1.0

21-6-9, Plate
Hot rolled 1rom 2050 to 2 OOF
without reheating
240 Charpy V-no :ch
O Air induct]on melted
a Electrosla remelted
200 a Vacuum are remelted
ÿ

s 160
A
—0.65*
— — 0.65-

120 / /

- 60
0
-200 -100
40 Temperature (F)

Fig. 3.3.7.1.1 Effects of melting process on double edge notch

-400 -300 -200 -100 100 tensile properties at room and cryogenic temperatures (Ref. 50)

Temperature (F)

Fig. 3.3.3.3 Effects of melting process on impact energy at room

and cryogenic temperatures (Ref. 50)

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FeA • Austenitic Stainless Steels Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook June 1994 (revision)
2H5-91
Table 3.3.7,1.2 Effect of cryogenic test temperature on smooth and notched tensile properties of annealed and sensitized
21-6-9 and Type 304L stainless steel (Ref. 1)

Alloy 21-6-93 304L 21-6-93 304L

Test Temperature Room -320 F

Condition13 AnnealBd Sensitized Annealed Sensitized Annealed Sensitized Annealed Sensitized

Ftu (ksi) 114 117 89 90 231 230 225 223

Fty (ksi) 71 73 37 36 173 — 74 —

e, 2-in. (percent) 43 43 63 63 57 30 40 40

NTS (ksi) 93 93 61 61 193 185 101 93

NTS/Ftu 0.80 0.79 0.69 0.68 0.83 0.80 0.45 0.42

Note: All tests in transverse direction: 0.050-inch thick sheet. Notched strength determined on NASA edge notch specimen. 1-inch wide with 60'
notch and 0.0007-inch maximum root radius.
a 21 -6-9 with 0.08 C maximum.
b Annealed at 1950F; sensitized at 1250F for 1 hour.

21-6-9, Bar and Sheet Table 3.4.2 Creep strength of annealed bar (Ref. 35)
Annealed 1950F 1
Bar Alloy 21-6-9
~
ÿ 4 Sheet
Form Annealed Bar

~
---_ * 1200F Temperature
Stress (ksi) far Creep Rate
(F)
ÿ
1350F
1x 10 "4 percent/hr 1 x 10 "5 percent/hr

x . 1200 14.4 10.2

1350 6.3 4
J Ni

10 50 too 500 1000

Time (hr)

Fig. 3.4.1 Creep rupture behavior at 1200 to 1500F for annealed

bar and sheet (Ref. 1)

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June 1994 (revision) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook Austenitic Stainless Steels * FbA
21-6-9

21-6-9, Plate 21-6-9, Plate

Annealed 2000F, 2 hr, FC Annealed
Single-edge-notch bend specimens Tested according to AS tme: 99
-
- R = 0.1 R factor and frequency not re rorted
Frequency not reported _
"

TL orientation

ÿ -452F ÿ
A -351F
0R
EJj rf

-275F
I
6 Ad
3

E
ÿ
J.
o ÿ eg A
0

vO
lF
AaO
ÿ A
nA

20 30 10 20 40 60 80 100 200
Sir ess Intensity Factor Range, AK (kslVTrT.)
Stress Intensity Factor Range, &K (ksix/IrT.)

Fig. 3.5.3.1 Fatigue crack growth behavior of annealed plate at room

temperature and -275F (Ref. 51)
Fig. 3.5.3.2 Fatigue crack growth behavior at room
temperature, -321 and -452F (Ref. 53)

40 Table 4.3.1.1 Typical tensile properties of GTA- and GMA

21-6-9, Plate
Annealed 2D0DF. 2 hr. FC welded sheet and plate at room temperature (Ref. 1)

12 30 Alloy 21-6-9
•&
5 Condition Annealed
20
ÿ275 f Welding Process GTA GMAa

10 Thickness (in.) 0.062 2.0

RT
Ftu (ksi) 109 106

.002 .004 .006 .008 .010 F(y (ksi) 68 65

Strain (in./in.) e, 2-in. (percent) 22 39

Fig. 3.6.5.1 Secant modulus for annealed plate at room and Lateral contraction (percent) 17 —
cryogenic temperatures (Ref. 51)
Failure Weld Base Metal

a Covered electrodes.

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FeA • Austenitic Stainless Steels Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook June 1994 (revision)
21-6-9

21-6-9, Sheet ar d Strip

Annealed
120

100
\F,u
80

I
3 60
<u

$9
10

20

60
• ee(2-in.)
A (0.5-in.)
-
o
U
40

BJ
Q-
20

0
0 400 800 1200

Test Temperature (F)

Fig. 4.3.1.2 Typical tensile properties of GMA-welded sheet

and strip at room and elevated temperatures (Ref. 1)

Table 4.3.1.3 Mechanical properties at -452F for 21-6-9 plate welded with Inconel 625 filler metal (Ref. 55)

Alloy 21-6-9

Condition Annealed Plate

Tensile Properties Apparent Fracture

Weld Process a Specimen Type Toughness b, Kq
Ffv(Ksi) Ftu(ksi) e (percent) RA (percent) (ksiVin.)

Base metal 196 247 23 30 132

SMA Weld 127 183 31 27 123

SMA HAZC 251 272 21 33 105

GTA Weld 138 177 18 20 121

GTA HAZ 252 279 17 37 108

GMA Weld 121 158 19 27 136

GMA HAZ 245 271 15 27 118

a SMA — Shielded metal arc process.

GTA — Gas tungsten arc process,
GMA — Gas metal arc process.
b Fracture toughness tests were conducted according to ASTM E 399 but did not meet requirements for plane strain Iracture toughness, K|C.

c All HAZ specimens contained varying amounts of weld, HAZ, and base metal.

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June 1994 (revision) Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook Austenitic Stainless Steels • FeA
21-6-9

21-6-9, Sheet References

0.056-in. thickness n
Gage length

180
Annealed
Grain size- ASTM 11
-
Code: 1 air
— r! 0.60-
\60° /
1. Product Data Brochure S-26c, "Armco 21-6-9 Stainless
Steel," Armco Steel Corp., Baltimore, MD (April 1969).
-
2 10 ksi helium
Padian, W. D.; Brubaker, D.; Rohrberg, R.; et al.,
160
-
3 10 ksi hydrogen 2.
r = 0.002 max J ' Kt = 6 "Permanent Tube Joint Technology," Technical Report
AFRPL-TR-68-206, Air Force Rocket Propulsion
2 A 2 3
140 Laboratory, Edwards, CA (November 1968).
3. AMS 5595E, Society of Automotive Engineers
120 — 1 <- ;1>
(April 1992).
4. AMS 5656B, Society of Automotive Engineers
100
(April 1992).
80 5. AMS 5561B, Society of Automotive Engineers
RA .s. (January 1990).
60 60
6. AMS5562B, Society of A utomotive Engineers
Ouly 1989).
40
40
7. ASTM A 276-91a, American Society for Testing and
e (0.6-in.) Materials (1991).
20 20
8. ASTM A 580-91a, American Society for Testing and
Materials (1991).
Smooth Notched Smooth Notched 9. ASTM A 666-91, American Society for Testing and
GTA-wetded EB-we!ded
Materials (1991).
Fig. 4.3.1.4 Smooth and notched tensile properties of GTA- 10. Braun, W. H., "21-6-9: A High Strength Grade for
and EB-welded sheet at room temperature in air and in high
Tubing," Metal Progress, Vol. 101, No. 2, p. 64 (February
pressure gases (Ref. 12)
1972).
11. Denhard, E. E., and Espy, R. H., "Austenitic Stainlesses
with Unusual Mechanical and Corrosion Properties,"
Metals Engineering Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 4 (November
1972).
12. Vandervoort, R. R., "Tensile and Fracture Properties of
Austenitic Stainless Steel 21-6-9 in High-Pressure
Hydrogen Gas," Metals Engineeriiig Quarterly, Vol. 12,
No. 1(February 1972).
13. Malin, C. O., "Low Temperature Properties of Armco
21-6-9 Alloy (Cr-Ni-Mn)," Report NAR 80011, Rocket-
dyne Div., North American Rockwell Corp., Canoga
Park, CA (May 27, 1968).
14. "Low Temperature Mechanical Properties of Various
Alloys," Report No. NASA SP-5921(01), Technology
Utilization Office, NASA, Washington, D.C. (1970).
15. MasteUer, R. D.; Brown, H. J.; Herzog, R. G.; and
Osgood, S. H., "Properties of Cyrogenically Worked
Materials," Report No. NASA CR-72638, Martin
Marietta Corporation, Denver, CO, NASA Lewis
Research Center Contract NAS3-12028 (May 1, 1970).
16. "Welding Armco Stainless Steels," Brochure No.
LE-4267, Armco Steel Corporation, Baltimore, MD
(December 1967).

Code 1314
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FeA • Austenitic Stainless Steels Aerospace Structural Metals Handbook
21-6-9
17. Personal Communication with H. W. Garvin, Sr.,
Research Engineer, Armco Steel Corporation, Baltimore,
MD (February 1, 1973).
18. Brown, R. S., "Higher Strength, Corrosion Resistance
with Nitrogen-Strengthened Stainless Steels," Machine
Design, Vol. 52, No. 9, pp. 56-59 (April 24, 1980).
19. Wigley, D. A., "The Metallurgical Structure and Me¬
chanical Properties at Low Temperatures of Nitronic 40,
With Particular Reference to its Use in the Construction
of Models for Cryogenic Wind Tunnels," NASA CR-
165907, Southampton University, Southampton, England
(April 1982).
20. Metals Handbook, 10th Edition, Vol. 4, American Society
for Metals, pp. 771-772 (1991).
21. Espy, R. H., "Weldability of Nitrogen-Strengthened
Stainless Steels," Welding journal, Vol. 61, No. 5,
pp. 149-s to 156-s (May 1982).
22. Tobler, R. L., and Reed, R. P., "Tensile and Fracture
Behavior of a Nitrogen-Strengthened, Chromium-
Nickel-Manganese Stainless Steel at Cryogenic
Temperatures," Proceedings of the Second International
Conference on Mechanical Behavior of Materials, held in
Boston, MA, August 16-20, 1976, Federation of Materials
Societies (1976).
23. Timmons, W. W., and Bailey, R. E., "Jessop's Experience
in Producing Nickel Base Alloys and Stainless Steels by
a 12 x 42 in. ESR Ingot Process," Proceedings of the 1986
Vacuum Metallurgy Conference on Specialty Metals Melting
and Processing, held in Pittsburgh, PA, June 9-11, 1986,
Iron and Steel Society of AIME, pp. 131-139 (1987).
24. Mataya, M. C.; Carr, M. J.; Krenzer, R. W.; and Kraus, G.,
"Processing and Structure of High-Energy-Rate-Forged
21-6-9 and 304L Forgings," DE82000409, Atomics
International (August 10, 1981).
25. Packard, C. L.; Mataya, M. C.; and Edstrom, C. M.,
"Study of the Formation and Effects of Sigma Phase in
21-6-9 Stainless Steel," DE82-004574, Rockwell Interna¬
tional, Golden, CO (November 1981).
26. Krenzer, R. W, and Sanderson, E. C., "Microstructural
Stability of 21-6-9 Stainless Steel," RFP-2668, Rockwell
International, Golden, CO (May 1978).
27. Pemg, T. P., and Altstetter, C. J., "Hydrogen Effects in
Austenitic Stainless Steels," Materials Science and Engi¬
neering A, Vol. A129, No. 1, pp. 99-107 (1990).
28. Caskey, G. R., Jr., and Sisson, R. D., Jr., "Hydrogen Solu¬
bility in Austenitic Stainless Steels," Scripta Metallurgica,
Vol. 15, No. 11, pp. 1187-1190 (November 1981).
29. Xuikui, S.; Jian, S.; and Yiyi, L., "Hydrogen Permeation
Behavior in Austenitic Stainless Steels," Materials Science
and Engineering A, Vol. 114, No. 1/2,pp. 179-187 (July 15,
1989).
Code 1314
Page 30
June 1994 (revision)
30. Swansiger, W. A., and Bastasz, R., "Tritium and Deute¬
rium Permeation in Stainless Steels: Influence of Thin
Oxide Films," Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vols. 85 & 86
(A), pp. 335-339 (December 11, 1979).
31. Bell, J. T., and Redman, J. D., "Tritium Permeability of
Nickel-Plated Stainless Steel 21-6-9 and of Gold-Plated
Aluminum," journal of Materialsfor Energy Systems, Vol.
4, No. 4, pp. 217-221 (March 1983).
32. Misencik, J. A., "Evaluation of Dopants in Hydrogen to
Reduce Hydrogen Permeation in Candidate Stirling
Engine Heater Head Tube Alloys at 760 and 820C,"
NASA-TM-82920, NASA Lewis Research Center
(October 1982).
33. Stulen, R. H., and Bastasz, R., "Surface Segregation of
Boron in Nitrogen-Strengthened Stainless Steel," Journal
of Vacuum Science and Technology, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 940-
945 (May /June 1979).
34. German, R. M., and Odegard, B. C., "Thermally Induced
Segregation in High-Manganese Stainless Steels,"
Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 299-
301 (October 1978).
35. "Armco Nitronic 40 Stainless Steel Bar and Wire," Trade
Literature, Armco Stainless Steel Division, Baltimore,
MD (1981).
36. West, A. J., and Holbrook, J. H., "Hydrogen in Austenitic
Stainless Steels: Effects of Phase Transformations and
Stress State," Proceedings of Hydrogen Effects in Metals,
held at Moran, WY, August 26-31, 1980, TMS/AIME, pp.
607-618 (1981).
37. West, A. J., Jr., and Louthan, M. R., Jr., "Hydrogen
Effects on the Tensile Properties of 21-6-9 Stainless
Steel," Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 13A, No. 11, pp.
2049-2058 (November 1982).
38. Morgan, M. J., and Tosten, M. H., "Microstructure and
Yield Strength Effects on Hydrogen and Tritium Induced
Cracking in HERF Stainless Steel," Proceedings of
Hydrogen Effects on Material Behavior, held in Moran, WY,
September 12-15, 1989, The Materials, Metals and
Minerals Society, pp. 447-458 (1990).
39. Place, T. A.; Sudarshan, T. S.; Waters, C. K.; and
Louthan, M. R., "Fractographic Studies of the Ductile-to-
Brittle Transition in Austenitic Stainless Steels,"
Proceedings of Fractography of Modern Engineering Materi¬
als: Composites and Metals, held in Nashville,TN,
November 18-19, 1985, pp. 350-365 (1987).
40. Perra, M. W., "Sustainer-Load Cracking of Austenitic
Steels in Gaseous Hydrogen," Proceedings of Degradation
of Engineering Materials in Hydrogen, held in Blacksburg,
VA, September 21-23, 1981, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute, pp. 321-333 (1981).
41. Brooks, J. A., and West, A. J., "Hydrogen Induced
Ductility Losses in Austenitic Stainless Steel Welds,"
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Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 12A, No. 2, pp. 213-223
(February 1981).
42. Brooks, J. A.; West, A. J.; and Thompson, A. W., "Effect
of Weld Composition and Microstructure on Hydrogen-
Assisted Fracture of Austenitic Stainless Steels,"
Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 14A, No. 1, pp. 75-84
(January 1983).
43. Slonaker, R. O., and Powell, G. W., "Oxidation of
21Cr-6Ni-9Mn Stainless Steel in Molten Lead Oxide and
Static Air," Corrosion, Vol, 26, No. 9, pp. 363-370 (Sep¬
tember 1970).
44. Stephens, J. R., and Barrett, C. A., "Oxidation and
Corrosion Resistance of Candidate Stirling Engine
Heater-Head-Tube Alloys," NASA-TM-83609, NASA
Lewis Research Center (May 1984).
45. Bransford, J. W., and Clark, A. F., "Laser-Initiated
Combustion Studies of Selected Aluminum, Copper,
Iron, and Nickel Alloys," NBSIR-81-1647, National
Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO (April 1981).
"46. Rawl, D. E., Jr.; Caskey, G. R., Jr.; and Donovan, J. A.,
"Low-Temperature Helium Embrittlement of Tritium-
Charged Stainless Steel," presented at 109th Annual
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