avtoris stili daculia

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

qarTuli literaturis mimarTuleba

Tamar Cokoraia

istoriuli diskursi jemal qarCxaZis narativSi

filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis doqtori,

profesorikaxaber loria

Tbilisi
2013
 Sinaarsi

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Tavi I
istoriuli prozis raobisaTvis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.1. istoriuli diskursi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2. istoriuli proza da koleqtiuri mexsiereba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3. istoriuli proza da nacionaluri identoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4. qarTuli istoriuli prozamexsierebis politikisa da nacionaluri
identobis konteqstSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
1.5. kvlevis meTodologiisaTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Tavi II
jemal qarCxaZis istoriuli romani `zebuloni~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.1. roman `zebulonis~ naratiuli struqtura . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.1.1. romanis saTauri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
2.1.2. romanis Janruli specifika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.1.3. romanis enis TaviseburebisaTvis. . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.1.4. romanis naratiuli specifika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.2. roman `zebulonis~ istoriuli konteqsti. . . . . . . . . . . . .72
2.2.1. istoriuli foni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.2.2. koleqtiuri mexsierebis gamoZaxili romanSi `zebuloni~.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
2.2.3. roman `zebulonis~ politikuri konteqsti. . . . . . . . .79
2.1. 2.3. individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi romanSi `zebulni~. . . . . . . . . . 88

Tavi III
istoriuli fonis funqcia j. qarCxaZis moTxrobebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.1. istoriuli moTxroba `antonio da daviTi~. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .99
3.1.1. moTxrobis naratiuli specifika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.1.2. moTxrobis problematika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
3.2. istoriuli moTxroba `rahaT-luxumi~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

2
 Tavi IV
epoqis rekonstruqcia j. qarCxaZis moTxrobebSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.1. moTxroba `igi~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 122
4.1.1. miTi da istoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
4.1.2. platonis gamoqvabulis alegoria (interteqsti da
problematika) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4.2. istoriuli moTxroba `iupiteris sinanuli~ . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.2.1. epoqis rekonstruqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.2.2. tiranis saxe (interteqstualuri mimarTeba
platonis `saxelmwifosTan~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .146

daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
bibliografia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Sesavali
3
 problemis aqtualoba.jemal qarCxaZis proza jer ar gamxdara
kompleqsuri mecnieruli kvlevis sagani. mwerlis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb
arsebobs saintereso statiebi, sadac mxolod cakleuli nawarmoebebia
Seswavlili. jemal qarCxaZis prozas yovelTvis hyavda mkiTxveli, Tumca misi
nawarmoebebi safuZvliani literaturuli analizis miRma rCeboda xangrZlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi.
sabWoTa periodis literaturuli teqstebis xelaxla gadaazrebis dros,
gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania calkeuli avtorebis Semoqmedebis xelaxla
da zogi maTganis pirvelad Seswavla.jemal qarCxaZis prozis kvleva
sainteresoa qarTuli literaturis istoriisa da sabWoTa koloinializmis
konteqstSi, radgan: a) jemal qarCxaZis proza Rirebulia mxatvruli
TvalsazrisiT; b) kolonializmis epoqis qarTul literaturaSi nacionaluri
identobis sakiTxia yvelaze gavrcelebuli, xolo jemal qarCxaZis prozaSi
liberaluri ideologiaa prioritetuli, rac gansakuTrebiT gamokveTilad
istoriul prozaSi Cans. masSi xazgasmulia individis Tavisuflebis Tema,
liberaluri Rirebulebebi da qarTveli eris yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
aRniSnuli faseulobebis damkvidrebis survili. am TvalsazrisiT mwerlis
Semoqmedeba dResac aqtualuria.

problemis Seswavlis istoria.jemal qarCxaZis nawarmoebebi pirvelad

XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi daibeWda. maT Sesaxeb arsebobs calkeuli statiebi,
sadac mwerlis Semoqmedebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebzea yuradReba gamaxvilebuli.
SeiZleba gamoiyos ramdenime mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelzec kritikosebi
msjeloben. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia Semdegi Temebi: zneobrivi problematika da
pirovnebis formirebis sakiTxi, qarTveli eris xasiaTis kritikuli aRqma,
publicisturi paTosi. kritikul literaturaSi nawarmoebTa Semdeg
maxasiaTeblebzea yuradReba gamaxvilebuli: inteleqtualuri proza, Txrobis
manera, lakonuri, naTeli stili, ironia, iumori, paradoqsuli fraza,
personaJis xatvis manera, miTis ena. kritikuli literaturis mimoxilvis dros
SemovifarglebiT mxolod im werilebiT, romlebSic naSromSi Seswavlil
literaturul teqstebzea msjeloba: `igi~, `iupiteris sinanuli~, `zebuloni~,
`antonio da daviTi~, `rahaT-luxumi~). aRniSnuli nawarmoebebis Sesaxeb
4
msjeloben kritikosebi: T. vasaZe, l. bregaZe, d. werediani, r. TvaraZe, r.
canava, k. jamburia, n. muzaSvili, g. arRniSvili, m. jaliaSvili, z. kikviZe, a.
robaqiZe, q. giorgobiani.
moTxrobaSi `igi~ yuradReba gamaxvilebulia pirovnebad Camoyalibebis
sakiTxze (T. vasaZe, m. niniZe, g. lomiZe). T. vasaZe ,igis‘ vaJa-fSavelas gmirebs
adarebs (vasaZe 2008:201). sagangebo kvlevis sagania moTxrobis miTosuri
struqtura (r. canava, z. kikviZe, m. niniZe). r. canavas azriT, ,,igi”
,,preistoriuli sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesis rekonstruqciis erT-erTi
warmatebuli cdaa” (canava 2009:288). z. kikviZe kritikuli mimoxilvisas
aRniSnavs, rom moTxroba `igi~ preistoriul xanas asaxavs, amis gamo teqstSi
Cans anTropomorfuli azrovnebis kvali (kikviZe 2011:10).
`iupiteris sinanulis~ mTavari personaJi, neroni, arSemdgari pirovnebaa:
nerons `mxolod pirovnebad yofnis TamaSi SeuZlia” (vasaZe 2000:17).
neronisaTvis Tavisufleba TamaSis saxeobaa: `Tavisufleba neronisaTvis
warmoadgens erTgvar TamaSs, romlis wesebsac TviTon qmnis – es aris
xelovneba. es aris Teatri, magram ara scenaze, aramed cxovrebaSi”
(jaliaSvili 1996:20). ,,iupiteris sinanulis” erT-erT mniSvnelovan Temad
zneobriv sakiTxsac miiCneven. mTavari personaJi neroni uzneobisa da
amoralobis gansxeulebaa. kritikosi m. jaliaSvili aRniSnavs: `kidev erTxel
vrwmundebiT am moTxrobis kiTxvisas, rom iseve, rogorc arsad ar Tavdeba
sulieri srulyofisaken maradmedini xazi... aseve dausazRvravia svla qvemoT-
uzneobis ufskrulisaken” (jaliaSvili 1996:14). kritikosma T. vasaZem ki
neronis saxe patrik ziuskindis ,,sunamos” mTavar personaJs, Jan batist
grenuis, daukavSira (vasaZe 2008:17). msgavsia maTi uzneoba da ukiduresi
sisastike ,,xelovnebis” saxeliT. (Tumca orive maTgans sxvadasxva motivi
amoZravebs da bevri ramiTac gansxvavebuli literaturuli personaJebi arian).
kritikosebi ar ganixilaven ,,iupiteris sinanulis” Janrul specifikasa da
politikur konteqsts. msjelobis sagani, ZiriTadad, neronis saxea.
romanis ,,zebuloni” mTavar problemad kritikosi n. muzaSvili Semdegi
saxis dapirispirebas moiazrebs: zebuloni VS soflis koleqtiuri neba.
zebulonma yuri ar aTxova Sinagan xmas da soflis koleqtiur nebas
damorCilda (muzaSvili 1997:5). zebulonis msgavsad sofelic tyvea. Tavidan
zebulons imorCileben, Semdeg misgan cdiloben tiranis Seqmnas. maT ar aqvT
gacnobierebuli sakuTari Tavisufaleba, zebulonic maTi msgavsia (muzaSvili

5
1997:5). soflisaTvis ufro martivia maT mier Seqmnili tiranis morCileba,
vidre sakuTar sazogadoebaSi Tavisufali pirovnebis atana. soflis
koleqtiur nebas tiranis pirovnuli nebis damorCilebac SeuZlia da aq
urTierTmorCilebis jaWvi iqmneba: `es is adamiania (zebuloni), romlis
pirovnul nebasa da soflis koleqtiur nebas Soris araviTari winaaRmdegoba
aRar arsebobs” (muzaSvili 1997:5). Tumca, zebuloni verc tirani gaxda. masSi
mudmivad darCa meryeoba, gaoreba Tavisufal da sxvis mier Tavsmoxveul nebas
Soris. kritikosis TqmiT, zebuloni mTeli cxovreba egueba tyveobasa da
Sinagan ganwirulebas (muzaSvili 1997:5).
`antonio da daviTSi~ kritikos q. giorgobianis azriT, gamoiyofa
Semdegi sakiTxebi: ,,adamiani da sazogadoeba, adamiani da marTlmsajuleba,
adamiani _ pasuxismgebeli sakuTari Secodebisa gamo mTeli sazogadoebis
winaSe da adamiani am sazogadoebis msajuli” (giorgobiani 1988:130). kritikoss
a. robaqiZis mosazrebiT, nawarmoebSi urTierTgadajaWvulia pirovnebad
yofnisa da zneobis sakiTxi. zneobrivi idealebisadmi erTguleba adamians
ayalibebs pirovnebad (robaqiZe 1986:134). T. vasaZis msgavsad, a. robaqiZec jemal
qarCxaZis personaJebis identificirebas axdens vaJa-fSavelas gmirebTan.
swored zneobrivi principebis erTgulebis gamo upirispirdebian isini
koleqtiur nebas (robaqiZe 1986:134). k. jamburias TvalsazrisiT, ,,antonio da
daviTSi” pirovnuli zneobis garda arsebiTia: ,,eris moraluri saxe, zneobriv-
eTikuri normebis ryeva. im masStabis problemebia daviT guramiSvilisa da
ilia WavWavaZis donis mwerlebi da mamuliSvilebi rom bedavdnen weras”
(jamburia 1987:119).
moTxroba ,,rahaT-luxumSi~ kritikosi n. muzaSvili ori ukiduresi
tendenciis dapirispirebas usvams xazs: ali-mirzas zRvars gadasuli
Sefasebebi da mRvdlis Tavdadeba. dauSvebelia, rogorc eris xasiaTis
gaidealeba, ise yvelas moRalated gamocaxdeba. mwerali nawarmoebSi
gamoxatavs sakuTar mosazrebebs qarTveli eris xasiaTis Sesaxeb. kritikosis
TqmiT: ,,Tu mTeli eris moRalateebad monaTvla Seuwynarebeli sisulele da
borotebaa, _ aseTadve da SesaZloa pirvelze saSiS tendenciadac ki
CaiTvalos meore ukiduresoba _ erovnuli xasiaTis idealizacia~ (muzaSvili
1990:121).
j. qarCaxaZis proza inteleqtualur prozadaa aRiarebuli. amis Sesaxeb
TiTqmis yvela kritikosi msjelobs (m. jaliaSvili, m. niniZe, g. gverdwiTeli,

6
k. jamburia, T. vasaZe, l. bregaZe, r. TvaraZe). aseve aRsaniSnavia mwerlis
Semoqmedebis mniSvnelovani aspeqti, kerZod, mwerluri gardasaxvis unari, rac
Tavdapirvelad l. bregaZem SeniSna: nebismieri nawarmoebi gansxvavebuli
stiliTaa Sesrulebuli, ris gamoc xSirad sxvadasxva avtoris STabeWdilebas
qmnis (bregaZe 1982:10). kritikaSi mwerlis stilTan dakavSirebiT saintereso
mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli, Tumca gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris nawarmoebTa
Janruli specifika, rac analizs ufro safuZvlians gaxdida.
gansxvavebul stils jemal qarCxaZe aRwevs sxvadasxva istoriuli fonis
SemotaniT. m. jaliaSvilis mosazrebiT, jemal qarCxaZisaTvis mniSvnelovani
mTavari personaJia, romelsac: ,,konteqstis mravalferovnebisaTvis urCevs xan
adrindel saukuneebs, xan Zvel roms, xan zRapars, xan Tanamedroveobas”
(jaliaSvili 2009:117). ,,iupiteris sinanulTan” dakavSirebiT ki aRniSnavs, rom
,,moTxrobis samoqmedo areali zeistoriulia. avtoris CanafiqriT, aRwerili
drama nebismier dro-sivrcul arealSi, nebismier scenaze SeiZleba
gaTamaSdes. ufro metic, es pirobiTi dro-sivrcea, radgan, realurad,
warmoCenilia mogzauroba sulis labirinTebSi” (jaliaSvili 2009:108). am
mosazrebas ver gaviziarebT, radgan istorias jemal qarCxaZis nawarmoebebSi
Tavisi datvirTva aqvs: adekvaturi sivrcea konkretuli problemis
warmosaCenad (miuxedavad imisa, rom literaturul teqstSi personaJis
Sinagani samyaroa mniSvnelovani da ara epoqis detaluri rekonstruqcia).
statiaTa mimoxilvam gviCvena, rom literaturul kritikaSi jemal
qarCxaZis prozis bevri saintereso aspeqtia Seswavlili, Tumca zogjer
calkeuli sakiTxebi mxolod dasmulia, ar aris konkretuli pasuxebi Zireul
Tezisebze. bunebrivia, es imiTacaa gamowveuli, rom mwerlis Semoqmedebis
Sesaxeb jer kidev ar mogvepoveba vrceli fundamenturi kvleviTi naSromi,
rac damatebiTi stimuli SeiZleba iyos XX saukunis II naxevris periodis
literaturis istoriis mkvlevarTaTvis.

disertaciis sagani, mizani da amocanebi.kvlevis sagania istoriuli

diskursi jemal qarCxaZis narativSi. disertaciis mizaniajemal qarCxaZis
prozis konkretuli aspeqtebis Seswavla. bunebrivia, erTi naSromis
farglebSi SeuZlebelia mwerlis Semoqmedebis Tundac konkretul sakiTxebze
amomwuravi pasuxis gacema, Tumca SevecadeT Sesaswavli sakiTxi warmogvedgina
safuZvlianad. naSromis amocanaa: jemal qarCxaZis istoriuli nawarmoebebis

7
naratiuli struqturisa da am teqstebis socio-kulturuli konteqstis
Seswavla. qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi istoriuli prozis
damkvidrebuli klasifikaciis safuZvelze, qarTuli istoriuli prozis
ZiriTadi tendenciebis gamokveTa da gamovlena. qarTuli istoriuli prozis
gaazreba mexsierebis kvlevis (memory studies) konteqstSi. amis Sedegad, j.
qarCxaZis istoriuli nawarmoebebis qarTul istoriul prozasTan mimarTebis
garkveva.
jemal qarCxaZis prozis kvlevisas yuradReba gamaxvilebulia
zemoxsenebul sakiTxebze, rac mwerlis Semoqmedebis garkveul aspeqtebze
Segviqmnis warmodgenas. aseve mniSvnelovania qarTuli istoriuli prozis
axleburi gaazreba, mexsierebis kvlevis gaaqtiureba, radgan aRniSnuli
Teoriuli paradigma saSualebas iZleva istoriuli proza ganvixiloT ara
mxolod literaturul, aramed farTo socio-kulturul konteqstSi.

kvlevis wyaroebi.naSromSi Seswavlilia jemal qarCxaZis nawarmoebebi:

`zebuloni~, `antonio da daviTi~, `rahaT-luxumi~, `iupiteris sinanuli~, `igi~.
aRniSnuli nawarmoebebi istoriul prozas ganekuTvneba, istoriul diskursze
msjelobis dros, swored am nawarmoebebs eniWeba mniSvneloba. `zebuloni~
istoriuli romania, masSi istoriuli prozis mravali aspeqtia gamovlenili,
`antonio da daviTi~, `iupiteris sinanuli~ da `rahaT-luxumi~ istoriuli
moTxrobebia, maTSi aseve kargad Cans jemal qarCxaZis prozis da sazogadod
istoriuli prozis specifika.
`igi~ jemal qarCxaZis moTxrobaa, romelic miTosuri struqturiTaa
Seqmnili, faqtobrivad, es aris miTi preistoriul adamianebze. amis
miuxedavad, saWirod miviCnieT am moTxrobis Seswavla, radgan masSi pirobiTad
preistoriuli epoqis rekonstruqcia davinaxeT, rac, Tavis mxriv, mas
Janrobrivad istoriul prozasTan aaxloebs. garda amisa, nawarmoebSi
gamovlenili problematika SesabamisobaSia naSromisaTvis aqtualur
sakiTxebTan.

naSromis Teoriuli baza. naSromSi jemal qarCxaZis istoriuli proza

Seswavlilia qarTuli istoriuli prozis konteqstSi. gamovlenilia qarTuli
istoriuli prozisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli calkeuli motivebi, esTetikuri
Taviseburebebi, aseve gansxvavebuli tendenciebi. qarTul istoriul prozaze

8
msjelobis dros gaTvaliswinebulia g. kankavas (`istoriuli romani da misi
qarTuli tradiciebi~), l. boCkovas (,,qarTuli istoriuli da fsiqologiuri
prozis istoriidan“), S. xotivar-iungeris (`qarTuli istoriuli romanis
ganviTareba~), m. miresaSvilis (`istoriuli romanis Janruli Taviseburebani~)
naSromebi. gamoyenebulia qarTuli istoriuli prozis periodizacia, romlis
Teoriul safuZvels warmoadgens g. kankavas Tezisebi qarTuli istoriuli
prozis tradiciis Sesaxeb, agreTve S. xotivar-iungerisa da m. miresaSvilis
mosazrebebi e.w. axali istoriuli prozis Sesaxeb (XX saukunis 70-80-iani
wlebi). Teoriuli Tvalsazrisis gasamyareblad aseve gaziarebulia dasavlur
literaturamcodneobaSi damkvidrebuli azri istoriuli prozis Janris
mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb, romelsac ayalibebs j. de gruti naSromSi
`istoriuli proza~.
istoriul prozaze msjelobis dros naSromSi gamoyenebulia qarTul
mecnierebaSi tradiciulad damkvidrebuli Teoriuli baza. amavdroulad
masSi aseve CarTulia iseTi cnebebi da koncefciebi, rogoricaa: koleqtiuri
da istoriuli mexsiereba da postkoloniuri kritika, rac saSualebas iZleva
farTo, socio-kulturul konteqstSi davinaxoT qarTuli istoriuli prozis
tendenciebi. aRniSnuli sakiTxebis Teoriul bazad gamoyenebulia p. noras, m.
halbvaqsis koncefciebi. agreTve e. heivudis naSromi `politikuri
ideologiebi~, e. smiTis _ `nacionaluri identoba~, sadac nacionalizmis
eTnosimbolisturi paradigmaa winwamoweuli, romelsac agreTve iziareben
qarTveli istorikosebida mkvlevrebi: l. patariZe, , m. CxartiSviliz. kiknaZe.

kvlevis meTodologia. naSromSi teqstis interpretaciis dros

gaTvaliswinebulia kompleqsuri literaturaTmcodneobiTi midgoma.
literaturuli teqstis analizis safuZvels, ZiriTadad, naratologiisa da
literaturuli hermenevtikis sinTezi warmoadgens.

sadisertacio naSromis siaxle da ZiriTadi Sedegebi. naSromSi

Seswavlilia jemal qarCxaZis proza. samwuxarod, mwerlis Semoqmedebis
Sesaxeb jer ar Seqmnila safuZvliani da vrceli moculobis naSromi (yovel
SemTxvevaSi Cvens xelT arsebuli monacemebis safuZvelze). SevecadeT
warmogvedgina jemal qarCxaZis prozis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi, naratiuli
struqtura, istoriul prozasTan mimarTeba, arsebiTi problematika, aseve

9
koleqtiuri da istoriuli mexsierebis konteqstSi dagvenaxa qarTuli
istoriuli proza, gagveazrebina teqstebis socio-kulturuli konteqsti.

naSromis mecnieruli da praqtikuli Rirebuleba.naSromi SeiZleba

saintereso iyos jemal qarCxaZis proziT dainteresebuli mkvlevrebisaTvis,
studentebisa da mkiTxvelisaTvis. aseve istoriuli prozis aspeqtebiT,
literaturis istoriis sakiTxebiT, mexsierebis kvlevebiT, kulturis
kvlevebiT dainteresebuli specialistebisa da studenetebisaTvis.

Tavi I

10
 istoriuli prozis raobisaTvis

1.1. istoriuli diskursi

istoriul diskursze msjelobis dawyebamde, saWirod miviCnieTtermin

diskursis im Teoriebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, romelic Cvens sakvlev
interesebs Seesabameba. diskursis Teoria humanitarul da socialur
mecnierebebSi gasul saukuneSi damkvidrda.samecniero da yoveldRiul
komunikaciaSi diskursis cneba sxvadasxvagvarad gaigeba da sxvadasxva
mniSvnelobasTan asocirdeba; diskursi, rogorc termini dakavSirebulia
literaturamcodneobiTi, enTmecnieruli da sakomunikacio mecnierebaTa
gansxvavebul mimarTulebebTan. diskursis fenomeni aerTianebs Teoriebs,
koncefciebsa da meTodebs.
qarTuli kvlevebisaTvisukanasknel xanebSi aqtualuri gaxda diskursis
Teoria. diskursis kvlevebs eZRvneba salome omiaZis naSromic `qarTuli
diskursis kulturologiuri paradigma~, sadac avtori diskursis mxolod
aqamde arsebuli mniSvnelovani Teoriebis mimoxilviT ar Semoifargleba.
mkvlevari cdilobs diskursis Teoriis farglebSi mkiTxvels daanaxos
qarTuli diskursis kulturologiuri paradigma, rac diskursis kvlevis
farTo SesaZleblobas usaxavs mkiTxvels. aRniSnuli axleburi xedvaa
qarTuli humanitaruli azris kvlevis arealSi.
sityva diskursi laTinuri enidan momdinareobs. Tavdapirvelad Cndeba
frangulenovan sivrceSi da ukve XVI saukunidan mkvidrdeba germanul da
inglisur tradiciaSi. Tavdapirvelad, is gulisxmobda saubars, dialogs,
xolo misi mniSvnelobis cvlileba ukavSirdeba me-20 saukunis II naxevrs, roca
is iZens humanitarul mecnierebisaTvis erTob mniSvnelovani, Teoriulad
datvirTuli terminis saxes (Milss 2004: 15-16).
diskursis Tanamedrove Teoriis safuZvlebis Seqmna ukavSirdeba frangi
moazrovnis miSel fukos saxels. fukos mixedviT, diskursSi gaerTianebulia
rogorc enobrivi, ise araenobrivi qmedebebi. is erTgvari rezervuaria, sadac
Tavmoyrilia konkretuli gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic `diskursul formaciebs~
miekuTvnebian. bunebrivia,gamonaTqvamebSi is ubralo gamonaTqvamebsa da
winadadebebs ar gulisxmobs. am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani mxolod is
gamonaTqvamebia, romelTac instituciuri mniSvneloba aqvs (magaliTad,
11
ojaxis, eklesiis, saxelmwifos da a.S.) (Фуко1996:23-170).Semdgom etapze araerTi
naSromi gaCnda, sadac am terminis ganmartebasvxvdebiT, rogorc s. milsi
dasZens, imdenad mravalferovansa da bundovans, rom xSirad rTulia zusti
mniSvnelobis dadgena (Mills 2004:5-10). avtori xazs usvams aseve m.fukos
naSromebis gagebis, interpretaciis sirTules da Sesabamisad, miaCnia, rom amis
niadagzemisma Teoriulma naazrevma sxvasxvadasxva mkvlevarTangarkveuli
modificireba ganicada (Mills 2004:15-16).
sainteresoa agreTve kritikuli diskursis analizis skolis farglebSi
Camoyalibebuli definicia. diskursi komunikaciuri aqtis (dialogis)
verbaluri produqtia, rac uwinaresad gulisxmobs dialogs or adamians,
wignsa da mkiTxvels da agreTve dialogs sazogadoebis SigniT. diskursSi,
rogorc mikrosocialur fenomenSi, makrosocialuri fenomenebis _
ideologiisa da kulturis reprezentacia xdeba (ВанДейк1998). am niSniT
diskursi socialuri fenomenia da damokidebulia socialur konteqstze.
diskursi sxva diskursebTan urTierTqmedebiT iqmneba da cvalebadia, radgan
Tavad sazogadoebrivi konteqstia cvalebadi (Mills 2004:19).am ori definiciis
SerwymiT vRebulobT diskursis Semdegnair ganmartebas: diskursi aris
nebismieri saxis komunikaciis Sedegi. is Seicavs sazogadoebrivi
instituciebisagan sanqcirebul gamonaTqvamebs da gavlenas axdens
sazogadoebis azrovnebaze, qcevebsa da Rirebulebebze.
istoriuli prozis ganviTarebaze, garkveul epoqebsa da kulturebSi,
politikuri da socio-kulturuli faqtorebi moqmedebs. saqarTvelos
istoriam da politikurma situaciam literaturas da gansakuTrebiT
istoriul prozas esTetikuri funqciis garda, socialur-politikuri
datvirTva mianiWa. es gulisxmobda imas, rom saxelmwifoebriobis ararsebobis
dros, istoriuli Janris nawarmoebebSi xazi esmeboda nacionalur interesebs,
antikoloniur protests. literaturuli teqstebi mxatvrul-SemecnebiTi
Rirebulebis garda, politikuri brZolis iaraRic xdeboda, monawileobda
socialur, politikur procesebSi. amis gamo qarTul istoriul prozaSi
aqtualuria iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa:nacionaluri identoba,
antikoloniuri protesti, mexsierebis politika (The Politics of Memory).
istoriuli prozis Janri, mxolod literaturul narativs moiazrebs,
maSin roca istoriul diskursSi erTiandeba istoriis reprezentaciasTan
dakavSirebuli sxva sakiTxebic,rogoricaa: istoriiT manipulacia, mexsierebis
12
politika, identoba da a.S, rac kvlevis ufro farTo profils gulisxmobs.
winamdebare naSromSi aqcenti gakeTebulia aramxolod istoriuli prozis
Janrze rogorc aseTze, aramed istoriuli prozis socio-kulturul
konteqstze, rac termin istoriul diskursSi gavaerTianeT.
istoriuli diskursi qarTuli literaturismniSvnelovani komponentia.
qarTul istoriul prozaSi dasmulia nacionaluri identobis, mexsierebis
politikis sakiTxebi. j. qarCxaZis istoriul prozaSi meordeba qarTuli
istoriuli prozis maxasiaTeblebi, Tumca aseve fokusirebulia individi da
mis Sinagani Tavisufleba, riTac is mniSvnelovanad gansxvavdeba qarTuli
istoriuli prozis tradiciebisagan. naSromis mizani swored am mimarTebebis
gamovlena da j. qarCxaZis istoriuli prozis konkretuli aspeqtebis
Seswavlaa.

1.2. istoriuli proza da koleqtiuri mexsiereba

istoriul prozaze msjelobis drossaWiroa Janrul-esTetikuri kodis

literturaTmcodneobiTi analizi. am TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani iqneba
istoriuli prozis kvlevis tradiciebis gaTvaliswineba, gansakuTrebiT
qarTul samecniero sivrceSi damkvidrebuli uaxlesi tendenciebis. garda
amisa, sakiTxis interdisciplinarul rakursSi gaazreba, istoriuli prozis
rogorc Janris SedarebiT srulyofil suraTs mogvcems. amis gamo istoriul
prozaze msjelobamde, saWirod miviCnieT istoriuli prozis kulturiTa da
ideologiiT daRdasmuli konkretuli sakiTxebis gamokveTa.
istoriuli prozis analizis dros, gverds ver avuvliT istoriis
sakiTxs, radgan garda mxatvruli Rirebulebisa, istoriul prozas sxva
mniSvnelovani datvirTvac aqvs _ istoriuli mexsierebis Senaxva da gadacema.
gansakuTrebiT, qarTuli kulturisaTvis, romlisTvisac istoriuli mexsiereba
identobis sakiTxTanaa gadajaWvuli. aqve SeiZleba SeTanxmeba, rom istoriul
prozaSi asaxul ambavs ver eqneba istoriul WeSmaritebaze pretenzia, radgan
istoriuli wyaro da literaturuli teqsti gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.

13
agreTve unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom istoriuli mecniereba analitikuria,
istorikosi cdilobs wyaroebis mowesrigebas, Seswavlasa da interpretacias,
ris safuZvelzec warsulis SedarebiT sando versias gvTavazobs (kari 2001:22).
Sesabamisad, is Sorsaa fiqciurobisagan, gansxvavebiT literaturuli
teqstisagan, romelic SeuZlebelia daclili iyos konkretuli
gamonagonisagan, rac ar unda Tanmimdevruli iyos avtori istoriuli,
avTenturi wyaroebis teqstSi asaxvisas. es literaturuli teqstis
bunebisaTvisaa tipobrivi, ufro metic misi arsebiTi Tvisebaa, sxva SemTxvevaSi
saqme gvaqvs dokumentur prozasTan. aqedan gamomdinare, istoriuli prozaze
msjelobisaserT-erTi amosavali cneba sasurvelia iyos „mexsiereba~ (Memory).
am mizniT naSromSi gamoyenebulia mexsierebis kvlevebi (Memory studies),
mimarTuleba, romelic aqtiuradaa damkvidrebuli kulturis kvlevebSi,
istoriul mecnierebasa da politikis mecnierebebSi. mexsierebis kvlevis
kuTxiT, ZiriTadad, daveyrdeniT p. norasa da m. halbvaqsis koncefciebs.
Tavis naSromebSi p. nora ganasxvavebs mexsierebisa da istoriis cnebebs.
mexsierebis matarebeli realuri sazogadoebaa, amitomac is cocxali da
cvalebadia, dazRveuli araa manipulaciisa da damaxinjebisagan, da
Sesabamisad, damaxsovrebisa da daviwyebis dialeqtikur erTianobas
warmoadgens. garda amisa, mexsiereba emociuri fenomenia, amitomac mxolod
misTvis mniSvnelovan faqtebs imaxsovrebs, danarCens ugulebelyofs. meore
mxriv, istoria, rogorc mecniereba warsulis reprezentacia da
rekonstruqciaa, analitikuri da kritikuli. istoriac subieqturia, Tumca
mecnieris meToduri Seswavlis obieqtia da Sesabamisad sando (Nora 1989:2).Tu
istoria istoriul wyaroebsa da mecnierTa kvelevebSia warmodgenili, maSin
mexsierebasac Tavisi sfero aqvs. p. nora gamoyofs e.w. `mexsierebis adgilebs~
(areebs): 1) simboluri _ dResaswaulebi (kalendari), ritualebi, iubileebi da
a.S. 2) funqciuri _ saxelmRvaneloebi, avtobiografiebi, mxatvruli
literatura da a.S. 3) monumenturi _ saflavebi, arqiteqtura, Zeglebi da a.S.
4) topografiuli _ arqivebi, biblioTekebi, muzeumebi (Nora 1989:19).istoriuli
proza mexsierebis funqciur ares ganekuTvneba. mexsierebis formirebis
procesSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs Tavisi esTetikurobisa da
masobriobis gamo.
ganasxvaveben mexsierebis sam dones: individualuri, koleqtiuri da
instituciuri. istoriuli prozis SemTxvevaSi yvelaze gamosadegi koleqtiuri
14
mexsierebis terminia. koleqtiuri mexsierebis cneba frangma sociologma m.
halbvaqsma daamkvidra. adamianebi aRiqvamen, iazreben da imaxsovreben im
movlenebs, romlebic maTi socialuri wrisaTvisaa mniSvnelovani.
individualuri mexsiereba ar arsebobs koleqtiuri mexsierebis gareSe, xolo
koleqtiur mexsierebas individTa erToba qmnis. koleqtiuri mexsiereba
yovelTvis socialuradaa gansazRvruli (Halbwachs 1992:54). mexsiereba
sazogadoebas aerTianebs, uqmnis maT solidarobis gancdas, iwvevs siamayesa da
sevdas. agrTve jgufuri identobis Semqmnelia da saerTo qcevisaken
mobilizebas uwyobs xels. istoriisadmi damokidebuleba kargad Cans
koleqtiur mexsierebaSi: zogi mudmivad warsulis gaxsenebiTaa dakavebuli,
zogierTi nacia ki ufro gulgrilia mis mimarT, rasacsocio-kulturuli da
istoriuli faqtorebi gansazRvravs(Карагезов 2005:5-6). kultura ayalibebs
garkveuli tipis azrovnebas, cxovrebis wess, romelTac individi
socializaciis dros iTavisebs (kalhuni...2008:26).
mexsierebis sakiTxi detaluradaa warmodgenili a. asmanis statiaSi
`istoria mexsierebaSi~, sadac avtori gamoyofs mexsierebaTa sxvadasxva
tipebs. maT Soris sainteresoa `sakomunikacio mexsierebis~ tipi, romelic a.
asmanTan sami-oTxi Taobis komunikaciasa (daaxloebiT 80 weli) da TaobaTa
mexsierebaSi arsebul narativs gulisxmobs. es ukanaskneli gancdil warsuls
ukavSirdeba da zepirsityvier CarCoSi Tavsdeba. mkvlevaris ganmartebiT:
`sakomunikacio mexsiereba... es aris adamianTa Soris komunikaciiT...
warmoqmnili mexsiereba. koleqtiuri mexsiereba TaobaTa mexsierebis
SedarebiTmaRali formaa, romelic asaxavs saerTo gamocdilebas da
nebelobas garkveuli xangrZlivobiT.kulturuli mexsiereba emsaxureba erTi
sazogadoebis wevrebs, rom maT hqondeT komunikacia xangrZliv istoriul
perspeqtivaSi. maTi identoba iqmneba TaobaTa gadmocemebiTa da xangrZlivi
istoriuli gamocdilebisadmi mikuTvnebulobiT~ 1 (Assman 2000: 19-23).
zemoxsenebuli ganmartebidan Cans, rom a. asmanimexsierebis sxvadasxva tipebSi
aerTianebs istoriis, rogorc sinqronul, ise diaqronul perspeqtivas.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom istoriuli proza moicavs mexsierebis sxvadasxva
tips, am tipis literaturuli teqstis analizisas mniSvnelovania mexsierebis
sakiTxis win wamoweva.istoriuli proza, Tavis mxriv, koleqtiuri mexsierebis
adgilia. masSi konkretuli mwerlis individualuri da misi socialuri

1
germanuli enidan Targmani mogvawoda nino qimeriZem.
15
wridan nakarnaxevi koleqtiuri mexsiereba gadaikveTeba. erTi mxriv, mwerlis
Sexedulebebi socialuradaa gansazRvruli. meore mxriv, is sakuTari
individualuri mexsierebiT garkveul gavlenas axdens koleqtiuri
mexsierebis CamoyalibebaSi. rogorc vxedavT, es ormxrivi procesia. Tumca,
orive SemTxvevaSi istoriidan yvela faqti erTnairad mniSvnelovani araa. amas
gansazRvravs mwerali da misi socialuri wre.
koleqtiuri mexsierebis cvalebadi buneba kargad Cans istoriuli
prozis magaliTze. mwerlisa da sxvadasxva socialuri jgufis xelSi istoria
SeiZleba manipulaciis saSualebac gaxdes _ nacionaluri identobis,
antikoloniuri, postkoloniuri politikuri legitimaciisa da bevri sxva
mizniT. mwerals SeuZlia warsulidan misTvis sasurveli faqtebi gamoixmos,
zogic gaauferulos,an absoluturad Secvalos, ris gamoc maT xSirad brals
sdeben istoriis gayalbebaSic, rasac Tavisi subieqturi da obieqturi
safuZvlebi aqvs. pirvel rigSi, mkiTxvelebs aviwydebaT, rom saqme fiqciasTan
aqvT. mwerali SemoqmedebiTad Tavisufalia da mis arCevanSi Carevis ufleba
aravis aqvs. Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve meore mxarec: esa Tu is
istoriuli sakiTxi calkeuli kulturebisaTvis travmul gamocdilebasTanaa
(kolonializmi, postkolonializmi, nacionaluri identoba, sxvadasxva
socialuri jgufebis identoba da a.S.) dakavSirebuli. aseT dros sazogadoeba
calkeuli Temebisadmi metismetad mgrZnobiarea da mwerliseulispoziciam
SesaZloa gaRizianeba gamoiwvios. garda amisa, koleqtiuri mexsierebisa da
istoriuli prozis mimarT kidev erTi braldebac SeiZleba arsebobdes:
miuleris Tanaxmad, swored koleqtiuri da individualuri mexsierebis gamo,
istoriis mecnierul safuZvelze damyarebuli kvleva-Zieba xSirad aRmoCenila
gansacdelSi. awmyo istorikosTa Rvawlis miuxedavad, warsulidan mxolod
imas irCevs, rac ainteresebs (miuleri 2011:5,7). swored awmyo interesebis
Sesabamisad icvleba koleqtiuri mexsiereba. am process mexsierebis politikas
uwodeben, rac gansazRvravs ama Tu im istoriuli movlenis gaaqtiurebas an
miviwyebas (Lebow...2006:8).
swored awmyo interesebis gamo xvdeba zogi istoriuli movlena
istoriul prozaSi (anu koleqtiuri mexsierebis funqciur areSi), danarCeni
ki istoriul arqivebsa da istorikosTa naSromebSi rCeba. esTetikuri
funqciis garda, istoriuli proza xSirad aqtiurad gamoiyeneba travmuli
gamocdilebis gaazrebis dros, kolonializmis epoqaSi. saqarTvelos msgavs

16
qveynebSi antikoloniuri winaaRmdegoba nacionaluri istoriis gacocxlebiT
iwyeba, rac, erTi mxriv, gulisxmobs qveynis istoriidan saukeTeso periodebisa
da epizodebis gamokveTas, xolo, meore mxriv, eris mcdelobas warmoaCinos
sakuTari Tavi msxverplad.
koloniur epoqaSi, pirdapiri dapirispirebisa da analitikur-kritikuli
mimarTebis SeuZleblobis gamo, viTardeba mxatvrul-alegoriuli diskursi
(wifuria 2010:180). aseT pirobebSi yvelaze nayofieri istoriuli proza unda
yofiliyo, radgan problemis warsulSi gadataniT, mwerals problemis
warmoCenis da alegoriis meti Tavisufleba hqonda. garda amisa, qarTveli
mwerlebi (da qarTveli mwerlebis msgavs koloniur situaciaSi myofi sxva
erovnebis mwerlebi) istorias da istoriul prozas koleqtiuri mexsierebis
Sesaqmnelad iyenebdnen. nacionaluri koleqtiuri mexsiereba unda
dapirispireboda koloniur politikas, amitomac koloniur da postkoloniur
literaturaSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba mexsierebis politika.
istoriuli prozis funqciad, erT dros istoriis carieli adgilebis
Sevseba miaCndaT; C. ridis am azrs (Reade 1861)XIX saukunis da XX saukunis
dasawyisSi bevri iziarebda. Tumca, istoriuli mecnierebis seriozulma
Camoyalibebam am azrs safuZveli gamoacala. istoriis carieli adgilebis
rekonstruqcia istorikosebis saqmea saarqivo da istoriuli meTodikis
moSveliebiT. Cveni azriT, istoriuli proza koleqtiuri mexsierebis cariel
adgilebs avsebs, istoriuli faqtis dokumenturi sizustiT gadmocemis,
damaxinjebis, alternatiuli istoriis gamogonebiT da a.S. istoriuli proza
swored koleqtiuri mexsierebis Seqmnas emsaxureba. esTetikuri datvirTvis
garda, swored es aris misi SemecnebiTi funqciis mizani.
amrigad, miuxedavad, wminda esTetikuri funqciisa da pedagogiur-
saganmanaTleblo daniSnulebisa (rig SemTxvevaSi, isic ufro XIX saukunis
literaturaSi), xSirad istoriul prozas kulturuli da ideologiuri
Rirebuleba aqvs. amis gamo SeuZlebelia istoriuli prozis mxolod
mxatvruli kuTxiT Seswavla, aucilebelia misi socio-kulturuli konteqstis
gaTvaliswineba. miT ufro Tu movixmobT p. noras sityvebs: `Cven vcxovrobT
mexsierebis sayovelTao zeimis epoqaSi... ukanaskneli oci Tu ocdaxuTi wlis
manZilze yvela qveyanaSi, yvela socialur Tu eTnikur jgufSi warsulisadmi
damokidebuleba arsebiTad Seicvala: istoriis oficialuri versiebis kritika,
istoriuli procesis adre miviwyebuli an miCqmaluli mxareebis gaxseneba,

17
`warTmeuli warsulis~ dabruneba, `fesvebis kulti~, memorialuri
RonisZiebebisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba, warsulTan `angariSsworeba~...
msoflios Tavs daatyda mogonebaTa niaRvari, romelmac realuri Tu
mogonili warsulisadmi erTguleba mWidrod daukavSira koleqtiur
cnobierebas, mexsierebasa da identobas~ 2 (Нора 2005:391).aqedan gamomdinare,
istoriuli prozis popularoba bunebrivia. miT ufro qarTul literaturaSi,
rasac Tavisi politikuri da socio-kulturuli safuZveli aqvs.
aqedan gamomdinare, naSromSi qarTuli istoriuli prozis
daxasiaTebebisas gamoyenebulia mexsierebis kvlevebis Teoriuli koncefcia,
risi Tqmis safuZvelsacgvaZlevs mexsierebis kvlevebisada istoriuli prozis
Tavseboda.

1.3. istoriuli proza da nacionaluri identoba

qarTuli istoriuli prozis analizis dros aseve sainteresoa

politikur ideologiaTa Teoriuli paradigmis gamoyeneba. am mxriv
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba nacionalur da liberalur ideologiebs.
es ideologiebi Teoriulad XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibda, Tumca, bunebrivia,
maTi Rirebulebebi wina saukuneebsac ekuTvnis. XIX saukuneSive yalibdeba
istoriuli prozis Janri da istoriuli mecniereba. qarTuli istoriuli
prozis mimoxilva dagvarwmunebs, rom mwerals garkveuli ideologiuri
mizandasaxuleba hqonda da swored am interesebis Sesabamisad mimarTavda
mexsierebis politikas.
politikur ideologiaTa mimoxilvamde mniSvnelovania
termin`ideologia~ ganmarteba. k. marqsis gavleniT, am terminis aRqmis
negatiuri tradicia arsebobs. sityva `ideologia~ safrangeTis revoluciam
daamkvidra, rac aRniSnavda axal mecnierebas ideaTa Sesaxeb. am sityvam
politikuri Sinaarsi k. marqsis SromebSi SeiZina. misi azriT, ideologia yalb

2
rusuli enidan Targmani mogvawoda nino Ciqovanma.
18
Sexedulebas ayalibebs da ewinaaRmdegeba mecnierul WeSmaritebas (heivudi
2004:14). mogvianebiT terminis Sesaxeb uamravi urTierTgansxvavebuli
ganmarteba Camoyalibda. naSromSi gamoyenebulia e. heivudis neitraluri
definicia, romlis mixedviTac: ,,ideologia ideaTa met-naklebad mwyobri
sistemaa, romelic safuZvels uqmnis organizebul politikur qmedebas,
sulerTia, ra mizans emsaxureba is: arsebuli sistemis an Zalauflebis
SenarCunebas, saxecvlasa Tu damxobas. amdenad, yvela ideologia gvTavazobs:
a) arsebuli wyobis Sefasebas, Cveulebriv, ,,msoflxmdevlobis“ saxiT, b)
sasurveli momavlis models _ ,,kargi sazogadoebis“ xedvas, da g) gegmas, Tu
rogor SeiZleba da unda ganxorcieldes politikuri cvlileba _ rogor
mivideT (a)-dan (b)-mde“ (heivudi 2004:14).ideologiis aRniSnuli ganmarteba
politikas ufro Seefereba, Tumca qarTuli istoriuli proza garkveul
epoqaSi (saxelmwifoebriobis ararsebobis dros, kolonializmis epoqaSi)
politikuri da socialuri movlenebis centrSi moeqca.
nacionalizmisa da liberalizmis mTavari Rirebulebebi sayovelTaod
cnobilia, amdenad naSromSi mxolod mcire ganmartebiT
SemovifarglebiT.nacionalizmma politikuri Sinaarsi XVIII saukunis bolosa
da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi SeiZina (heivudi 2004:177). nacionalizmis gagebasTan
dakavSirebiT imTaviTve azrTa sxvadasxvaoba arsebobda. Tumca mecnieruli
Teoriebi nacionalizmad iseT ideologiebsa da moZraobebs miiCneven,
romlebic msoflios naciaTa erTobliobad aRiqvams. TiToeuli nacia
erTgulebasa da pativiscemas imsaxurebs. naciisa da nacionalizmis aseTi
gageba ki mxolod XIX saukunidan arsebobs (antikursa da Sua saukuneebis
samyaroSi eTnikur erTobebTan da saxelmwifoebTan gvaqvs saqme). (smiTi 2008:
57,64). es periodi saqarTvelosaTvis mniSvnelovania, miuxedavad imisa, rom
qveyana am droisaTvis saxelmwifoebriobis gareSe arsebobs. am TvalsazrisiT
gamoirCeulia ,,TergdaleulTa“ wvlili (amaze qvemoT dawvrilebiT gveqneba
msjeloba).
nacionalizmiT dainteresebuli iyo araerTi politikuri ideologia,
maT Soris liberalizmi, konservatizmi, komunizmi, faSizmi. winaaRmdegobrivi
doqtrinebisa da Teoriebis miuxedavad, nacionalizmSi gamoiyofa ramdenime
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi: 1) eri, 2) sazogadoeba, rogorc organuli erToba, 3)
TviTgamorkveva, 4) TviTidentifikaciis politika (heivudi 2004:182).

19
 eri yvelaze winaaRmdegobrivi terminia, romlis Sesaxebac uamravi
Teoria Seiqmna. yvela qveyanas sakuTari modeli moergo. ,,eri kulturuli da
fsiqo-politikuri“ faqtorebis nazavs warmoadgens“ (heivudi 2004:186). Tumca am
faqtorTa urTierTmimarTeba rTuli sakiTxia. eris ganmartebisas ori
ZiriTadi mimdinareoba arsebobs: eqskluziuri da inkluziuri. pirveli
maTganixazs usvams eTnikuri erTobisa da saerTo istoriis faqtorebs.
inkluziuri ki _ samoqalaqo cnobierebisa da patriotuli erTgulebis
mniSvnelobas aniWebs upiratesobas (heivudi 2004:186). organuli erTobis dros
SeiniSneba mZlavri emociuri kavSiri erovnul niadagze, rac Tavis mxriv
ayalibebs nacionalur identobas. misi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia:
1) ,,istoriuli teritoria, anu samSoblo;
2) saerTo miTebi da istoriuli mexsiereba;
3) saerTo sazogadoebrivi maskultura;
4) yvela wevrisaTvis saerTo samarTlebrivi ufleba-movaleobani;
5) saerTo ekonomika mis wevrTaTvis teritoriuli mobilobis
uzrunvelyofiT“ (heivudi 2004: 187).
aRniSnul komponentebs eTnikuri da samoqalaqo nacionalizmi Tanabrad
eyrdnoba. nacionalizmis mizani politikuri damoukidebloba da
TviTgamorkvevaa. eris identoba damokidebulia saxelmwifosa da eris
interesebze (heivudi 2004: 188-194). am komponentebis erToblioba gansazRvras
nacionalizmis koncefcias.
politikuri nacionalizmi mravalgvaria, is SeiZleba iyos samoqalaqo
Rirebulebebze dafuZnebuli, tradiciebze orientirebuli, mCagvreli,
teritoriuli gafarToebisa da ekonomikur-politikuri privilegiebis mizniT,
aseve Cagruli, antikoloniuri Zala, romelic koloniuri
gaTavisuflebisaTvis ibrZvis. amis mixedviT, gamoiyofa nacionalizmis Semdegi
tradiciebi: 1) liberaluri nacionalizmi, 2) konservatoruli nacionalizmi, 3)
eqspansiuri nacionalizmi, 4) antikoloniuri nacionalizmi da postkoloniuri
nacionalizmi (heivudi 2004:194-195). aq TiToeul maTganze aRar SevCerdebiT,
qarTul istoriul prozaze msjelobis dros
gasaTvaliswinebeliaantikoloniuri nacionalizmi.
antikoloniuri nacionalizmis dasaxasiaTeblad dasavlur
literaturaTmcodneobaSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba postkoloniuri kritika.
kolonializmi garkveuli Temebis gaaqtiurebas iwvevs, aseT dros literatura

20
mxolod esTetikuri fenomeni ar aris, mas ideologiuri datvirTvac aqvs.
postkoloniur kritikaSi aqcentirebulia antikoloniuri, kolonizatoruli
da postkoloniuri ideologiebis roli literaturul teqstebSi.
postkoloniuri kritikiT xelmZRvanelobis dros, mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes
kolonizebul xalxTa mdgomareoba. antikoloniuri moZraoba xSirad msgavs
strategiebs efuZneba, magram yovel kolonizebul ers gansxvavebuli istoria,
ganaTleba, kulturuli tradicia da ekonomikuri situacia axasiaTebs (Boehmer
2005: 5), amitomac aucilebelia yvela faqtorisaTvis angariSis gaweva. amis
gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZlebelia aRniSnuli Teoriuli paradigmis gamoyeneba
rogorc caristuli, ise sabWoTa epoqis istoriuli prozis analizis dros.
postkolonialuri kritika sociokritikuli diskursia, romlis mizani
literaturuli teqstis konteqstualizaciaa. postkoloniuri kritika
palestinelavtors edvard saadis ukavSirdeba. aRniSnuli Teoriuli
paradigma gviCvenebs, rom socialur-politikuri procesebi literaturaSic
aisaxeba (aroni 2011:86-88). postkoloniuri kritikis interesis obieqts
warmoadgens: kolonizatoris mier Seqmnili literaturuli teqsti,
antikoloniuri da postkoloniur periodSi Seqmnili literatura.
postkoloniuri kvlevebis interesebis sferoa: koloniis Seqmnisa da marTvis
meqanizmebis, antikoloniuri nacionalizmis ganviTarebis etapebis,
kolonizaciis gamocdilebisa da postkoloniuri periodis Seswavla.
Sesabamisad,postkoloniuri kritika interesdeba ara Zveli periodis, aramed
axali drois (XIX saukunidan) nacionalizmiT. postkoloniuri kritika
TandaTan gafarTovda da am etapze mTeli msoflios masStabiTac gamoiyeneba.
masSi xSirad caristuli ruseTisa da sabWoTa ruseTis kolonializmicaa
moazrebuli(Brizee...2010).
qarTuli istoriuli prozis dasaxasiaTeblad antikolonuri
nacionalizmis ganxilva mniSvnelovania, radgan istoriuli proza, ZiriTadad,
koloniis SigniT arsebul winaaRmdegobazea agebuli. postkoloniur
kritikaSi aRniSnulia, rom literatura ara mxolod asaxavda nacionalur
interesebs, aramed Tavadac monawileobda am Tvalsazrisebis formirebaSi.
erovnuli moZraobebi literaturas iyenebdnen warsulis gacocxlebis mizniT
(Boehmer 2005:5).bunebrivia, am procesSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda mexsierebis
politika (the Politics of Memory).

21
 imperialisturi Zalebis dasustebis Semdeg, Zlierdeba kolonizebuli
xalxebis patriotuli suliskveTeba da nacionaluri ideologia, romelic
efuZneba: mexsierebis politikas, miTs gamorCeulobis Sesaxeb, agreTve
viqtimizacias _ mudmivi msxverplis rolis morgebas, oqros xanis miTs,
literaturis aqtiurad gamoyenebas nacionaluri ideebis propagandisaTvis,
antikoloniuri protestis implicitur gamoxatvas. kolonializmis winaaRmdeg
aqtiurad erTvebian adgilobrivi inteleqtualebi, romelTac ganaTleba
Tavisufal inteleqtualTa sivrceSi hqondaT miRebuli, iyenebdnen ra
politikur ideologiebsa da mxatvrul esTetikur xerxebs TavianTi
nacionaluri idealebis gamosaxatad (Boehmer 2005:94-98).
antikoloniuri brZolis procesSi mniSvnelovani datvirTva hqonda
eTnoistorias, radgan e. d. smiTis azriT: ,,mdidari eTnoistoria SeiZleba
kulturuli Zalauflebis mniSvnelovan wyarod da kulturuli politizaciis
centrad iqces“ (smiTi 2008:207). istoriuli proza eTnoistorias koleqtiur
mexsierebad aqcevs, swored mexsierebis politikis meqanizmis gamoyenebiT.
qarTuli kulturis SemTxvevaSi (razec qveviT dawvrilebiTaa saubari)
istoriulma prozam mZlavri antikoloniuri da nacionaluri Rirebuleba
SeiZina.

1.4. qarTuli istoriuli prozamexsierebis politikisa da nacionaluri

identobis konteqstSi

qarTul istoriul prozazemsjelobis dros veyrdnobiT g. kankavas, S.

xotivar-iungerisa da m. miresaSvilis naSromebs. xolo konteqstualizaciisa
da socio-kulturuli tendenciebis xazgasmis mizniT, kvlevaSi CarTulia
mexsierebis politikis, antikoloniuri identobisa da nacionaluri identobis

22
cnebebi. winamdebare Tavi j. qarCxaZis istoriuli prozis qarTul istoriul
prozasTan mimarTebis gamokveTis safuZveli gaxdeba.
mkvlevrebi qarTuli istoriuli prozis saTaveebs hagiografiul
Zeglebsa da saistorio mematianeebSi xedaven (kankava 1969:72). es sakiTxi
safuZvlianad ar aris Seswavlili, mas saintereso monacemebis mocema
SeuZlia, rogorc qarTuli istoriuli prozis Seswavlis mizniT, ise qarTuli
koleqtiuri mexsierebis gansazRvris procesisaTvis. hagiografiul ZeglebSi
aRweril wmindanTa martvilobas hqonda, rogorc religiuri, ise erovnuli
mniSvneloba, rasac gavlena unda moexdina qarTuli istoriuli prozis
formirebaze. aseTive mniSvnelobisunda yofiliyo qarTuli matianeebi,
romlebSic mefeTa cxovreba iyo gadmocemuli, maTi biografiuli xasiaTi
gasaTvaliswinebeli faqtoria istoriuli prozis analizis dros. (saWiroa
matianeTa naratiuli struqturis, miTologiuri Sablonebis da a.S. gamovlena)
(Карагезов 2005:156). mefeTa cxovrebis aRwera da istoriuli epoqis am niSniT
rekonstruqcia, aseve damaxasiaTebelia qarTuli istoriuli prozis didi
nawilisaTvis. qarTuli literaturis SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa aseve gviani
Suasaukuneebis iseTi poeturi teqstebi rogoricaa: ioseb tfilelis
,,didmouraviani”, feSangis ,,Sahnavaziani”, Teimuraz pirvelis ,,wameba qeTevan
dedoflisa”, arCilis ,,gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa”, daviT
guramiSvilis ,,qarTlis Wiri” da a.S. Tumca, aRiarebulia, rom qarTuli
istoriuli prozis, iseve rogorc evropuli istoriuli prozis Janruli
Camoyalibeba XIX saukuneze adre ar momxdara (kankava 1969:72). (De Groot 2010:12).
XIX saukunidan istoriuli Tematikisadmi interesi Zlierdeba. es
periodi daemTxva qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dakargvasa da rusuli
caristuli kolonializmis aRmavlobas. 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis damarcxebis
pesimisturma ganwyobam didi kvali daamCnia qarTuli romantikuli
literaturis ganviTarebas. XIX saukunis 60-ani wlebis nacionalizmi am
tradiciidanac iRebs saTaves. 1832 wlidan XIX 60-ian wlebamde, Taviseburi
ambivalenturi periodia, pesimizmiTa da arsebuli mdgomareobidan gamosvlis
surviliT daRdasmuli. amis erT-erTi kargi magaliTiaris n. baraTaSvilis
istoriuli poema `bedi qarTlisa~, sadac ruseTTan SeerTebis orgvari xedvaa
warmodgenili (CxaiZe 2009:47-58).
istoriuli prozisadmi interesi SeiniSneba XIX saukinis 50-iani wlebSi.
am mxriv, sayuradReboa grigol rCeuliSvilis istoriul Temaze Seqmnili

23
nawarmoebebi. cnobilia, rom imdroindeli kritika uaryofiTad Sexvda
mwerlis istoriul moTxrobebs, gansxvavebiT mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisagan.
kritikosis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebebSi kargad Cans istoriisadmi
gansakuTrebulad mgrZnobiare damokidebuleba. al. orbelianis azriT,
miuRebeli iyo mefeebsa da sasaxlis cxovrebaze Tavisuflad wera, vinaidan,
misi azriT,es winaparTa Seuracxyofis tolfasi iyo. mwerali valdebuli iyo
zustad daecvamematianis cnobebi (boCkova 1984:12).aRniSnul azrsa da paToss
bevri imdroindeli kritikosi da publicisti iziarebda. am faqtidan
saintereso daskvnebis gakeTeba SeiZleba: 1) gr. rCeuliSvili, faqtobrivad,
istoriuli prozis Janris erTi-erTi pirveli avtoria; 2) istoriul prozaSi
gamonagonis, fiqciis Setana mniSvnelovani siaxlea; 3) kritikosebi istoriuli
prozisagan istoriuli monacemebis zust dacvas moiTxoven, radgan
istoriuli proza gaigivebulia istoriasTan. gansazRvruli ar aris
istoriuli prozis mxatvruli xasiaTi; 4) istoria TviTidentifikaciis
saSualebaa. dauSvebelia istoriis damaxinjeba da winaparTa uaryofiT
konteqstSi warmoCena, riTac aixsneba istoriisadmi gansakuTrebulad faqizi
damokidebuleba.
XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi istoriuli prozisadmi interesi Zlierdeba,
rac gr. rCeuliSvilis prozisadmi Secvlil damokidebulebaSic gamovlinda,
mis prozas aRar akritikebdnen. istoriuli Tematikisadmi yuradRebis
gamaxvilebis survili kargad Cans kritikosebisa da publicistebis Ria
mowodebebSi, rom mwerlebma yuradReba unda miaqcion istorias, qveynis
warsul cxovrebas, sadac did saunjes ipovian (boCkova 1984:14).
XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi ,,TergdaleulTa“ Taobam gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba mianiWa istoriasa da erovnul ideologias. faqtobrivad, maT
saxels ukavSirdeba qarTuli nacionaluri idealebis damkvidreba. qarTveli
istorikosebi (l. patariZe, z. kiknaZe, m. CxartiSvili) e. smiTis
eTnosimbolistur paradigmas eyrdnobian, romlis Tanaxmadac naciebs
premodernul xanaSi win uZRoda eTnikuri erTobebi _ eTniebi (smiTi 2008:27).
mkvlevarma l. patariZem qarTuli istoriuli wyaroebis kvlevis Sedegadad
daaskvna, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi erTgulebis (loialobis) Semdegi
obieqtebia: mefe, religia da ena. mefisadmi loialoba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
faqtoria (patariZe 2009:21). XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi eTnikuri erTobebis naciad
Camoyalibebas Sesabamisi ekonomikuri, administraciuli da kulturuli

24
revoluciebi ganapirobebda (smiTi 2008:73). es procesi kargad Cans sityva
,,eris“ semantikur cvlilebaSic. eri qarTul enaSi naciis sinonimia. Tavad
sityva uZvelesia. Tavdapirvelad igi jarisa da xalxis mniSvnelobiT
gamoiyeneboda. feodalur xanaSi ki ymebs aRniSnavda. XIX saukunis
dasawyisidan ki ukve naciis Sinaarsi aqvs. Tumca Tergdaleulebamde
SedarebiT iSviaTia am saxeldebis gamoyeneba. XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan
sityva `eri~ aqtiurad mkvidrdeba da dRemde naciis mniSvneloba aqvs(patariZe
1999:26-29). XIX-XX saukuneebSi naciebma mZlavri saxelmwifoebi Seqmnes
(inglisi, safrangeTi...), xolo dapyrobilma eTniebma erebad Camoyalibeba
SeZles (smiTi 2008:73-74), maT Soris – saqarTvelom,rac ar yofila mxolod
emociuri antikoloniuri moZraoba.
samocianelTa Taoba, romlis sulis Camdgmelad ilia WavWavaZe
moiazreba, nacionaluri ideebis avtoria. nacionaluri ideebi gulisxmobda
xelisuflebis xedvas nacionaluri interesebisa da maTi praqtikuli
realizebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis ararsebobis dros, es
funqcia sazogadoebis liderebma, ,,Tergdaleulebma“ Seasrules (CxaiZe 2009:15).
XIX saukune naciaTa formirebis (an Seqmnis, razec azrTa sxvadasxvobaa)
epoqaa. am procesebSi inteleqtualTa roli mniSvnelovania, gansakuTrebiT
dapyrobil eTniebSi (eTnikuri erTobebi). saxelmwifoebriobis ararsebobis
dros, saxelmwifo mmarTvelebisa da politikosebis nacvlad, swored maT
aiRes xelSi sadaveebi (smiTi 2010:76) amis magaliTia qarTvel samocianelTa
moRvaweoba.
,,TergdaleulTa“ nacionaluri ideebis realizebis praqtikuli
gamoxatulebaa: 1) maTi mxatvruli literatura (gansakuTrebiT istoriuli),
romelic sazogadoebis samsaxurSi Caayenes; 2) kulturisa da ganaTlebis
ganviTarebisaTvis zrunva. ganaTlebis masobriobis SemTxvevaSi advili
gaxdeboda nacionaluri Rirebulebebis gavrceleba (Sesabamisad iqmneba ,,wera-
kiTxvis“ gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba, aqtiurdeba zrunva ganaTlebisaTvis,
gadaidga pirveli nabijebi istoriis mecnieruli Seswavlisaken, arsdeba
qarTuli Teatri da a.S; 3) qarTuli presis Camoyalibeba, romlismeSveobiTac
SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda nacionaluri ideologiis masobrivi gavrceleba; 4)
ekonomikis ganviTarebis xelSewyoba (fuZndeba `saTavadaznauro banki~); 5)
saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaken gadadgmuli nabijebi, pirvel etapze
wamoyenebul iqna moTxovna avtonomiis moTxovnis Sesaxeb (CxaiZe 2009: 60-62).

25
saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenisaken brZolis sawyisi etapi iyo eris kulturuli
identobis Camoyalibeba, rac, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobda: enis reformas,
erovnuli istoriis wina planze wamowevas, erovnuli ideebisa
(TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, erovnuli idealebis pativiscema, koleqtiuri
istoriuli mexsierebis formireba, warsulis mecnieruli Seswavlis dRis
wesrigSi dayeneba) da samoqalaqo Rirebulebebis masobriv gavrcelebas
(klasTa Soris Tanasworoba, qalTa integracia sazogadoebaSi, presisa da
sityvis Tavisuflebis dacva, cenzurasTan brZola) – presasa da
saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi. es yovelive sayovelTao erovnuli
mobilizaciiTa da saxelmwifoebriobis miRwevisaken mizanmimarTuli,
mSvidobiani brZoliT unda gagrZelebuliyo (CxaiZe 2009:60-64). aqedan kargad
Cans, rom i. WavWavaZe da misi Tanamoazreebi kargad icnobdnen evropaSi
mimdinare procesebs. isini liberaluri nacionalizmis mimdevrebi iyvnen, rac
gulisxmobda erTa TviTgamorkvevis ideisa da samoqalaqo RirebulebebisaTvis
brZolas.
samocianelTa nacionaluri xedvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani komponenti
istoriuli mexsierebis gaZliereba iyo. samocianelTa Taobam literatura am
amocanebs dauqvemdebara da mas mniSvnelovani ideologiuri datvirTva mianiWa.
swored am konteqstSia gasaazrebeli iakob gogebaSvilis sityvebi: ,,...am
princips (xelovneba xelovnebisaTvis – T.C.) SeiZleba adgili mieces mxolod
maSin, rodesac mSvidobiT gavaxwevT awindels, metad saSiSars xanas Cvenis
cxovrebisas. iqamdin ki yoveli poeti da literatori unda swerdes mas, rac
qarTvels gonebas unaTlebs da umdidrebs cxoveli codniTa... uCvenebs
saxelmZRvanelo principebs da hxdis kargad SeiaraRebul da marjve meomrad
sastik saarsebo brZolaSi“ (gogebaSvili 1954:117).
istoriuli mexsierebis gansakuTrebuli roli, samocianelTa Taobas
publicistikaSi, Teoriuli koncefciis saxiT aqvsgamokveTili, rac
literaturul teqstebSia xorcSesxmuli: ,,eris dacema da gaTaxsireba maSin
iwyeba, roca eri, Tavis saubedurod, Tavis istorias iviwyebs. rogorc kacad
ar ixsenieba is mawanwala bogano, visac aRar axsovs, vin aris, saidan modis
da sad midis, isec erad saxsenebeli ar aris igi, romelsac RmerTi
gaswyromia da Tavisi istoria ar axsovs“ (WavWavaZe 2011:83). istoria agreTve
gakveTilia: ,,amaT sxva samsaxuri miuZRviT Cven wina. isini cxoveli magaliTebi
arian misi, Tu ra simaRlemde SeuZlian ers ama Tu im garemoebaSi miaRwios...

26
Tu guSin iyvnen Cemis sisxlisa da xorcis didebulni da saxelovanni kacni,
ra mizezia, rom xvalac ar gamoCndnen, Tu garemoebis igiveobas vgulisxmobT“
(WavWavaZe 2011:84). i. gogebaSvili saqarTvelos istoriidan gamoyofs calkeul
faqtebs: ,,ra sabavSvo sakiTxavi Seedreba moTxrobas Tevdore mRvdlis
Tavdadebazed... amoirCieT ufro TvalnaTeli faqtebi, dalagebiT uambeT
bavSvebs, gadauWarbeblad... da Tqven miscemT maT gonebasa da guls saukeTeso
sazrdos“ (gogebaSvili 1989:341).
`TergdaleulTa~ brZola istoriuli mexsierebis gaZlierebisaken,
faqtobrivad, eris koleqtiuri mexsierebis formirebisaken swrafvaa. maT am
miswrafebaSi, vfiqrobT, SesaZlebelia mexsierebis politikis
danaxva.istoriuli prozis Tematikis arCevis dros, mwerlebi aqtiurad
mimarTavdnen mexsierebis politikas. i. gogebaSvili mwerals im faqtebis
aqcentirebisaken mouwodebs, romlebic samocianelTa antikoloniuri
politikis interesebSi Sedis. warsuls maTTvis ramdenime datvirTva aqvs: 1)
nacionaluri ideologiis nawilad gaazreba; 2) erovnuli TviTSefasebis
amaRleba; 2) antikoloniuri ganwyobis gaZliereba; 3) antikoloniuri
protestis forma.
XIX saukunis II naxevarSi, rogorc Cans, swored aRniSnuli politikuri
konteqsti ganapirobebda istoriuli prozisadmi gazrdil interessa da
istoriuli prozis mkveTrad gamoxatul erovnul xasiaTs. samocianelTa
Taobis Teoriuli koncefciis praqtikuli gagrZelebaa maTi istoriuli
nawarmoebebi. i. WavWavaZis ,,dimitri Tavdadebuli“, ,,qarTvlis dedas”,
,,nikoloz gostaSabaSvili”; a. wereTlis ,,bagrat didi”, ,,Tornike erisTavi”,
,,patara kaxi”, ,,naTela”, ,,kikolas naambobi”; i. gogebaSvilis ,,mefe erekle da
ingilo qali”, ,,sxivi warsulisa”, ,,Tavdadebuli mRvdeli Tevdore”, ,,aznauri
ioTam zedginiZe”, ,,qarTveli mefe glexis ojaxSi stumrad”, ,,cxra Zma
xerxeuliZeni”, ,,samasi Tavdadebuli glexi” da a.S. winamdebare naSromSi
aqcenti, ZiriTadad, istoriul prozaze keTdeba, Tumca samocianelTa
SemoqmedebaSi istoriuli Tema ara mxolod prozauli, aramed poeturi
formiTacaa warmodgenili. miuxedavad Janrobrivi sxvaobisa, Cven gverds ver
avuvliT am nawarmoebebsa da avtorebs, vinaidan maT mniSvnelovani gavlena
moaxdines momdevno periodis istoriul prozasa da nacionalur ideebze. maT
literaturul teqstebSi aqtiuradaa CarTuli mexsierebis politika,
nacionaluri identoba da antikoloniuri protesti.

27
 qarTuli nacionaluri identobis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovania
`TergdaleulTa~ istoriuli teqstebis roli. gmirebisa da magaliTis momcemi
istoriis gamokveTiT, samocianelTa Taobam da gansakuTrebiT ilia WavWavaZem,
z. kiknaZis azriT, mamulis cnebas emociuri Sinaarsi SesZina. sityva mamuli
qarTul istoriul wyaroebSi mefis mamuls niSnavda, aqedan gamomdinare ki
mTel samefosac moicavda. XIX saukunidan mamuli, ZiriTadad, samSoblos
sinonimad gamoiyeneba. mkvlevari ganixilavs 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis
ideologis beri filadelfosis traqtats ,,siyvaruli mamulisa“, sadac
mamuls sakraluri mniSvneloba eniWeba: is msxverpls imsaxurebs. ilia swored
am mniSvnelobiT iyenebda sityva _ mamuls. mamulisaTvis Tavdadebis idea
sekularuli konceptia, romelic saTaves religiuri msxverplSewirvis
ideidan iRebs (kiknaZe 2005:33-35). wmindanebs mamulisaTvis Tavdadebulebi
enacvleba. am ideebis gamoxatulebaa XIX saukunis 60-ianelTa istoriul
prozaSi msxverplad Sewiruli mefeebisa da wmindanebis Rvawlis religiuris
nacvlad nacionalur konteqstSi gaazreba.
XIX saukunis 60-70 wlebis istoriuli nawarmoebebi swored am
ideologiis amsaxvelia. mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia, rom
istoriuli teqstebi, rogorc prozis, ise poemebis saxiTaa dawerili.
istoriuli nawarmoebebi mcire formatiT gamoirCeva, maTTvis
damaxasiaTebelia avTenturi personaJebisa da movlenebis aqcentireba
(gmiruli warsuli, mefeTa Tavdadeba), fiqciis dozirebuli Setana
literaturulteqstebSi (boCkova 1984:28). aseve mniSvnelovania istoriuli
poemebi Sinaarsobrivi da ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT (istoriuli poema,
rogorc Janri mogvianebiT iSviaTobaa). nawarmoebebi realizmis esTetikiTaa
Sesrulebuli, rac am periodis literaturas axasiaTebs. istoriuli
nawarmoebebi ar gvTavazoben vrcel istoriul panoramas, warsulis
rekonstruqcias (e.w. epoqis sulis erTian panoramas), maTTvis warsuli
mTlianad awmyos interesebis samsaxurSia Cayenebuli da, rogorc mimoxilvam
gviCvena, masSi aqtiuradaa CarTuli mexsierebis politika, nacionaluri
identoba da antikoloniuri protesti.
vasil barnovis saxels ukavSireben qarTuli istoriuli prozis axal
etaps. man Tavis istoriul nawarmoebebSi, winamorbedi qarTveli
avtorebisaTvis mniSvnelovan erovnul sakiTxs axali moralur-filosofiuri
ganzomileba SesZina. misTvisac istorias gakveTilis mniSvneloba aqvs da

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nacionaluri TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis gzaa. Tumca istoriis miseuli
aRqma moralizebulia. v. barnovi nawarmoebebSi avTentur istoriul movlenas
fiqciiT ajerebs. misi prozis erT-erTi dasayrdenia mexsierebis politika:
istoriis mniSvnelovani etapebis gamokveTa da qarTveli eris
mravalsaukunovani brZolis xazgasma. mkvlevar g. kankavas azriT: ,,warsul
movlenaTa ganviTareba eqvemdebareba avtoris moralur-istoriul
Sexedulebebs. istoriaSi zogjer is xedavs imas, rac surda rom yofiliyo da
ara _ rac iyo. es ki iZleva istoriis Sekvecilad, mikerZoebulad warmodgenas,
romelSic fermkrTalia Sida socialuri ganviTarebis suraTi” (kankava 1969:74).
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT qarTuli da evropuli istoriuli prozis Janruli
ganviTarebis erTian suraTs, aRniSnuli mosazreba sulac ar CaiTvleba vasil
barnovis istoriuli nawarmoebebis naklad. vrcel socialur suraTs arc XIX
saukunis istoriuli proza gvTavazobs da gamonagoni maTTanac aqtualuria.
garda amisa, nebismieri saxis istoriuli prozis avtori yovelTvis
subieqturia istoriasTan mimarTebiT, ris gamoc met-naklebad ,,mikerZoebulad”
warmogvidgens nebismier istoriul movlenas. istoriuli prozis Janrebi
imiTac gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan, sad ufro meti Tavisufleba eniWeba
fantaziasa da istoriul wyaroebs. (amaze ix. dawvrilebiT j. de grutis -
`istoriuli proza~).
vasil barnovis istoril nawarmoebebSi mkveTrad gamoxatulia erovnuli
problematika, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia personaJTa moralur saxeze. maTi
zneobrivi dacema an gaZliereba mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs qveynis beds. amis
saukeTeso magaliTia giorgi saakaZe, v. barnovis amave saxelwodebis
istoriul romanSi. aseve mniSvnelovania sasiyvarulo intriga, riTac
gamorCeulia v. barnovis istoriuli proza. vasil barnovis istoriuli
prozis gansxvavebuli xasiaTi vlindeba mis enobriv stilSi. avtori
Segnebulad mimarTavs arqaizacias, raTa epoqis ganwyoba Seqmnas. nawarmoebTa
ena savsea mxatvruli tropebiT da xSir SemTxvevaSi ritmul prozas
gvTavazobs (kankava 1969:80-87).
vasil barnovis nawarmoebebma istoriuli prozis popularobas Seuwyo
xeli. ,,isnis ciskris” (1901w) gamoqveynebis Semdeg, daibeWda uiaraRos
,,mameluki”, niko lorTqifaniZis ,,mrisxane batoni”, Salva dadianis ,,giorgi
rusi” (Tavdapirvelad ,,ubeduri rusi“).,,mrisxane batonisaTvis” saintereso ar
aris cnobili istoriuli pirebi. ,,mrisxne batonSi” mwerali Tavisufalia da

29
xSirad mimarTavs gamonagons. niko lorTqifaniZisaTvis personaJis Seqmnis
dros misaRebia anaqronizmi, radgan mwerlis azriT, adamianis sulieri
samyaro Znelad icvleba da sxvadasxva saukunis adamianebs msgavsi Sinagani
buneba aqvT. amitomac gasagebia misi SemoqmedebiTi Tavisufleba. (aRniSnulma
tendenciebma ufro mkveTrad mogvianebiT, XX-is 60-70-ian wlebSi iCina Tavi.
dawvrilebiT qvemoT).
Salva dadiani avsebs vasil barnovis SemoqmedebiT gzas – mis istoriul
prozaSi filosofiur-moraluri aspeqtia gaRrmavebuli (kankava 1969:90-96).
mwerlis yvelaze mniSvnelovan nawarmoebs sabWoTa kritika dadebiTad ar
gamoxmaurebia. (cnobilia cenzuris moTxovniT saxelwodebis Secvlis faqti:
`ubeduri rusis~ nacvlad `giorgi rusi~). mwerals feodaluri saqarTvelos
apologiaSi dasdes brali. 1924 wlis ajanyebis Semdeg, qarTul sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli pesimisturi ganwyobis sapirispirod, ,,ubeduri rusi“ qarTuli
,,oqros xanis“ _ Tamar mefis epoqis gacocxlebaa. rusi ufliswuli
uaryofiTadaa warmoCenili: is ususuria, rogorc mamakaci da politikuri
lideri. bunebrivia, es arsebul politikur konteqsTan alegoriuli
dapirispirebis saSualeba iyo (baqraZe 2004:418-420). avtorma gamoiyena
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi Zlierebis istoriuli periodi da mexsierebis
politikiT Seecada antikoloniuri identobis formirebas.
XX saukunis I naxevris istoriul prozaze saubris dros
gasaTvaliswinebelia politikur-istoriuli konteqsti. saqarTvelos
gasabWoebis Semdeg, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi Zalauflebas
komunisturi partia iRebs. mwerlebi ideologiur wnexSi eqcevian. komunisturi
partia calsaxad moiTxovs revoluciuri Tematikis Semotanas literaturaSi,
erTaderT aucilebel literaturul meTodad socialisturi realizmi
cxaddeba (baqraZe 2004:7-10). socialisturi realizmi sabWoTa avtoritaruli
sistemis produqtia. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia: ideologiis utopizmi,
marqsistuli msoflmxedveloba, socialuri inJineria, biurokratizmi,
erTpartiuloba, centralizebuli dagegmva, pirovnebis kulti, propaganda,
Zaladoba, pirovnebis standartizeba, depersonificirebuli koleqtivizmi
(gafrindaSvili...2010: 80-91).
sabWoTa mexsierebis politikam gasabWoebamde arsebul istoriasa da
kulturas sabWouri interpretacia moaxvia Tavs, xolo Tanamedrove kultura
socrealizmis samsaxurSi Caayena. Sesabamisad, qarTuli

30
mwerlobaqveteqstebiTa da alegoriiT iwyebs azrovnebas. garda amisa,
literaturul teqstebSi Cndeba oficialuri kliSeebi, socrealizmis kodebi,
propagandayalibdeba, rogorc miTosi. am process mkvlevari bela wifuria
,,sabWouri modelebis nacionaluri SinaarsiT datvirTvas uwodebs“, riTac
iqmneba ormagi Sinaarsi, erTi cenzurisaTvis, meore mkiTxvelisaTvis. teqsti
orive tipis interpretaciisaTvis xelsayrel kodebs iZleva (wifuria 2010:179-
181). amis kargi magaliTia konstanitine gamsaxurdias ,,didostatis marjvena“,
`daviT aRmaSenebeli~, romlebSic saqarTvelos Zlieri saxelmwifoebriobis
xanaa aRwerili. orive nawarmoebiZlieri saqarTvelos simbolod SeiZleba
moviazroT, romelic antikoloniuri ganwyobis Seqmnas emsaxureboda.
bunebrivia, mwerali koleqtiuri mexsierebis Semqmneli iyo. nawarmoebis
mimarT ambivalenturi damokidebuleba arsebobda, miuxedavad jildoebisa,
mwerlis misamarTiT ar wydeboda braldebebi (baqaraZe 2004:150).
politikuri konteqstis gverdiT, mniSvnelovania isic, rom vasil
barnovisa da momdevno xanis mwerlebis mier Camoyalibebuli Janris gaformeba
da gamravalferovneba konstantine gamsaxurdias saxels ukavSirdeba.
istoriis moralur-filosofiuri sibrtyidan danaxvas, enis arqaizaciasa da
pirobiTobas masStaburoba, avTenturisa da gamonagonis Serwyma daemata
(kankava 1969:118-119).
mixeil javaxiSvilis ,,arsena marabdelic~ am konteqstSi Seqmnili
masStaburi, istoriuli Janris literaturuli teqstia. mwerali
socrealizmis esTetikis dacvas cdilobs, wina planzea wamoweuli xalxis
Tema. Tumca, oficialur kritikas ar gamorCenia misi aSkarad antikoloniuri
xasiaTi. ,,m. javaxiSvilic ar iqneba miviwyebuli, romelmac bolo dros Tavi
Seafara ,,arsena marabdelis“ Tematiur masals, es sruliadac ar xsnis
brZolis warmoebis aucileblobas mis winaaRmdeg“ (melaZe). nawarmoebebSi
mwerali impliciturad upirispirdeba sabWoTa ruseTis kolonialur
politikas, risTvisac caristuli ruseTis alegorias mimarTavs.
aRniSnuli politikuri konteqstis Sedegad, nawarmoebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia: erovnuli koncefcia, avTenturisa da gamonagonis
Serwyma.Afiqcia istorias avsebs, Tumca mainc meorexarisxovania. ,,arsena
marabdelSi” epoqis vrceli socialuri suraTia asaxuli. nawarmoebSi
istoriul movlenebs Tavisi axsna moeZebneba. m. javaxiSilma Tanabrad
gamoiyena istoriuli masala da gamonagoni. Tumca es ukanaskneli xSirad

31
Zalian emsgavseba istoriuli wyaroebisa da legendebis cnobebs. misi azriT,
istoriuli wyaroebi gvawvdis fragmentebs, xolo mwerali maT avsebs da qmnis
istoriis ufro cocxal versias. romanis mTavari personaJis arsena
marabdelis gamoCena caristuli ruseTis erovnuli Cagvris Sedegia (kankava
1969:112-114).
konstantine gamsaxurdiasa da mixeil javaxiSvilis gavleniT, qarTul
istoriul prozaSi myarad Camoyalibda qarTuli istoriuli prozis, rogorc
Janris, Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi: 1) erovnuli problematikis warmoCena.
istoriis sxvadasxva mizniT gamoyeneba (kolonizebuli, damcirebuli
erovnuli TviTSefasebis amaRleba, istoriidan Sesabamisi daskvnis gamotanis
survili); 2) konkretuli epoqis asaxva (,,epoqis suli”´- rogorc mogvianebiT
damkvidrda literaturaTmcodneobaSi), rac gulisxmobs _ eTnografiul,
toponimikur, kulturul da sxva tipis detalizacias (epoqis rekonstruqcias)
(kankava 1969:119); 3) warmodgenili Temebisa da problemebis TanamedroveobasTan
kavSiri (e.w. aqtualoba). am ukanasknelis ganviTarebas, garda literaturul-
Janruli saWiroebisa, xeli Seuwyo XX saukunis politikurma konteqstma
(cenzuris gamo SeniRbva, alegorizmi, qveteqsturoba da a.S). 4) sayuradReboa
agreTve enobrivi sakiTxi. enis arqaizacia ,,epoqis sulis” (rogorc
uwodebdnen) zusti detalizaciisa da asaxvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
saSualeba iyo.
XX saukunis II naxevridan viTareba gansxvavebulia. icvleba politikuri
konteqsti. stalinis sikvdils, mohyva e.w. ,,daTbobis” periodi, roca sabWoTa
represiebis saSineli epoqa Semsubuqda. partiis gavlena xelovnebaze
Sesustda. Tumca, ideologiuri manqana mainc ar wyvets muSaobas. amis
magaliTia araerTi xelovanis mimarT ganxorcielebuli devna (e.w. pasternakis
saqme”, 50-ianwlebSi saqarTveloSi oTar CxeiZis romanis ,,cTomilni”,
akrZalva). ,,daTbobis” periodis monapovrad miiCneva literaturuli
Jurnalebis SedarebiT Tavisufali arseboba cenzuris pirobebSi (,,ciskari”,
,,mnaTobi”), ramac literaturaSi axali saintereso Taobis ,,samocianelebis”
gamoCena gamoiwvia (gafrindaSvili...2010:80-91).
samocianelTa Taobam uamravi siaxle Semoitana qarTul literaturaSi.
am procesebSi arc istoriuli proza darCenila ucvleli. XX saukunis 70-80-
ian wlebSi xdeba istoriuli romanis Janruli cvlileba. Cndeba istoriuli
romani, romlis tradiciul istoriul JanrTan dakavSireba rTulia. am

32
periodSi istoriuli Tematikisadmi interesi araTu mcirdeba, aramed izrdeba,
rogorc qarTul, ise mTel sabWoTa sivrceSi. aseve Zlierdeba gamonagonis
roli. Tu aqamde nawarmoebebSi dominanturi iyo avTenturi personaJebi, am
periodidan mas TiTqmis Caenacvla gamogonili personaJebi. istoriisadmi wina
epoqis SemecnebiT damokidebulebas filosofiuri, fsiqologiuri, zneobrivi
Tu egzistencialuri interesi cvlis (miresaSvili 2005:5).
XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan ikveTeba evropuli literaturuli
procesebis aqtiurad gamoxmaurebis procesi, rac literaturuli teqstebis
gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis novatorobaSi gamoixateba. am periods ekuTvnis
verlibriT, subieqturi da miTologiuri romaniT gataceba, agreTve
liberalur Rirebulebebze aqcentireba. mwerloba antikoloniuri
nacionalizmis gverdiT, liberalur-demokratiuli Rirebulebebis
damamkvidrebelicaa. mkvlevari b. wifuria XX saukunis qarTul kulturaSi
gamoyofs Semdeg sivrceebs: `1) sabWouri kultura. statusi _ oficialuri
kultura;ideologiuri safuZveli _ sabWouri ideologia; esTetikuri
safuZveli _ socialisturi realizmi; esTetikuri pozicia _ normatiuli... 2)
nacionaluri narativis kultura; statusi _ dominanturi
kultura;ideologiuri safuZveli _ erovnuli ideologia; esTetikuri
safuZveli _ realizmi; esTetikuri pozicia _ normatiuli... 3) alternatiuli
kultura;statusi _ alternatiuli kultura; ideologiuri safuZveli _
modernistuli~ (wifuria 2005:17-19).mkvlevris mier SemoTavazebuli
klasifikacia ar gulisxmobs mkveTr sazRvrebs am sivrceTa Soris. xSirad
erTi mwerlis Semoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli sivrceebi erTmaneTs
erwymis. nacionaluri narativi zogjer socrealizmis formebs iyenebs
nacionaluri Sinaarsis gamosaxatad (wifuria 2005:17). xolo, Tavis mxriv,
nacionalur narativSi moazrebuli istoriuli proza, e.w. axali istoriuli
proza, sadac sul ufro meti yuradReba refleqsiebs eTmoba da ara
istoriul fons, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, Cveni azriT, SesaZloa nacionaluri da
alternatiuli sivrceebis gadakveTad miviCnioT. (mag. jemal qarCxaZis proza,
romelic mwerlis publicistur paTossa da movlenebis gaazrebis liberalur
models gvTavazobs).
istoriuli romanis axali tendenciebis Sesaxeb mosazreba araerTma
kritikosma Tu literaturaTmcodnem gamoTqva (g. merkvilaZe, S. CaCua, g.
gaCeCilaZe, s. sigua, g. gverdwiTeli, k. imedaSvili, S. xotivar-iungeri, m.

33
miresaSvili). aqve Camoyalibda Semdegi terminebi: tradiciuli istoriuli
romani da aratradiciuli istoriuli, anu axali istoriuli romani, Tumca
naSromSi maT samuSao terminebad ar viyenebT, radgan dRes istoriuli proza
ganixileba rogorc mTliani fenomeni, romelic uamrav saxeobas aerTianebs
(De Groot 2010).
istoriuli romanis saxecvlileba XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi
literaturaTmcodneebis azriT (baseli, xotivari-iungeri, rukavacini,
boCarovi, m. miresaSvili), gamowveuli unda iyos evropul mwerlobaSi
mimdinare cvlilebebiT, sadac istoriuli avTenturoba gamonagonis
dominantobam Caanacvla. ,,axali istoriuli romanis” avtorTaTvis istoria _
ubralod asaxvis obieqti ar aris, igi romanis struqturuli safuZveli, misi
kompoziciis ,,saSeni” masalaa; amdenad, e.w. ,,axali istoriuli romanis”
avtorebi Tavs uflebas aZleven weron ara mxolod is, rac warsulSi moxda,
aramed isic, rac SeiZleboda momxdariyo” (miresaSvili 2005:11).
aRniSnuli tendenciebi exmaureba evropul istoriul prozaSi mimdinare
cvlilebebs. istoriuli prozisadmi interesi me-20 saukunis II naxevarSi
gansakuTrebulad mZafrdeba, razec ramdenime faqtorma iqonia gavlena: 1) am
periodSi istoriul mecnierebaSi popularuli xdeba axali istoriis idea,
romelic eWvis qveS ayenebs istoriis WeSmaritebasa da avTenturobas.
istorikosis saqmianobac ki veRar aRiqmeba obieqturi WeSmaritebis Ziebad. 2)
martin haidegerisa da hans georg gadameris filosofia adamianis socio-
kulturuli sazRvrulobis CarCos Sesaxeb. 3) postmodernistuli esTetika
literaturasa da xelovnebaSi. postmodernistuli esTetikisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia arastabilurobisa da grand-narativebis
dekonstruqciisakenmiswrafeba, rac aseve aisaxa istoriisadmi
damokidebulebaSic. `istoria~, progresis idea erT-erTi didi narativia,
romelsac postmoderni arRvevs. am avtorebma kiTxvis qveS daayenes mosazreba,
rom istorias SeuZlia warsulis gadmocema. warsuli ucnobia, istoria aris
reprezentacia (kari 2001:22).4) Tanamedrove romaniscvlileba. am periodSi
irRveva realisturi romanis konvenciebi, Cndeba metafiqciuri romanebi.
metafiqciur romanSi gaanalizebulia literaturuli teqstis ontologiuri
statusi, rac teqstSi naTlad Cans an implicituradaamowodebuli.
metafiqciur teqstSi avtori TxrobiT procesSi erTveba, rogorc rigiTi
personaJi, msjelobs teqstis Seqmnis meqanizmze (gvaxedebs Sida

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samzareuloSi) da a.S., riTac tradiciuli realisturi romanis CarCos
arRvevs (Waugh 2001:98-103).
XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi qarTul istoriul prozaSi saintereso
tendeciebi ikveTeba. erTi mxriv, istoriuli proza Janrul cvlilebas
ganicdis da axali mimarTulebiT viTardeba (W. amirejibis, o. WilaZis, T.
bibiluris, j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebebi), meore mxriv, grZeldeba XX saukunis
dasawyisSi Camoyalibebuli Janruli saxeobis arseboba (gr. abaSiZe, r.
jafariZe da sxv) (miresaSvili 2005:28-29). Tumca, mxolod gamonagonze
dafuZnebuli istoriuli romani cariel niadagze ar amozrdila. misi
safuZvlebi XIX saukunis istoriul nawarmoebebSi, vasil barnovisa da niko
lorTqifaniZis istoriul moTxrobebsa da romanebSi gvxvdeba. am garemoebas
gulisxmobs a. baqraZe, roca aRniSnavs: ,,qarTul mwerlobaSi sxva rigisa da
sxva xasiaTis istoriuli moTxrobebi da romanebic aris, sadac yuradReba
ufro metad qarTvelis sulier Tvisebebze, qarTvelis sulier tkivilebzea
gamaxvilebuli“ (baqraZe 2004:425). XX saukunis 60-70-ian wlebSi es procesi
ufro masStaburi gaxda. mweralica da mkiTxvelic arCevanis winaSe aRmoCnda,
mas SeuZlia airCios, rogorc SemecnebiTi (,,epoqis sulis” aRwera,
avTenturoba), aseve Tavisufali gamonagoniTa da mcire istoriuli realiebiT
Seqmnili literatura. garda amisa, koloniur da postkoloniur realobaSi
istorias ideologiuri datvirTva kvlavac SeunarCunda.
XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi Seqmnil ,,axal istoriul romanSi”
sainteresoa ara epoqis asaxva, aramed istoriuli movlenebis filosofiuri,
zneobrivi gaazreba, gamonagonis siWarbe. istoriul wyaroebTan erTad
gamoiyeneba miTi, legenda. realizmis CarCoebis gafarToebam istoriuli
prozis CarCoebis gazrdac ganapiroba (miresaSvili 2005:31,48).
,,axali istoriuli romanis” istoriuli foni mravalferovania, uZvelesi
miTosuri periodidan XIX saukunis boloTi. oTar WilaZis romanSi ,,gzaze
erTi kaci midioda” gamoyenebulia argonavtTa uZvelesi miTi, romelSic
gamonagonicaa Setanili. miTi ,,damiwebulia”, misTvis damaxasiaTebelia
miTiuri gmirebis ,,deheroizacia” (miresaSvili 2005:56), miTs istoriis saxe aqvs
da masSi literaturuli teqstis Seqmnis epoqis droindeli politikur-
istoriuli konteqsti, kolonialuri politikisadmi gamoTqmuli protestia
mniSvnelovani. miTis axal versias gvTavazobs Wabua amirejibi Tavis ,,daTa
TuTaSxiaSi”, romelic mTlianad SeTxzulia, qarTuli miTologia msgavs miTs

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ar icnobs. romanSi mniSvnelovania ara istoriuli foni (romelic 1905 wlis
revoluciis saqarTvelozea) an miTi, aramed mTavari personaJis daTa
TuTaSxias pirovneba, misi swrafva sikeTisadmi (miresaSvili 2005:94-95). aqedan
gamomdinare, e.w. ,,axali istoriuli romani” istorias meorexarisxovnad
miiCnevs, mTavari personaJTa Sinagani samyaro, zneobriv-filosofiuri
problematika, sabWoTa kolonializmisadmi impliciturad gamoxatuli
protestia.
XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi qarTuli istoriuli proza formas
icvlis, magram istorias kvlavindeburad aqvs ideologiuri fuqcia. igi isev
koloniur politikasTan dapirispirebis gzaa. amis gamo, qarTul kulturas
myarad Camouyalibda istoriasTan gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba. es
movlena kargad SeiniSneba ucxo TvaliT: ,,mudmivi brZola damoukideblobisa
da erovnuli TviTgamorkvevisaTvis, erovnuli siamaye, agreTve sakuTari
mravalsaukunovani istoriis tragikuli gancda _ ai is mizezebi, romelTa
gamoc mimarTavdnen qarTveli mwerlebi istorias da ris gamoc epyrobodnen
mas aseTi seriozulobiT“ (xotivar-iungeri 1993:5). istoriuli mexsiereba
antikoloniuri brZolisa da identobis gamyarebis mZlavr saSualebad
Camoyalibda, xolo istoria da nacionaluri Rirebulebebi erTmaneTs myarad
daukavSirda. qarTul istoriul prozas aRniSnuli maxasiaTebeli XX
saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSic gahyva Tumca aqcentebi da esTetika mainc Seicvala.
istoria ukve sxvadasxva sakiTxebis gaazrebis asparezadac iqca.
XX saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis istoriuli prozis tendenciebis zustad
dasaxasiaTeblad, mkvlevari S. xotivar-iungeri erTmaneTs upirispirebs
msgavsi Tematikis or romans: m. javaxiSvilis ,,arsena marabdelsa“ da W.
amirejibis ,,daTa TuTaSxias“. m. javaxiSvili: 1) avTentur personaJs iRebs, 2)
iyenebs folklorul wyaroebs da 3) XIX saukunis srul suraTs xatavs, 4)
,,arsena marabdeli“ gviCvenebs, istoriis msvlelobaze pirovnebis gavlenas.
Tavis mxriv, W. amirejibi: 1) fiqcias mimarTavs, 2) istoriasa da legendebSi
ararsebul personaJs qmnis, 3) epoqis asaxvis nacvlad, personaJis Sinagani
samyaroa aRwerili, 4) ,,daTa TuTaSxiaSi“ pirovneba sazogadoebis CarCoebiTaa
SezRuduli (xotivar-iungeri 1993:25-26).
XX saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis istoriul prozaSi icvleba kompozicia.
axal istoriul romanSi mniSvnelvania: 1) centraluri personaJi da ara
istoria; 2) avtorebi aRar iyeneben istoriul wyaroebs, istoriis codnac

36
sakmarisia; 3) icvleba Txrobis perspeqtiva: auqtorul Txrobis nacvlad
(,,yovlismcodne“ avtoris pozicia) personalur Txrobaa (personaJTan
dakavSirebuli Txroba) dominanturi. 4) icvleba mkiTxvelTa auditoria. Tu
tradiciuli istoriuli romanis avtori cdilobda mkiTxvelisaTvis istoriis
Sesaxeb maqsimaluri codna miewodebina, axali istoriuli romani ukve
istoriis Rrma codnas moiTxovs. mkiTxvelma unda Seavsos istoriuli prozis
,,carieli adgilebi“ (informaciuli adgilebi), radgan avtori ukve Rrma
refleqsiisaken iwvevs (xotiva-iungeri 1993:28-29). es bunebrivicaa, radgan
istoriuli mecniereba ganviTarebulia da istoriis rekonstruqciiT ukve
profesionali istorikosia dakavebuli. amis mizezi isicaa, rom istoriuli
informaciis mqone romanebic ukve mravladaa Seqmnili.
qarTuli istoriuli prozis Sesaxeb msjelobam kidev erTxel gamokveTa
istoriuli prozis ramdenime Janruli maxasiaTebeli: 1) aucilebelia
istoriuli dro-sivrce. zogierT SemTxvevaSi epoqis detaluri aRwera,
topografiuli, eTnografiuli da sxva saxis rekonstruqcia, wyaroebis
erTguleba, gamonagonis mcire doza. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki Zalian zogadi da
bundovani istoriuli dro-sivrciTi konturi da literaturul teqstSi
ganfenili refleqsiis didi doza. 2) istoriuli proza sxvadasxva mxatvruli
konvenciebiT iqmneba, es damokidebulia mwerlis arCevansa da modur
literaturul esTetikaze. 3) mwerali aseve Tavisufalia qveJanrebis arCevis
dros. 3) istoriul prozas aqvs esTetikuri datvirTva, is upirvelesad
literaturuli teqstia. garda amisa, mas calkeul SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa
SemecnebiTi funqcia daematos angaxdes ideologiuri. gansakuTrebiT es
mniSvnelovania qarTuli istoriuli prozis SemTxvevaSi, Tumca aq ar
igulisxmeba istoriuli prozis mTeli monakveTi, amis dasturia Tundac is
faqti, rom XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan aqcenti sxva saxis Tematikazec
keTdeba, konkretulad ki: individis Tavisufleba, Tavisufali arCevanis
sakiTxi, liberaluri Rirebulebebi.

1.5. kvlevis meTodologiisaTvis

literaturuli teqstis naratologiuri analizi. literaturuli

teqstis kvleva rTuli procesia, amis gamo gaviTvaliswineT kompleqsuri

37
literaturaTmcodneobiTi midgoma.naratologiuri analizis, semiotikis
calkeuli cnebebisa da literaturuli hermenevtikis sinTezi _ teqstis
sazrisis wvdomis saSualebas iZleva.
j. qarCxaZis istoriuli prozis analizamde SevCerdebiT im Teoriul
koncefciebsa da cnebebze, romlis safuZvelzec agebulia naSromis ZiriTadi
nawili. naratologiuri terminebisa da Teoriebis gamoyenebisas, ZiriTadad,
veyrdnobiT J. Jenetis naSroms `naratiuli diskursi~ da m. ians, romelic
naratologiaSi dagrovil Teoriul kvlevebs kompleqsurad aerTianebs.
tradiciulad gamoyofen I da III piris mTxrobels, rasac ar iziarebs J.
Jeneti. misi azriT, mwerlisaTvis mniSvnelovania ara gramatikuli forma,
aramed Txrobis pozicia. amis mixedviT Jeneti gamohyofs ori tipis
mTxrobels:homodiegeturi(personaJia) (I piri) da heterodiegeturi(ar aris
personaJi) (III piri) (Genette 1983:245);mTxrobeli SesaZloa iyos aseve:

 eqsplicituri;
 implicituri;

eqsplicituri mTxrobeli teqstSi sakuTar Sexedulebebs, gemovnebasa da

subieqtur damokidebulebas amJRavnebs. homodiegeturi mTxrobeli yovelTvis
eqsplicituria, heterodiegeturi mTxrobeli xan eqsplicituria, xanac
SeniRbuli, implicituri (Jahn 2005:4).j. qarCxaZis prozaze msjelobis dros
saWiroa eqsplicituri da implicituri mTxroblis gaTvaliswineba, vinaidan
naSromSi saanalizo teqstebSi gvxvdeba orive tipis mTxrobeli.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa heterodiegeturi mTxrobeli, radgan romanis
`zebulonis~ mTxrobeli III piriT gadmogvcems Txrobas, amave dros is avtor-
mTxrobeli ar aris da mkiTxvels eqmeneba STabeWdileba, rom nawarmoebSi
mTavari personaJis, zebulonis I piris Txroba III piriT aris gadmocemuli.
grafikuli sqema:

mTxrobeli

Ria daxuruli
(eqplicituri) (impilicituri)

38
 homodiegeturi
(personaJia) heterodiegeturi
heterodiegeturi (ar aris personaJi)
(ar aris personaJi)
teqstSi ambavi yovelTvis mTxroblis xedvis aredan, perspeqtividanaa
moTxrobili. movlenebi isea aRwerili, rogorc mTxrobeli aRiqvams da
gviambobs, swored amis gamoa gamokveTili romelime istoria, personaJi, dro-
sivrce Tu sxva problematika. samecniero literaturaSi Txrobis perspeqtivis
ramdenime klasifikacia arsebobs, naSromi J. Jenetis klasifikacias eyrdnoba,
romlis mixedviTac arsebobs:

 nulovani fokalizacia;
 Sinagani fokalizacia;
 garegani fokalizacia;

nulovani fokalizaciis dros, mTxrobeli `yovlismcodnea~, is

personaJebze met informacias flobs, Sesabamisad, metsac gviambobs (mag.: XIX
saukunis realisturi romani). Sinagani fokalizaciis dros, mTxrobeli
mxolod imas gviambobs, rac personaJma icis. am SemTxvevaSi mxolod
personaJis xedvis fokusireba xdeba, Txroba misi cnobierebis perspeqtividan
mimdinareobs (mag.: Sinagani monologi, cnobierebis nakadi). garegani
fokalizaciis dros, ki Txroba isea warmodgenili, rom ucnobi rCeba
personaJis fiqrebi, emociebi. Txroba mxolod movlenebis aRweriT
Semoifargleba (mag.: drama, an neitraluri Txroba) (Genette 1983:189). j.
qarCxaZis nawarmoebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia personaJis perspeqtiviT
Txroba da Sinagani fokalizacia. swored romelime personaJis perspeqtiva
gansazRvravs nawarmoebis enasa da stils (amaze dawvrilebiT literaturul
teqstebze msjelobis dros).
TxrobiT teqstSi gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania personaJisa da
mTxroblis metyveleba. kerZod, metyvelebis, fiqrisa da cnobierebis
reprezentacia. XX saukunis prozaSi aqtualuria mentaluri procesebis
reprezentacia, amitomac popularulia iseTi formebi rogoricaa _ Sinagani

39
monologi (Jahn 2005:45-47).Sinagani monologebi xSirad gvxvdeba j. qarCxaZis
prozaSi, rac personaJis fiqrebisa da Sinagani mdgomareobis reprezentaciaa.
personaJis Sinagani fokalizaciis dros, bunebrivia, aqtiurad gamoiyeneba
Sinagani monologis teqnika. aseT SemTxvevaSi, gansakuTrebiT romanSi
`zebuloni~, moTxrobaSi `igi~ mTxrobeli mxolod ambavs rodi gadmogvcems,
Txrobis rakursi personaJis Sinagan samyarozea gadatanili. Sinagani
fokalizaciis dros, fokusi personaJis xedvazea gadatanili, Txroba misi
cnobierebis perspeqtividan mimdinareobs. am xedvis matarebeli erT-erTi
personaJia, ZiriTadad, mTavari personaJi, amitomac Sinagani monologi aseT
dros produqtiuli xerxia(Jahn 2005:9).
j. qarCxaZis istoriul prozaSi, Sinagani fokalizaciis teqnika
dakavSirebulia nawarmoebis istoriul dro-sivrcesTan. teqstSi
mniSvnelovania Semdegi komponentebi:

 qronotopi;
 semantikuri sivrce;
 ambisa da Txrobis dro;

literaturuli teqstis dro-sivrcis erTiani fenomenis aRsaniSnavad,

rogorc cnobilia, m. baxtinma gamoiyena termini qronotopi. misi ganmartebiT,
dro-sivrce Janris Taviseburebas gansazRvravs (literaturis...2006:46-47).
Janruli kodidan gamomdinare, qronotops istoriul prozaSi gansakuTrebuli
datvirTva eniWeba.
literaturul teqstSi sivrce garemoa, sadac personaJi cxovrobs da
moqmedebs (klimati, buneba, qveyana, qalaqi, baRi, oTaxi...). is SesaZloa mxolod
foni iyos da aRwerisa da teqstis esTetizirebis funqcia hqondes. garda
amisa, sivrces xSirad semantikuri datvirTva aqvs, gansakuTrebiT Sinagani
fokalizaciis dros, radgan swored personaJis perspeqtivis mixedviTaa
organizebuli. semantikuri sivrce personaJis fiqrebisa da emociebis
adekvaturia da avtori garkveuli problematikis warmosaCenad irCevs. j.
qarCxaZis nawarmoebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia swored semantikur sivrceze
aqcenti, rac gansakuTrebiT kargad Cans mis istoriul romansa da
moTxrobebSi (Jahn 2005:40-42).

40
 naratologiaSi seriozuli Seswavlis obieqtia Txrobisa da
gramatikuli drois kategoria, rasac mniSvnelovani Sroma miuZRvna J. Jenetma.
is gamoyofs ambisa da Txrobis dros. ambis droSi igulisxmeba teqstSi
ganviTarebuli moqmedebis dro, xolo Txrobis droSi Txrobis xangrZlivoba
(nawarmoebis moculoba, gverdebi)(Genette 1983:33-35)ambisa da Txrobis drois
Taviseburi konfiguracia xSirad gansazRvrulia j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebTa
problematikiT.
ambisa da Txrobis drois urTierTmimarTebis safuZvelze Jeneti
Txrobis sam tips asaxelebs:

 Tanmimdevroba (analefsisi, prolefsisi);

 xangrZlivoba (elifsisi, reziume, aRwera, scena, gangrZobiTi dro);
 sixSire (erTjeradi, ganmeorebiTi, iteratiuli) (Genette 1983:33-35);

Tanmimdevroba gulisxmobs ambisa da Txrobis drois qronologiur

wesrigs. amis mixedviT, gamoiyofa anaqroniis ori saxe: prolefsisi da
analefsisi. prolefsisis dros, mTxrobeli win uswrebs movlenebs da
winaswar gvamcnobs raimes. analefsisis dros, mTxrobeli manamde momxdar
ambavs gviamobobs, qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT ukan gvabrunebs (Genette
1983:33-80).
xangrZlivoba Txrobis temps gulisxmobs. masSi igulisxmeba ambis
droisa da Txrobis drois (teqstis striqonebi, gverdebi) urTierTmimarTeba.
yvelaze didi tempi iqmneba elifsisiT, roca teqstSi ambis xangrZlivi
droiTi monakveTia gamotovebuli. aseve maRali tempiT gamoirCeva reziume,
sadac ori sityviTaa Sejamebuli xangrZlivi droiTi monakveTi, sadac ambis
dro metia Txrobis droze. yvelaze dabali tempi aRweriT pauzebs aqvs.
scenas Tanabari dro eTmoba (ambisa da Txrobis drois). garda amisa, gvxvdeba
piruku SemTxvevac, roca Txrobis dro ufro xangrZlivia, vidre ambis dro
(gangrZobiTi dro). (roca erTi dRis ambavs eTmoba mTeli romani, mag.:
,,ulise~). droiTi xangrZlivobis saxeebi teqstis qronotopuli modelis
aRsawerad gvexmareba (Genette 1983:86-110).sixSireSi igulisxmeba movlenis
ganmeorebiToba. amis mixedviT arsebobs erTjeradi (roca movlena ar
meordeba), ganmeorebiTi (roca movlena ramdenjermea ganmeorebuli da

41
ramdenime personaJi erTsa da imave ambavs gviambobs) da iteratiuli (roca
ganmeorebiTi movlenebi erTxel gadmoicema) Txroba (Genette 1983:114-160).
am tipis mimarTebebi bevrs gveubneba teqstis stilis Sesaxeb, magaliTad
j. qarCxaZis `zebulonSi~ Txrobis dro aWarbebs ambis dros, rac xazs usvams
personaJis refleqsiebisaken midrekilebas.

literaturuli teqstis semiotikuri analizi. (ZiriTadi cnebebi).

teqstualuri kodebis semiotikuri koncefcia j. qarCxaZis teqstebis Janruli
specifikis amosaxsnelad miviCnieT mniSvnelovnad. tradiciulad semiotikis
ganmarteba iwyeba niSnis daxasiaTebiT.f. de sosiuris diaduri modelis
Tanaxmad, niSani Sedgeba ori komponentisagan:aRsaniSnisagan(idea, koncefcia)
da aRmniSvnelisagan(akustikuri xati, JReradoba);swored maTi mTlianoba qmnis
niSans. C. s. pirsistriaduli modelis Tanaxmad, niSani Sedgeba:
referentisagan(obieqti), reprezentatisagan(niSani) da
interpretantisagan(adamianis gonebaSi aRqmuli)(Chandler 2006:15-20).
semiotikis Teoriis Tanaxmad, niSnebi Cven garSemo arsebuli sagnebis,
samyaros reprezentaciaa. adamiani realobas mxolod am niSnebis meSveobiT
aRiqvams. niSnebi (reprezentaciebi) gvWirdeba garkveuli informaciis
gadasacemad. niSanTa nebismieri kavSiri informaciis gadacemas ver
uzrunvelyofs. Setyobinebis gadacema niSanTa kodirebul sistemas SeuZlia,
sadac niSnebi garkveuli wesebis mixedviT erTiandeba (asaTiani 2006:29).
semiotikis TeoriaSi teqstis Seqmnasa da interpretaciaSi kods didi
mniSvneloba aqvs. teqstis Seqmna kodirebaa, xolo teqstis aRqma kodebis
amocnobiTa da maTi dekodirebiT xdeba. amrigad, literaturuli teqsti,
rogorc obieqti Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs konkretul kods an kodebs,
romelTa daSifvriT miiRweva gageba. j. qarCxaZis prozis analizis dros,
ZiriTadad, vmsjelobT teqstebis Janrul kodze. istoriuli prozis Janris
maxasiaTeblebis gaTvaliswineba gvexmareba nawarmoebebis interpretaciis
procesSi.
semiotikur TeoriaSi kodebis uamravi klasifikacia arsebobs.
literaturuli teqstis analizisaTvis mniSvnelovania konkretuli kodebis
tipebi:
teqstualuri kodebi:

42
 samecniero kodebi
esTetikuri kodebi (xelovnebis yvela saxeoba)

Janruli, stilistikuri, ritorikuli kodebi

narativi (Sinaarsi, xasiaTi, moqmedeba, dialogi, qronotopi...)

 interpretaciuli kodebi:
ideologiuri kodebi (kodebi teqtis kodirebisa da dekodirebisaTvis)
(aq Sedis yovelgvari izmebi: rasizmi, feminizmi da sxva)(Chandler 2006:98).
winamdebare naSromSi analizis dros gaTvaliswinebulia zemoxsenebuli
kodebi. teqstualur kodebSi ganxilulia Janruli, stilistikuri da
ritorikuli kodebi, rasac naratologiuri meTodologia eyrdnoba.
interpretaciul kodebSi ki moiazreba sociokulturuli konteqsti.

literaturuli hermenevtika. j. qarCxaZis literaturuli teqstebis

interpretaciis dros viTvaliswinebT literaturul hermenevtikas. kerZod,
naSromisaTvis aucilebel interpretaciul models: hans georg gadameris
koncefciasa da literaturul hermenevtikas, romlis drosac ZiriTadad
veyrdnobiT s. porterisa da j. robinsonis naSroms, sadac detalurad da
kompleqsurad aris Seswavlili hermenevtikul mimarTulebaTa koncefcia da
istoria.
hermenevtikul tradiciaSi gamoiyofa sami mniSvnelovani nakadi:
filosofiuri, lingvisturi da literaturuli. filosofiuri hermenevtika
zogadad gagebis Teoriasa da koncefcias gvTavazobs, maSin roca
lingvisturi da literaturuli hermenevtika teqstis interpretaciis ufro
praqtikuli aspeqtebiTaa dainteresebuli. hermenevtika aerTianebas teqstis
interpretaciis Teorias, meTodsa da praqtikas. teqstis interpretaciis dros
samive mniSvnelovania, amitomac literaturul hermenevtikas hibridul
movlenad aRiqvamen, masSi sxvadasxva hermenevtikuli mimarTuleba erTiandeba
(Porter…2011:303).
hermenevtikisaTvis ganviTarebis yvela etapze mniSvnelovania sami
komponenti:
 avtori;
43
  teqsti;
 mkiTxveli;

swored am sami komponentidan romelimes aqcentireba ganasxvavebs

sxvadasxva hermenevtikul mimdinareobas erTmaneTisagan (Porter…2011:4-
7).literaturuli teqstebis socio-kulturul konteqstSi gaanalizebis
safuZvels h. georg gadameris hermenevtikuli koncefcia iZleva. j. qarCxaZis
nawarmoebebis interpretaciis dros swored am ukanasknels veyrdnobiT.
hermenevtikis ganviTarebis sruliad axali etapi dakavSirebulia h.
georg gadameris saxelTan. misi koncefcia srulyofilad aris
Camoyalibebuli wignSi ,,WeSmariteba da meTodi“ (1960 w). naSromi saTauris
antiTezaa, masSi swored WeSmariteba da meTodia gakritikebuli. gadameri
eWvis TvaliT uyurebs yovelgvar meTodikasa da xerxebs, romelic obieqturi
WeSmaritebis dadgenas gvTavazobs. igi iziarebs haidegeris Tvalsazriss,
romlis mixedviTac gagebisa da interpretaciis procesSi adamiani socio-
kulturulad da istoriulad gansazRvrulia (Porter…2011:75-78).am
Sexedulebidan gamomdinare, is gvTavazobs obieqturobisa da subieqturobis
cnebebisagan gaTavisuflebas. gadamerisaTvis interpretacia arc subieqturi
aqtia da arc obieqturi. es aris dialogi interpretatorsa (subieqtsa) da
teqsts (obieqts) Soris. igi interpretaciis process xsnis, rogorc
interpretatorisa (mkiTxvelisa) da teqstis horizontebis Serwymas
(Porter…2011:80-87). mkiTxveli Cvens SemTxvevaSi j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebebis
interpretatoria, romelsac dRevandeli epoqis socio-kulturuli da
istoriuli interesebi aqvs. Sesabamisad dRes sabWoTa totalitaruli da
koloniuri gamocdilebis gaazrebis dros, qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis erT-
erTi saintereso sakiTxi (da ara erTaderTi) j. qarCxaZis teqstebSi asaxuli
liberaluri Rirebulebebia.
gadameris azriT, interpretaciis dros Cveni individualuri
Sexedulebebi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria; am perspeqtividan aRviqvamT
teqsts (da movlenebs). is uaryofs teqstis zeistoriul, zekulturul
WeSmaritebas. yovelgvari mniSvneloba cvalebadia, is mniSvnelovania mxolod
aq da am dros. WeSmariteba, romelic maradiuli da ucvleli gveCveneba,
icvleba istoriulad, konkretuli kulturis arealSi (Porter…2011:85-91).
gadameri uaryofs teqstis interpretaciis erTaderT da WeSmarit versias.
44
SeuZlebelia avtoris intenciis amoxsna, radgan, misi azriT, teqstis sazrisi
yovelTvis scildeba avtoris intencias. miuxedavad aseTi Tavisuflebisa,
gadameris azriT, mainc arsebobs teqstis mniSvnelobaTa sazRvrebi. mag.:
Janruli kodebis gamo SeuZlebelia komiqsebis mebaReobis wignad aRqma
(Porter…2011:91).
gadameris koncefciidan gamomdinare, naSromSi gaTvaliswinebulia
literaturuli teqstebis socio-kulturuli konteqsti, romelSic
gaanalizebuli iqneba j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebTa Seqmnis epoqa, arsebuli
ideologiebi, istoriuli da kulturiT daRdasmuli faqtorebi da teqstSi
gamovlenili Rirebulebebi. amgvarma midgomam saSualeba mogvca naSromSi
dasmuli konkretuli sakiTxebisaTvis gvepasuxa.

TaviII

jemal qarCxaZis istoriuli romani `zebuloni~

45
 2.1. roman `zebulonis~ naratiuli struqtura

j. qarCxaZis istoriuli romani ,,zebuloni”, Tavdapirvelad, Jurnal

,,mnaTobSi” calkeul Tavebad gamoqveynda. ,,zebulonis SurisZieba” _ 1984 wels,
,,zebulonis siyvaruli” _ 1985 wels, ,,zebulonis sikvdili” _ 1986 wels.
avtors nawarmoebi moTxrobebis ciklad hqonda Cafiqrebuli, xolo
mogvianebiT erT romanad gaaerTiana. amis Sedegad teqstSi SenarCunebulia
aRniSnuli struqtura da romani sami moTxrobisagan Sedgeba, romlebic
Tavebis mixedviTaa gaerTianebuli. TiToeul Tavs ki dasrulebuli
kompoziciuri saxe aqvs.

2.1.1. romanis saTauri

nawarmoebis saTaurs, rogorc wesi, literaturuli teqstisaTvis

mniSvnelovani funqcia aqvs. u. ekos azriT, saTauri gasaRebia interpretaciis
dros.man amave dros mkiTxveli unda daabnios, raTapasuxi martivad ar
amoxsnas. sazogadod, yvelaze taqtikur saTaurebad personaJTa saxelebia
aRiarebuli (Эко 2005:6-9). literaturis Teoriasa da teqstis lingvistikaSi,
saTauri teqstis kompoziciis nawilad miiCneva; saTauri mniSvnelovan
informacias gvawvdis avtoris Canafiqris, nawarmoebis Janrisa da Temis
Sesaxeb (taliaSvili 2012). faqtobrivad, is aris presignalis matarebeli,
romelic SemdgomSi nawarmoebis sazrisis amocnobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
gasaRebeli SesaZloa gaxdes.
Teoretikosebi gamoyofen ori saxis saTaurs: eqsplicitursa da
impliciturs. nawarmoebis saTauri aris eqsplicituri im SemTxvevaSi Tu
literaturul teqstsa da saTaurs Soris pirdapiri mimarTebaa. aseT dros
saTaurSi aqcenti mxolod siuJetzea gakeTebuli, saTauris dekodirebis dros
swored is aris amosavali. implicituri mimarTebis dros, teqstsa da saTaurs
Soris arapirdapiri mimarTebaa. saTaurSi mocemulia garkveuli miniSneba
teqstis intenciis Sesaxeb, ris Sedegadac iqmneba nawarmoebis qveteqsti.

46
implicituri saTauris dekodirebis dros, mniSvnelovan informacias vigebT
teqstis Sesaxeb, rac, Tavis mxriv, gvexmareba teqstis interpretaciis
procesSi. faqtobrivad, am tipis saTauri nawarmoebis semantikur RerZadaa
aRiarebuli (taliaSvili 2012). orive tipis saTaurs mniSvnelovani funqcia
aqvs teqstis sazrisis dekodirebis dros.
Tu davakvirdebiT j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebTa saTaurebs, Semdegi tendencia
gamoikveTeba: nawarmoebTa did nawils personaJTa saxelebi aqvs saTaurebad
SerCeuli. mag.: `igi~, `antonio da daviTi~, `zebuloni~, ,,mariana~, biZaCemi
iona~, `abzianiZeebis ojaxi~. saTaurebis danarCeni nawili metaforulia:
`qaravani~, `ganzomileba~, `iupiteris sinanuli~, `meTerTmete mcneba~, `mdgmuri~
da sxv. garda amisa, j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebTa saTaurebi gamoirCeva
lakonurobiTa da konceptualurobiT. maT xSir SemTvevaSi garkveuli funqcia
eniWebaT teqstis interpretaciis dros.
naSromSi gansaxilvel istoriul romans avtorma mTavari personaJis
saxeli daarqva. am TvalsazrisiT saTauri neitraluri da optimaluri unda
yofiliyo, vinaidan nawarmoebi mTavari personaJis, zebulonis cxovrebisa da
Sinagani gancdebis Sesaxeb gviambobs. personaJis saxelikonkretul
implicitur informaciasacSeicavs:zebuloni bibliuri warmoSobis
saxelia.bibliuri saxelebisa da aluziebis Semotana, rogorc wesi, bibliur
saxismetyvelebasa da garkveul qveteqsturobaze mianiSnebs mkiTxvels. miT
ufro, rom romanSi kidev erTi bibliuri warmomavlobis saxeli – isaxaric _
figurirebs. aRniSnuli faqtorebi garkveuli interpretaciisaken, kerZod,
bibliur-saxismetyvelebiTi qveteqstebis Ziebisaken ubiZgebs mkiTxvels.
zebuloni da isaxari, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, bibliuri warmoSobis
saxelebia. Zveli aRTqmis Tanaxmad, zabiloni (zebuloni) da isaqari (isaxari)
iakobis Svilebi iyvnen. biblia iakobis Tormet ZeTagan yvelaze vrclad
iosebis Sesaxeb gviambobs, zebuloni da isaxari SedarebiT iSviaTad arian
moxseniebuli. zabilonisa da isaqaris Sesaxeb garkveul informacias vxvdebiT
iakobis kurTxevaSi, romelic man sakuTari Tormeti Svilis mimarT sikvdilis
winwarmoTqva: `zabuloni zRvis piras imkvidrebs, navsayudelTan eqneba
sadgomi; sidons miswvdeba sazRvari misi~ (biblia 1989: dab. 49, 13). xolo
isaxaris kurTxevaSi vkiTxulobT: `isaqari _ Zvalmsxvili viri, bakebSi
mwolare. xedavs, kargia mosveneba, miwa _ saamuri; qedi wauxria tvirTis
wasaRebad, xarkisTvis Sromobs~ (dab. 49, 14-15).

47
 wm. ipolite ganmartavs iakobis ZeTa saxelebsa da maTTan dakavSirebul
bibliur simbolikas, romlis Tanaxmadac iakobis IX da X ZeTa saxelebi
Semdegnairad iTargmneba: `zabilon iTargmanebis niW, da izaqar-naSrom~
(ipolite romaeli) (alibegaSvili 1999:146). iakobis kurTxevas adasturebs
isaqaris STamamovalTa simamace. epifane kviprelis Tanaxmad, isaqars
Seesabameba ameTvistos Tvali. rogorc ameTvistos Tvali gamoirCeva
mSvenierebiTa da sakvirvelebiT, aseve gamoirCeva isaqari simSvidiT,
mRviZarebiTa da miwaTmoqmedebiT. ipolite romaelis ganmartebiT, zabiloni
warmarTebs gulisxmobs, romelTac cdunebebi zRvis talRebiviT amoZraveben,
isini ki myudro savanes eZeben da eklesiisaken, navsayudelis msgavsad,
miiswrafvian (alibegaSvili 1999:156-157).
zabilonisa (zebulonisa) da isaqaris (isaxaris) saxelTa Sesaxeb
arsebuli bibliuri da egzegetikuritradicia unda dagvexmaros j. qarCxaZis
romanis saTauris implicituri Sinaarsis gaazrebis dros. saTauris _
`zebulonis~ _ dekodirebamde, saWiroa literaturuli teqstis sxva
monacemebis gaTvaliswinebac, kerZod, ramdenad gvxvdeba teqstSi raime saxis
bibliuri miniSneba, aluzia; gvawvdis Tu ara teqstis epigrafi da sqolio
bibliur citatas, an ganmartebas. j. qarCxaZis `zebulonSi~ ar dasturdeba
bibliur-saxismetyvelebiTi informacia, ar gvxvdeba sxva romelime personaJis
bibliuri saxeldeba. aseve sagulisxmoaj. qarCxaZis publicistika,
romelSicavtori xSirad msjelobs sakuTari nawarmoebebis Sesaxeb. am
mimarTulebiT, kerZod, bibliur-saxismetyvelebiTi interpretaciis Sesaxeb
mwerali arsad saubrobs. amis miuxedavad, zebuloni da isaxari met-naklebad
hgvanan egzegetikur tradiciaSi damkvidrebul saxeebs: isaxari mSvidi
adamiania, TavsmiwaTmoqmedebiT irCens, xolo zebuloni mTeli cxovreba
gansacdelis winaSea da, faqtobrivad, mudmivad navsayudels eZebs.
bibliuri saxelis romanis saxeldebad SerCeva SemTxveviTi ar unda
iyos. saTaurSi Cadebuli presignali mkiTxvels literaturuli teqstis
gasaRebs sTavazobs. nawarmoebis Sinaarsis mixedviT, mSvidi bavSvobis Semdeg,
zebulonis cxovreba iovel batoniSvilis inteleqtualur samyaros unda
dakavSireboda, rasac xeli SeuSala mamis mkvlelobis gamo Cadenilma
SurisZiebam. sastikma mkvlelobam mTlianad daangria zebulonis arseba:
`grZnobda, rom TandaTan sxva kaci gaxda. ki ar gardaiqmna da imisgan ki ar
aRmocenda, rac aqamde arsebobda, rogorc fesvidan aRmocendeba mcenare,

48
aramed sul mowyda fesvs da calke mcenared iqca~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 93).
dasrulda zebulonis harmoniuli cxovreba: `dro nela midioda, uCumrad,
mSvidad, verc ki SeatyobdiT midoda Tu ara, sanam Jamma ar dahkra da is didi
da sabediswero gazafxuli... yru da gauval kedlad ar aRimarTa zebulonsa
da zebulons Soris da kedlis gareT myofi zebuloni ise daundoblad ar
gaTiSa kedlis SigniT darCenili zebulonisagan, rom maT Soris yvela
damakavSirebeli Zafi gawyda da yvela msgavseba waiSala~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 13).
SurisZiebamde zebulonis winaSe axali SesaZlebloba gamoCnda: is iovel
batoniSvilma saswavlebelSi miiwvia, rasac mamis sikvdilma, SurisZiebam da
Sinaganma krizisma SeuSala xeli. amis Semdeg zebulonma kvlav scada
batoniSvilis saswavlebelSi dabruneba. Seiqmna iluzia, rom mTavari
personaJi SeZlebda Sinagani wonasworobis aRdgenas, Tumca man gadamwyvet
momentSi ukan daixia,sakuTari Tavis uRirsad miiCnia. amis Semdeg
zebuloni,bibliuri zabilonis msgavsad, veRarasodes aRwevs Sinagan
harmonias.
romanis saTaurSi Cadebuli implicituri informacia mTel teqsts
gasdevs. bibliuri kodi ikiTxeba isaxaris saxeSic, kerZod, zebulonis mama
bibliuri isaqariviT mibmulia miwas, simboloa simSvidis, wonasworobis,
harmoniis. isaxaris personaJi gansxvavdeba zebulonis dinamiuri, stiqiuri
xasiaTisagan. mamis sicocxleSi es sxvaoba ar Cans, radgan zebulonis
bavSvobac mSvidi da harmoniulia mamis wiaRSi. nawarmoebis centraluri
konfliqti xdeba maSin, rodesac isaxaris sicocxle xelovnurad wydeba.
zebuloni, romlis bavSvoba mSvid garemoSi, mamis xatTan harmoniaSi
iZerweboda, uecrad kargavs kontaqts mamiseul sawyisTan da masSi mZlavrobs
damangreveli, uaryofiTi Zala, romelic usastikesi SurisZiebisaken ubiZgebs.
nawarmoebis gmirs TviTganadgurebis kodi erTveba, romlis ganeitralebac
SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda iovel batoniSvilis inteleqtualur sawyisTan
miaxlebiT, rac aRar momxdara: `iovel batoniSvili iyo erTaderTi kaci,
visac mxolod Zvel, dakargul, daxSuli karibWis miRma darCenil zebulonTan
hqonda kavSiri, maSasadame, is erTaderTi kacic iovel batoniSvili iyo, visac
SeeZlo zebuloni kvlav zebulonTan mieyvana~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 100). amis Semdeg
zebulonis Sinagani samyaro darCa gaorebuli da harmonias moklebuli.
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom romanSi Secvlilia bibliuri siuJetis
Sinaarsi: zebuloni isaxaris Zea da ara Zma, rasac Tavisi funqcia aqvs

49
literaturul teqstSi. bibliuri Zmebis gansxvavebuli buneba ufro mkveTrad
gamoCnda mama-Svilis xasiaTisa da cxovrebis tipis dapisripirebaSi.romanis
bibliur qveteqsts daemata mamiseuli wiaRis fsiqologiuri mniSvnelobac,
ramac gamokveTa mTavari personaJis Sinagani drama.
amrigad, nawarmoebis saTauri mniSvnelovani elementia literaturuli
teqstis analizis procesSi. romanis saxeldebaSi impliciturad Cadebuli
bibliuri Sinaarsi nawarmoebis interpretaciaSi gvexmareba. zebuloni da
isaxari simbolurad imeoreben bibliuri arqetipebis cxovrebis gzas:
zebuloni mudmivad navsayudelis ZiebaSia. garda amisa, avtorma bibliuri
saxeebis gaazrebis dros mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitana. amis miuxedavad,
bibliuri Sinaarsis gaTvaliswineba sayuradRebo informacias gvawvdis
literaturuli teqstis sazrisis amoxsnis dros.

2.1.2. romanis Janruli specifika

j. qarCxaZis romani `zebuloni~ istoriuli Janris nawarmoebia. qarTul

literaturul kritikaSi ganxilulia nawarmoebis problematika, Tumca
msjelobis dros misi Janruli kodi gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris.
romanSi `zebuloni~ gamogonili personaJebi moqmedeben, aseve
gamogonilia romanis siuJetica da istoriuli foni. Tumca es ukanaskneli
msgavsebas amJRavnebs saqarTvelos istoriis garkveul epoqasTan. nawarmoebs
aqvs zogadi istoriuli foni,sadac epoqaze saubari SedarebiT mcirea.
romanSi ar gvxvdeba raime saxis qronologiuri miniSneba.
romanis zogadi istoriuli fonis miuxedavad, nawarmoebSi asaxuli
drogviani Suasaukuneebis saqarTvelos istorias mogvagonebs: `dro avi iyo,
qveyana _ gaveranebuli. yoveli mxridan urjuloebiT garSemortymuli patara
kuTxe gaafTrebiT ibrZoda Tavisuflebis SesanarCuneblad. ucxo TvalisTvis
aseTi uimedo brZola iqneb Rimilis momgvreli ugunuroba iyos, magram
qarTvelebs maSin danebeba ar uyvardaT, saxels zomaze metad afasebdnen da

50
umal xmals SeuSverdnen kisers, vidre uRels~ (qarCxaZe 2005:15). mTel teqsts
am tipis istoriuli foni gasdevs, miuxedavad misi zogadi xasiaTisa
mkiTxvelisaTvis mainc nacnobia saqarTvelos istoriis aRniSnuli periodi,
kerZod, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos samefo-samTavroebad daSlis Semdegomi
epoqa (XV saukunidan). am dros qarTveli xalxi TavgamodebiT ibrZvis
araqristiani mtrebis winaaRmdeg.
rogorc cnobilia, urjuloebad, ZiriTadad, iraneli da osmalo
damyroblebi moixseniebodnen (XV-XVIII ss.). romanis istoriuli fonis
qronologiuri suraTis aRsadgenad,romanSi taxtis gamahmadianebuli
memkvidris, iskander-xanis qarTlis taxtze asvlis epizodic dagvexmareba.
XVII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi gamahmadianebuli mefeebis taxtze asvla
xSiri movlenaa (saqarTvelos... 1974:153-245). aRniSnuli faqtorebi
gvafiqrebinebs, rom romanis istoriul fonad XVII-XVIII saukuneebis epoqa
unda iyos aRebuli.
rogorc vxedavT, roman `zebulonSi~ konkretuli istoriuli epoqis
mxatvrul asaxvaze saubari rTulia, amis mizezi nawarmoebis Janruli
specifika unda iyos. nawarmoebi mTlianad zebulonis Sinagan samyaros
aRwers, romanSi misi subieqturi xedva da gancdebia mniSvnelovani da ara
avTenturi istoriuli epoqis rekonstruqcia,rasac teqstis araerTi pasaJidan
vigebT: `raki qarTvelebi morCilebas ver urigdebodnen da qveyana mudam
sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnaze iyo, aqauri ymawvilebi, biWobis vada rom
gauvidodaT, ubralo kacebad ki ar iqceodnen, rogorc es SedarebiT ufro
dawynarebul qveynebSi xdeboda, aramed meomrebad, romlebsac maSinac ki, roca
omi ar iyo da guTans ekidnen, raTa moeswroT da ojaxisTvis cotaodeni
sarCo-sabadebeli gaeCinaT... zebulonic, raRa Tqma unda, saerTo gzas gverds
ver auvlida... yovelmxriv mzad iyo da, Tumca jer ar daeZaxaT, Tavis
warmodgenaSi ukve mravali brZola gadaexada~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 16).
romanis aRniSnuli pasaJidan iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom nawarmoebis
istoriuli foni zabulonis cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebis
asaxsnelad aris moxmobili; `zebulonSi~ istoriuli dro-sivrce iSviaTad
aris gamokveTili. mas, ZiriTadad, zebulonis Sinagan gancdebsa da
refleqsiebs Soris eTmoba adgili: `vidre manuCar batoniSvils iranis Sahi
ispahans gaiwvevda, zebuloni iese erisTavis sasaxleSi mxolod erTxel iyo
namyofi da, Tumca maSin iseTi ram ixila, rom erTbaSad iovel batoniSvilic

51
moagonda, daroaSvilebic, mSobliuri wyarosTvalic da Soreul wyvdiadSi
gauCinarebuli bavSvobac, romlisaganacnaRvlis meti aRara SemorCenoda ra,
fiqradac ki ar gauvlia, bediswera Tu kvlav odesme kvlav iq miiyvanda~
(qarCxaZe 2005: 107). rogorc am nawyvetidanac Cans, literaturuli teqstis
naratiuli struqtura mTavari personaJis garSemoa agebuli, xolo zogadi
istoriuli foni avtors garkveuli problematikis warmosaCenad sWirdeba.
romanis `zebulonis~ Janrul kodze msjelobis dros, mniSvnelovania
mwerlis poziciis gaTvaliswineba, SesaZloa misi damokidebulebac iyos imis
mizezi, rom `zebulonze~ saubrisas, kritikosebi sagangebod ar ganixilaven
nawarmoebis Janrul specifikas. amasTan dakavSirebiT movixmobT j. qarCxaZis
mosazrebas warsulisa da awmyos urTierTobis sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romelic
gamoTqmuli aqvs publicistikaSi:,,ara mgonia, warsuli da awmyo kategoriulad
imijnebodes erTmaneTisgan. awmyo perspeqtiuli warsulia da warsuli
fiqsirebuli awmyo. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, warsuli da awmyo erTmaneTSi
gadadian, erTmaneTs avseben, erTmaneTs ganmartaven. SeiZleba iTqvas, erTmaneTs
anaTeben kidec” (qarCxaZe 2005a:173).
mwerligamoTqvams Sexedulebas nawarmoebis istoriuli fonis Sesaxeb:
,,Tu davuSvebT _ rogorc Cveulebriv uSveben, rom marTla arsebobs iseTi ram,
rac SeiZleba ,,istoriuli Janris” saxeliT movixsenioT da calke gamovyoT,
maSin, ra Tqma unda, isic SeiZleba, warsulisa da Tanamedroveobis kiTxvebze
pasuxi drodadro warsulSi veZioT. me am Tvalsazriss, ar viziareb. me
mimaCnia, rom mwerlisTvis arsebobs dro, rogorc erTiani ganzomileba, da
arsebobs adamiani, romelic mTel am ganzomilebas moicavs da mTel am
ganzomilebaSi moqmedebs... mwerali wers ara ,,istoriul romans”, aramed
romans, romlis siuJeti ama Tu im konkretul droSi mimdinareobs, da, drois
arCevani aq, arafriT gansxvavdeba, adgilis arCevanisagan. ubralod, mwerali
mimarTavs im epoqas, romelic, misi azriT, dasamuSavebeli mxatvruli
problemisaTvis masalasac mets iZleva da fonsac ukeTess qmnis” (qarCxaZe
2005:174).
am Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, j. qarCxaZe Tavis istoriul nawarmoebSi ar
qmnis e.w. epoqis suls, istoriuli epoqis arCevis dros misTvis gadamwyveti
konceptualuri sakiTxia: ramdenad Seesabameba mocemul problematikas
mocemuli istoriuli foni. mwerali sagangebod ar gamoyofs istoriuli
Janris nawarmoebebs, misTvis nawarmoebSi asaxuli dro (epoqa) iseTive

52
sakiTxia, rogorc nawarmoebis geografiuli sivrce. amis gamo saWirodac ar
miaCnia istoriuli Janris calke aRniSvna.
zemoT moxmobili pozicia mwerlis individualuri Sexedulebaa,
romelic sulac ar gamoricxavs istoriuli prozis Janrul specifikaze
msjelobis saWiroebas. Cven viziarebT qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi
damkvidrebul mosazrebas, romlis mixedviTac XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi
ukve gansxvavebuli istoriuli proza iqmneba (a. baqraZe, S. xotivar-iungeri, m.
miresaSvili). es Tvalsazrisi imeorebs evropul (da ara mxolod evropul)
literaturaTmcodneobaSi, istoriul prozasa da istoriul mecnierebaSi
gamoTqmul mosazrebebs, romlis Tanaxmadac istoriul prozaSi cvlilebebi
jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisidan SeiniSneba (De Groot 2010: 10-15).
j. qarCxaZis pozicia pragmatulia, misidamokidebuleba hgavs mweral l.
foixtvangeris mosazrebas, romlis azriTac istoriasTan mimarTebis dros
istorikosic ki subieqturia, araTu mwerali (Historical...2008). am TvalsazrisiT,
aseve sainteresoa axali istorizmis mimdevarTa damokidebuleba, romlis
mixedviTac SeuZlebelia warsulis srulyofili aRdgena, vinaidan istorikosi
Tavisive epoqisa da socialuri wris Svilia. mas sakuTari subieqturi
poziciidan gamomdinare SeuZlia warsulis aRqma, amis gamo istoria mxolod
reprezentaciaa (kari 2001:22). am gadasaxedidan, mwerlisaTvis istoria asaxvis
mTavari obieqti aRaraa, mas meoradi mniSvneloba aqvs da konkretuli funqcia
eniWeba: masalaa mxatvruli problemis damuSavebisaTvis.
erTi mxriv, istoriisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba da meore mxriv,
romanis struqtura, romelic personaJis perspeqtivazea orientirebuli da
agreTve zogadi istoriuli foni gansxvavebul Janrul kodze saubris
saSualebas gvaZlevs. zemoT ukve aRiniSna qarTuli istoriuli prozis axali
tendenciebis Sesaxeb, romelmac XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi iCina Tavi. Tavis
mxriv, am gardatexaze evropulma istoriulma prozamac moaxdina gavlena. Tu
aqamde qarTul (da ara mxolod qarTul) istoriul prozaSi avTenturobis
dacva (mcire doziT mainc) savaldebulo iyo, axali tipis istoriuli
prozisaTvis mniSvnelovani aRaraa avTenturi personaJebi da avTenturi
istoriuli movlenebi. mwerali mTlianad gamonagons eyrdnoba, zog
SemTxvevaSi calkeuli epoqis zogad suraTs qmnis da istorias mxolod
zneobrivi, filosofiuri Tu fsiqologiuri problematikis asaxsnelad
iyenebs.

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 qarTul tradiciul da axal istoriul prozas Soris sxvaobis karg
magaliTs iZleva S. xotivar-iungeri, roca erTmaneTs adarebs m. javaxiSvilis
,,arsena marabdelsa” da W. amirejibis ,,daTa TuTaSxias”. es msgavseba-sxvaoba
sqematurad Semdegnairad SeiZleba gamoisaxos: mag.:
avTenturi personaJi (,,arsena marabdeli”) _ fiqcia (,,daTa TuTaSxia”);
folkloruli wyaroebi _ fiqcia;
XIX saukunis sruli suraTi _ personaJis Sinagani samyaro (xotivar-
iungeri 1993:25-26).
qarTul literaturaTmcdoneobaSi am konteqsSi aseve ganxilulia o.
WilaZis zogierTi romani (mag.: ,,gzaze erTi kaci midioda”, sadac miTs
istoriis saxe aqvs) (miresaSvili 2005:56). j. qarCxaZis ,,zebulonSi” avTenturi
personaJebi ar gvxvdeba, istoriuli epoqis mxolod zogadi konturis aRdgena
aris SesaZlebeli da literaturul teqstSi aqcenti mTavari personaJis
Sinagan samyarozea gadatanili.
gamogonili personaJis Sinagan samyaroze koncentrireba da istoriuli
epoqis rekonstruqciis ugulebelyofa, bunebrivia, cvlis istoriuli prozis
kompozicias. ,,yovlismcodne” avtor-mTxrobels, romelic yvela personaJis
samyaroSi Rrmad gvaxedebda da amave dros istoriuli epoqis masStabur
suraTs (an aramasStabur, Tumca mainc avTenturs) qmnida (mag.: k. gamsaxurdias
,,didostatis marjvena, `daviT aRmaSenebeli~), enacvleba personaluri Txroba
(personaJTan dakavSirebuli Txroba).
personaluri Txrobis dasadastureblad Semdegi epizodic gamogvadgeba
magaliTad: `zebuloni maisis damdegs unda xleboda iovel batoniSvils, manam
ki win mRelvarebiTa da molodiniT aRsavse mravali grZeli dRe iyo,
romlebic nela, zoziniT gadiodnen, Tumca zebuloni maT mainc siyvaruliT
eloliaveboda, radgan yoveli maTgani im mTavar dRes aaxloebda, roca
sofeli wyarosTvali ukan unda moetovebina da Soreulsa da ucnob gzas
dasdgomoda. drodadro, TumcaRa iSviaTad, TiTqos SiSobda, jadoqrobas Zala
ar daekarga, guliskankaliT gadaSlida iovel batoniSvilis naCuqar wminda
wigns, mowiwebiT gaayolebda TiTs ucnob asoebs da tanSi saamo Jruanteli
uvlida. mere naxatebs dauwyebda Tvalierebas. naxatebze, rogorc deda da mama
varaudobdnen, gamosaxuli unda yofiliyvnen uflis wminda mociqulebi~
(qarCxaZe 2005: 39).aRniSnul pasaJSi mTxrobeli ar gadmogvcems zebulonis
fsiqologiur portrets, arc misi Sinagani gancdebis fsiqologiur analizs.

54
am epizodSi gadmocemulia mTavari personaJis Sinagani gancdebi, fiqrebi da
emocia. mTxrobeli arc saxarebis ilustraciis Sesaxeb msjelobs, igi mTavari
personaJis TvaliTa da inteleqtiT gvesaubreba: zebulonma ar icoda vin iyo
saxarebaze gamosaxuli. aRniSnuli personaJis perspeqtiviT Txrobis
magaliTia.teqstSi gadmocemulia mxolod is, rac zebulonis cxovrebasa da
fiqrebs ukavSirdeba. ufro metic, mxolod is, rac misi gonebisaTvis aris
xelmisawvdomi. sxva danarCeni movlenebis gadmocemas mwerali Tavs aridebs.
istoriuli prozis swored am Janruli formatiTaa Sesrulebuli j. qarCxaZis
,,zebuloni”, romlisTvisac gamoyenebulia XVIII saukunis zemoT aRwerili
istoriuli epoqis sqematuri suraTi.
j. qarCxaZis istoriul romanSi `zebuloni~ aisaxeba XX saukunis 70-80-
ian wlebis qarTuli istoriuli prozis tendenciebi, romelSic istoria,
ZiriTadad, mxolod fonia. kerZod, nawarmoebSi istoriuli foni zogadia,
masSi ar gvxvdeba avTenturi istoriuli realiebi, Tumca gamogonili siuJeti
garkveul istoriul realiebs efuZneba. nawarmoebis Janrul kods misi
naratiuli struqturac ganapirobebs, kerZod, personaJis perspeqtivaze
orientireba. mTxrobeli aqcents personaJis Sinagan refleqsiebze akeTebs,
amdenad istoriul dro-sivrces meoradi mniSvneloba eniWeba.

2.1.3. romanis enobrivi TaviseburebisaTvis

istoriuli prozisJanruli specifikidan gamomdinare, istoriuli

nawarmoebebis mTavari atributebia: istoriuli dro-sivrce da arqaizebuli
ena. gansakuTrebiT XX saukunis I naxevris qarTul istoriul prozaSi (v.
barnovi, k. gamsaxurdia), sadac arqaizebul enas garkveuli konceptualuri
datvirTva eniWeboda: ena Sexamebuli iyo Sesatyvis istoriul qronotops.
istoriuli epoqis sxva saxis detalizaciis gverdiT, arqaul enas Sesabamisi
epoqis ganwyoba unda Seeqmna.
axali tipis istoriul prozaSi cvlilebebi am TvalsazrisiTac
SeiniSneba. istoriul nawarmoebTa ena gaTavisuflebulia normatiulobisagan,

55
enis sakiTxi ukve konkretuli avtoris gemovnebis prerogativaa. mweralma
SesaZloa sruliad Tanamedrove eniT weros an garkveuli doziT
arqaizebasac mimarTos. magaliTad, W. amirejibis ,,daTa TuTaSxiaSi” gvxvdeba,
rogorc arqaizebuli pasaJebi, kerZod, yovel axal Tavs wamZRvarebuli
teqsti, romelic istoriuli wyaroebis fiqciaa, ise Tanamedrove eniT
Sesrulebuli ZiriTadi teqsti.
sainteresoa am TvalsazrisiT j. qarCxaZis istoriuli romanis analizi.
msjelobisaTvis movixmobT garkveul pasaJebs: ,,saxeze almuri asdioda, mTeli
sxeuli uxurda da Sublze simwrisa da sircxvilis ofls asxamda. kbilebs
aRrWialebda da Tavis guls askdeboda, rom ase miamiturad gaeba maxeSi da,
vin icis ramdeni dro moagebina gaqceulebs. axla, roca yvelaferi dResaviT
naTeli iyo, veRarafriT ver aexsna, Tavidanve rogor ver mixvda, rom
daroaSvilebs ukan dabruneba arc ufiqriaT” (qarCxaZe 2005:66-67).
`zebulonma nestanis nalaparakevidan bevri veraferi gaigo, magram erTi
ki gaukvirda: maCablianT asmaTi arasodes enaxa da, raki ar enaxa, aba, saidan
unda scodnoda, marTla mzeTunaxavi iyo Tu ara! samagierod, beqa amilaxvars
xom Zalian kargad icnobda! marTalia, mas Semdeg, rac brZolaSi ixila,
TiTqos Sesaxedavadac sxvagvari gaxda _ ufro moxdenili, ufro sandomiani _
magram mzeWabukisa ki ara ecxo ra~ (qarCxaZe 2005:155).
amonaridebi teqstidan kidev erTxel gviCvenebs, rom mwerali icavs
Tanamedrove saliteraturo enis normebs. winamorbedi avtorebisagan
gansxvavebiT, mwerali aRar mimarTavs enis arqaizacias. ,,zebulonis” ena
Tanamedrovea, Tumca garkveuli zomiereba daculia. amaSi teqstis enis
analizi gvarwmunebs da aseve Tavad jemal qarCxaZis poziciac, romelic
publicistikaSi aqvs gamoTqmuli. mwerali aRniSnavs: ,,Cemi Sexeduleba
istoriuli prozis enis Sesaxeb ,,zebulonSia” gamJRavnebuli da, mokled rom
davaxasiaToT, daaxloebiT ase gamova: Tanamedrove, magram ara dRevandeli.
mkiTxveli ar Semyavs Sesabamisi epoqis enobriv garemoSi, magram ki vcdilob,
dRevandeli metyvelebis ares gavarido, raTa Tavi iseT neitralur fenaSi
igrZnos, sadac enis istoriulad yvelaze mdgradi ZarRvi gadis. – amitom
,,zebulonSi” ar aris is axali leqsika, is axali gramatikuli konstruqciebi
da is axlad nasesxebi sityvebi, romelTac SeuZliaT dRevandeli yofis
asociacia gamoiwvion” (qarCxaZe 2005a:109).

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 Tu gaviTvaliswinebT j. qarCxaZis Tanamedroveobaze Seqmnil sxva
nawarmoebTa enobriv qsovils, maSin advilad davrwmundebiT, rom mwerali
istoriul prozaSi enobriv stilizacias xSirad mimarTavs. magaliTad,
mwerlis ukanaskneli romanisaTvis ,,ganzomileba” (romelic ar aris
istoriuli Janris nawarmoebi), niSandoblivia samecniero da mxatvruli
diskursis sinTezi. mwerali teqstSi, ZiriTadad, swored axal nasesxeb
sityvebsa da rTul gramatikul konstruqciebs mimarTavs. aseTi formebi
stilur Taviseburebad gahyveba mTel teqsts. magaliTisTvis: ,,litTeoriisa da
litfsiqologiis am istoriul Zegls, romelsac biZaCemma yasidi
Tavmdablobis gareSe uwoda ,,fuZemdebluri Segonebani” male srulad,
stilisa da punqtuaciis dacviT, gamovaqveyneb”. (qarCxaZe 2008:34). an:
,,qarTvelebi rom erTi SexedviT pirwavardnili nacionalistebi varT... es
mcdari daskvnaa, romelic cru wanamZRvrebidan momdinareobs.
nacionalistobamde jer bevri gviklia. nacionalistebi ki ara varT, ubralod,
dedis ZuZus ver movSorebivarT, da Tumc garegnulad es marTla Camohgavs
nacionalizms, sinamdvileSi Cvilis ususurobaa _ pirovnuli
damoukideblobis panikuri SiSi da ganviTarebis dabali done” (qarCxaZe
2008:121).
roman `zebulonis~ enobriv stils mTvari personaJis azrovnebis
Taviseburebac gansazRvravs. literaturul teqstSi didi adgili eTmoba mis
Sinagan gancdebsa da refleqsiebs. zebuloni ubralo adamiania, romelic
cxovrebam sxvadasxvagvari arCevanisa da gansacdelis winaSe daayena.
miuxedavad imisa, rom nawarmoebi ZiriTadad mTavari personaJis Sinagan
gansjasa da eWvebs eTmoba, Txroba SedarebiT martivi eniTaa gadmocemuli.
amis mizezi zebulonis ubralo bunebaa, is ar aris refleqsiebiT Sepyrobili
inteleqtuali, Tumca gonieri adamiania da bevrs fiqrobs sakuTar bedsa da
cxovrebaze.
nawarmoebis Txrobis tempi mZimea (magram ar aris daxunZluli
inteleqtualuri diskursiT), radgan aqcenti personaJis Sinagan eWvebsa da
fiqrebzea gadatanili. es efeqti grZeli winadadebebiT, magram SedarebiT
martivi konstruqciebiTa da sada metyvelebiTaa miRweuli. Txroba zomierad
metaforulia. Sedarebebi martivi da zebulonis inteleqtisa da
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis mqone adamianisaTvis Sesaferisi: ,,zebuloni ver
ityoda, Tu ra igrZno im dros, rodesac macnes naTqvami moismina: SiSi,

57
sixaruli, naRveli, Tu yvelaferi es erTierTmaneTSi areuli. pirvel wams,
rogorc elva gaanaTebs anazdad Cabnelebul aremares da erTbaSad gamoaCens
yovelives, rac aqamde bindSi iyo Cafluli, myisierad dainaxa Tavisi
ganvlili cxovreba manuCar batoniSvilis laSqarSi” (qarCxaZe 2005:175). an:
`zogjer Tavs Zalas atanda da cdilobda warmoedgina, rom nestanis
gaTxoveba misi ganTavisuflebis momaswavebeli iqneboda. nestanis naxvis imedi
rom sabolood gadaewureboda, an mokvdeboda unaxaobiT da moisvenebda, an,
Tuki SesaZlebeli iyo siyvarulis Sxams gadarCenoda, maSin xelaxla
daibadeboda da sicocxlesac kvlav fasi miecemoda. egeb marTla aqve
dasaxlebuliyo, egeb marTla SeerTo mRvdlis qali!~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 208).
`zebulonSi~ mwerali zustad iTvaliswinebs sakuTar pozicias
istoriuli prozis enis Sesaxeb. misi enobrivi pirobiToba gansxvavdeba
klasikuri qarTuli istoriuli prozis arqaizebuli enisagan (mag.: v.
barnovis, k. gamsaxurdias istoriuli nawarmoebebi).
j. qarCxaZis prozis enobrivi stilis Sesaxeb l. bregaZem sayuradRebo
mosazreba gamoTqva. kerZod, kritikosis azriT, mwerlis TiToeuli nawarmoebi
gansxvavebuli stiliTaa Sesrulebuli. amis gamo misi romanebi da moTxrobebi
imdenad mravalferovania, rom sxvadasxva avtoris xelweras hgavs (bregaZe
1982:10). es kargad Cans, rogorc istoriul, ise Tanamedroveobaze Seqmnil
nawarmoebebSi. marTalia, ZiriTadi stili SenarCunebulia _ vrceli
winadadebebi, sada, racionaluri Txroba _ Tumca mTavari personaJisa da
literaturuli teqstis specifikas mniSvnelovani koreqtivebi Seaqvs masSi.
,,zebulonis” ena sadaa, Tumca Txrobas Taviseburi simZime axlavs: `im
Rames Zili gautyda. fiqrebi buzebiviT exveodnen da mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen.
aTas rameze fiqrobda, Tan yvelafers gonebis TvaliT xedavda. jer iyo da
Soreuli sparseTis gzaze manuCar batoniSvils gaadevna Tvali. gana icoda, an
gza rogori iyo, an sparseTi!~ (qarCxaZe 2005:156).
moTxroba ,,igis” ena saocrad metaforulia, imdenad saxeobrivi, rom
samyaro ferweruli tilos msgavsad warmogvidgeba: `_roca ca dRis Tvals
gaaxels da qveynierebas sibneles gadaaclis, igi ava maRal qarafze da didi
daZinebis xaxaSi CaeSveba. beladis sityvebs cxeli xifaTis suni auvida,
rogorc SiSvel mTas auva xolme, roca Signidan cecxlis ena amoimarTeba da
ca ferflis RrubliT daifareba~ (qarCxaZe 2009:199).

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 roman ,,ganzomilebis” ena rTuli inteleqtualizmiTaa aRbeWdili, savsea
nasesxebi sityvebiT, neologizmebiT, samecniero terminologiiT, mis
mecnierul diskurss paradoqsuli frazebis simravle da iumori aneitralebs:
`swored mand aris Cveni mTavari cduneba. ra ufro Sehferis suldid
qmnilebas? an ufro realisturad rom vTqvaT, iseT qmnilebas, romelsac Tavi
suldidi hgonia? aramzadebTan daiWiros saqme Tu mamidebs SeuWamos ZRveni? es
aris dilema da wyevlakrulviani sakiTxi~ (qarCxaZe 2008:129).
moTxroba `antonio da daviTSi~ mTxrobeli inteleqtualia, rac
nawarmoebis Txrobis stils ganapirobebs: `gamgzavrebis win, eWvi araa, samefo
karze cnobebsac mogvawvdidnen da rCeva-darigebasac mogvcemdnen, magram es
cnobebi, mstovarTa mier Segrovebuli, umTavresad politikuri da samxedro
xasiaTisa iqneboda, marTalia, zusti, sando da utyuari, magram droebiTi da
meryevi... me ufro arsebiTi cnobebi mWirdeboda, xalxis buneba mindoda gamego,
xasiaTi, adaT-wesebi, erTi sityviT is, rac saukuneebis manZilze
Camoyalibebula da mudmivia, an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, xangrZlivi mainc~
(qarCxaZe 2007: 11).
j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebTa citirebac gvarwmunebs, rom mwerlis ena
ramdenadme gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva nawarmoebSi, `zebuloni~, `igi~ da
`ganzomileba~ amis yvelaze naTeli magaliTebia. `zebulonSi~ j. qarCxaZe
iTvaliswinebs Sesabamis istoriul epoqasa da personaJis inteleqts. aqedan
gamomdinare, romanis ena zustad Seesabameba istoriuli prozis Sesaxeb
mwerliseul koncefciasa da mTavari personaJis Sinagan samyaros. mwerali
inarCunebs enis pirobiTobas, ar iyenebs Tanamedrove leqsikur erTeulebsa da
sintaqsurkonstruqciebs.agreTve iTvaliswinebs mTavari personaJis fsiqotips,
inteleqts da misTvis adekvatur enobriv samyaros qmnis, romelic sadaa,
Tumca eWvebiTa da refleqsiebiT damZimebuli metyveleba axasiaTebs.

2.1.4. romanis naratiuli specifika

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 nawarmoebis enobrivi qsovilis gaanalizebis Semdeg, aucilebelia
teqstis naratiuli struqturis Seswavla. romanSi`zebuloni~ mTxrobeli
mesame piriT gviambobs ambavs: `bavSvobaSi zebuloni arasodes dafiqrebula
imaze, uyvarda Tu ara Tavisi sofeli. romc dafiqrebuliyo, gadawyvetilad
mainc verafers ityoda, radgan sxva sofeli ar enaxa da Sedareba ar SeeZlo.
marTalia mere, mecxramete gazafxuli rom warRvnasaviT movarda da
yvelaferi ulmoblad qveS daitana, fexi aidga, mravali sofeli moiara,
mravali qalaqi, mravali kuTxe da mravali mxare, magram es ukve sxva
zebuloni iyo~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 7-8).
mesame piris mTxrobeli heterodiegeturia, aqedan gamomdinare is
personaJi ar aris. amis miuxedavad, romanSi `zebuloni~ ar gvxvdeba
,,yovlismcodne” avtoris pozicia (romelic tradiciuli realisturi
romanisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli: avtor-mTxroblis Txroba, komenatarebi.
mTxrobeli, romelic personaJi ar aris, rogorc wesi, `yovlismcodne~
avtoris poziciidan mogviTxrobda ambavs). piriqiT, xedvis are Sekvecilia da
mkiTxveli mxolod mTavari personaJis perspeqtividan aRviqvams movlenebs.
Txrobis ZiriTadi nawili mxolod zebulonis cxovrebas, gancdebsa da
fiqrebs ukavSirdeba. mTxrobeli imden informacias gadmogvcems Txrobis
dros, ramdenic personaJma _ zebulonma icis. amis dasadastureblad uamravi
magaliTis moxmoba SeiZleba teqstidan: `im dRes nestani ise didiviT sjida,
zebulonma ifiqra, iqneb balRuri miamitoba da Wirveuloba mogonili
TamaSiao, magram cota xnis Semdeg, kvlav rom miamit balRad ixila, es eWvi
isev uaryo da, Tumca nestanis ori sxvadasxva buneba veranairad ver
moerigebina, iZulebuli Seiqna eRiarebina, rom orive nestani namdvili iyo~
(qarCxaZe 2005: 167). am monakveTSi mTxrobeli detalurad ar gadmogvcems
nestanis fsiqologiur portrets, arc mis qcevas aanalizebs. nestani mxolod
zebulonis TvalTaxedvidanaa aRqmuli, mkiTxveli zebuloniseul daxasiaTebas
xedavs da ara uSualod am personaJs.
zebulonis perspeqtividan romanSi mravali epizodia aRqmuli. mag.:
`mwuxare, SeSfoTebul da jiutad mdumare saxeebze iseTi rame eweraT, TiTqos
raRacas iTxovdnen, xolo am moTxovnis ukan, vinicobisaa zebulons mis
Sesrulebaze uari eTqva, Segubebuli da Sekavebuli risxva idga~ (qarCxaZe
2005: 51). sofeli zebulonisagan isaxarisaTvis SurisZiebas moiTxovs, Tumca

60
aRniSnuli moTxovna sityvierad aravis ar gaumJRavnebia, xolo maTi risxviT
savse saxeebi kvlav zebulonis subieqturi aRqmaa. mkiTxvelic am movlenas
misi SefasebiT aRiqvams.
martodarCenili zebulonis ubedurebas mTxrobeli Semdegnairad
gadmogvcems: `zebuloni sxeuls veRar grZnobda, mxolod majlajunad qceul
qveynierebas grZnobda, romelic yrud da mZimed Camoswoloda veeba
sicarieles. zebuloni TiTqos cocxliv miwaSi ido, sxeulic miwad qceoda,
irgvliv miwisa da gauvali sibnelis garda sxva araferi iyo, aRarc tkivili
iyo, aRarc utkiviloba, mxolod gamofituli, ugrZnobi da ugono molodini
darCeniliyo imisa, rom male sulic gaibneoda am sibneleSi da yvelaferi
sabolood gaqreboda da dasruldeboda~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 244). zogadad, romanSi,
ZiriTadad, zebulonis Sinagani gancdebia gadmocemuli. esa Tu is movlena
nawarmoebSi zebulonis damokidebulebidan gamomdinare xdeba mniSvnelovani:
`ra gasakviria, yovelive amis Semdeg aqauroba satusaRod mosCveneboda.
marTalia, iese erisTavi pirveli naxvisTanave moewona, magram mowonebas ras
aqnevda, Tuki Tavisuflebas dakargavda! Tavisuflebas, romelic mudmivi
moZraobisgan, moqmedebisgan da brZolisgan iyo Sedgenili! garda imisa, rom
erisTavsa da mis SviliSvilTan yoveli nabiji da yoveli sityva unda ezom-
ewona, atyobda, aq saqmec ara eqneboda ra~ (qarCxaZe 2005:142).
nawarmoebSi TxrobiTi procesi isearis warmodgenili, rom mesame piris
mTxroblis miRma TiTqos zebuloni dgas. mag.: `ukanasknelad deda maSin naxa,
roca daroaSvilebis devnas morCa da Sin dabrunda. Tumca im naxvas naxva arc
eTqmoda. maSin daRlil-daqanculi, mSier-mwyurvali, xuTi Ramis uZilo,
Relvisagan gamofituli da sakuTari namoqmedariT SeZruli uazrod
milaslasebda soflisaken, tyviadqceul fexebs Zlivs miaTrevda da, Tu mainc
midioda, mxolod imis wyalobiT, rom raRac idumali Zala, romelic
gaugebrad, magram mtkiced da gardauvalad eweoda mSobliuri saxlisaken,
TokiviT hqonda gamobmuli~ (qarCxaZe 2005:88-89). `naRveliviT mware eWvi avis
momaswaveblad daZvreboda zebulonis gul-gvamSi da raRacas eZebda, xolo
SiSis mwuxare Crdili gafacicebiT adevnebda Tvals da guliskankaliT
eloda, ipovida Tu ara eWvi imas, rasac eZebda. zebuloni cdilobda sxva
rameze efiqra da, roca ukiduresad daiZabeboda, axerxebda kidec, magram
sakmarisi iyo yuradReba odnav mosduneboda, rom fiqris Tvali kvlav
mtanjveli eWvisken gaurboda~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 102). aRniSnuli tipis pasaJebi

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teqstSi mravlad gvxvdeba, saze gvaqvs Sinagani fokalizacia, romlis drosac
heterodiegetur mTxrobels morgebuli aqvs romelime personaJis perspeqtiva,
am SemTxvevaSi _ zebulonis. amiT mwerali mkiTxvels uSualobis gancdas
ukargavs, analizisaken ganawyobs da amave dros zebulonis gonebaSi SeRwevis
survils aRuZravs. pirveli piris mTxrobeli (am SemTxvevaSi zebuloni)
mkiTxvels sakuTari emociebis SeZlebisdagvarad srul perspeqtivas uSlis.
j. qarCxaZe, albaT, personaJis perspeqtiviT Txrobasgulisxmobda, roca
publicistikaSi aRniSnavda:,,moTxrobaSi samyaro romelime personaJis
subieqturi, individualuri kuTxiT Cans. aseT dros avtoric iZulebulia
personaJis tyavSi, ase vTqvaT, personaJis stilSi SeZvres, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi sworxazovnebasa da erTferovnebas ver ascdeba” (qarCxaZe
2005a:100). am SemTxvevaSi mwerali zust gansazRvrebas akeTebs, radgan
nawarmoebSi swored zebulonis perspeqtivaa mniSvnelovani. (mwerlis
Sexedulebebi naSromSi xSirad arisdamowmebuli, Tumca yvela mosazrebas
Tanabari Rirebuleba rodi eniWeba. zogierT maTgans SesaZloa daveTanxmoT,
zogierTs ki _ ara). aRniSnuli mosazreba imiTac aris sayuradRebo, rom masSi
j. qarCxaZis weris manera Cans, rac Cvens mosazrebas Taviseburad amyarebs.
mTavari personaJis perspeqtiviT Txrobis dros, protagonistis
fiqrebisa da mentaluri samyaros reprezentaciisaTvis, produqtuli unda
yofiliyo Sinagani monologis forma. `zebulonSi~ amis uamravi magaliTia da,
faqtobrivad, nawarmoebiam formiT aris Seqmnili: ,,ra gasakviria, yovelive
amis Semdeg aqauroba satusaRod moCveneboda! marTalia, iese erisTavi pirveli
naxvisTanave moewona, magram mowonebas ras aqnevda, Tuki Tavisuflebas
dakargavda! Tavisuflebas, romelic mudmivi moZraobisgan, moqmedebisgan da
brZolisgan iyo Sedgenili! garda imisa, rom erisTavsa da mis SviliSvilTan
yoveli nabiji da yoveli sityva unda ezom-ewona, atyobda, aq saqmec ara
eqneboda ra. yvelaferze metad es aRonebda” (qarCxaZe 2005:142). `zebulons
guli zRvasaviT uRelavda. rogor ewada eTqva, nu swuxar, batono, sanam
cocxali var, nestans aravis davaCagvrinebo, magram aba, zebuloni vin iyo,
rom iese erisTavisTvis nugeSi eca. amitom mRelvareba tkiviliT Seecvala da
mwvave naRvelma mTeli sxeuli auvso~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 174).
personaJis mentaluri procesebisa da Sinagani samyaros aRweras
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba XX saukunis literaturam miaqcia. Tumca Sinagani
monologis forma XIX saukunis literaturisaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia,

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risinimuSebic mravlad gvxvdeba stendalis, a. diumas, l. tolstois,
dostoevskis romanebSi. XX saukunis literatura, fsiqologiur mecnierebaSi
mimdinare cvlilebebis kvaldakval, afarToebs Sinagani monologis CarCoebs
da popularuli xdeba ,,cnobierebis nakadis” literatura. Sinagani monologi
ukve `cnobierebis nakadis~ erT-erTi forma xdeba (CixlaZe 2006:44-46).
Sinagani monologis sxvadasxva formidan, CvenTvis mniSvnelovania
narativizebuli monologi, racgulisxmobs personaJis Sinagani metyvelebis
mesame piriT gadmocemasmTxroblis mier (CixlaZe 2006:46). am tipis Sinagani
monologebiTaa agebuli j. qarCxaZis ,,zebuloni”: `raki wamovida, TviTonve
moiWra gza, radgan am wamosvliT, rogorc axla atyobda, Turme raRac iseTi
uTqvams, raSic yvedrebac iyo, qadilic, niSnismogebac. amis Semdeg rom ase
xelcarieli da pirSi Calagamovlebuli dabrunebuliyo, mTeli es didguloba
qarisTvis unda gaetanebina, qadili kvexnad unda qceoda da Tavs uilajobaSi
gamostydomoda. amas ki, aba rogor SeZlebda!~ (qarCxaZe 2005:108).
,,zebulonis” mesame piriT Txroba da Sinagani monologebi gamoricxavs
yovelgvar eqsperimentulobas. j. qarCxaZis romanSi ar gvxvdeba ,,cnobierebis
nakadis” CanarTebi. Txroba sadaa da realistur tradiciebTan axlos myofi,
Tumca personaJis perspeqtiviT Txroba mniSvnelovnad cvlis realisturi
romanis konvenciebs. mag.: `mis mogonebas yovelTvis iovel batoniSvilis
TeTri saswavleblis mogoneba mohyveboda xolme da guli ekumSeboda, yelSi
mowolil uilajobas, romelSiac ucnaurad iyo SenivTebuli risxvac,
tkvilic, naRvelic, lamis daexrCo. gulRviZli efliTeboda imis
warmodgenaze, rom sakuTari Tavis baton-patroni ver gamodga da amitom, misi
cxovrebis erTaderTi didebuli zRapari rom swored im wams Caqra, ra wamsac
sinamdviled iqca, mis gadasarCenad vera iRona ra~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 135-136).
Sinagani fokalizaciis dros, personaJis Sinagan mdgomareobaze keTdeba
aqcenti. roman ,,zebulonis” Tavisebureba swored personaJis pirovnul,
mentalur, enobriv samyaroze orientirebaa; literaturuli teqstis ena da
Txrobis manera mTavari personaJis Sinagan mdgomareobasTan, inteleqtTan,
cxovrebiseul gamocdilebasTan aris siRrmiseul kavSirSi.
Txrobis amgvari perspeqtiva da istoriuli romanis Janruli kodi dro-
sivrcisa (qronotopisa) da istoriuli fonis Sesabamis organizacias
ganapirobebs. romanSi zebulonis perspeqtivaa mniSvnelovani, Txroba misi
fiqrebisa da mogonebebis mixedviTaa agebuli da mesame piriT mimdinareobs.

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Sesabamisad, literaturul teqstSi, Txrobis drod, ZiriTadad, warsuli
droa arCeuli. literaturuli teqstis didi nawili vrcel abzacebs eTmoba,
sadac zebulonis Sinagan monologebia warmodgenili. Tumca sada enobrivi
stili teqstis simZimes amsubuqebs. amis dasadastureblad Semdegi monakveTic
gamogvadgeba: `raki gaqceva ver SeZlo, gunebaSi uneburad iseT sabuTs dauwyo
Zebna, rac gaqcevas SeuZlebels gaxdida. es sabuTi male ipova. marTlacda, ase
uCumrad rom wasuliyo, ase qurdulad, an nestani ras ityoda, an iese
erisTavi, an beqa amilaxvari rom Camovidoda da hkiTxavda, rad miatoveo, ra
pasuxi mieca? sindisi rom Seawuxebda da qenjnas rom dauwyebda, sindisi
riTRa daemSvidebina? am sabuTiT Tavi ver gaimarTla, magram samagierod
moityua. da esec nugeSi iyo...~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 182). aRniSnul abzacs mTeli
gverdi eTmoba, teqstSi mravalad gvxvdeba am tipis vrceli monakveTebi.
nawarmoebSi cotaa dialogebi, ZiriTadi nawili Txrobas eTmoba, ris
gamoc romanSi mcirea dinamikuri epizodebi, erT-erTi gamonaklisi nadirobis
dros iskander xanis tyved ayvanaa. teqstis aRniSnuli monakveTi gansxvavdeba
mTeli nawarmoebisagan, Txrobis tempi aCqarebulia: `_ manuCar batoniSvilis
saxeliT iaraRis ayras gibrZanebT yvelas!
mxolod samma gaikra xmalze xeli: ibrahim-xanma da orma mcvelma. magram
mcvelebma _ erTs daTunama da giorgim, meores sabam da elizbarma _ elvis
siswrafiT TavSi muSti Cahkres da daretianebulebs gaTokva dauwyes, ibrahim-
xans ki zebulonma miuswro, zurgidan waadga, orTav majaSi, aqeT-iqiT xelebi
Caavlo da magrad mouWira...~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 300).
iskander xanis datyveveba nadirobis dros xdeba, es romanSi,
faqtobrivad, erTaderTi dinamikuri epizodia, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna.
daroaSvilebis xuTdRian devnas uamravi gverdi eTmoba, detalurad aris
aRwerili TiToeuli xe, mdinaris piri: `zebulonma da misma ZaRlebma didxans
iares da gvariani manZilic ganvles. ramdenjerme kvali lamis dakarges.
pirvelad rom gaqra kvali, zebuloni sagonebelSi Cavarda. im adgilas, saca
kvali Sewyda, mdinaris piras, karga did monakveTze, gauvali jagebi iyo da
zebulonmac, bunebrivia, ivarauda, rom gaqceulebi jagebs Semouvlidnen da
ise ganagrZobdnen gzas~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 61). am detalizaciis miRma mkiTxveli
mudmivad grZnobs zebulonis Sinagan daZabulobas; droebiT Sewyvetilia misi
Sinagani gancdebis gadmocema, rac am epizodiT sruldeba: ,,gonebaSi mxolod
erTma azrma daikvesa da isic elvis uswrafesad Caqra: romc moewadinebina,

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lods ukan veRar amoiRebda, radgan gamoqvabulis yels irgvliv
ZabrismagvariGRrmuli ertya da, lods rom mosWideboda, am RrmulSi ise unda
Cakidebuliyo, rogorc ToneSi” (qarCxaZe 2005:81-82).
zebulonis Sinagani mdgomareobis aRwera mxolod Cadenili SurisZiebis
dasasruls ganaxldeba. amis Semdeg zebulonis gonebaSi mTeli romanis
ganmavlobaSi amotivtivdeba SurisZiebis epizodebi. mis Sinagan monologebSi
es Sinagani gaorebis, gaxleCis, Zveli da axali zebulonis daSorebis
tolfasia: `ki ar gardaiqmna da imisgan ki ar aRmocenda, rac aqamde iyo,
aramed sul mowyda fesvs da calke mcenared iqca. samagierod sulSi darCa im
fesvis maradiuli, mtkivneuli, maxrCobela natvra. xandaxan, roca sevda da
wuxili pirTamde aavsebda da awrialebuli adgils ver poulobda, gonebis
TvaliT warmoidgenda dakargul fesvs, Zvel zebulons, umankos, ubralos,
ucodvels~ (qarCxaZe 2005:93).
literaturuli teqstis refleqsiur xasiaTs aseve aZlierebs Txrobis
droisa da ambis drois Taviseburi konfiguracia. nawarmoebis agebis dros
didi mniSvneloba aqvs ambis Tanmimdevrobas. romani ,,zebuloni” zebulonis
sikvdilTan Segebebis mistikuri suraTiT iwyeba da amave epizodiT sruldeba.
dasawyisi: `mravali wlis Semdeg, rodesac xangrZlivi xetialiTa da uTvalavi
faTerakiT daRlil-daqanculi, rogorc iqna, gascda viwrosa da bnel Smoris
suniT gaJRenTil xvrels da kaSkaSa sinaTleSi moxvda, zebulonma dainaxa
cisferi sikvdili, romelic ayvavebuli nuSisa da tyemlis TeTr tevrs
gamoeyo, Wrel mindorze daeSva da misken gamoeSura. yvavilebi rom ar
gaeTela, SiSvel fexebs miwas ar akarebda, ise msubuqad modioda, rogorc
sizmarSi, da damaTrobeli RimiliT iRimeboda~ (qarCxaZe 2005:5). romanis
dasasruli: `...Smoris suniT gaJRenTil viwro da bnel xvrels rom gascda da
did sinaTleSi moxvda, zebulonma dainaxa cisferi sikvdili, romelic
ayvavebuli nuSisa da tyemlis TeTr tevrs gamoeyo, Wrel mindorSi daeSva da
misken gamoeSura. yvavilebi rom ar gaeTela, SiSvel fexebs miwas ar akarebda,
ise msubuqad modioda, rogorc sizmarSi, da damaTrobeli RimiliT
iRimeboda~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 346-347).
rogorc vxedavT, romans dasawyisic da dasasrulic msgavsi aqvs. Txroba
ki am erTiani epizodis Sua nawils eTmoba. romanis ZiriTadi nawili mTavari
personaJis, zebulonis mTel cxovrebas asaxavs: bavSvobidan misi sikvdilis
CaTvliT. faqtobrivad, nawarmoebi erTian anaqronias eTmoba. romani

65
prolefsisiT iwyeba, jer sikvdilis scenaa aRwerili, anu mTxrobeli win
uswrebs movlenebs, mxolod amis Semdeg iwyebs Tanmimdevrul Txrobas,
adreuli bavSvobis epizodebis aRweriT.
romanSi TiTqmis erTi tipis Txrobis tempia, zebulonis Sinagani
mdgomareobis aRweras SedarebiT didi dro eTmoba: ramdenime abzaci da
zogjer gverdebic. aq Txrobis dro (teqstis striqonebi, gverdebi) metia,
vidre ambis dro. mag.: ,,raki wamovida, TviTonve moiWra gza, rogorc axla
atyobda, Turme raRac iseTi uTqvams, raSiac yvedrebac iyo, qadilic,
niSnismogebac. amis Semdeg rom ase xelmocaruli da pirSi Calagamovlebuli
dabrunebuliyo, mTeli es didguloba qarisTvis unda gaetanebina, qadili
kvexnad qceoda da Tavs uilajobaSi gamostydomoda” (qarCxaZe 2005:108).
Txrobis dro, romanis did nawilSi, ambis dros aWarbebs, Sesabamisad teqstSi
ambavze metad, mTxrobeli personaJis gancdebis gadmocemiTaa
dakavebuli;romelime ambis personaJiseuli analiziT.
swored aRniSnuli tipis Txrobis tempis Sesabamisad aris nawarmoebSi
dro-sivrce organizebuli: Txrobis dro _ warsuli, istoriuli foni _
zogadi. sivrces qmnis: zebulonis sofeli; iovel batoniSvilis saswavlebeli,
romelic mTaze mdebareobs; brZolis veli; iese erisTavis mamuli; saydari;
mTa sxva epizodSic figurirebs, rodesac zebuloni Segirdebs amecadinebs da
beqa amilaxvari iskander-xanis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulebas awyobs. analizi
gviCvenebs, rom yvela es sivrce zebulonis Sinagan cxovrebasTan aris
dakavSirebuli da garkveuli simboluri kodis Semcvelicaa.
i. lotmanis mixedviT, simbolo yvelaze mravalmniSvnelovani sityvaa.
simboloSi inaxeba zepirsityvieri wyaroebidan da mniSvnelovani teqstebidan
momdinare arqauli informacia: `gansakuTrebiT farTo da mniSvnelovani
teqstebis kondensirebuli saxiT Senaxvis unari simboloebSi aris
SemorCenili... simbolos, romelic dasrulebul teqsts warmoadgens, SeuZlia
ar CaerTos romelime sintagmatur rigSi, da rom CaerTos kidec masSi,
inarCunebs azrobriv da struqturul damoukideblobas. igi advilad
gamoiyofa semiotikuri garemodan da aseve advilad Sedis axal teqstur
garemoSi~ (lotmani 2007). i. lotmanis azriT, simbolo teqstisagan
damoukideblad arsebobs, mwerlis gonebaSi ki kulturulimexsierebis
siRrmidan xvdeba. Tu citata da aluzia teqstis Sida sivrcidan xvdeba
kulturis arealSi, maSin simbolo piriqiT _ kulturis siRrmidan teqstis

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samyaroSi (lotmani 2007). am TvalsazrisiT romanSi `zebuloni~ sainteresoa
konkretuli sivrciTi lokalis funqcia: sivrcis mimarTeba personaJis Sinagan
samyarosaTan; sivrculi lokalis simboluri kodi, ramdenad iyenebs avtori
im mniSvnelobebs, romlic maTSia Cadebuli da gvexmareba Tu ara es kodebi
teqstis sazrisis amoxsnaSi.
sofeli, romelSic zebulonma bavSvoba gaatara, teqstSi detalurad
aris aRwerili. mag.: `sofelSi zogi ram siamovnebas hgvrida. magaliTad, civ
mdinareSi banaoba, tyeSi xetiali da meliis xvrelis Zebna, nawvimarze
talaxSi fexSiSvela siaruli, gansakuTrebiT ki muxnarSi asvla... muxnari
mdinaris gaRma iyo. damrec ferdobs rom aaTavebdi, mcire movakebul adgilas
Svidi uzarmazari muxa idga... zebuloni aq xSirad amodioda. xan ferdobis
piras Camojdeboda da mdinaresa da sofels gadascqeroda...~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 8).
qristianuli simbolikis Tanaxmad, sofeli amqveyniuri samyaros simboloa,
romelic savsea cdunebebiT (cxovrebaZe 2005). amis sapirispirod, zebulonis
bavSvoba mSvidi da harmoniulia, araferi ar arRvevs mTavari personaJis
Sinagan wonasworobas: `dro nela midioda, uCumrad, mSvidad, verc ki
SeatyobdiT midioda Tu ara~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 13). zebuloni mamiseul wiaRSia,
isaxari miwaTmoqmedia da misi cxovreba mSvidia: isaxari amarTlebs bibliuri
warmomavlobis saxelSi Cadebul kods. zebuloni daculia mamiseul mSvid
wiaRSi, amis gamo masze ar vrceldeba wuTisoflis cdunebebi. misi Sinagani
wonasworoba mamis sikvdilTan erTad irRveva.
iovel batoniSvilis saswavlebeli mTazea ganlagebuli, is
zebulonisaTvis mniSvnelovani sivrcea. swored aq unda Semdgariyo misi
inteleqtualuri zrda: Sinagani harmonizaciis axali etapi. SemTxveviTi ar
unda iyos is faqti, rom nawarmoebSi saswavlebeli swored mTazea
ganlagebuli. mTa mniSvnelovani sivrcea TiTqmis yvela kulturisaTvis. mTa
brZenTa da gandegilTa adgilsamyofelia. mTaSi gvxvdeba taZrebi, religiuri
kultebi. bibliaSi, Tavdapirvelad, kerpTayvaniscemis adgilia, xolo Semdeg
RmerTis gamocxadebis. mTis kultis fsiqologiur safuZvlad misi casTan
siaxlove miiCneva, mTa samoTxis kibea. zogierT miTologiaSi ki RmerTebis
sacxovrebeli adgilia (magaliTad, olimposi berZnul miTologiaSi). qve da
ze samyaros dapirispirebis universaluri diqotomiis Tanaxmad, mTis Ziras
uaryofiTi personaJebi arian dasaxlebuli maSin, roca mTis wveri naTel,
RvTaebriv ZalebTan aris dakavSirebuli. mTa aseve aRiqmeba cisa da miwis

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damakavSireblad. qristianuli simbolikis Tanaxmad, golgoTas mTa samyaros
centria. mTa yvela religiasa da kulturaSi semantikurad datvirTuli
simboloa (Энциклопедия(Гора)...2002).
mTas didi mniSvneloba mianiWa saxarebam. qristem mociqulebi mTaze
aiyvana da swored iq gaacno cxra netareba. mTaze asvlas ganmartaven, rogorc
sulier amaRlebas. mTaze fizikuri asvla, sulieri amaRlebis simboloa.
RvTis sityvis Sesacnobad mociqulebi sulierad unda amaRldnen (cxovrebaZe
2005). (maRla asvla, rogorc sulieri da gonebrivi amaRlebis simbolo j.
qarCxaZis moTxroba `igiSic~ gvxdeba, aRniSnul motivze detalurad
vmsjelobT me-4 TavSi, 4.1.2 paragrafSi).mTis simboloSi, rogorc vxedavT,
sulieri da gonebrivi amaRlebis kodi devs. romanSi `zebuloni~ meordeba
mTis simboluri kodi, iovel batoniSvilis saswavlebeli swored mTazea
ganlagebuli. zebulonis fizikuri asvla am mTaze, misi gonebrivi amaRlebis
simbolo unda gamxdariyo. zebulonma Caidina saSineli mkvleloba da veRar
gabeda mTaze asvla, sakuTari Tavi amisaTvis uRirsad miiCnia, amitomac iovel
batoniSvilis saswavlebeli misTvis darCa miuwvdomel iluziad. teqstSi
kargad Cans, rom zebuloni mxolod sizmrebSi xedavs saswavlebels: `rodesac
zebulonis aRgznebuli goneba saRamo xans mosmenil zRaprebs Zilis win
ocnebis raSiT daedevneboda xolme, gezs yovelTvis iovel batoniSvilis
ucxod gaciskrovnebuli zRaprisken iRebda... ivlida zebuloni, ivlida, bevrs
Tu cotas ivlida... bolos erT daburul tyeSi Suqs SeniSnavda da im Suqisken
gaswevda. axlo rom mividoda, dainaxavda, rom tyeSi Turme taZari dgas da is
Suqi taZridan gamodis... kari WrialiT gaiReboda da zRurblze iovel
batoniSvili gamoCndeboda~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 20-21). SurisZiebis Semdegac mxolod
mogonebad rCeba: `gulRviZli efliTeboda imis warmodgenaze, rom sakuTari
Tavis baton-patroni ver gamodga da amitom, misi cxovrebis erTaderTi
didebuli zRapari rom swored im wams Caqra, ra wamsac sinamdviled iqca, mis
gadasarCenad vera iRona ra~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 136). romanis amonaridebSi kargad
Cans, rom avtori zebulonis iluzias zRapris struqturis gamoyenebiT aRwevs:
jadosnuri zRapris sityvieri formulebis ganmeorebiT.
gamoqvabuli yvelaze mniSvnelovani adgilia, sadac zebulonis Sinagani
gardatexa xdeba. gamoqvabuli sxvadasxva religiasa da miTologiaSi
daxuruli sivrcis simboloa. is qaluri sawyisis simboloa da rogorc
qaoturi da bneli sivrce upirispirdeba sinaTlesa da harmoniulobas.

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gonebasa da saR azrs gamoqvabulSi instinqtebi da bneli zraxvebi enacvleba.
platonis `saxelmwifoSi~ asaxuli gamoqvabulis alegoriis Tanaxmad,
gamoqvabuli sibnelisa da umecrebis simboloa, xolo gamoqvabulidan
amosvla gonebrivi amaRlebis simboloa (am sakiTxze dawvrilebiT SevCerdebiT
me-4 Tavis me-2 paragrafSi). gamoqvabuli miTologiaSi dabadebisada sikvdilis
adgilia, yofierebis dasawyisi da dasasruli. mTisgan ganxsvavebiT,
gamoqvabuli qvesknelisaken mimaval gzadac moaizreba (Энциклопедия
(Пещера)...2002).
gamoqvabulis simboluri kodi mniSvnelovania teqstis interpretaciis
dros. zebuloni gamoqvabulis wiaRSi klavs daroaSvilebis ojaxs, raTa
mokluli mamis Suri iZios. mkvlelobis adgilad gamoqvabulis arCeva
SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. zebulonma SurisZieba soflis moTxovniT
gadawyvita, Tumca misi SurisZiebis sisastikem sofelic gaaogna: man
mkvlelebis wvrilSviliani ojaxi gamoqvabulSi amoaxrCo: `imav wams
zebulons moeCvena, TiTqos gonebas sqeli, mRvrie nisli gadaecala da uecrad
yovelive sakvirveli, araadamianuri sicxadiT gamoCnda, gamoqvabulis yelic,
Sig Camxobili TeTri lodic, jagnaric, mTeli is xuTi dRec, rac Sinidan
wamosuli daroaSvilebis kvals daeZebda, ucnaurad ganaTda yovelive, TiTqos
mzem danarCen samyaros zurgi Seaqcia da mTeli Tavisi Zala zebulonisken
mimarTa... gonebaSi mxolod erTma azrma dakvesa da isic elvis uswrafesad
Caqra: romc moewadinebina, lods ukan veRar amoiRebda, radgan gamoqvabulis
yels irgvliv Zabrismagvari Rrmuli ertya da, lods rom mosWideboda, am
RrmulSi ise unda Cakidebuliyo, rogorc ToneSi~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 81-
82).zebulonis mier Cadenili SurisZiebis sisastikes gamoqvabulis simboluri
mniSvnelobac aZlierebs. gamoqvabulSi Cadenili mkvleloba mamiseul wiaRSi
harmoniuli bavSvobis dasasrulis simbolocaa. zebuloni kargavs mSvid
wiaRs, aseve iovel batoniSvilTan swavlis SesaZleblobas _ simbolurad
gonebrivi da sulieri amaRlebis axal etaps. zebulonis sulis naTeli mxare
gamoqvabulSi imarxeba daroaSvilebTan erTad, risi dasturicaa teqstidan
Semdegi amonaridi: `maSin, roca iovel batoniSvilis mTas ver Sehbeda da
gulmokluli ukan gamobrunda, mixvda, rom, sakuTari Tavis baton-patroni
TviTon ar iyo; raRac ucxo Zala ganagebda, raRac ucxo Zala mbrZaneblobda.
mere da mere TiTqos icno es ucxo Zala: daroaSvilebi iyvnen. daroaSvilebi
usxdnen gul-gvamSi da isini atarebdnen TavianT nebaze. TiTqos mas ki ar

69
dauxocavs daroaSvilebi, daroaSvilebma TavianTi sicocxlis fasad iyides
igi da axla maTi yma da mona iyo, maT nebas asrulebda da, rac ar aunda
Caedina, yvelaferi maTi karnaxiT unda Caedina~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 108). am pasaJidan
kargad Cans gamoqvabulis simboluri mniSvneloba: is zebulonisaTvis bneli
wiaRi gaxda, romelmac STanTqa misi Sinagani harmonia.
brZolis veli, sadac zebulonma cxovrebis didi nawili gaatara. es
ukanaskneli mxolod gmiris gancdebis reprezentaciis adgilia da ara
aRweris obieqti. mag.: `ambobdnen, brZolis win rom erTs Rrmad CaisunTqavda,
veeba mkerds gamozneqda, xmals iSiSvlebda, Tvalebs daabrialebda da mtris
SuagulSi gaveSebuli nadiriviT gadavardeboda, iseTi zari da zafra
Sehqonda, ifiqrebdiT, Tavad sikvdils ausxams iaraRi da brZolis velze
gamosulao... Tavad zebulonma ar icoda rogori meomari iyo. sanam ibrZoda,
erTianad Tavdaviwyebad iqceoda da brZolis garda sxva araferi axsovda~
(qarCxaZe 2005: 127). brZolis veli gaxsnili sivrcea, sadac zebuloni ukeT
grZnobs Tavs. misi suli am dros, simbolurad, gamoqvabulis Caketili
sivrcidan Tavisufldeba. is mudam am Tavdaviwyebas eZebs, radgan Sinaganad ar
asvenebs sindisi, disharmonia da dakarguli iluziebis tkivili.
iese erisTavis mamuli, sadac zebulons siyvaruli ewvia, zebulonis
soflis msgavsad nawarmoebSi yvelaze detalurad aRwerili: `amjerad, qveda
fons rom miaRwies, marjvniv wavidnen, jer mdinaris pirs dauyvnen, mere kidev
marjvniv Seuxvies, yanebi da saTibebi gadaiares, ukana mxridan mouares mamuls
da sabolood erT veeba, uRran tyes miadgenen...~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 158). mamuli
daxuruli sivrcea, sadac zebuloni Tavs laRad ver grZnobs. Tumca raRac
periodis Semdeg es sivrce mas izidavs da Sinagani harmonizaciis axal gzas
sTavazobs, zebulons erisTavis SviliSvili, nestani uyvardeba. Tumca
zebuloni verc am SemTxvevaSi daaRwevs Tavs bedisweras: bibliuri zabulonis
msgavsad, is simSvides ver moipovebs, mTels cxovrebas navsayudelis ZiebaSi
gaatarebs.
saydari, sadac zebuloni kaTalikosTan erTad imaleba: `im Soreul
Rames, patara saydarSi marto darCenili, zebuloni iseTi iyo, rogorc
gulgamoclili xe, romlis fuRuroebi qariSxlis sanavardo asparezad
qceuliyo. qariSxali stveniTa da zuzuniT daqroda da, raki zebulons
sxeulSi sicarielis meti ara hqonda ra, sicarieles edeboda da zebulonsac
sicariele stkioda. yefda da ymuoda qariSxali, gaafTrebiT awydeboda aqeT-

70
iqiT, yinuliviT civi enebiT lokavda zebulonis sxeulis kedlebs da axal-
axal xvrelebs eZebda, raTa yvelgan SeeRwia da es dambladamcemi tkivili
yvelgan Seetana~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 240). arSemdgari tragikuli siyvarulis Semdeg,
zebulonisaTvis saydari droebiTi TavSasefaria,sulieri Zalebis
aRdgenisaTvis mniSvnelovani adgili. taZari miwierisa da zecieris
damakavSirebelad, RvTaebrivi samyaros anareklad miiCneva (simboloebi...).
saydarSi zebulonis yvela tkivili cxreba, Tumca harmonia aqac miuRwevelia.
kaTalikosi, romelic saydarSi mis gverdiTaa da sulierad amxnevebs,
martvilTa msgavsad ewireba mamulis daxsnis ideas. zebuloni kvlav marto
rCeba.
nawarmoebSi, rogorc aqedanac Cans, sivrce semantikuradaa datvirTuli
da yvelaferi zebulons ukavSirdeba. faqtobrivad, ramdenime adgilis garda,
romanSi sivrce ufro zogadia da naklebad xelSesaxebi, Tumca semantikurad
datvirTuli. aqedan gamomdinare, warsuli ambiT Txrobasa da zogad
istoriul fons emateba aranakleb zogadi da TiTqmis abstraqtuli sivrce.
teqstSi erTaderTi yvelaze gamokveTili da xelSesaxebi zebulonis fiqrebi,
Sinagani eWvebi da dardia. amiT gamZafrebulia nawarmoebisa da mTavari
personaJis refleqsiisaken midrekileba.: `nuTu marTla es iyo cxovreba?..
nuTu zebuloni ubralo nafoti iyo aRelvebul zRvaSi da bedis talRebi
TavianT nebaze aTamaSebdnen? nuTu mxolod burTi iyo moburTalTa xelSi?..
aki Ronec didi hqonda, simarjvec da moxerxebac! nuTu Rone mxolod imisTvis
misca RmerTma, rom veeba lodi, romelsac sxva mis meti veravin moereoda,
usaSvelo aRmarTSi eTria da bedisweris gamoqvabulisaTvis daeco, raTa im
lodis simZime mere mTeli sicocxle zurgiT etarebina!~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 342).
roman `zebulonis~ naratiul struqturas Semdegi komponentebi qmnis:
heterodiegeturi mTxroblis mier personaJis perspeqtiviT Txroba (Sinagani
fokalizacia), Sinagani monologebi, semantikuri dro-sivrce, Txrobis drois
upiratesoba ambis drosTan. literaturul teqstSi yvela komponenti
funqciuradaa dakavSirebuli: literaturuli teqstis enobrivi stili, dro-
sivrculi organizeba mTavari personaJis perspeqtiviTaa gaerTianebuli.amgvar
naratiul struqturas zogadi istriuli foni da nawarmoebis problematika
gansazRvravs.

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 2.2. `zebulonis~ istoriuli konteqsti

2.2.1. istoriuli foni

,,zebuloni” istoriuli romania. romanis analizma dagvarwmuna, rom

nawarmoebSi istoria ambisaTvis mxolod fonia, sadac ar gvxvdeba aranairi
qronologiuri miniSneba, avTenturi istoriuli piri Tu istoriuli movlena.
amis miuxedavad, `zebulonSi~ mainc SesaZlebelia garkveuli istoriuli
periodis aRdgena. literaturuli teqstidan vigebT, rom es is droa, roca
qveyana gamudmebuli politikuri areulobisa da brZolebis qarcecxlSia da
daqucmacebulia. faqtobrivad, axlos aris saqarTvelos gviani Sua
saukuneebis nebismier periodTan (razec zemoT ukve nawilobriv visaubreT),
razec metyvelebs teqstis araerTi pasaJi: ,,dro avi iyo, qveyana-gaveranebuli.
yoveli mxridan urjuloebiT garSemortymuli patara kuTxe gaafTrebiT
ibrZoda Tavisuflebis SesanarCuneblad. ucxo TvalisTvis aseTi uimedo
brZola iqneb Rimilis momgvreli ugunuroba yofiliyo, magram qarTvelebs
maSin danebeba ar uyvardaT, saxels zomaze metad afasebdnen da umal xmals
SeuSverdnen kisers, vidre uRels... mteri ki qarTvelobas nair-nairi hyavda da
nair-nairi xerxebiT cdilobda mis mospobas. zogi didi, kargad gawyobili
laSqriT modioda, rom erTxel da samudamod gaeqro qarTvelis saxsenebli,
zogi wvril-wvril, muxanaTur Tavdasxmas amjobinebda, zogic megobrobas
eficeboda, mkerdze mjiRebs ibragunebda da cdilobda gulSi Caekra, raTa ase
gulSi Cakruli CaexrCo” (qarCxaZe 2005:15). mTel teqsts es zogadi foni
gasdevs.
romanSi istoriul realiebTan miaxloebulia agreTve personaJTa
saxeebi. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa gamahmadianebuli qarTveli mefis
iskander xanis pirovneba. iese erisTavTan stumrobis dros, mefe grZnobs
qarTvelTa undoblobas da amgvar monologs warmoTqvams: `gana Cemi bralia,
rom musulmani var? gana qarTvelebma ar gamamusulmaneT? rodesac Cemi Zma,
RmerTma sasufeveli daumkvidros, taxtze avida da iranis mzem mZevali

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mosTxova, aki mTelma darbazma erTxmad Cemken gamoiSvira xeli! ratom maSin
ki aravin Sexeda mefes egre cerad da amreziT? muxlebSi rad ar Cauvarda da
ar Seevedra: nu, mefeo, nu inebeb aTis wlis balRis mZevlad micemas. pataraa
jer, arc rwmenisa gaegeba rame da arc qveynisa~ (qarCxaZe 2005:195).
XVII-XVIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi mravlad gvxvdeba gamahmadianebuli
qarTveli feodalebi da mefeebi. 1632 wlidan iranis Sahebi qarTlis taxtze
gamahmadianebul bagrationebssvamdnen. msgavsi situacia iyo kaxeTSi 1677
wlidan, sadac mxolod gamahmadianebuli bagrationebs niSnavdnen. Sahis karze
xSirad igzavnebodnen qarTveli ufliswulebi, mag.: vaxtang V-m (Sahis
moTxovniT) sakuTari vaJi, arCili iranis karze gagzavna, sadac igi
mahmadianurad aRzardes. mogvianebiT Sah nazar-xanis saxeliT kaxeTis mefoba
gadasces (saqarTvelos..1974: 153-245).
mwerlis gamogonili sxva personaJebic _ manuCar batoniSvili, beqa
amilaxvari _ hgvanan samefo-samTavroebad dayofil saqarTveloSi mcxovreb
batoniSvilebsa da Tavad-aznaurebs, romlebic mTel cxovrebas
samSoblosaTvis xmliT brZolas uZRvnidnen. amis magaliTia manuCar
batoniSvilis sityvebi, romelsac zebulonis misamarTiT warmoTqvams: `vidre
Sen wigns iswavlide... saqarTvelo stambolis bazarze gaiyideba da Cvens
eklesiebs eSmakebi daepatronebian. ra TavSi ixli aseT swavlas! xval vnaxoT
ra iqneba, dRes ki qveyanas meomari ufro uWirs, vidre swavluli~ (qarCxaZe
2005:116). beqa amilaxvaris azriT ki: `axla yvelam is unda vqnaT, rasac qveyana
gvibrZanebs, da ara is, rasac guli gvetyvis... aq rom iskander-xans erTi buzi
avufrinoT, qarTli xom aoxrdebada manuCar batoniSvilsac Sahi wamsve
sicocxles gamoasalmebs. didi sibrZnec gvmarTebs da didi moTminebac. iovel
batoniSvilic, papuna baraTaSvilic, kaTalikosic, meca da bevri sxvac
qarTlSi axla marto imazed vzrunavT, dromde da vadamde qveynad siwynare
SevinarCunoT da iskander xans sisxlis daRvris mizezi ar mivceT... kaci rom
ibadeba, marto TavisTvis ar ibadeba~ (qarCxaZe 2005:228, 230, 231). istoriul
pirebTan garkveul msgavsebas romanis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani personaJi
iovel batoniSviliamJRavnebs.
romanis Sinaarsis mixedviT, iovel batoniSvilma uari ganacxada
mefobaze da bevri imogzaura, raTa safuZvliani ganaTleba mieRo. nawarmoebSi
is erT-erTi pirvelia, vinc qarTlSi swavla-ganaTlebis saWiroeba dainaxa da
gaxsna saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba. am TvalsazrisiT garkveuli msgavseba

73
SeiniSneba ioane batoniSvilis pirovnebasTan, cxadia, garkveuli
pirobiTobebis daSvebiT, Tumca, faqtobrivad, SesaZlebelia prototipze
msjelobac. batoniSvilis biografiis moxmoba romanis istoriuli konteqstis
Sesaqmneladdagvexmareba.
ioane bagrationi (1768-1830) qarTl-kaxeTis ukanaskneli mefis giorgi XII-
is erT-erTi Svilia. batoniSvilma jer kidev saqarTveloSi yofnis dros
gamoiCina Tavi. man monawileoba miiRo krwanisis brZolaSi (1795 w). 1799 wels
mamamiss, mefe giorgi XII-s warudgina reformis proeqti (,,sjuldeba”),
romelic qveynis yvela sferos ganviTarebis strategiebs moicavda. mefem
moiwona misi winadadeba.
proeqtis dasawyisSi ioane batoniSvili aRniSnavda, rom saqarTvelos
mZime mdgomareoba gamoiwvia usamarTlobam, uwesobam, ukanonobam da
uTanxmoebam. ekonomikur da samarTlebriv reformebTan erTad, did
mniSvnelobas aniWebda swavla-ganaTlebis sakiTxs. misi azriT, TbilisSi,
gorsa da TelavSi unda gaxsniliyo saero umaRlesi tipis saswavleblebi.
aseve surda pirveldawyebiTi swavla ganaTlebis SemoReba dabali fenisaTvis;
unda daarsebuliyo biblioTeka, muzeumi, gazeTi. misi azriT, sastambo saqmis
xelmZRvaneloba daniSnul Cinovniks unda Cabareboda (baramiZe 1990:5-7).
ioane batoniSvili evropeli mecnierebis, frangi enciklopedistebisa da
ganmanaTleblebis Zlier gavlenas ganicdida, es kargad Cans mis
,,xumarswavlaSi” (igive ,,kalmasoba”). masve ekuTvnis gramatikis, maTematikisa da
bunebismetyvelebis saxelmZRvanelo, agreTve rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni.
,,xumarswavla” peterburgSi gadasaxlebis dros Seqmna. es enciklopediaa,
romelSic avtori Tavisi drois mecnierulmiRwevebsmxatvruli eniT
gadmogvcems (qiqoZe 1958:76-77). ioane batoniSvilis proeqtSi ,,sjuldeba”
naCvenebia saqarTvelos gadarCenis gza, xolo ,,kalmasobaSi”
gamokveTiliasaqarTvelos daRupvis mizezebi. frangi da germaneli
racionalistebis mimdevarsa da ganmaTaleblobis epoqis moazrovnes, mTavar
ubedurebad swavla-ganaTlebis problema miaCnia. misi azriT, saTanado
ganaTlebas mefis Svilebi da didebulebic ki ver iRebdnen (qiqoZe 1958:80). amis
magaliTia ,,kalmasobis” erT-erTi epizodi, romelSic erTi kaxeli didebuli
ambobs, rom codnam daRupa qveyana da jixvis yanwze uTqvmas es aris Cveni
codnao (baramiZe 1990:10).

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 ioane batoniSvilis ganmanaTlebluri ideebi axlos aris roman
,,zebulonis” personaJis, iovel batoniSvilis msoflxedvelobasTan: ,,am Cveni
bedukuRmarTi saqarTvelos garda, xalxi marto miwis Semyure aRaraa... Cven
xmals viqnevT da miwas CavcqeriT, iq ki... imazed fiqroben, Tu vin varT, saidan
movdivarT, saiT mivdivarT, ra gvinda, ras vakeTebT, ra aris Cveni yofa, ris
maqnisia es amodena xalxi, WianWvelebiviT rom dafuTfuTebs dedamiwis
zurgze. male xmlisa da Subis omi damTavrdeba... da gonebis omi daiwyeba,
wignierebis omi daiwyeba, swavlisa da ganaTlebis omi... sanam mteri xmliTa da
mklaviT gvitevs, Cvenc xmliTa da mklaviT vegebebiT da avad Tu kargad, Cvens
miwa-wyals vicavT... roca gonebis didi omi daiwyeba da uricxvi mteri wigniTa
da codniT Semogvitevs, maSin dagvidgeba Znelbedobis Jami” (qarCxaZe 2005:31).
ioane batoniSvilis ganmanaTlebluri ganwyobis garda, aRniSnuli pasaJi
imeorebs ilia WavWavaZis ideebsac, romelic gamoTqmuli aqvs statiaSi: ,,ra
giTxraT? riT gagaxaroT?”: ,,ra ar gadagvxdenia Tavs, ra mtrebi ar mogvsevian,
ra vai-vaglaxi, ra sisxlis Rvra, ra RrWena kbilTa ar gamogvivlia, ra
wisqvilis qva ar datrialebula Cvens Tavzed da yvelas gavuZeliT, yvelas
gavumagrdiT, SevinaxeT Cveni Tavi, SevirCineT Cveni qveyana... wavida is dro:
daClungda xmali. gauqmda vaJkacoba, exla xmali Taroze unda SevdvaT,
aRarafris maqnisia... exla vaJkacoba omisa ki ar unda, rom sisxlsa hRvrides,
vaJkacoba unda Sromisa, rom ofli hRvaros... xmliT mosulma vera dagvaklo-
ra _ SromiT da garjiT, codniT da xerxiT moseuli-ki Tan gagvitans, fex-
qveSidan miwas gamogvaclis, saxels gagviqrobs” (WavWavaZe 1987:176). es pasaJi
iovel batoniSvilis personaJs ganmanaTleblur idealebTan aaxloebs. aseve
mniSvnelovani datvirTva eniWeba literaturuli teqstis interpretaciis
TvalsazrisiT.
Semecnebis problema j. qarCxaZis sxva nawarmoebebSic aris dasmuli. am
mxriv gamorCeulia `zebuloni~ da moTxroba `igi~. igi sakuTari
pirvelyofili tomisagan swored Semecnebisaken swrafviT gamoirCeva.
azrovnebisa da Semecnebis unari Tavisufal individad CamoyalibebaSi uwyobs
xels. zebulonis tragediis erT-erTi mizezi Semecnebisaken swrafvis
Seferxebac aris. avtori nawarmoebSi amas araerTxel usvams xazs: `veeba
sibnelis fskerze wamiT anTebuli ucxo Suqi zebulons karga xans gahyva. misi
fiqriT, am xilvaSi mTavari wigni da sanTeli iyo, amitom mis mogonebas
yovelTvis iovel batoniSvilis TeTri saswavleblis mogoneba mohyveboda

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xolme da guli ekumSeboda, yelSi mowolil uilajobas, romelSiac ucnaurad
iyo SenivTebuli risxvac, tkivilic, naRvelic, lamis daexrCo. gulRviZli
efliTeboda imis warmodgenaze, rom sakuTari Tavis baton-patroni TviTon ver
gamodga da amitom, misi cxovrebis erTaderTi didebuli zRapari rom swored
im wams Caqra, ra wamsac sinamdviled iqca, mis gadasarCenad vera iRona ra~
(qarCxaZe 2005: 135-136).
zebulons am sakiTxze fiqri mTeli cxovreba ar asvenebs: `iovel
batoniSvils rom unda vxlebodi saswavlebelSi, im gazafxulze
daroaSvilebma mamaCemi isaxari mokles... xuTi dRe, minam imaT vdevdi,
Tvalebzed yomrali nisli mqonda gadakruli. bolos movagen da yvelani,
kacebic, qalebic, balRebic, erT bnel gamoqvabulSi gamovaxrCe. maSin nislic
gadameyara TvalTagan da davinaxe, rom Turme is ara vyofilvar, rac megona,
rom viyav. an iqneb is viyav, rac megona rom viyav, magram im dros uecrad
gamovicvale... wigni ki, Cans, Cemi saqme ar iyo da aki daroaSvilebic amitom
gamomigzavna gangebam~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 221-222). sikvdilis win swored es dardi
axsenebs Tavs: `aba, axla sinanuli raRa drosia, Torem yvelaferi ukuRma
ukeTebia zebulons... ar unda daexoca daroaSvilebi zebulons. isaxars raRas
uSvelida! samagierod, deda mainc ar mokvdeboda ase Cqara... unda misuliyo
iovel batoniSvilTan zebuloni. viTom ratom ar miiRebda?~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 243).
zebulons mTeli cxovreba did ubedurebad miaCnia sakuTari araswori
nabiji _ batoniSvilis saswavlebelze uaris Tqma. mwerali, sazogadod,
Tavisufal indivadad Camoyalibebis gzaze did mniSvnelobas aniWebs
Semecnebis process, rasac moTxroba `igiSi~ am azrs Tavisi filosofiuri
safuZveli aqvs, kerZod, platonis `saxelmwifos~ gamoqvabulis alegoriis
filosofia. roman `zebulonSi~ ki am problematikis safuZveli
ganmanaTlebluri da liberaluri ideologia unda iyos.
ioane batoniSvilis biografiis moxmoba nawarmoebis istoriuli fonisa
da konteqstis hipoTetur aRdgenaSi gvexmareba. yvela am istoriuli faqtoris
gaTvaliswinebiT, ,,zebulonSi” istoriul fonad, savaraudod, XVIII saukunea
aRebuli. XVIII saukunis 20-40-ian wlebSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gamudmebiT
uwevda brZola osmalebisa da Semdeg iranelebis winaaRmdeg. am dros moxda
qarTl-kaxeTis samefoTa gaerTianeba. moduria volterisa da ganmaTlebelTa
ideebi, Cndeba bevri saintereso moRvawe, maT Soris _ ioane batoniSvili,
daviT batoniSvili, daviT reqtori, garsevan WavWavaZe, solomon lioniZe,

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giorgi avaliSvili da a.S. zogierTi maTgani ganaxlebisa da respublikuri
ideebis momxrec iyo (saqarTvelos..1974:7).
amdenad,literaturul teqstSi istoria fonia, romelSic asaxulia
qarTlis istoriis mZime periodi: mudmivi brZolebisa da TviTgadarCenis
epoqa. am dros swavla-ganaTleba mniSvnelovani siaxlea, Tumca ukve
gacnobierebulia misi saWiroeba. roman ,,zebulonis” mTavari personaJis
zebulonis cxovrebac swored xmlisa da kalmis gadakveTis peripetiebs
moicavs.
romanSi konkretuli istoriuli epoqis aRdgena hipoTeturia, vinaidan
literaturul teqstSi ar gvxvdeba romelime istoriuli epoqis mkafio
suraTi, qronologiuri miniSneba an avTenturi personaJi. ioane batoniSvilis
cxovreba, moRvaweoba da msoflmxedveloba garkveul msgavsebas amJRavnebs
,,zebulonis” erT-erTi mniSvnelovani personaJis, iovel batoniSvilis
saxesTan. istoriuli foni konceptualuria, emyareba zogadobis princips, ar
saWiroebs aRdgenas, literaturuli teqstis intenciis nawilia, rac roman
,,zebulonis” Janruli specifikiT aixsneba.

2.2.2. koleqtiuri mexsierebis gamoZaxili romanSi _ `zebuloni~

j. qarCxaZis romanSi `zebuloni~, rogorc zemoT araerTxel aRiniSna,

qarTuli istoriuli prozis tradiciisagan gansxvavebiT, mniSvnelovani ar
aris nacionaluri identobis xazgasma. masSi individis prioritetia
gamokveTili.amasTan nawarmoebSi asaxuli istoriuli foni imdenad zogadia,
rom misi gamoyeneba nacionaluri identobis formirebisaTvis rTulia. Tumca
romanSi mainc gamoyenebulia qarTuli tradiciuli istoriuli prozisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli mnemoteqnika, Sesabamisad TxzulebaSi gaaqtiurebulia
warsulis damaxsovrebis xerxebi da formebi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ayalibebs
eris koleqtiur mexsierebas. mnemoteqnikur konstruqciebad istoriul
narativebs moaizreben (Toria 2008: 94).

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 koleqtiuri mexsiereba gansazRvravs individualur mexsierebas, vinaidan
imas Tu rogor aRiqvamen adamianebi movlenebs maT socialur wrezea
damokidebuli (Halbwachs 1992: 54). koleqtiuri mexsiereba msgavsi aqvT iseT
socialur jgufebs, rogoricaa ojaxi, eri (Zerubavel 2003 A:4). eris koleqtiur
mexsierebis formirebaSi, pirvel rigSi, istoriuli narativebi
monawileobs(Карагезов 2005:56-60).
zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom istoriuli prozis avtoris istoriul
mexsierebas koleqtiuri mexsiereba gansazRvravs, meore mxriv, ki konkretuli
mwerali Taviseburad gardaqmnis koleqtiur mexsierebas. miT ufro,
gasaTvaliswinebelia mexsierebis am tipis gavlena, radgan istoriuli proza,
miuxedavad Tavisi fiqciuri xasiaTisa, mainc istoriuli narativia da
Tavisebur kvals tovebs sazogadoebisa da eris koleqtiur mexsierebaze. am
ideas amarTlebs is faqtoric, rom XX saukunis meore naxevarSi mecnierebma
aRiares, rom individi pasiurad ar emorCileba koleqtiur nebas, amis
mixedviT: `individualuri mexsiereba socialur/koleqtiur mexsierebad
gardaiqmneba komunikaciis, warsulze Txrobis Sedegad~ (Toria 2008: 98).
mexsiereba koleqtiur fenomenad iqceva maSin, roca is gadaicema (Toria
2008: 98). warsulis gadacema ki narativebis, TxrobiTi teqstebis meSveobiT
xorciledeba. adamianebi warsulis aRqmasa da damaxsovrebas swored
narativizebuli struqturis meSveobiT axerxeben (Zerubavel 2003 A: 14). warsulis
narativebSi, koleqtiuri mexsierebis gavleniT, adgili aqvs warsulis cvlas,
gadarCevas. awmyo interesebis Sesabamisad warsulis ama Tu im movlenis
aqtualizebas, xazgasmas an miCqmalvas mexsierebis politikas uwodeben
(Lebow...2006:8).
gamoyofen istoriuli narativis Semdeg saxeebs: `aRmsavla/progresi~,
`daRmsvla~ da `zigzagi~. aRniSnuli narativebi gamoxatavs eris istoriul
xedvas. `aRmasvlis~ narativis Tanaxmad, istoria progresisa da ganviTarebis
procesia. `daRmasvlis~ narativis mixedviT ki istoria uaresiT icvleba,
misTvis damaxasiaTebelia `oqros xanis~ nostalgia, warsulisa da winaprebis
gaidealeba. `zigzagis~ narativi orive maTgans aerTianebs: warsuli
warmoidgineba gardamtex periodad, uaresidan ukeTesisaken gadasvlad, an
piriqiT (Zerubavel 2003 B: 15-19).
qarTul istoriul prozaSi, samive saxis narativi dasturdeba, romelic,
Tavis mxriv, sazrdoobs istoriografiuli wyaroebidan. am TvalsazrisiT
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aRsaniSnavia m. Torias naSromi `drois aRqma da istoriis koncefcia Sua
saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi (`qarTlis cxovrebis~ istoriografiuli
tradiciis mixedviT)~, sadac `qarTlis cxovreba~ swored am narativebis
mixedviTaa Seswavlili. aRniSnul istoriografiul wyaroSi samive saxis
narativi gvxvdeba. vinaidan istoriuli wyaroebi Sua saukuneebSi Janrobrivad
diferencirebuli ar iyo, msgavsi narativebi hagiografiisaTvisac
mniSvnelovania (Toria 2008: 105).
narativebis zemoxsenebuli nairsaxeobebi aisaxa istoriul prozaSic.
XIX saukunis qarTuli istoriuli prozisa da poemebisaTvis mniSvnelovania
`daRmasvlis~ narativi, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis dakargvam gamoiwvia
oqros xanis nostalgia da warsulis gaidealebisaken midrekileba. amis
magaliTebi mravlad gvxdeba TergdaleulTa nawarmoebebsa da publicistikaSi.
am ideologiis gamoxatulebaa i. WavWavaZis sityvebi: `amaT sxva samsaxuri
miuZRviT Cven wina. isini cxoveli magaliTebi arian misi, Tu ra simaRlemde
SeuZlian ers ama Tu im garemoebaSi miaRwios... Tu guSin iyvnen Cemis sisxlisa
da xorcis didebulni da saxelovanni kacni, ra mizezia, rom xvalac ar
gamoCndnen, Tu garemoebis igiveobas vgulisxmobT“ (i. WavWavaZe, anTologia
2011:84).
`daRmasvlis~ narativi aseve mniSvnelovania XX saukunis qarTuli
istoriuli prozisaTvis. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia: v. barnovis romanebi, S.
dadianis, k. gamsaxurdias, m. javaxiSvilis. aseve sainteresoa `aRmasvlis~
narativebi: mag.: k. gamsaxurdias `daviT aRmaSenebeli~ kargad gviCvenebs daviT
aRmaSeneblis mefobis progresul niSnebs, qarTveli xalxis didebis istorias.
am TvalsazrisiT, j. qarCaxaZis `zebuloni~ Tavsdeba `daRmsvlis~
narativSi. masSi kargad Cans qveynis dacemis daRmavali xazi da Zveli didebis
nostalgiuri ganwyoba. nawarmoebSi siuJetad aRebulia daaxloebiT XVIII
saukunis saqarTvelos istoria. aRniSnuli epoqa krizisuli periodia,
mweralic swored amaze amaxvilebs mkiTxvelis yuradRebas: `dro avi iyo,
qveyana _ gaveranebuli. yoveli mxridan urjuloebiT garSemortymuli patara
kuTxe gaafTrebiT ibrZoda Tavisuflebis SesanarCuneblad. ucxo TvalisTvis
aseTi uimedo brZolad iqneb Rimilis momgvreli ugunuroba iyos, magram
qarTvelebs maSin danebeba ar uyvardaT, saxels zomaze met fass adebdnen da
umal xmals SeuSverdnen kisers, vidre uRels... raki qarTvelebi morCilebas
ver urigdebodnen da qveyana mudam sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnaze iyo, aqauri

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ymawvilebi, biWobis vada rom gauvidodaT, ubralo kacebad ki ar iqceodnen,
rogorc es SedarebiT ufro dawynarebul qveynebSi xdeboda, aramed
meomrebad~ (qarCxaZe 2005:15).
aRniSnul citataSi kargad Cans saqarTvelos istoriasa da qarTvel
xalxze damkvidrebuli Sexeduleba, romelic koleqtiuri mexsierebis nawilia
da saTaves qarTul saistorio matianeebsa da mogvianebiT qarTul istoriul
prozaSi iRebs. saqarTvelos istoria antikoloniuri brZolebis didi
monakveTebisagan Sedgeba, amitomac qarTveli eris koleqtiur mexsierebaSi
mtkiced damkvidrda dampyroblebTan mebrZoli saqarTvelos xati.
nawarmoebSi mravlad gvxdeba koleqtiuri mexsierebis gamoZaxili:
`qveyanas meomari ufro uWirs, vidre swavluli. maS, aiRe es xmali da, sanam
mtris qedze bolomde ar gacvdeba, qarqaSi ar Caago~ (qarCxaZe 2005:116). e.w.
viqtimizaciis magaliTia kaTalikosis sityvebi: `patara qveyana didi
satkivaria. Cveni qveyana ki imdenad pataraa, xelebi rom gaSalo, Tav-bolos
miwvdebi. aseT qveyanas sxeuliviT unda grZnobde da, roca Sens miwaze ucxo
moZalade dadis, ise unda gtkiodes, TiTqos Sens sxeulze dadiodes da Sens
sxeuls Telavdes~ (qarCxaZe 2005:257).
qarTul istoriul prozaSi damkvidrebuli viqtimizebuli xatis
gamoZaxili gvxvdeba beqa amilaxavaris sityvebsa da msoflxmedvelobaSi:
`axla yvelam is unda vqnaT, rasac qveyana gvibrZanebs, da ara is, rasac guli
gvetyvis... qarTli gana miwaa! qarTli xalxia. xalxi Tu aRar iqna, cariel
miwas xval egeb sparseTic daerqvas. axla morCilebaa saWiro. rodemde _ ar
vici. egeb erTi weli, egeb aTi weli, egeb manuCar batoniSvili verc
verasdros eRirsos qarTlis taxts. yvelaferi Cvenzed iqneba damokidebuli...
aq rom iskander-xans erTi buzi avufrinoT, qarTli xom aoxrdeba da manuCar
batoniSvilsac Sahi wamsve sicocxles gamoasalmebs. didi sibrZnec gvmarTebs
da didi moTminebac~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 228, 230).
amrigad, j. qarCxaZis istoriuli romani `zebuloni~ imeorebs qarTul
istoriulprozaSi damkvidrebul mnemoteqnikas, romlisTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia `daRmasvlis~, `aRmasvlis~ da `zigzagis~ narativebis asaxva.
qarTul istoriul prozaSi am tipis narativebs garkveuli funqcia hqonda,
kerZod, nacionaluri identobisa da antikoloniuri protestis gamoxatvas
emsaxureboda. Tumca swored individis wina planze wamoweviT romani
`zebuloni~ gansxvavdeba qarTuli istoriuli prozis tradiciisagan.

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tradiciuli narativebis ganmeorebis miuxedavad, romanSi mwvaved ar dgas
nacionaluri identobisa da antikoloniuri protestis sakiTxi.

2.2.3. roman ,,zebulonis” politikuri konteqsti

j. qarCxaZis istoriul romanSi ,,zebuloni” pirovnebis Tavisufali nebis

sakiTxi gviani Suasaukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriul fonzea warmoCenili.
istoriuli prozis mimoxilvam da analizma gviCvena, rom istoriul
nawarmoebebSi awmyos problematikaa mniSvnelovani, istoriuli foni ki
sakiTxis siRmiseuli analizisaTvisaa saWiro. warsuli awmyos problemebis
gaanalizebisa da sxvadasxva epoqebs Soris siaxlovis gamokveTas emsaxureba.
bolos da bolos, es mexsierebis politikacaa; vinaidan SeuZlebelia
warsulis srulyofili aRdgena, amis gamo umjobesia warsulis awmyos
samsaxurSi Cayeneba; msgavsi epoqebis daZebna da msjeloba istoriul
paralelebze dayrdnobiT, warsulis mixedviT awmyos kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema.
daaxloebiT es mizandasaxulebaaris mniSvnelovani am periodis qarTveli
avtorisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac e.w. epoqis sulis asaxva
aqtualuri aRar aris da istoria sxvadasxva problemaze dafiqrebis
SesaZleblobaa.
j. qarCxaZis ,,zebulonSi” dasmuli sakiTxebi, rogorc aRiniSna, mainc
mwerlis Tanamedrove epoqis aqtualuri problematikis konteqstSi unda
ganixilebodes, ris asaxsneladac aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia Tavad mwerlis
pozicia istoriuli prozis Sesaxeb. j. qarCxaZis azriT, istoria masalaa
mxatvruli problemis damuSavebisaTvis, Tumca es ar niSnavs istoriuli
qronotopis ugulebelyofas. piriqiT, ,,zebulonis” Janruli specifikidan
gamomdinare, istoriuli dro-sivrce mxolod foni an epoqis rekonstruqciis
surviliT moxmobili sivrce ar aris, mas mniSvnelovani Sinaarsobrivi
datvirTva aqvs. XVIII saukunis saqarTvelo is sivrcea, sadac adekvaturad
ixsneba teqstSi dasmuli problematika, kerZod, Tavisufali arCevanisa da
movaleobis sakiTxi.

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 TviTgadarCenisa da antikoloniuri brZolis dros individis
Tavisufali neba mudmivad safrTxeSia: `raki qarTvelebi morCilebas ver
urigdebodnen da qveyana mudam sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnaze iyo, aqauri
ymawvilebi, biWobis vada rom gauvidodaT, ubralo kacebad ki ar iqceodnen,
rogorc es SedarebiT ufro dawynarebul qveynebSi xdeboda, aramed
meomrebad~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 15). mweralma swored aseTi foni SearCia sakuTari
epoqisaTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxis dasasmelad, riTac xazi esmeba istoriuli
prozis kavSirs TanamedroveobasTan da zogadad warsulis funqcias _
dagvexmaros awmyos gaanalizebaSi.
istoriul prozaSi aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia jer kidev ZalaSi myofi
e.w. `ezopes ena~. alegoriuli diskursi, romelic axlobeli iyo sabWoTa
epoqis qarTveli mwerlebisaTvis. zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom stalinis
sikvdilis Semdeg Sesustda ideologiuri kontroli, Tumca alegoriuli
diskursi kvlav aqtualuri iyo. aseT pirobebSi istoriuli warsulis
gamoyeneba alegoriis damatebiTi saSualeba iyo.
,,zebuloni” Seiqmna XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, droTa ganmavlobaSi
qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis sabWoTa totalitarul da koloniur politikasTan
dapirispirebis faruli, alegoriuli forma damkvidrda. am mxriv,
mniSvnelovani fuqcia daekisra istoriul prozas, romelSic win wamoweuli
iyo nacionaluri identobisa da mexsierebis politikis (kerZod, sakuTari
gmiruli warsuliT TviSegnebis amaRleba, an krizisuli istoriuli epoqebis
magaliTebad gamoyeneba) sakiTxebi. j. qarCxaZis romanSi istoria fonia, mas
mkiTxvelisaTvis mniSvnelovani istoriuli epoqis Sexsenebisa da erovnuli
TviTSegnebis amaRlebis funqcia ar aqvs. nawarmoebSi mexsierebis politika
vlindeba mudmivi brZolebisa da TviTgadarCenis istoriuli suraTis
ganmeorebiT. aseve SesaZlebelia mwerlis Tanamedrove epoqasTan paralelebis
gavleba. j. qarCxaZis proza iseT periodSi daiwera, roca koloniuri
realobidan postkoloniuri realobis konturebi ikveTeboda. qveynis
damoukideblobis mopoveba ki TiToeuli individis Tavisuflebaze gadioda.
roman ,,zebulonze” msjelobis dros, istoriuli fonisa da istoriuli
prozis Janruli specifikis garda, mniSvnelovania teqstis Seqmnis politikur-
istoriuli konteqstis gaTvaliswineba. XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi e.w.
perestroikis dros, sabWoTa sivrceSi Zlierdeba erovnuli moZraobebi da
istoriul prozaSic, bunebrivia, aisaxeba antikoloniuri ganwyobilebebi.

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garda amisa, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, qarTul istoriul prozas imTaviTve
dahyveba nacionaluri identobis, antikoloniuri ganwyobebisa da mexsierebis
politikis aqcentireba. j. qarCxaZis prozaSic aisaxeba aRniSnuli tendenciebi,
Tumca antikoloniur darazmvaze metad, misTvis sxva sakiTxebia mniSvnelovani:
qarTveli eris zneobrivi saxe, postkoloniur momavalze fiqri da a.S. (amaze
qvemoT dawvrilebiT).
aRniSnuli problematika yvelaze mkafiod roman ,,zebulonis”
mniSvnelovan monakveTSi _ mTavari personaJis sayvedurebiT savse monologSi
iCens Tavs. zebulonis monologi misive sisustis gamoxatulebaa: `gana wigni
ar erCivna brZolas? magram brZolaSi daaRama, vinaidan manuCar batoniSvilma
uTxra, qveyanas meomari sWirdeba da ara swavlulio. gana undoda,
qveynierebaze sul marto darCeniliyo, maSin roca sxvebs ojaxebi aqvT, fesvi
da Ziri, sazrunavi da safiqrali?.. aba, axla sinanuli raRa drosia, Torem
yvelaferi ukuRma ukeTebia zebulons...~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 343). miuxedavad imisa,
rom TiTqos zebulonis cxovrebaSi Tavidanve yvelaferi gansazRvruli iyo da
mudmivad garemoebebis msxverpli xdeboda, sicocxlis bolos mainc
gaacnobiera, rom alternatiuli arCevani yovelTvis arsebobda. mag.: qveyanas
meomrebi sWirdeboda, magram iovel batoniSvilma isic daanaxva, rom
momavalSi swavla-ganaTlebasac aranaklebi mniSvneloba mieniWeboda. yvelaze
gadamwyvet momentSi ki SurisZieba, ualternativo arCevani ar iyo. marTalia,
sofeli misgan swored am nabijis gadadgmas eloda, magram qristianoba
SurisZiebas ar qadagebs. zebulonma ver SeZlo soflis koleqtiur nebasTan
gamklaveba, raTa sakuTari Sinagani principebi daecva. amis Semdeg swavla-
ganaTlebazec uari Tqva. marTalia, Tavdapirvelad xsnad iovel batoniSvlis
saswavlebelSi misvla miiCnia, Tumca am mosazrebas Sinaganad
upirispirdeboda: `roca iovel batoniSvilTan wamosvla gadawyvita, viRac,
vinc misi arsebis ganuyofeli nawili iyo, am gadawyvetilebas imTaviTve
eurCeboda~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 101).
nawarmoebis aRniSnul epizodSi mTxrobeli Tavs aridebs zebulonis
saqcielis detalur analizs, gadmocemulia mxolod misi Sinagani ganwyoba:
mas surs iovel batoniSvilTan misvla, magram qvecnobierad raRac akavebs.
zebulons SurisZiebis Semdeg, Tavi uRirsad miaCnia. romanSi aRniSnuli
faqtori xazgasmiT gamokveTili ar aris: `gana yovelive imis Semdeg, rac
gamoiara, kidev miiRebda iovel batoniSvili?~ (qarCxaZe 2005:102). es ganwyoba

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aseve kargad Cans zebulonis sizmarSi, iovel batoniSvilis saswavlebelTan
misuls mcveli xvdeba, romelic ar uSvebs saswavlebelSi: `Sen zebuloni ara
xaro!~ mkacrad Seawyvetina mcvelma, Tvalebi zecisken aRapyro da mwuxare
xmiT Tqva: `am avazaks Wabuki zebuloni mouklavs da gauZarcvavs, saxelic ki
waurTmeviao~ (qarCxaZe 2005:103).
zebulonma, marTalia, Suri iZia da TiTqos amiT gardacvlili mamis
winaSe vali moixada, Tumca stanjavs am nabijis simZime. grZnobs, rom es
emociuri nabiji da soflis koleqtiuri nebisadmi morCileba ar Seesabameba
iovel batoniSvilis ganmanaTleblur da humanur ideologias. zebulonis
SurisZieba ewinaaRmdegeba mis Tavisufal nebas, iovel batoniSvilis
saswavlebeli ki is adgili unda gamxdariyo, sadac iseT sakiTxebze mouwevda
fiqri, rogoricaa: `vin varT, saidan movdivarT, saiT mivdivarT, ra gvinda, ras
vakeTebT, ra aris Cveni yofa~ (qarCxaZe 2005:31). romanSi araerTi diqotomia
gvxvdeba: erTi mxriv, zebuloni da isaxari, koleqtivi da pirovneba, iovel
batoniSvili da manuCar batoniSvili. zebuloni, romelic koleqtivis
msxverplia, uaryofs mamis xats SurisZiebiT da or poluss Soris meryeobs:
iovel da manuCar batoniSvilis cxovrebiseul arCevans Soris. zebulonis
gaoreba calsaxad Cans missave sikvdiliswina monologSi, sadac is
iZulebulia aRiaros sakuTari arCevanis mcdaroba.
marTalia, zebuloni qvecnobierad grZnobs iovel batoniSvilis
saswavlebelsa da soflis koleqtiur nebas Soris sxvaobas, Tumca es Tema
mkveTrad ar aris mocemuli, gadmocemulia mxolod zebulonis Sinagani
ganwyoba. aRniSnuli nawarmoebis naratiuli struqturis nawilia, kerZod,
zebulonis Sinagani samyaro, romanis enobrivi stili misi inteleqtisa da
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sesabamisia; mTxrobeli detalurad ar
aanalizebs zebulonis Sinagani daZabulobis mizezs, risi safuZvelic
personaJis perspeqtiviT SezRudvaa.
zebuloni kompromisebiT savse cxovrebis Semdeg sakuTar Tavs
msxverplad aRiqvams: `vin misca qveyanas imis neba, yvelaferi wagarTvas da
araferi dagitovos?!~ (qarCxaZe 2005:343). nawarmoebSi msxverplad Sewirvis
Sesaxeb naTlad aris gamokveTili ori pozicia: manuCar batoniSvilis,
kaTalikosisa da beqa amilaxvaris azriT: `kaci rom ibadeba, marto sakuTari
TavisTvis ar ibadeba~ (qarCxaZe 2005:231). zebulonis sityvebiT ki: `ra aris
aseTi es qveyana, rom, ramdenic ar unda emsaxuro, ara hyofnis da sul axalsa

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da axal samsaxurs iTxovs? qarTli gana miwaao, beqa amilaxvarma, qarTli
xalxia da xalxi unda gadavarCinoTo. maS, zebuloni vinRaa? gana zebuloni ki
xalxi araa? gana zebuloni ki qveynis Svili araa? qveyanam rom Tavis yvela
Svils is mosTxovos, msxverplad Semewireo, viRasTvis unda aseTi
Sewiruloba?~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 251).
zebulonis garda, msxverplad Tavs swiraven nawarmoebis sxva
personaJebic, Tumca amiT qarTlSi araferi icvleba, risi magaliTicaa
manuCar batoniSvili, beqa amilaxvari, kaTalikosi, nestani. xolo teqstis
araerT pasaJSi Tanabar sibrtyezea warmoCenili zebulonis tkvilebi da
qveyanaSi datrialebuli ubedureba: ,,didi ambebi datrialda qarTlSi. didi
ambebi datrialda zebulonis gulSic. da aravin uwyis, am ambebTagan romeli
ufro didi iyo” (qarCxaZe 2005:307).am epizodSi swored individia wina planze
wamoweuli. zebuloni ar aRiqvams sakuTar Tavs msxverpladSewirul gmirad,
piriqiT mas eWvi epareba sakuTari nabijebis sisworeSi: ,,vin misca qveyanas
imis neba, yvelaferi wagarTvas da araferi dagitovos?!” (qarCxaZe 2005:343).
sazogadoebaSi, sadac individis Tavisufali neba izRudeba, Tavis mxriv,
mniSvnelovani xdeba msxverplis fenomeni. `zebulonze~ msjelobis dros
kritikosebi ganixilaven msxverplis sakiTxs. kritikosi n. muzaSvili
zebulons aqilevss adarebs. aqilevss: ,,ar aiZuleben piradi interesebi
uaryos da sazogadoebriviT ganimsWvalos. berZnebisaTvis sruliad ucxoa
pirovnebis iseTi nivelireba, romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli gaxdeboda
aqilevsis nafotiviT TamaSi” (muzaSvili 2002:1). zebuloni ki msxverplia
(muzaSvili 2002:3). amave saxis problemas xedavs meore kritikosic g.
arRniSvili: `mweralma personaJs Zveli idealebis msxvreva da gmiris axali
saxis Seqmna SeukveTa, piraduli da sazogadoebrivi interesi Seajaxa
erTmaneTs da msxverplSewirvis ideas pirovnuli Tavisuflebis idea
daupirispirda” (arRniSvili:). am problemas msgavsadve aRiqvams kritikosi k.
jamburia, misTvis qveynisa da adamianis bedi urTierTdakavSirebulia
(jamburia 1987:117). Tumca, kritikaSi Rrmad ar aris gaanalizebuli
msxverplSewirvis fenomeni, misi kavSiri nawarmoebis Seqmnis Tanamedrove
problematikasTan, istoriul Tematikasa da Tanamedrove politikur-
istoriul da socio-kulturul konteqstTan.
mxatvrul literaturasa da poeziaSi romantizebuli ideali, raime
didi miznis saxeliT msxverplad Sewirvis idea sayuradRebo sakiTxia da misi

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gaanalizeba farTo konteqsts moiTxovs. msxverplis fenomens romanSi didi
mniSvneloba eniWeba, amitomac am sakiTxze saWiroa yuradRebis gamaxvileba. a.
baqraZe ,,mwerlobis moTvinierebaSi”msxverplis ideas qarTuli nacionaluri
identobis konteqstSi ganixilavs. misi azriT, monRolTa batonobis Semdeg:
,,daiwyeba Tavdacvis pasiuri iaraRis gamoyeneba _ qveynis gadarCenis mizniT
zvarakad Tavis dadeba” (baqraZe 2004:431). erTi mxriv, qveyana amayobs
Tavdadebuli wmindanebiTa da mefeebiT, meore mxriv, ki pasiuri cxovrebis
wess eCveva. mudmivad gmiris molodinSia, romelic mxsnelad moevlineba, am
dros ki xalxi modunebulia. qveyana iSleba samefo-samTavroebad, arafers ar
qmnis. mogvianebiT aRniSnul koncefcias cvlis politikuri mfarvelis idea
(baqraZe 2004:432-433). a. baqraZis am mosazrebas amyarebs saqarTvelos istoriis
konkretuli faqtebi.
msxverplis fenomenis Sesaxeb saubari SeiZleba aseve r. Jiraris
naSromis _ ,,Zaladoba da wmindas” (1972 w) konteqstSi. igi aRniSnavs, rom
jgufis SigniT warmoSobili agresia jgufis gareT unda ganimuxtos, raTa
droTa ganmavlobaSi ar dagrovdes da Zaladobrivi afeTqeba ar gamoiwvios.
agresiis gareT ganmuxtva jgufze dadebiTad moqmedebs.mkvelavri yuradRebas
amaxvilebs gantevebis vacze, romelzedac Tems agresia gadaaqvs; jgufis
agresias msxverplad ewireba vinme, raTa Temis wevrebi ixsnas
urTieTZaladobisagan. primitiul sazogadoebebSi ritualuri msxverplSewirva
(mag.: cxovelis) icavs koleqtivs drodadro agresiis afeTqebisagan (Жирар
2000:89-100).
e. smiTis azriT, ki negatiuri gare faqtorebi, magaliTad omebi, eTnikur
erTobaSi identobis SenarCunebasac uwyobs xels (smiTi 2008:33). (msxverplad
warmoCena e.w. viqtimizacia). msxverpladSewirvis ideebi yvela religiur
sistemaSi gadavida. miuxedavad imisa, rom i. WavWavaZisa da sxva
TergdaleulTa nawarmoebebSi mamulisaTvis msxverplad Sewirvas
mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba, isini pasiur molodins ar qadageben. piriqiT,
maT ekuTvniT mTeli rigi teqstebi, sadac liberalur faseulobebs
amkvidreben. Tumca, XX saukunem, totalitarul samyaroSi, raime didi ideis
gamo adamianis msxverpladSewirvis idea yoveldRiur realobad aqcia
(maisuraZe 2011). amis gamo gaufasurda adamianis sicocxle, rasac unda
dapirispireboda individis uzenaesobis idea, romelic liberaluri
ideologiidan iRebs saTaves.

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 roman ,,zebulonSi” individis Tavisufal nebaze aqcentis gakeTeba
mamulisaTvis Tavdadebis ideis xazgasmis sanacvlod, individis wina planze
wamowevas unda emsaxurebodes. XVIII saukunis saqarTveloSi SesaZloa
naklebad mosalodneli yofiliyo msgavsi ganwyoba da fiqrebi, rac ufro XX
saukunis bolos warmoSobili problemebia. mamulisaTvis Tavdadebis idea
uamrav poetur teqstSi gaJRerda, Tumca antikoloniuri moZraobis bolosaken
sakiTxis ase dasma mosalodneli iyo. saxelmwifos Seqmna da antikoloniuri
moZraoba sxvadasxvagvar qmedebas saWiroebs.
e. smiTis azriT, vertikaluri eTniebis (dapyrobili eTnikuri erTobebi)
emociuri kavSiri gansxvavebulia. maT mtruli garemocvisadmi dapirispirebis
strategia aqvT SemuSavebuli, saerTo mexsiereba, miTebi, kultura aqvT da
ukve Semdgar naciad aRiqvamen Tavs. saxelmwifos Sesaqmnelad erTaderTi
piroba maTTvis damoukideblobis mopovebaa. Tumca es procesi martivi ar
aris, piriqiT mtkivneul gamocdilebas ukavSirdeba (smiTi 2008:77). amitomac
XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi antikoloniuri brZolis garda, aqtualuri xdeba
momaval saxelmwifoze fiqri. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, ,,zebulonis” Seqmnis
epoqasa da sabWoTa totalitarul gamocdilebas, literaturul teqstSi
individis uzenaesoba da liberalur Rirebulebebze aqcentis gakeTeba
logikuri unda iyos.
j. qarCxaZis istoriul romanSi wina planzea wamoweuli individi, misi
Tavisufleba. istoria, cxadia, aqac mexsierebis politikas emsaxureba,
saqarTvelo momxvdurTagan Seviwroebul qveynadaa warmoCenili, Tumca
avtoris mizani amis xazgasma da antikoloniuri identobis formireba ar aris.
misTvis mniSvnelovania postkoloniuri realobisaTvis mzadebis procesi da
liberaluri ideologia. qarTuli istoriuli prozis mimoxilvam da
„zebulonis“ analizma gviCvena XIX saukunis, XX saukunis I naxevris da XX
saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis istoriul prozas Soris sxvaoba. Tu qarTul
istoriul prozaSi manamde ufro aqtualuri iyo mexsierebis politika,
mogvianebiT istoriuli prozaSi aqcentebi Seicvala: j. qarCxaZis „zebuloni“
_ individis uzenaesobis xazgasmiT _ amis kargi magaliTia.

2.3. individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi romanSi `zebulni~

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 roman ,,zebulonis” Janruli da naratiuli specifika naSromis zeda
nawilSi ukve gaanalizebulia. istoriuli prozis kompoziciuri cvlileba,
Txrobis perspeqtivis cvla: ,,yovlismcodne” mTxroblidan _ personaluri
Txrobisaken, gavlenas axdens istoriul fonze. amitomacaa istoriuli foni
meorexarisxovani da e.w. epoqis sulidan yuradReba gamogonili
(araistoriuli, araavTenturi) personaJis Sinagan samyarozea gadatanili.
Tumca, rogorc zemoT araerTxel aRiniSna, istoriuli foni nawarmoebSi
ufunqciod datovebuli ar aris, mas garkveuli mniSvneloba eniWeba romanis
problematikisa da personaJis Sinagani samyaros analizis dros.
romanis mTavari personaJi, zebuloni, ubralo aznauria, misi cxovrebis
gza imTaviTve gansazRvra saqarTvelos istoriam: `aqauri ymawvilebi, biWobis
vada rom gauvidodaT, ubralo kacebad ki ar iqceodnen, rogorc es SedarebiT
dawynarebul qveyanaSi xdeboda, aramed meomrebad, romlebsac maSinac ki, roca
omi ar iyo da guTans ekidnen, raTa moeswroT da ojaxisTvis cotaodeni
sarCo-sabadeli gaeCinaT, welze xmali ertyaT, mxarze Tofi ekidaT da
mindvris Tavsa da boloSi meTvalyureebi eyenaT, mteri rom moulodnelad ar
dascemodaT” (qarCxaZe 2005:15). zebulonic ver auvlida gverds saerTo gzas.
es, bunebrivicaa, radgan Sua saukuneebis adamiani mijaWvulia sakuTar ojaxs,
socialur klass, ukve gansazRvrul identobas. misi moqmedebis areali
SezRudulia (heivudi 2004:32). amis fonze savsebiT bunebrivia erTxel da
samudamod gakvaluli gzis arseboba. aznaurisaTvis, es meomrad yofna da
sakuTari miwis patronobaa.
zebulonis cxovrebaSi mainc gamoCnda alternativa _ iovel
batoniSvilis saswavleblis saxiT. zebulonis bavSvobaSi batoniSvilis
cxovrebas zRapariviT hyvebodnen, amitomac bavSvobidan ocnebad eqca
saswavlebelSi moxvedra. qveynis bedidan da zebulonis socialuri
statusidan gamomdinare, ocneba auxdeneli unda darCeniliyo, rom ara
SemTxveviToba: erTxelac batoniSvilma saswavleblisaTvis sofel-sofel
axalgazdebis Semokreba daiwyo: `Cveni gadarCenis erTaderTi Rone is aris,
mTel saqarTveloSi swavla-ganaTlebis kelaptrebi avanToT. Sen gagebuli
geqneba, rom Cems mamulSi saswavlebeli gavmarTe da Segirdebis wvrTnas
Sevudeqi... axla sofel-sofel davdivar da Segirdebs vagroveb~ (qarCxaZe
2005:32). Tumca cxovrebam zebuloni kvlav axali moulodnelobis winaSe

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daayena: misi mama, isaxari sofelSi Camosaxlebulma ojaxma imsxverpla, ris
gamoc zebulonma Suri iZia.
zebulonma SurisZieba soflis waqezebiT gadawyvita. am gadawyvetilebam
mniSvnelovani kvali daasva mis Semdgom cxovrebas, radgan SurisZieba mxolod
sakuTari surviliT ar gadauwyvetia. isaxaris cxedris SemosvenebisTanave
zebulonis saxlTan mTelma sofelma moiyara Tavi: ,,gamovida Tu ara aivanze,
ezoSi mogrovili xalxi, TiTqos gadarajebuli yofiliyos, wamsve misken
motrialda da uricxvi Tvali miapyro. mwuxare, SeSfoTebuli da jiutad
mdumare saxeebze iseTi ram eweraT, TiTqos raRacas iTxovdnen, xolo am
moTxovnis ukan, vinicobisaa zebulons mis Sesrulebaze uari eTqva,
Segugebuli da Sekavebuli risxva idga” (qarCxaZe 2005:51). zebulonma
winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia soflis koleqtiur nebas da Suri iZia:
daroaSvilebi, mkvlelebis ojaxi bavSvebianad amoxoca. sofeli mas
SeSinebuli Sexvda: „sofeli zebulons mdumare mowiwebiT Sexvda. saidan an
visgan gaiges, Tu rogor damTavrda daroaSvilebis devna, aravin icis... magram,
yvelaferi rom gaiges aSkara iyo... sadme, romelime mezoblis ezos win
TavSeyrili da xmamaRla moyayane xalxi mis gamoCenaze swrafad dadumdeboda,
gaisuseboda... Tu mowiwebaSi pativiscema urevia, wyarosTvalelTa mowiwebaSi
SiSi eria“ (qarCxaZe 2005:86).
zebulonma Seasrula soflis moTxovna, magram Semdeg mis mimarTac SiSi
gaCnda. Tavadve igrZno, rom Seicvala: „grZnobda rom TandaTan sxva kaci
gaxda. ki ar gardaiqmna da imisgan ki ar aRmocenda, rac aqamde arsebobda,
rogorc fesvidan aRmoCendeba mcenare, aramed sul mowyda fesvs da calke
mcenared iqca“ (qarCxaZe 2005:93). iovel batoniSvilis saswavlebelSi waslva
veRar gabeda, radgan sakuTari Tavi uRirsad miiCnia.
aRniSnulma epizodma gadamwyveti mniSvneloba iqonia zebulonis mTel
cxovrebaze. amis Semdeg mis garSemo yovelTvis Tavs iyris is sazogadoeba,
romelic mzadaa raime didi miznis saxeliT zebulonis Tavisufleba
daTrgunos. amis magaliTia manuCar batoniSvili, romlis azriTac qveyanas
meomari sWirdeba da ara naswavli, inteleqtuali. zebulons bevri arc
ufiqria ise daTanxmda, radgan man ukve aRar icoda ra unda eqna da sad
wasuliyo, amas mowmobs misi pasuxi manuCar batoniSvilis kiTxvaze: „ - aq ras
akeTeb an saiT gagiwevia? - Tavad ar vici, batoniSvilo, Seni Wirime... oboli
gaxlavar, udedmamo... - aq cota Seyoymanda, daroaSvilebis ambavi vuTxra Tu

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arao, mere ganagrZo, - Sin guli aRar damidga... Cemi WkuiT iovel batoniSvils
unda vxlebodi, magram ver gavbede da davrCi egre“ (qarCxaZe 2005:111).
zebulonma sakuTari Tavisa da sakuTari survilebisgan gaqcevisaTvis
Sesabamisi gza ipova. aseve ar icoda rogor moqceuliyo, maSin roca
siyvaruli ewvia. socialuri barieris garda, mis winaSe qveynis bedi aRimarTa,
radgan misi satrfo nestani iskander xanma SeirTo colad: „axla yvelam is
unda vqnaT, rasac qveyana gvibrZanebs, da ara is, rasac guli gvetyvis... aq rom
iskander-xans erTi buzi avufrinoT, qarTli xom aoxrdeba da manuCar
batoniSvilsac Sahi wamsve sicocxles gamoasalmebs. didi sibrZnec gvmarTebs
da didi moTminebac“ (qarCxaZe 2005:228,230). zebulonma imden rameze Tqva uari,
rom beqa amilaxvaris am argumets win veRar aRudga. mTeli misi cxovreba
sakuTari nebis ukugdebis uzarmazar jaWvs daemsgavsa.
amgvari cxovrebis Semdeg, zebulonma sikvdilis win sakuTari qveynis
mimarT sayveduriT savse monologi warmoTqva, rac erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
momentia romanSi, gmiri Tvals usworebs realobas: „mas Semdeg, rac bavSvobis
tkbil burans gamoscda, TavisTvis erTi wami ar ucxovria... gana ewada
daroaSvilebis daxocva? magram daxoca, vinaidan sofelma Cumi risxviT
ubrZana, daxoceo. gana wigni ar erCivna brZolas? magram brZolaSi daaRama,
vinaidan manuCar batoniSvilma uTxra, qveyanas meomari sWirdeba da ara
swavlao. gana undoda, qveynierebaze sul marto darCeniliyo, maSin roca
sxvebs ojaxebi aqvT, fesvi da Ziri, sazrunavi da safiqrali?.. aba, axla
sinanuli raRa drosia, Torem yvelaferi ukuRma ukeTebia zebulons... ar unda
daexoca daroaSvilebi zebulons. isaxars raRas uSvelida! samagierod, deda
mainc ar mokvdeboda ase Cqara... unda misuliyo iovel batoniSvilTan... vin
misca qveyanas amis neba, yvelaferi wagarTvas da araferi dagitovos?“
(qarCxaZe 2005:343). (aRniSnuli amonaridi naSromSi xSirad meordeba, Tumca mas
mniSvnelovani datvirTva eniWeba teqstis am monakveTis analizis dros).
zebulonma sakuTari samSoblosaTvis Zalebi ar daiSura. Tumca, rogorc
vxedavT, avtors is gmirad ar gamoucxadebia, piriqiT Rrmad Cagvaxeda mis
Sinagan samyarosa da imdroindeli sazogadoebis SigniT. sazogadoeba,
romelic savsea meomrebiT, gmirebiT, Tumca mis garSemo araferi icvleba.
mweralma swored am rakursiT dagvanaxa Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos
garkveuli istoriuli etapi.

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 qarTul istoriul prozaSi Tematuri cvlilebebis magaliTad gamodgeba
giorgi mefis sikvdiliswina cnobili monologi k. gamsaxurdias `didostatis
marjvenadan~: `me mravali codva mimiZRvis amqveynad, rogorc mefes ise
rogorc kacs. TiTqmis yvela Rirseba da yvela nakli Cemi xalxisa mitarebia.
vaJkacic viyavi da mSiSarac. keisars vebrZodi, meSinoda xviaris fesvebisa,
gulzviadic viyavi da loTic, magram Cemi xalxisTvis arasodes miRalatnia,
pipa.
Cveni ubedureba amJamadac egaa: CvenSi moRalateni sWarboben erTgulebs,
gana Tu sxvisi, sakuTari Tavis. Tavis xalxis moRalateni, kargad vici, TviT
Cems mstovrebSi naxevari bizantielebsa hyavdaT Sesyiduli, naxevari
sarkinozebs...~ (gamsaxurdia 1976:334-335).
giorgi mefis monologSi aqcenti qveynisadmi samsaxurze keTdeba,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mefe qarTveli eris Tvisebebze kritikulad msjelobs,
is sakuTar Tavsac uaryofiT prizmaSi xedavs da sinanuls gamoTqvams Tavisive
Secdomebis gamo. Tumca mis monologSi sayveduri ar ismis qveynis misamarTiT
da arc sakuTar ubedobas abralebs samSoblosa da ers. am TvalsazrisiT,
zebulonis monologi sruliad gansxvavebul Sinaarss atarebs,
romelicsxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba aixsnas. mkiTxvelma SesaZloa igi aRiqvas,
rogorc mTavari personaJis sisustis niSani, sakuTari Secdomebis sxvaze
gadabralebis mcdeloba da aseve mwerlis uaryofiTi damokidebuleba
sakuTari qveynisadmi. es ukanaskneli safuZvelmoklebulia, radgan naSromis
dasawyisSi vmsjelobT mTxroblisa da realuri avtoris araTanxvedraze.
realuri avtori mTeli nawarmoebis avtoria, Tumca teqstSi Txroba
mTxroblis meSveobiT da romelime personaJis aqcentirebiT xdeba. aqedan
gamomdinare, es personaJis damokidebulebaa. literaturuli teqstis
naratiuli struqturis analizmac gviCvena, rom teqstSi yoveli komponenti
semantikurad personaJTanaa dakavSirebuli (enobrivi stili, qronotopi,
teqstis formati da sxv). personaJis perspeqtiviT Txroba gulisxmobs
avtoris moqcevas personaJis CarCoSi.
zebulonis sityvebi aseve SeiZleba aRviqvaT sazogadoebis mimarT
gamoTqmul protestad. mis garSemo iseTi cxovrebis wesia, romelic zRudavs
individis Tavisufali nebis gamovlinebis SesaZleblobas. zebulonis
pirvelive kompromisma mis mTel cxovrebaze imoqmeda, Semdgom igi ufro
rTuli alternativis winaSe aRmoCnda, rasTan gamklavebac mas, bunebrivia,

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aRar SeeZlo. amis gamo individisa da mTeli sazogadoebis bedi gadajaWvulia.
erTi adamianis Tavisuflebis SezRudva, sazogadoebas aqcevs daTrgunuli da
moZalade adamianebis krebulad.
j. qarCxaZis romanSi qveynis Tavisufleba, upirvelesad, pirovnuli
Tavisuflebis konteqstSi ganixileba. amis Sesaxeb mwerals publicistikaSic
aqvs gamoTqmuli sakuTari mosazreba: „Tavisufleba“ gaigivebulia erovnul
TavisuflebasTan, pirovnuli Tavisufleba ganixileba misi (erovnuli
Tavisuflebis - T.C), rogorc mTelis nawili. es uaRresad saSiSi Secdomaa,
radgan aq simravle yirazea dayenebuli. sinamdvileSi swored pirovnuli
Tavisuflebaa mTeli, xolo erovnuli Tavisufleba – nawili, da amis
argumentad sakmarisia iTqvas, rom Tavisufali adamiani RvTis nebaa,
Tavisufali eri – adamianTa neba... erovnuli Tavisufleba – pirovnuli
Tavisuflebisagan mowyvetili – SeiZleba erTgvar kerpTayvanismcemlobas
SevadaroT. WeSmariti RmerTi mxolod pirovnul TavisuflebaSi mJRavndeba,
radgan pirovnuli Tavisuflebaa is sxivi, romliTac adamiani RmerTs
SeigrZnobs“ (qarCxaZe 2005:89).
aRniSnuli amonaridi gamoxatavs j. qarCxaZis Tvalsazriss
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb: erovnuli Tavisufleba warmoudgenelia pirovnuli
Tavisuflebis gareSe, radgan Tavisufali pirovnebebi qmnian Tavisufal
sazogadoebasa da Tavisufal qveyanas. romanis „zebuloni“ mTavari personaJis
cxovreba da sikvdiliswina monologi am azris dadasturebaa, rac, vfiqrobT,
„zebulons“ gamoarCevs qarTuli istoriuli prozis tradiciisagan. qarTul
istoriul prozaSi, gansakuTrebiT XIX saukunis II naxevridan XX saukunis II
naxevramde, mniSvnelovania antikoloniuri protesti, mexsierebis politika da
nacionaluri identoba: gmiruli warsuliT TviSegnebis amaRleba, gmiri
mefeebisa da wmindanebis cxovrebis Sexseneba, erovnuli grZnobebis gaRviveba.
j. qarCxaZis romanSi ki istoria fonia, mas mkiTxvelisaTvis romelime
istoriuli epoqis Sexsenebisa da erovnuli TviTSegnebis amaRlebis funqcia
ar aqvs.
nawarmoebSi mexsierebis politika vlindeba mudmivi brZolebisa da
TviTgadarCenis istoriuli suraTis ganmeorebiT. nacionalur xasiaTze fiqri
kvlavac aqtualuria, Tumca icvleba aqcentebi: mwerali ukve pirovnuli
Tavisuflebis konteqstSi xedavs eris momaval beds. es Secvlilma
politikurma situaciamac gansazRvra, radgan „zebuloni“ iseT periodSi

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iqmneba, roca koloniuri realobidan postkoloniuri realobis konturebi
ikveTeba. nacionaluri identobis SenarCunebis garda, aseve mniSvnelovani iyo
pirovnebis Tavisuflebisa da liberaluri Rirebulebebis pativiscema da a.S.
romanSi „zebuloni“ swored individia wina planze wamoweuli, rac
teqstis araerT pasaJSi xazgasmulad Cans: „didi ambebi datrialda qarTlSi.
didi ambebi datrialda zebulonis gulSic. da aravin uwyis, am ambebTagan
romeli ufro didi iyo“ (qarCxaZe 2005:307). xolo misi sayveduri: „vin misca
qveyanas imis neba, yvelaferi wagarTvas da araferi dagitovos?!“ (qarCxaZe
2005:343). zebulons msxverpladSewirul gmirad ar warmoaCens, piriqiT mas eWvi
epareba sakuTari nabijebis marTebulobaSi.
roman ,,zebulonis” mTavari problema individis Tavisufali nebaa,
romelic erTi personaJis cxovrebis magaliTiTaa warmoCenili. individisa da
sazogadoebis urTierTmimarTeba kompleqsuri sakiTxia, amitomac nawarmoebSi
naCvenebia, rogorc individze sazogadoebis gavlenis Sedegi da aseve
individis gavlena sazogadoebasa da qveynis bedze. vfiqrobT, pirovnebis
interesebis am doneze aqcentirebis safuZveli nawarmoebSi liberaluri
ideologiaa.
liberalizmma politikuri Sinaarsi mecxramete saukuneSi SeiZina. Tumca
liberaluri Rirebulebebi liberalizmis, rogorc ideologiis
Camoyalibebamdearsebobda. liberalizmi ganviTarda ganmanaTleblobis
filosofiis wiaRSi. misTvis miuRebeli iyo absoluturi monarqia da eklesiis
gabatonebuli gavlena (heivudi 2004:28-32). individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi
liberalizmSi dakavSirebulia gonebis primatTan, rac, Tavis mxriv,
ganmanaTleblobis filosofiis gavlenidan iRebs saTaves. ganmanaTlebloba
xom crurwmenebisagan individis gaTavisuflebas gulisxmobda. goneba da
ganaTleba progresis wyaroa, individs racionalizmis saxeliT SeuZlia uari
Tqvas adaT-wesebsa da tradiciebze (bunebrivia, romelic xels uSlis saR
azrs) (heivudi 2004:36-38). liberalizmis SigniT ramdenime gansxvavebuli
mimdinareoba Camoyalibda (klasikuri liberalizmi, neoliberalizmi,
Tanamedrove liberalizmi), Tumca ganviTarebis yvela etapze misTvis
mniSvnelovania Semdegi Rirebulebebi: 1) individi; 2) Tavisufleba; 3) goneba; 4)
samarTlianoba; 5) Semwynarebloba da mravalferovneba (heivudi 2004:28-32).
adamianTa identobas Sua saukuneebSi socialuri jgufi gansazRvravda,
romlis gareTac misi interesebi SezRuduli iyo. mogvianebiT gamoiyofa

93
individis cneba, adamianisa, romelsac sakuTari identoba da interesebi
gaaCnia. individi Tavisufali adamiania, romelsac moqmedebisa da interesebis
meti areali aqvs. is ar aris mijaWvuli sakuTar socialur klass da ymisagan
gansxvavebiT, SeuZlia uari Tqvas sakuTar statusze da axali identoba eZios
(heivudi 2004:32). individebs sakuTar uflebebTan erTad socialuri
pasuxismgeblobac akisriaT. liberalebis azriT, sazogadoeba Sedgeba
individebisagan, sadac TiToeul adamians aqvs saSualeba TviTganviTarebisa
(heivudi 2004:32-34).
XX saukunis qarTul literaturaSi antikoloniuri nacinalizmis
gverdiT, mniSvnelovania liberaluri Rirebulebebic. miT ufro sabWoTa
totalotarizmis epoqaSi, roca adamianis uflebaTa darRveva yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis stili iyo. Tumca, calkeul mweralTa Semoqmedeba sxvadasxva
doziTa da simZafriT gadmogvcems am sakiTxebs, zogi maTganisaTvis
antikoloniuri nacionalizmi upirvelesia, zogisaTvis Tanabrad
mniSvnelovania liberaluri Rirebulebebis damkvidrebis procesi. sainteresoa
am TvalsazrisiT j. qarCxaZis proza, romelic naSromis interess warmoadgens.
zebulonis monologi mas samSoblosaTvis msxevrplad Sewirul gmirad
ar warmogvidgens. piriqiT, aq misi Tavisufali arCevanis sakiTxia Sefasebuli.
zebulonma sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr ver icxovra, Tumca es rodi gviCvenebs
mis egoistur bunebas. mas iovel batoniSvilis saswavlebelSi swavla surda,
daijera batoniSvilis sityvebi, romlis Tanaxmadac samSoblos naswavli
adamianebi esaWiroeboda, radgan xmliT brZolis epoqa TandaTan iwureboda.
amis nacvlad zebuloni soflis koleqtiur nebas damorCilda, ramac mas
Sinagani wonasworoba daungria. j. qarCxaZem mkiTxvels istoriul romanSi
uCvena Tavisufal individad yofnis saWiroeba, vinaidan, Cveni azriT, qarTul
istoriul prozaSi calsaxad Camoyalibda TavSewiruli gmirobis ideali.
vfiqrobT, romanSi individis Tavisuflebaze aqcentirebis safuZveli
liberaluri ideologia unda iyos. aseve sainteresoa is faqtoric, rom
individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxi romanSi Semecnebis, gonebis primats
daukavSirda, rac aseve liberaluri da ganmanaTlebluri filosofiis
gavlenis Sedegi unda iyos.i. kantis Tanaxmad: `ganmanaTlebloba _ esaa
adamianis gamosvla umwifrobidan, romelic misive bralia. umwifroba
uunarobaa, sakuTari gansja sxvisi xelmZRvanelobis gareSe moixmaro.
umwifroba sakuTari Tavis bralia maSin, roca misi mizezi gansjis

94
naklulebaSi ki ara, gadawyvetilebisa da simamacis arqonaSi Zevs. Sapere Aude!
gabede sakuTari gansjis gamoyeneba!~ (kanti 2011). zebuloni umwifrobaSia
darCenili, iovel batoniSvilis saswavlebeli mas am mdgomareobidan
gamosvlis saSualebas miscemda.
zebuloni mTeli cxovreba nanobs iovel batoniSvilis saswavlebelze
uaris Tqmas, saxsovrad ki batoniSvilis naCuqar saxarebas Tan daatarebs,
romelsac, faqtobrivad, Tavisi funcia dakarguli aqvs. zebulonisaTvis
saxarebas mniSvnelobawakiTxvis Semdeg mieniWeba. am SemTxvevaSi rwmenis
sakiTxic ki ganaTlebasTan aqvs mTxrobels dakavSirebuli. sagulisxmoa, rom
nawarmoebSi individis Tavisufleba swored inteleqtTan aris dakavSirebuli.
aRniSnuli problema aseve dasmulia moTxrobaSi `igi~, romelsac aseve
platonis racionaluri filosofia unda edos safuZvlad (ix. Tavi IV,
paragrafi 2).
roman `zebulonis~ mTavari problema individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxia,
romlis warmosaCenadac avtorma Sesabamisi istoriuli dro-sivrce SearCia.
gviani Suasaukuneebis qarTlis istoria mwerlis droindel realobasTan
paralelebis gavlebis saSualebas iZleoda. romanSi erTi adamianis istoria
emsagvseba mTeli sazogadoebisa da eris istorias.

. . . . . . . . .

qarTuli istoriuli prozis Sesaxeb msjelobam kidev erTxel gamokveTa

istoriuli prozis ramdenime Janruli maxasiaTebeli: 1) aucilebelia
istoriuli dro-sivrce. zogierT SemTxvevaSi epoqis detaluri aRwera,
topografiuli, eTnografiuli da sxva saxis rekonstruqcia, wyeroebis
erTguleba, gamonagonis mcire doza. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki Zalian zogadi da
bundovani istoriuli dro-sivrciTi konturi da literaturul teqstSi
ganfenili refleqsiis didi doza. 2) istoriuli proza sxvadasxva mxatvruli
konvenciebiT iqmneba, es damokidebulia mwerlis arCevansa da modur

95
literaturul esTetikaze. 3) mwerali aseve Tavisufalia qveJanrebis arCevis
dros. 3) istoriul prozas aqvs esTetikuri datvirTva, is upirvelesad
literaturuli teqstia. garda amisa, mas SesaZloa SemecnebiTi funqciac
daematos da ideologiuri. gansakuTrebiT qarTuli istoriuli prozis
SemTxvevaSi (Tumca ara mTeli qarTuli istoriuli proza, XX saukunis 70-iani
wlebidan aqcenti sxva tipis Tematikazec keTdeba).
qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi gamokveTili mosazrebis Tanaxmad, XX
saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi qarTul istoriul prozaSi viTareba icvleba. XX
saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis istoriul prozaSi mniSvnelvania: 1) centraluri
personaJi da ara istoria; 2) icvleba Txrobis perspeqtiva: auqtorul
Txrobis nacvlad (,,yovlismcodne“ avtoris poziciidan) personalur Txrobaa
(personaJTan dakavSirebuli Txroba) dominanturi. 3) icvleba mkiTxvelTa
auditoria. Tu tradiciuli istoriuli romanis avtori cdilobda
mkiTxvelisaTvis istoriis Sesaxeb maqsimaluri codna miewodebina, axali
istoriuli romani ukve istoriis Rrma codnas moiTxovs. mkiTxvelma unda
Seavsos istoriuli prozis ,,carieli adgilebi“ (informaciuli adgilebi),
radgan avtori ukve Rrma refleqsiisaken iwvevs (xotivar-iungeri 1993:28-29). es
bunebrivicaa, radgan istoriuli mecniereba ganviTarebulia da istoriis
rekonstruqciiT ukve profesionali istorikosia dakavebuli. amis mizezi
isicaa, rom istoriuli informaciis mqone romanebic ukve mravladaa Seqmnili.
j. qarCxaZis istoriuli romani `zebuloni~ imeorebs XX saukunis 70-80-
ian wlebis qarTuli istoriuli prozis tendenciebs. kerZod, nawarmoebSi
istoriuli foni zogadia, masSi ar gvxvdeba avTenturi istoriuli realiebi,
Tumca gamogonili siuJeti garkveul istoriul realiebs efuZneba.
nawarmoebis Janrul kods misi naratiuli struqturac ganapirobebs, kerZod,
personaJis perspeqtivaze orientireba. mTxrobeli aqcents personaJis Sinagan
refleqsiebze akeTebs, amdenad istoriul dro-sivrces meoradi mniSvneloba
eniWeba.
j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebTa citirebac gvarwmunebs, rom mwerlis ena
ramdenadme gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva nawarmoebSi, `zebuloni~, `igi~ da
`ganzomileba~ amis yvelaze naTeli magaliTebia. `zebulonSi~ j. qarCxaZe
iTvaliswinebs Sesabamis istoriul epoqasa da personaJis inteleqts. aqedan
gamomdinare, ,,zebulonis” ena zustad Seesabameba istoriuli prozis Sesaxeb
mwerliseul koncefciasa da mTavari personaJis Sinagan samyaros. mwerali

96
inarCunebs enis pirobiTobas, ar iyenebs Tanamedrove leqsikur erTeulebsa da
konstruqciebs. agreTve iTvaliswinebs mTavari personaJis fsiqotips,
inteleqts da misTvis adekvatur enobriv samyaros qmnis, romelic sadaa,
Tumca eWvebiTa da refleqsiebiT damZimebuli metyveleba axasiaTebs.
roman `zebulonis~ naratiul struqturas Semdegi komponentebi qmnis:
heterodiegeturi mTxroblis mier personaJis perspeqtiviT Txroba (Sinagani
fokalizacia), Sinagani monologebi, semantikuri dro-sivrce, Txrobis drois
upiratesoba ambis drosTan. literaturul teqstSi yvela komponenti
funqciuradaa dakavSirebuli: literaturuli teqstis enobrivi stili, dro-
sivrculi organizeba mTavari personaJis perspeqtiviTaa gaerTianebuli.
amgvar naratiul struqturas zogadi istriuli foni da nawarmoebis
problematika gansazRvravs.
romanSi konkretuli istoriuli epoqis aRdgena hipoTeturia, vinaidan
literaturul teqstSi ar gvxvdeba romelime istoriuli periodis mkafio
suraTi, qronologiuri miniSneba an avTenturi personaJi. ioane batoniSvilis
cxovreba, moRvaweoba da msoflmxedveloba garkveul msgavsebas amJRavnebs
,,zebulonis” erT-erTi mniSvnelovani personaJis, iovel batoniSvilis
saxesTan. istoriuli foni konceptualuria, misi zogadi foni, romelic zust
aRdgenas ar eqvemdebareba, literaturuli teqstis intenciis nawilia, rac
roman ,,zebulonis” Janruli kodiT aixsneba.
qarTul istoriul prozaSi damkvidrda mnemoteqnika, romlisTvisac
damaxasiaTebelia damaxasiaTebelia Semdegi saxis istoriuli narativebi:
`daRmasvlis~, `aRmasvlis~ da `zigzagis~ narativi. qarTul istoriul prozaSi
aRniSnuli mnemoteqnika nacionaluri identobisa da antikoloniuri
protestis formirebisaTvis iyo mimarTuli. am TvalsazrisiT, `zebuloni~
imeorebs koleqtiur mexsierebaSi arsebul xatebs: saqarTvelos istoriis
krizisuli periodis asaxviTa da viqtimizebuli warsulis xatis
aqtualizebiT. Tumca swored individis interesebis aqcentirebiT, vfiqrobT,
romani `zebuloni~ gansxvavdeba qarTuli istoriuli prozis tradiciisagan.
tradiciuli narativebis ganmeorebis miuxedavad, romanSi ar dgas
nacionaluri identobisa da antikoloniuri protestis sakiTxi.
j. qarCaxZis istoriul romanSi wina planzea wamoweuli individi, misi
Tavisufleba. istoria, cxadia, aqac mexsierebis politikas emsaxureba,
saqarTvelo urjuloTagan Seviwroebul qveynadaa warmoCenili, Tumca avtoris

97
mizani amis xazgasma da antikoloniuri identobis formireba ar aris. misTvis
mniSvnelovania postkoloniuri realobisaTvis mzadebis procesi da
liberaluri ideologia. qarTuli istoriuli prozis mimoxilvam da
„zebulonis“ analizma gviCvena XIX saukunis, XX saukunis I periodisa da XX
saukunis 70-80-iani wlebis istoriul prozas Soris sxvaoba. Tu qarTul
istoriul prozaSi manamde ufro aqtualuri iyo mexsierebis politika,
mogvianebiT istoriuli prozaSi aqcentebi Seicvala: j. qarCxaZis „zebuloni“
_ individis uzenaesobis xazgamiT - amis yvelaze naTeli magaliTia.
roman `zebulonis~ mTavari problema individis Tavisuflebis sakiTxia,
romlis warmosaCenadac avtorma Sesabamisi istoriuli dro-sivrce SearCia.
gviani Suasaukuneebis qarTlis istoria mwerlis droindel realobasTan
paralelebis gavlebis saSualebas iZleoda. romanSi erTi adamianis istoria
emsagvseba mTeli sazogadoebisa da qveynis bedsa da istorias.
romanis mTavar problematikas _ individis Tavisuflebis Temas _
safuZvlad unda edos liberaluri ideologia da ganmanaTlebluri
filosofia. romanSi individis Tavisufleba swored SemecnebiT procesTan
aris dakavSirebuli.

Tavi III

istoriuli fonis funqcia j. qarCxaZis moTxrobebSi

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 3.1. istoriuli moTxroba `antonio da daviTi~

3.1.1. moTxrobis naratiuli specifika

`antonio da daviTi~ j.qarCxaZis vrceli istoriuli moTxrobaa,

romelic 1987 wels gamoqveynda. nawarmoebis saTaurad avtorma mTvari
personaJebis saxelebi SearCia _ antonio da daviTi. aRniSnuli saTauri
mkiTxvels mTavar personaJTa xasiaTis, qcevisa Tu Sinagani samyaros
dakvirvebisaken ganawyobs. saTaurSi gamokveTilia ori gansxvavebuli tipaJi:
erTi mxriv, Tavisuflad moazrovne, zneobrivi antonio, meore mxriv, ki yaCaRi
daviTi. nawarmoebis saTaurSi Cadebuli diqotomia mTel teqsts gasdevs,
moTxrobis dasasruls am or radikalurad gansxvavebul xasiaTebs Soris
zRvari iSleba, kaTarzisi miRweulia: antonio daviTSi sindisis qenjnas
aRviZebs. j. qarCxaZes axasiaTebs saTaurSi garkveuli presignalis Cadeba,
romelsac Semdeg mniSvnelovani fuqncia eniWeba teqstis interpretaciis dros.
`antonio da daviTi~ istoriuli moTxrobaa. qarTul literaturul
kritikaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebuliamoTxrobis problematikaze, Tumca
nawarmoebis Janrul specifikaze ar msjeloben. moTxrobaSi asaxulia misioner
berTa moRvaweobis periodi. `propaganda fides kongregaciis~ mier
warmogzavnili misioneri berebis saqarTveloSi mravalwliani moRvaweobis
Sedegad, evropaSi qarTvelTa istoriis, enisa da religiis Sesaxeb Zalze
faseuli cnobebi Sevida (don pietro avitabiles, arqanjelo lambertis, don
qristoforo de kastelis da sxvaTa moRvaweoba) (xinTibiZe 2003:27). aRniSnuli
istoriuli epoqis dakonkreteba da saerTo fonis Seqmna, `zebulonis~
msgavsad, am nawarmoebSic ar gulisxmobs epoqis rekonstruqcias. XX saukunis
70-80-iani wlebis istoriuli nawarmoebebis msgavsad, `antonio da daviTSic~
istoria mxolod fonia da mas garkveuli problematikis warmosaCenad iyenebs
avtori.
aRniSnuli istoriuli moTxrobis specifikidan gamomdinare, nawarmoebSi
ar gvxdeba avTenturi personaJebi an movlenebi da SeuZlebelia istoriuli
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prototipebis dadgena. nawarmoebi mniSvnelovanwilad fiqciuria, masSi
naklebad aqtualuria istoriuli monacemebi. Tumca istoriul realiebs
ukavSirdebamxolod erTi epizodi, saxeldobr, kaTolike misionerTa
mogzauroba da socialuri foni: Tavadisa da xalxis cxovreba, qarTveli eris
Tvisebebis daxasiaTeba. qarTuli istoriuli prozis erT-erTi arsebiTi niSani
_ nacionaluri identobis sakiTxi _ moTxrobaSi dasmuli ar aris.
nawarmoebSi gaerTianebulia istoriuli prozisa da mogzaurobis
Janrebi. mogzaurobis JanrisaTvis tipobrivi niSnebi: subieqturi
STabeWdilebebis gadmocema, dRiuris forma, publicisturi paTosi,
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis yofa-cxovrebis, xasiaTisa da kulturis asaxva
mTlianad gasdevs teqsts. literaturis TeoriaSi `mogzaurobaSi~ rogorc
JanrSi, moazrebulia, erTi mxriv, realuri mogzaurobis suraTebi: sulxan-saba
orbelianis `mogzauroba evropaSi~, grigol orbelianis `mgzavroba Cemi
tfilisidan peterburRamdis~, cnobil mogzaurTa Canawerebi: marko polosi,
kaTolike misionerTa da a.S., xolo, meore mxriv, `mogzauroba~ rogorc
mxatvruli xerxi, sadac mxolod fiqciuri mogzaurobaa aRwrili. mag.: dantes
`RvTaebrivi komedia~, servantesis ,,don kixoti~, defos `robinzon kruzo~,
sviftis `guliveris mogzauroba~, ioane batoniSvilis `kalmasoba~
(saRiraSvili 1989:4-7).
istoriuli prozis Janruli konvenciebi ar gamoricxavs msgavsi tipis
Janrul Sewymas. ganviTarebis nebismier etapze istoriul prozaSi gvxvdeba
rogorc sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebebi, ise sxvadasxva literaturuli
mimdinareobisa da stilis nazavi. msgavs sinTezs kargad gviCvenebs msoflio
istoriuli prozisgacnobis Sedegadac. warsulis reprezentacia yvela epoqis
mwerlobisaTvis aris aqtualuri, Tumca samecniero literaturaSi
aRiarebulia, rom istoriuli prozis Janruli formireba me-19 saukunis I
naxevrze adre ar momxdara. istoriuli prozis saxeebisa da Janruli
konvenciebis gamokveTisaTvis saWirod miviCnieT sxvadasxva epoqasa da
literaturaSi Seqmnili mniSvnelovani istoriuli nawarmoebebis
mimoxilvac.aRniSnuli dagvexmareba j. qarCxaZis moTxrobebis Janruli
specifikis gamovlenaSi.
v. skotis `ueverli~ (istoriul nawarmoebTa cikli) axali tipis
istoriul prozas sTavazobs mkiTxvels. rogorc aRniSnaven, mweralma
istoriuli prozis (da Temis) manamde arsebuli literaturuli tradicia
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gaaerTiana da Tavisebur koncefciad Camoayaliba. misi romanebi realisturia,
riTac axlos dganan me-19 saukunis literaturul tendenciebTan (Lukacs
1962:35).man istoriul prozaSi Seitana istoriuli dro-sivrcis koloritis
momenti, rac, Tavis mxriv, ramdenime komponentis gamTlianebas gulisxmobda: 1)
imdroindeli sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenis Cveulebebis, rwmena-
warmodgenebis aRweras; 3) Sesabamisi Cacmulobis, dekoris, Sromis, sabrZolo
inventaris da a.S. ilustracias; 4) nacionaluri TviTmyofadobisa da
kulturis Taviseburebebis Cvenebas (kankava 1969:7).
v. skoti detalurad ecnoba istoriuli wyaroebsa da folklorul
masalas da maTze dayrdnobiT qmnis,,ueverlis” ciklis romanebs. misi
romanebis wakiTxvis Semdeg mkiTxveli ukeT ecnoba epoqis xasiaTsa da suls.
faqtobrivad, istoriuli mecnierebis ararsebobis dros, sazogadoeba
literaturisagan moiTxovda warsulis avTenturi suraTis rekonstruqciasa
da mkiTxvelSi empaTiis grZnobis gaRvivebas. amis gamo istoriul prozas
saganmanaTleblo Rirebuleba hqonda (De Groot 2010:34).misi STagonebiT bevri
saintereso istoriuli romani Seiqmna, romelTaTvis aseve damaxasiaTebelia
istoriuli epoqis avTenturi rekonstruqciisaken swrafva.
v. skotisa da sxva mwerlebisagan gansxvavebulia frangi mwerlis gustav
floberis istoriuli proza. Tu aqamde istoriuli prozis avtorebi
istoriis avTenturobis dacvas cdilobdnen, man Segnebulad uari Tqva
sizusteze, ramac Janris axali SesaZleblobebi gamoavlina. g.floberma
`wminda antonis cdunebaSi~ (1849 w.) istoriul Temaze weris konvenciuri
meTodi ugulebelyo, Secvala istoriuli qronika.g. floberis meore
istoriul nawarmoebSi `salamboSi~ istoria mxolod fonia, sadac miraJi da
antikuri samyaroa Serwymuli (De Groot 2010:40-43).am mxriv, aseve sainteresoa a.
fransis istoriuli romani ,,Taisi” (1890w). a. fransi istoriul nawarmoebSi
dainteresebulia im filosofiur-socialuri problematikiT, romelic misi
Tanamedrove epoqis sazogadoebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. mwerals romanSi
gansxvavebuli mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli istoriisa da istorikosis Sesaxeb.
misi TvalTaxedviT, istoriaSi Zlieria SemTxveviTobis roli, ris gamoc
istorikosisaTvis Znelia movlenaTa mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris povna.
amitomac istorikoss sakuTar naSromSi mxolodamxolod subieqturi
warmodgenis asaxva SeuZlia, rac, Tavis mxriv, mwerals ufro ukeT gamosdis.
istoriis Seswavlis dros mniSvnelovani xdeba is sakiTxebi, romlebic dResaa
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aqtualuri. garda amisa, a. fransi romanSi anaqronizms mimarTavs, rasac
literaturulteqstSi Tavisi funqcia aqvs. mwerali amiT istoriuli prozis
JanrSi Tavisufali gamonagonis Tamam gamoyenebas uwyobs xels. floberisa da
fransis Semdeg, istoriuli prozis Janri axal saxes iRebs. maTSi meti
SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebaa gamovlenili (kankava 1969:39-42).
g. floberisa da a. fransis eqsperimenti mogvianebiT modernistma da
postmodernistma avtorebma gamoiyenes, riTac Janris umravi versia Seiqmna.
istoriuli prozis Janri icvleba.epoqis esTetikis gavlenas ganicdis,
winaaRmdegobrivia da cvlilebebisadmi midrekili. amas es mokle mimoxilvac
naTlad asaxavs.
istoriuli prozisadmi interesi me-20 saukunis I naxevarSic SeimCneva. v.
vulfis istoriul romanSi `orlando~ (1928), sadac darRveulia realisturi
da istoriuli romanis konvenciebi: mTavari personaJi sami saukune cxovrobs
da sqess icvlis. `orlandoSi~ mwerali Segnebulad axdens istorizmis,
genderuli da patriarqaluri ierarqiebis dekonstruqcias. istoriuli prozis
JanrSi mniSvnelovani teqstebi I da II msoflio omebis Semdegac iqmneba: s.
unsetis `qristini, lavransis qaliSvili~ (1920-22ww.), v. s. uestis
`edvardianeli~ (1930w), r. greivzis `klavdiusi~ (1934w), b. frankis ,,servantesi”
(1934 w), l. foixtvangeris ,,cru neroni” (1936w), T. manis tetralogia ,,iosebi
da misi Zmebi” (1942 w) da sxv.(De Groot 2010:43-46).istoriasa da istoriul
prozaze Taviseburi Sexeduleba aqvs l. foixtvangers: istorikosi xelovania,
amitomac isic subieqturia. mwerlis romanebSi bevria modernizebuli momenti.
l. foixtvangerisaTvis gaugebaria, rogor unda Caswvdes Tanamedrove adamiani
warsulis obieqtur suraTs, amitomacromanis personaJebi hgvanan mwerlis
Tanamedrove sazogadoebas (kankava 1969:56-58).
istoriuli prozis saintereso da sruliad gansxvavebuli nimuSebi me-20
saukunis bolosac mravlad gvxvdeba. u. eko romanSi `vardis saxeli~
konkretuli istoriuli epoqis enciklopediur suraTs gvTavazobs, sadac
fiqcias avTenturi realiebi erwymis. avtori mkiTxvels Janruli konvenciebiT
eTamaSeba (De Groot 2010:127).istoriuli romanis Janrs aqtiurad mimarTaven
nacionalizmisa da identobisaTvis brZolis procesSi (mag.: laTinoamerikuli,
induri, afrikuli proza: g.g. markesi, s. ruSdi, j. ngugi da sxv.) (Boehmer
2005:100-110). garda amisa, istoriul romans xSirad iyeneben marginalizebuli
jgufebi sakuTari identobis formirebisaTvis (mag.: feministuri, gei,
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lesbosuri da sxv.). sainteresoa agreTve alternatiuli istoriisadmi
miswrafeba, romelSic istoriuli faqtebi absoluturad Secvlilia. (mag.: den
braunis skandaluri bestseleri `davinCis kodi~ (2003w.) (De Groot 2010:148-179).
rogorc am mimoxilvidanac Cans, sxvadasxva epoqisa da esTetikuri
Sexedulebis mqone avtorebs istoriisadmi sxvadasxvagvari damokidebuleba
aqvT; xolo istoriul prozaSi mniSvnelovania avTenturi masalisa da fiqciis
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi. istoriul Temaze Seqmnili nawarmoebebi swored
imis mixedviT gansxvavdeba, ramdenad zustad eyrdnoba istoriul
wyarosmwerali. garda amisa, istoriuli prozis JanrSi mwerali Tavisive
epoqis literaturul gemovnebas iTvaliswinebs, rac agreTve iwvevs
istoriuli prozis cvlilebas. istoriuli prozis saxeebs gansxvavebuli
Janruli specifika axasiaTebT, xolo droTa ganmavlobaSi axal konvenciebs
udeben safuZvels.
qarTul literaturaSi, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, politikur-istoriuli
garemoebebis gamo, damkvidrda istoriisadmi gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba
(xotivar-iungeri 1993:5): nacionaluri identobis xazgasma, antikoloniuri
protesti, istoriuli mexsierebis gaZliereba, amitomac avTenturi istoriuli
realiebi meorexarisxovani ar aris. mkvlevarTa azriT, qarTul istoriul
prozaSi viTareba icvleba XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi (xotivar-iungeri
1993:25-26) (miresaSvili 2005:5). istoriul prozaSi sxva problemebis dasmis
saWiroebac gaCnda, rasac Secvlili politikuri konteqsti ganapirobebda. am
tendenciebis amsaxvelia j. qarCxaZis istoriuli nawarmoebebi. masTan
nacionalur identobas liberaluri Rirebulebebi enacvleba, avTenturi
istoriuli realiebi ki maqsimalurad Semcirebulia.
j. qarCxaZis `antonio da daviTi~, mogzaurobis Janris literaturas
ganekuTvneba. masSi gamogonil mogzaurobazea saubari. mTxrobeli ucxoeli
mogzauri barTolomeoa. nawarmoebSi Txroba pirveli piriTaa gadmocemuli,
Sesabamisad mkiTxveli homodiegeturi mTxrobelis gancdebisa da subieqturi
STabeWdilebebis mowmea. es, erTi mxriv, pirveli piris TxrobiTaa gamowveuli,
meore mxriv ki mogzaurobis Janris konvenciebiT. ucxoeli saqarTveloSi
mogzaurobas aRgviwers. dasawyisi cnobil mogzaurTa Canawerebs mogvagonebs:
,,nawyvetebi wignidan ,,istoriebi da zneCveulebani, anu aRwera qveynebisa,
romlebic RvTis SewevniT mSvidobianad moiara mogzaurma da vaWarma

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barTolomeo d’anitim, moTxrobili xsenebuli d’anitis mier dawvrilebiT da
Seulamazeblad” (qarCxaZe 2007:5).
istoriuli prozis specifikidan gamomdinare, j. qarCxaZe istoriuli
nawarmoebis enobriv stilSi garkveul pirobiTobas mimarTavs. kerZod,
`zebulonis~ ena zomierad Tanamedrovea, avtori ar qmnis arqaizebul enobriv
samyaros, amavdroulad Tavs ikavebs Tanamedrove leqsikis, nasesxebi
sityvebisa da konstruqciebis gamoyenebisaganac, cdilobs enobrivi samyaro
Seuxamos nawarmoebis dro-sivrcesa da personaJis Sinagan samyaros, `antonio
da daviTis~ SemTxvevaSi SedarebiT ufro Tavisufalia, radgan mTxrobeli
ucxoelia.
`zebulonisa~ da `antonio da daviTis~ enobriv stilze j. qarCxaZe
Tavad mianiSnebs: `rahaT-luxumisa~ da `antonio da daviTis~ ena am mxriv
kriteriumad ver gamodgeba, vinaidan enis Tanamedroveobas aq is gansazRvravs,
rom orive moTxrobaSi ambavi ucxoelis piriTaa moTxrobili. `antoniosa da
daviTSi~ enis Tanamedrove xasiaTi kidev ufro xazgasmulia imiT, rom, raki aq
mTxrobeli ganaTlebuli evropelia, daubrkoleblad xorciledeba (yovel
SemTxvevaSi, Canafiqris mixedviT ase unda iyos) istoriulad bunebrivi
laTinizacia leqsikisa da azrovnebis formaluri struqturis Sesaxeb~
(qarCxaZe 2005a: 108-109).
rogorc vxedavT, avtori Txrobis dros iTvaliswinebs mTxroblis
inteleqts, cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas, amis gamo nawarmoebi Sesabamisi
enobrivi stiliTaa Sesrulebuli (mag. zebulonis ubralo buneba da Txrobis
stili romanSi). barTlomeos inteleqti da gamocdileba kargad Cans
nawarmoebis mTel teqstSi. faqtobrivad, swored is gansazRvravs moTxrobis
enobriv da stilur Taviseburebas. Txroba gadatvirTuli ar aris tropuli
saxeebiT, ZiriTadad gajerebulia laTinur-berZnuliwarmoSobis leqsikiT, rac
nawarmoebis enas samecniero diskursTan aaxloebs. amis magaliTi mravlad
gvxvdeba `antonio da daviTSi~: `vinc mogzaurobis wignsa wers, ueWvelad unda
gaiTvaliswinos adamianTa nair-nairi midrekileba da Wreli gemovneba. zogs
qveynebis geografia ainteresebs _ adgilmdebareoba, sazRvrebi, hava, niadagi,
mdinareTa sigrZe da tyeTa sixSire; zogs politika uyvars _ taxtisTvis
brZola, SeTqmuleba, intrigebi; zogi mSeneblobis xelovnebiTaa gatacebuli _
rogor saxlebs ageben, agurs wvaven Tu ara, cixeebs riTi amagreben, xidebi
ramden dawolas uZlebs...~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 7). `im dRidan moyolebuli antonios

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aRarasodes Tavisi Tavgadasavali ar uxsenebia. Cemi mxriv mec, raki vxedavdi,
Tu rogor tanjavda es mogoneba, vcdilobdi sababi ar mimeca da salaparakod
ar gamomewvia. religiaze saubarsac gaurboda da mxolod maSin, roca Cemi
mogzaurobis ambebs vuyvebodi xolme, dainteresdeboda, ama Tu im qveyanaSi ra
aRmsareblobas misdeven, raSi mdgomareobs maTi religiis arsi, ra ritualebi
aqvT an ra dogmebs icaven~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 35). winamdebare amonarididanac
kargad Cans Txrobis enobrivi stili. avtorma gaiTvaliswina personaJis
buneba, riTac miRweulia Txrobis enis, mTxroblisa da nawarmoebis
problematikis Sesabamisoba.
mogzaurobis Janridan gamomdinare, ucxoeli mTxrobeli teqstis
dasawyisidanve qarTvelebis xasiaTis Sesaxeb msjelobs: `am xalxSi raRac
gaugebar Zalas muStiT uWiravs iseTi sapirispiro Tvisebebi, rogoricaa
Ralati da Tavdadeba, siZulvili da siyvaruli, laCroba da simamace,
boroteba da sikeTe~ (qarCxaZe 2008:12). `es xalxi ucxoelebs raRac
gansakuTrebuli mowiwebiT uyurebs. erTi ucxoelis azrs met fass adeben,
vidre asi Tavisianisas, Tundac asive brZeni da saqmeSi kargad Caxeduli iyos.
rac yvelaze ufro saocaria, ase swored iseT sakiTxebSi iqcevian, rac
aSkarad maT ukeT ician. magaliTad, aq gansacvifreblad mRerian da ise arian
gawafuli meleqseobaSi, mgoni TviT homerossac tols ar daudeben, magram
miuxedavad amisa, roca karis momRerlebi simReras ityodnen, an romelime
karis poeti leqss warmoTqvamda, wamsve yvelani mogvitrialdebodnen da ise
mogvCerebodnen, TiTqos Cven poeziisa da musikis kanonmdeblebi vyofiliyaviT~
(qarCxaZe 2005: 37). moTxrobaSi kargadaa naCvenebi qarTvelis eris
winaaRmdegobrivi Tvisebebi. Tumca am msjelobas ar aqvs qilikis forma,
piriqiT obieqturi da keTilmosurne toniT gamoirCeva. ucxoeli mogzauris
mTxroblis rolSi gamoyvana xels uwyobs kritikis obieqtur xasiaTs.
mogzaurobis Janridan gamomdinare, am tipis Canawerebs gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba.
mogzaurobis Janrul specifikasac Tu ar gaviTvaliswinebT, j. qarCxaZis
prozasa da publicistikas axasiaTebs msgavsi wiaRsvlebi, sadac avtori
sakuTari eris mkveTr da piruTvnel kritikas mimarTavs. am mxriv gamorCeulia
romani `ganzomileba~ da mwerlis publicistika: `Cveni Tandayolili
sizarmacec mogvexmara, rom sxvaze iolad SevrigebodiT beds, amitom axla,
SeZlebisdagvarad aRarafers vakeTebT da saboloo xelis Caqnevamdec bevri

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aRaraferi gviklia~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 53). `Cveni ganTqmuli optimizmi baliSad
gvidevs da qveynis bedi RmerTisTvis gvaqvs mindobili~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 56).
`zedmetad Tavmoyvareebi varT, gansakuTrebiT erovnuli Tavmoyvareoba gvaqvs
gamZafrebuli. Cveni trabaxic aqedan modis. saqme isaa, rom trabaxi naklis
damalvis saukeTeso saSualeba gvgonia. amitom, rac ufro cudad migvdis
saqme, miT ufro mets vtrabaxobT~ (qarCxaZe 2005: 58).
j. qarCxaZis prozisa da publicistikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendencia
qarTul literaturul krtikasac ar gamoparvia mxedvelobis aredan.
kritikosi T. vasaZe j. qarCxaZis kritikul, publicistur paToss imdroindeli
qarTuli sazogadoebis zneobrivi krizisis gaazrebiT xsnis: ,,man mwvaved
igrZno qarTuli sazogadoebis sulieri, zneobrivi krizisi da ganaxorciela
misi utyuari mxatvruli analizi”(vasaZe 2010:288).kritikosi n. muzaSvili
aRniSnavs: ,,igi (mwerali) eswrafvis gamoxatos sakuTari pozicia qarTuli
erovnuli xasiaTis fenomenis mimarT... is, rac gansakuTrebuli dakvirvebis
gareSec TvalSi xvdeba mkiTxvels aris avtoris dapirispireba erovnuli
buneba-xasiaTis idealizaciis friad fexmokidebul tendenciasTan” (muzaSvili
1990:112). `jemal qarCxaZe mwerali analitikosia, misTvis yvelaze didi
tragedia zneobrivi krizisia~ (vasaZe 2010:288).zemoxsenebuli maxasiaTeblebi
mwerals i. WavWavaZis tradiciebis gamgrZeleblad warmogvidgens. Aam paToss
Tavisi gamarTleba aqvs: `eric iseve unda cdilobdes xasiaTis aRzrdas,
rogorc pirovneba. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia am xasiaTis gacnobiereba~
(qarCxaZe 2007: 58). eris zneobrivi saxesa da niSan-Tvisebebze msjeloba
nawarmoebis zneobriv problematikasa da RirebulebebTan uSualo kavSirSia.
`antonio da daviTSi~ mogzaurobis Janri da enobrivi stili
mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs nawarmoebis naratiul struqturas. nawarmoebis
dasawyisi, Tavdapirvelad, mogzauris Canawerebs gvacnobs. Semdeg gadadis
uSualod samogzauro qveynis, saqarTvelos Sesaxeb cnobebis gadmocemaze. amis
saiulustraciod mohyavs ucxoeTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelis magaliTi: `tiroda,
mkerdze mjiRs icemda da drodadro ise amoikvnesebda `Cemi qveyanao~, an `Cemi
samSobloo~, an `Cemi sayvareli samSobloo~, gegonebodaT gul-RviZli
amoayolao... ramdenime sasargeblo cnobac ki davtyue misi saTayvanebeli
samSoblos Sesaxeb, Tumca, unda iTqvas, es Zalian Zneli saqme iyo, radgan,
rogorc ki am saganze daviwydebdiT laparaks, maSinve mkerdze mjiRebis cemas
mohyveboda da iseTi zogadi sityvebiT kmayofildeboda, rogoricaa `miwa~,

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`wyaro~, `mdelo~, `mama-papis Zvlebi~ da sxva, rac yvela qveynisa da yvela
samSoblosaTvis saerToa~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 14). qarTvelis patriotuli ganwyoba
distanciiT, ucxo TvaliTaa Sefasebuli,romelic imTaviTve amCnevs qarTvelis
artistizmsa da manerulobas sakuTari qveynisadmi emociebis gamoxatvisas.
aRniSnuli epizodis Semdeg, mTxrobeli mogzaurobis ambavs gviambobs,
sadac antonio da daviTis Sesaxeb detalurad msjelobs. gadmocemulia maTi
portretebi, Sinagani samyaro, Sexedulebebi, cxovrebis wesi, dramatuli
peripetiebi, romelic daviTis cxovrebas ukavSirdeba. pirveli piris Txroba
TavisTavad gansazRvravspersonaJis perspeqtiviT Txrobas, Sesabamisad,
nawarmoebSi yovelive barTlomeos TvaliTaa danaxuli.
moTxrobaSi CarTulia aseve erTi multiperspeqtiuli epizodi, sadac
ramdenime personaJis TvaliTaa gadmocemuli erTi da igive movlena. es
Txrobas simZafres aniWebs, Tumca mxolod am monakveTSia gamoyenebuli da
nawarmoebis stilur Taviseburebas ar gansazRvravs. mag.: `zangma Tqva: _ bebes
ZilSi floqvebis xma Caesma. bebes ezoSi eZina. mze jer ufskrulidan ar
amosuliyo, magram Tvali ukve gaxelili hqonda... TeTri batoni cxenze ijda
da didi Tvalebi hqonda... TeTr batons TvalebSi sanTlebi enTo~ (qarCxaZe
2007: 99). `antoniom Tqva: _ zangma kari SeaRo, magram TviTon ar Sesula. me
maniSna, Sedio, da wamsve ukan gabrunda. daviTs isev is xalaTi ecva, SiSveli
fexebi xis qoSebSi waeyo da SublSekruli idga~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 100). `daviTma
Tqva: _ antonio rom davinaxe, SevkrTi: Tvalebi cecxliviT uelavda da saxeze
iseTi almuri asdioda, rogorc haers asdis xolme zafxulis xvatSi~
(qarCxaZe 2007: 100). `antoniom Tqva: _ Cems danaxvaze daviTi erTi SekrToma
SekrTa, mere Subli kidev ufro SeiWmuxna da wynarad, magram susxiani xmiT
miTxra: `aki gagafrTxile, gadamTielo, meored rom moxvide, aqedan cocxali
veRar gaxval-meTqi!~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 100).
moTxroba `antonio da daviTSi~ aRwerilia evropel misionerTa
moRvaweobis periodi, Tumca nawarmoebSi istoria mxolod fonia garkveuli
problematikis warmosaCenad. literaturul teqstSi erTmaneTs erwymis
istoriuli da samogzauro literaturis Janrebi, masSic naratiuli
struqtura mTavari personaJis (am SemTxvevaSi I piris mTxroblis) garSemo
aris agebuli. Sesabamisad, nawarmoebis enobrivi stili da mTavari personaJis
enobrivi diskursi Tanxvdeba.

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 3.1.2. moTxrobis problematika

moTxroba `antonio da daviTis~ Janrul da naratiul struqturas

nawarmoebis problematika gansazRvravs. zogadi istoriuli foni, personaJis
perspeqtiviT Txroba personaJTa Sinagani samyaros reprezentacias uwyobs
xels. saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis dros, mTxrobeli,barTlomeo ramdenime
saintereso personaJis Sesaxeb gviambobs. nawarmoebSi vrceli adgili eTmoba
maTi Sinagani samyaros da Sexedulebebis gadmocemas.
erT-erTi mTavari personaJi, antonio, wminda inkviziciam mkrexelobis
braldebiT gaasamarTla.mas ki axloblebi daexmarnen da megobrebTagan
mxolod is gadaurCa inkviziciis mZime ganaCens. antonio amis gamo gamudmebiT
sindisis qenjnas grZnobs: `me ki sikvdilis SiSisa Tu Cemi warmavali sxeulis
mdabali siyvarulis gamo yvelaferi imwamsve maT vuTxari... Tavi ise meWira,
viTom aRSfoTebuli viyavi Cemi megobrebisa da naTesavebis aramkiTxe
gamosarClebiT! raRa Tqma unda, samivem maSinve imis mtkiceba damiwyo, rom
Sewyalebaze uaris Tqma aramc da aramc ar SeiZleboda. im wuTs rom vigoneb,
axlac mTeli sxeuli SiSiT mikankalebs da ofls masxams~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 32).
antonios sityvebSi aqcentirebulia sindisis problema. nawarmoebSi zneobrivi
problema masStabur xasiaTs iZens, antonios garda, sindisis qenjniT sxvebic
itanjebian, gansakuTrebiT _ avazaki daviTi.
moTxrobaSi kargad Cans antonios meaboxe pirovneba: `tanjvaa,
barTolomeo, iseT qveyanaSi cxovreba, sadac Sens azrs Tavisuflad ar
gaTqmevineben. rom SeeZloT Tavisuflad fiqrsac agikrZalavdnen. papi
CvensaviT adamiania da CvensaviT SeuZlia Secdes. mas ki Tavi Seumcdari hgonia,
amitom brmad migverekeba, saiTac surs... azric RvTiTa gvaqvs da gansasjelad
mogveca, isini ki gvaiZuleben Cveni azri CavixSoT da maTi azris kvalobaze
vsajoT~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 27). moTxrobis dasawyisSi antonios pirovneba kargad
Cans barTlomeosTan dialogis dros. aRniSnul epizodSi ikveTeba misi
Sexedulebebi da mrwamsi.

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 antoniosaTvis yvelaze didi faseuloba individis Tavisufleba da
racionalizmia, masTan SedarebiT romis papida eklesiis dogmebiumniSvneloa.
mas gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi aqvs mraval religiur sakiTxze: `me ara
mgonia, RmerTi Teatrons marTavdes, barTlomeo. xorcielad dabadebul
RmerTs rom is dahyves, rasac Sen erTxel `RvTaebrivi buneba~ uwode,
yvelaferi ioli da martivi iqneboda. RmerTs SeuZlia erTi bunebidan meoreSi
gadavides, magram ar SeuZlia erTi bunebis kanoni meoreSi waiRos, radgan
amiT swored imas daarRvevda, rac Tavisi yovlisSemZleobis meoxebiT
daurRveveli da absoluturi Seqmna~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 28).
cxadia, antonios Sexedulebebi gansxvavebulia da ewinaaRmdegeba
kaTolikuri eklesiis dogmebsa da Teologiur Sexedulebebs. amis
sapirispirod nawarmoebSi warmodgenilia eklesiis mrwamsi, romlis
matarebeli misioneri winamZRvaria: `ganaTleba, Svilo Cemo, rwmenas ar
ganamtkicebs... metic: Tu rwmena mkvidr niadagze araa dafuZnebuli, ganaTleba
advilad iqceva cdunebad. eg antonio Tavis droze moZRvari iyo da mrevli
ebara. magram male miatova eklesia da ramdenime weli udabnoSi cxovrobda
gandegilad. ras akeTebda am xnis manZilze, aravin icis. etyoba, maSin mihyida
suli eSmaks... udabnodan rom dabrunda, wminda kaTolikuri eklesiis gmoba
daiwyo~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 24). winamZRolsa da antonios religiur Sexedulebebsa
da cxovrebiseul filosofias Soris gadaulaxavi winaaRmdegobaa. aRniSnul
epizodSi kargad ikveTeba ori poziciis: eklesiisa da individualuri rwmena-
Sexedulebebis sxvaoba.
j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebi, cxadia, ar eZRvneba aRniSnul Teologiur
diskusias, moTxrobis am monakveTSi gasaTvaliswinebelia mTxroblis,
barTlomeos humanuri pozicia: `wamiT momeCvena, TiTqos es ori kaci, mdinaris
sxvadasxva napirze mdgomi da Seurigebeli mowinaaRmdegeni, orive marTali
iyo. roca ori kaci erTmaneTs upirispirdeba, an orive mtyuania, an erT-erTi
mainc. me ki meCveneboda, rom orive marTali iyo~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 34). marTalia,
barTlomeo eklesiis mimdevaria, antonios msgavsad gansxvavebulad ar
azrovnebs, Tumca misTvis orive pozicia misaRabi da gasagebia: `dogmebi,
romlebsac bavSvobidanve minergavdnen, mtkiced mqonda SeTvisebuli, amitom
antonios Sexedulebas... cxadia, ver gaviziarebdi, magram es xels ar miSlida
antonios simarTle damenaxa, radgan antonios simarTle mis aumRvrevel
patiosnebaSi iyo. CvenSic da ucxoeTSic bevri minaxavs, vinc Tavis gulSi

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darwmunebuli araa, rom swams, da ubralod aRiarebs, vinaidan miaCnia, rom
asea saWiro. antonio mxolod imas aRiarebda, rac swamda... Tavis mrwamss
daufaravad da uSiSrad amJRavnebda, oRond Tavs aravis axvevda~ (qarCxaZe
2007: 34-35).
teqstis aRniSnuli monakveTidan vigebT, rom antonio Tavisuflad
moazrovne individia, gulwrfelia, ar aris moZalade, rom sakuTari mosazreba
sxvas Tavs moaxvios. am TvalsazrisiT, is liberaluri principebis
matarebelia, agreTve zneobrivi pirovneba, radgan misTvis miuRebelia
yovelgvari sicrue, sakuTar mrwmasTan kompromisi. amave dros antonio
moazrovne adamiania da mis Sexedulebebsa da qcevebs racionaluri safuZveli
aqvs. Tavis mxriv, winamZRvaric gulwrfeli adamiania, is WeSmaritad iziarebs
eklesiis saukunovan dogmatsa da ofcialur Sexedulebebs: `mama sebastianes
simarTlec missav patiosnebaze iyo aRmocenebuli. me es kaci kargad gavicani
Cvens xangrZliv mogzaurobaSi da misi patiosnebac davinaxe, misi
keTilSobilebac da gulisxmierebac... oRond antoniosgan gansxvavebiT, mama
sebastianes Tavisi rwmena samsjavroaze ar gamohqonda da sakamaTod ar xdida.
imitom, rom mis rwmenas eklesia da Tavad papi edga mcvelad, Zalaufleba
umagrebda zurgs, Zalaufleba ki iseTi ramaa, rwmenas Seuval da sayovelTao
mniSvnelobas aniWebs. Znelia gaamtyuvno simarTle, romelic eklesiis
saxeliT gamodis da ara Tavisi piradi saxeliT~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 35).
nawarmoebis aRniSnul monakveTSi mTxrobeli Tanabar sibrtyeze ayenebs
mkrexeli antoniosa da eklesiis dogmatebis mimdevari winamZRvris
msoflxmdevlobas. am SemTxvevaSi mas romelime Teologiuri mimdinareobis
upiratesobis xazgasma ar surs, rac kargad Cans misi Sefasebebidan.
barTlomeosaTvis Sefasebis kriteriumi am pirovnebaTa gulwrfeloba da
Sinagani Tavisuflebaa. es Semynarebluri ganwyoba moTxrobis sxva
epizodebSic Cans. moTxrobisaTvis swored am tipis humanuri suliskveTebaa
mniSvnelovani.
aRniSnuli humanuri suliskveTebis safuZveli nawarmoebSi liberaluri
ideologia da ganmanaTlebluri filosofia unda iyos. i. kantis statiaSi
`pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra aris ganmanaTlebloba?~ (1784 w.) mokled aris
Camoyalibebuli ganmanaTleblobis arsi, sadac sakuTari mosazrebis sajarod
gamoTqma, gansakuTrebiT religiur sakiTxebze, Tavisuflebis gamovlenis erT-
erTi formaa: `ganmanaTleblobisaTvis mxolod Tavisuflebaa saWiro, Tanac

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yvelaze uwyinari maT, Soris, rasac Tavisufleba SeiZleba ewodos, kerZod ki:
Tavisufleba sakuTari gansjis sajaro moxmarebisa yvela sakiTxSi~ (kanti
2011:) xolo religiur sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs: `sasuliero piri
valdebulia, sakuTar kaTakmevlebsa da mrevls im eklesiis simbolos
mixedviT uqadagos, romeliSic msaxurobs, radgan swored am pirobiT iqna is
miRebuli samsaxurSi. magram rogorc mecniers, mas sruli Tavisufleba aqvs _
metic, mowodebulic kia _ yvela Tavisi kargad awonil-dawonili da keTilad
ganzraxuli azri rogorc am simbolos Secdomebisa, ise religiisa da
eklesiis saqmeebis ukeT mowyobis Sesaxeb sazogadoebas gauziaros~ (kanti
2011:).
kantis Tanaxmad, eklesiis msaxureba misi wesebisadmi morCilebas
gulisxmobs, Tumca es sasuliero pirs ar ukrZalavs sajarod, rogorc
mecnierma, sakuTari racionaluri mosazrebebi gamoTqvas eklesiis Secdomebis
Sesaxeb. antonio, marTalia, eklesiam gandevna da mkrexelad miiCnia, magram is
ar erideba sajarod sakuTari mosazrebebis gamoTqmasa da msjelobas. antonio
mxolod msjelobs da sakuTari Sexedulebebis dasasabuTeblad argumentebi
mohyavs, is ar cdilobs sakuTari azris vinmesaTvis Tavs moxvevas. moqmedebisa
da msjelobisdros, misTvis amosavali adamianis goneba da sindisia, amitomac
ambobs: `papi CvensaviT adamiania da CvensaviT SeuZlia Secdes. mas ki Tavi
Seumcdari hgonia, amitom brmad migverekeba saiTac surs... azric RvTiTa gvaqvs
da gansasjelad mogveca, isini ki gvaiZuleben Cveni azri CavixSoT da maTi
azris kvalobaze vsajoT~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 27). antoniosa da barTolomeosaTvis
mTavari Rirebulebebi swored racionalizmi da individis Tavisuflebaa.
kantis SefasebiT: `yovel moqalaqes, upirveles yovlisa, sasuliero
pirs, eqneboda nebarTva, mecnierebis xarisxSi sajarod e.i. sakuTari
nawerebiT, Tanamedrove mowyobis Secdomebze azri gamoTqvas, magram
Semotanili wesrigi iqamde SenarCundeboda, sanam am viTarebis Sesaxeb codna
sajarod imdenad ar gavrceldeboda da cxadi ar gaxdeboda, rom moqalaqeebi
sakuTari xmebis gaerTianebiT (Tumca ara yvelasi) taxts winadadebiT
mimarTavdnen, is mrevlni mieRo dacvis qveS, romlebic ukeTesi gagebis Sesaxeb
sakuTari warmodgenebis Sesabamisad gaerTiandnen Secvlili religiuri
mowyobisaTvis, imis gareSe, rom maT SeuSalon xeli, visac Zvel wesze darCena
surs~ (kanti 2011). aRniSnuli ganmanaTleblobis epoqis monapovaria da
sazogadoebis liberalizaciis Sedegi. antonio inkviziciis dros cxovrobs,

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roca nebismieri gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba miuRebelia da adamiani
yvelafrisTvis wamebiT an sikvdiliT isjeba. Tumca msgavsi Seuwynarebloba,
tiraniis dros, nebismieri epoqisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. sabWoTa diqtaturis
gamocdilebis Semdeg, aRniSnuli istoriuli analogiiT mwerali liberaluri
da ganmanaTlebluri faseulobebisaken mouwodebs qarTvel mkiTxvels.
antonio Sinaganad Tavisufali da Zlieri pirovnebaa, Tumca
inkviziciisagan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg sindisi awuxebs, man barTlomeosTan
saubris dros aRiara, rom ver SeZlo tanjvis atana da isargebla naTesavTa
gamosarClebiT. aRniSnuli mogzauroba da axali qveyana misTvis imedia, raTa
sindisis qenjnisgan Rirseulad gaTavisufldes: `iq aravin micnobs. aravin
icis Cemi araraobis ambavi. iqneb ucxo qveyanaSi Rirseuli sikvdili vpovo~
(qarCxaZe 2007: 33). antoniom icis kolxeTSi ra situacia daxvdeba, amitomac
mzad aris Rirseulad emsaxuros sxva adamianebs: `es xalxi saukuneebis
manZilze urjuloTa garemocvaSi cxovrobs da erTi da imave xmliT icavs
samSoblosac da qristes rjulsac, radgan samSoblosac da qristes rjulsac
iq erTi da igive xifaTi emuqreba. brZola ki igive mezoblobaa da am
xangrZlivi mezoblobis ganmavlobaSi maT bevri ram SeiTvises TavianTi
mtrebisgan. amitom WeSmariti rwmena moirya da SeibRala. ase rom, iq Cveni
vali iqneba ara Teologiuri dava da niSnebis ganmarteba, aramed im
saZirkvelis gamagreba, rac yvela qristianisaTvis saerTo da WeSmaritia~
(qarCxaZe 2007: 34). antonios Tavi uRirsad miaCnia da surs moyvasis damxareba,
raTa Sinaganad aRdges.
barTlomeosa da antonios Sinagani Tavisufleba da humanizmi sruliad
gansxvavdeba nawarmoebis sxva personaJTa Sinagan mdgomareobasTan SedarebiT.
saqarTveloSi Camosul ucxoelebs xvdebaT gansxvavebuli situacia:
yvelaTviTgadarCenisaTvis ibrZvis da antoniosa da barTlomeos maRali
idealebi maTTvis miuwvdomelia. qarTveli mTavari amis naTeli magaliTia.
mTavari qveynis ubedurebas mistiris: `SiSma goneba dagvibnela, siZulvilma
sisxli gagviciva, mSveleli arsaidan Cans, evropa Sorsaa da CvenTvis ara
scalia, yvela TavisTvis cdilobs da Tavis sargebels eZebs, Cven ki aRar
SegviZlia, sakuTar TavSi imeds veRar vpoulobT. amovwydebiT. male Cveni
saxsenebeli aRar iqneba~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 38).
aRniSnul pasaJSi kargad Cans imdroindeli saqarTvelos suraTi,
romelic axlosaa `zebuloniseul~ ganwyobasTan. kerZod, `daRmasvlis~

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narativTan, romlis Tanaxmadac oqros xanis Semdeg istoria daRmavali xaziT
ganviTarda da warsuli viqtimizebuli xatia (Toria 2008: 108). qveyana
mtrebiTaa garemoculi da mis SigniT orguloba da SuRlia gamefebuli:
`gaerTianeba rom SegveZlos, saqarTvelo arc ise patara da uZluri qveyanaa,
magram ra gagvaerTianebs! mtrebisagan waqezebulebi da gabriyvebulebi
erTmaneTs vWamT. mefe mefes mtrobs, Tavadi Tavads, aznauri aznaurs. xalxi
damfrTxalia da aRar icis romel erTs daemalos _ Semosul musulmans,
sakuTar batons, SimSils, uRmerTobas Tu sneulebas~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 38).
aRniSnuli paTosi damaxasiaTebelia qarTuli istoriuli prozisaTvis.
qveynis saerTo mZime foni adgilobrivTa cxovrebazec aisaxeba:
`saerTod, sicocxle aq, TiTqos raRac ZarRvi Cawydomia, ucnaurad Cumad
miedineboda, duned, gaubedavad, mfrTxali moTminebiT... ager ukve amdeni xania
am tafobze vcxovrobdiT da arc erTxel simRera ar gagvigonia. vinc
qarTvelebs icnobs, ueWvelad damidasturebs, rom es marTlac ucnauri da
sakvirveli ram aris. es xalxi yvelgan da yovelTvis mReris~ (qarCxaZe 2007:
47). antonio da barTlomeo Tavisufali individebi arian, marTalia antonios
Tavis samSobloSi azris gamoTqmis saSualeba warTmeuli aqvs, magram is
ibrZvis sakuTari TavisuflebisaTvis. adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi ki ufro
mZime situaciaSi arian, isini araTu sakuTari azris gamoTqmas, Tavisuflad
fiqrsac veRar bedaven. amis mizezi ki qveynis mZime mdgomareoba, mTavaris
sisuste, Tavadis usindisoba da yaCaRi daviTis borotebaa.
mTxrobeli dasawyisSi antonios Teologiur Sexedulebebs gvacnobs, mis
brZolas TavisuflebisaTvis, amis fonze kargad Cans adgilobriv mcxovrebTa
ubadruki yofa: maT arafris ufleba ar aqvT. am kontrastiT naTlad gamoCnda
individis Sinagani Tavisuflebis aucilebloba. antonio sakuTari rwmenis
TavisuflebisaTvis ibrZvis maSin, roca adgilobriv mcxovreblebi ise
daTrgunulan, rom simRerasac veRar bedaven. antonios Zlieri Sinagani neba
aRniSnul situaciaSic Tavs avlens da is ukve sxva adamianebis
TavisuflebisaTvis ibrZvis.
nawarmoebis saTaurSi Cadebuli kontrasti kargad ikveTeba teqstis im
monakveTSi, rodesac antonio da daviTi xvdebian erTmaneTs. antonio
Camoyalibebuli pirovnebaa, romelsac sakuTari Sexedulebebi aqvs religiis
Sesaxeb, amave dros zneobrivi pirovnebaa. man cxovrebaSi mZime gansacdeli
daZlia maSin, rodesac inkviziciam Tavis TanamoazreebTan erTad daapatimra.

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antoniom ver gauZlo sikvdilis SiSs da miiRo axlobelTa gamosarCleba. is
gadarCa, xolo TanamoZmeebi Seewirnen saerTo ideas. antonioze am
gansacdelma Zlier imoqmeda, isedac zneobrivad Camoyalibebuli pirovneba,
ufro gulisxmieri da Tavisufali gaxda. man advilad daZlia sikvdilis SiSi,
amis Semdeg mas SeuZlia sxvac msgavs Sinagan Tavisuflebas aziaros. antonios
sapirispirod, daviTi yaCaRia, romelmac cxovrebaSi uamravi boroteba Caidina,
mas antoniosTan Sexvedramde ar awuxebda sindisi, piriqiT sakuTari
sulmokleobisa da SiSis tyve iyo. swored SiSi aiZulebda sxvaze maRla
dadgomas, borotmoqmedebis Cadenas, mas TviTgadarCenis instinqti swored am
mimarTulebiT ganuviTarda. Tumca daviTis pirovneba antoniosTan
urTierTobis Semdeg icvleba, mas zneobrivi kaTarzisi ewyeba da Sinaganad
icvleba. yaCaRis uecari cvlileba teqstSi motivirebulia, saxel daviTSi
mkiTxveli bibliuri daviTis konotaciasac grZnobs. bibliis Tanaxmad, daviTi
yvelaze RvTismosavi mefea. nawarmoebSi yaCaRi daviTi sakuTari cxovrebiTa da
xasiaTiT bibliuri daviTis antipodia, Tumca zneobrivi feriscvalebis Semdeg
is bibliuri daviTis zneobriv simaRlemde aRwevs. es metamorfoza potenciis
saxiT Cadebulia misi saxelis konotoaciaSi.
antoniom didi gavlena moaxdina yaCaRi daviTis cxovrebaze. Tavisufali
neba pirovnebad Camoyalibebis procesSi mniSvnelovani faqtoria. es Cans,
rogorc antonios, ise xalxis SemTxvevaSi. romani faqtobrivad, Tavisufal
pirovnebad Camoyalibebas eZRvneba, radgan es sakiTxi met-naklebad TiTqmis
yvela personaJs moicavs. antoniosa da xalxis gverdiT, gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania yaCaRi daviTis pirovnuli zrda. antoniom sworad amoicno
daviTis sisuste da misi sindisis simi Searxia. antonios sityvebidan vigebT,
rom daviTi SiSis tyvea. misi Sinagani nebeloba SiSis gamoa SezRuduli: ,,kaci
siaves mxolod imitom sCadis, rom eSinia. borotebas boroti kacic iseve
Tvlis usamarTlobad, rogorc keTili, da arc Caidenda, SiSs rom laCrad ar
eqcia. laCari da boroti erTi da igivea... Sen laCari gamodeqi da SiSis
daZlevas SiSis damalva amjobine... Sen Sens Tandayolil SiSs ver gauZeli,
laCrad iqeci da ioli gza airCie... Sen yvelafris geSinia, rac Sens gareTaa,
amitom cdilob, rac Sens gareTaa, yvelaferi mospo, magram es SeuZlebelia.
mTeli qveyana rom monad gaixado, rogorc Seni sulmdabali siZe gaixade
monad, Sens SiSs araferi eSveleba” (qarCxaZe 2007:105). daviTi SiSis tyvea, rac
misi araswori qmedebis stimulia.

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 daviTi bavSvobidanve garemoebebis msxverpli aRmoCnda, siZulviliTa da
gaWirvebiT gazrdili advilad moxvda yaCaRTa wreSi. misi cxovreba
borotebis uzarmzari jaWvi iyo. advilad imorCilebda laCrebs, amis kargi
magaliTia adgilobrivi Tavadi. antonios gambedaobam yaCaR daviTze
gansakuTrebuli STabeWdileba moaxdina, amitomac iqonia masze didi gavlena
da yaCaRis zneobrivi feriscvaleba gamoiwvia. antoniom Tavis droze
sikvdilis SiSis gamo uari ar Tqva naTesavTa gamosarClebaze, magram Semdeg
sindisis qenjnisgan didxans itanjeboda. amrigad, antoniom kargad uwyis Tu
ra aris SiSis tyveoba, Sesabamisad mas Seswevs unari gaxdes daviTis mentori,
moZRvari. sindisis qenjnam Sinaganad ufro aamaRla, daZlia sikvdilis SiSi,
amitomac SeZlo da gamoesarCla mRvdels, roca daviTma taZarSi yvelas
TandaswrebiT qamandi gamosdo yelSi. daviTis gaocebas sazRvari ar hqonda,
mas aseTi gambedavi adamini ar hyavda nanaxi: `daviTma warbebi odnav Sehyara
da saxeze niaviviT gadaurbina gakvirvebam. magram gakvirvebam wamsve gauara da
gaiRima. warbebi jer kidev Seyrili hqonda da ase warbSeyrili rom iRimeboda,
Zneli gasakviri iyo, ras niSnavda es Rimili _ antonios dascinoda Tu
antonios saqcielSi raRac saxaliso gasarTobi ipova. mere warbebi dauSva da
Rimilic erTbaSad gulRia gauxda, alali da miamituri~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 73).
yaCaRi daviTisaTvis marTlac moulodneli iyo msgavsi gambedaoba, miT
ufro adgilobrivi Tavadisa da mosaxleobis fonze. antonio valdebuli ar
iyo Careuliyo maT cxovrebaSi, magram man ver SeZlo am yvelafris
gulgrilad atana. daviTma, antonios gamo, mRvdlisstambulis bazarSi gayidva
ganizraxa, amitomac antoniom gadamwyveti nabiji gadadga. antonio sakuTari
surviliT ewvia yaCaR daviTs, manam ki aseTi xilva hqonda: `cota xnis Semdeg
didi da Rrma sinaTlis fonze oTxi kaci gaCnda... sami maTgani, TovliviT
TeTr, spetak samosSi gamowyobilebi da locvad xelapyrobilebi, gverdigverd
idgnen pirisaxiT Cemken, meoTxe ki... orTav muxlze daCoqili idga maT winaSe,
xelebi mkerdze daekriba da Tavi CaeRuna... spetaksamosiani mlocvelebi Cemi
sulieri moZmeebi iyvnen... xolo maT win muxlebze idga daviTi, Tavmodrekili
da monanie... me ara marto beqobidan vuyurebdi yovelive amas, aramed scenis
monawilec viyavi, Cemi arseba maTSi iyo gabneuli, rac maT unda ganecadaT, me
ganvicdidi~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 98). antonios xilvaSi kargad Cans yaCaRi daviTis
Sinagani, dafaruli saxe. amis Semdeg antonios xilva marTldeba, yaCaRi
daviTi zneobrivad icvleba, mas sindisis qenjna ewyeba.

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 daviTis uecari cvlileba antonios gambedaobam gamoiwvia, amas daviTis
sityvebidanac vigebT: `misi (antoniosi _ T.C.) siTamame da guladoba
maSmagebda. mas aqeT, rac pirvelad vnaxe eklesiaSi, Cemdauneburad Turme sul
imas vcdilobdi, rogorme SemeSinebina, rom SeSinebuli momekla. mas ki ar
eSinoda, an, Tu eSinoda, ise malavdaTavis SiSs, verafers vamCnevdi~ (qarCxaZe
2007: 101). antoniom masSi adamianuri Rirsebis darCenili kvali aRmoaCina:
`vinc SenTan momavlina, isic maCvena, rom codvebisagan dabeCavebul Sens
arsebaSi ker kidev feTqavs suli da Seni simxdalisa da silaCris bnel
xaroSi jer kidev bJutavs simamacis naperwkali~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 103). antoniom
daviTs avazakobis mizezic auxsna: mas yovelTvis eSinoda. swored am mdabalma
SiSma miiyvana borotebamde: `SiSi yvela adamians dabadebiTve Tan dahyveba,
magram zogs hyofnis gambedaoba, Tvali gausworos Tavis SiSs, zogs ara. visac
ar hyofnis, is laCari da usamarTlo xdeba. Tandayolili SiSi sikvdilis
SiSia da, vinc SiSs batonad gaixdis, mas yvelaze mosafrTxilebeli amqveynad
Tavisi sicocxle hgonia...Sen laCari gamodeqi da SiSis daZlevas SiSis
damalva amjobine, radgan SiSis damalva ufro advilia, vidre SiSis daZleva,
mokvla ufro advilia, vidre gadarCena, gaZarcva ufro advilia, vidre
daxmareba~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 105).
antonio yaCaRs sulier gadarCenaSi exmareba, amave dros Tavadac
icvleba. Tavis droze antonios SeeSinda sikvdilis da uari ar uTqvams
cixidan gamosvlaze, rasac is sakuTari sulieri Zmebis Ralatad miiCnevda da
sindisi qenjnida. yaCaRi daviTis bunagSi mas yovel wuTs sikvdili eloda,
Tumca sikvdilis aRar SeSinebia. antoniom SeZlo sikvdilis SiSsa da
sakuTari sindisis winaSe amaRleba. misTvis sxva adamianze zrunva iyo
mniSvnelovani, yaCaRis gadarCena da ara sakuTari sindisis qenjnisagan
gaTavisufleba. antonio Tavad aris Sinaganad Zlieri pirovneba, amitomac mas
ZaluZs sxvaze dadebiTi gavlenis moxdena, maSin roca yaCaRi daviTi garSemo
mxolod monobas avrcelebda: `Sen cdilob, yvela monad gaixado, Tavad ki
sakuTari SiSis mona xar da mudam imas akeTeb, rasac SiSi gibrZanebs~
(qarCxaZe 2007: 106).
daviTis Semdgomi cxovreba sinanuls eTmoba, man daSala yaCaRTa gundi.
gaacnobiera sakuTari codvebis simZime.antoniom daaimeda: `vinc guliT
moinaniebs da ara mxolod sityviT, rogorc farisevlebs sCveviaT, mas
mieteveba kidec~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 114). antonio, marTalia,oficialurma eklesiam

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mkrexelad gamoacxada, magram moTxrobaSi kargad Cans, rom amis miuxedavad,
antonios sakmarisi Sinagani rwmena, Zala da Tavisufleba gaaCnia, raTa sxva
adamianebze dadebiTi gavlena moaxdinos, daixsnas araswori cxovrebisagan da
Rirseul gzas daayenos. amiT nawarmoebSi wina planzea wamoweuli humanuri
ideebi, romelic kacobriobis gadamrCeneladaa dasaxuli.
individis Tavisufali nebis, adamianuri Semwynareblobis, sindisisa da
zneobrivi problematikis garda, moTxrobaSi agreTve mniSvnelovania da
wamyvani racionaluri azrovneba. antonios sakuTari Sexedulebebi aqvs da
maTi gamoTqmis ar eSinia: `tanjvaa, barTolomeo, iseT qveyanaSi cxovreba,
sadac Sens azrs Tavisuflad ar gaTqmevineben. rom SeeZloT, Tavisuflad
fiqrsac agikrZalavdnen. papi CvensaviT adamiania da CvensaviT SeuZlia
Secdes... azric RvTiTa gvaqvs da gansasjelad mogveca, isini ki gvaiZuleben
Cveni azri CavixSoT da maTi azris kvalobaze vsajoT~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 27).
barTlomeo adgilobriv mcxovrebTa crumorwmuneobisa da
araracionaluri azrovnebis Sesaxeb xSirad msjelobs: `rodesac qveyanaSi
WeSmariti rwmena moiryeva, ar SeiZleba iq crumorwmuneoba ar aRorZindes,
amitom me da antonios ar gagvkvirvebia, rom es xalxi daviTis satusaRodan
gaqcevas zebunebriv Zalebs miawerda~ (qarCxaZe 2007: 56). an: `me da antoniom
mravaljer vcadeT aqaurebisTvis agvexsna, rom araviTari eSmakeuli Zala
daviTs ar SeiZleboda hqonoda da yvelaferi es mxolod maT dasaSineblad
mougonia, xolo rac Seexeba im `eSmaks~, romelic mwyemsebma TavianTi TvaliT
naxes, es iseTive adamiania, rogorc yvela Cvengani da, rom aseTi Savi feris
adamianebi qveynierebis mraval kuTxeSi cxovroben, magram veravin davajereT~
(qarCxaZe 2007: 61).
moTxrobis aRniSnuli problematika mwerlis liberalur ideologiaze
metyvelebs. publicistikis gverdiT, j. qarCxaZe sakuTari SemoqmedebiT
aqtiurad ibrZoda am Rirebulebebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
damkvidrebisaTvis, risi erT-erTi magaliTi moTxroba `antonio da daviTia~.
moTxrobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia: personaluri Txroba, zogadi
istoriuli foni, personaJis Sinagan samyaroze aqcentireba; xolo moTxrobis
dasawyisSi mTxroblis Canaweri, kaTolike misionerTa gemiT mgzavroba da
publicisturi paTosi mogzaurobis Janris specifikiTaa Seqmnili. sazogadod,
`antonio da daviTi~ axlos dgas me-20 saukunis II naxevris qarTul da
msoflio istoriul prozasTan, romlisTvisac avTenturi istoriuli epoqis

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rekonstruqcia mniSvnelovani ar aris. moTxrobaSi personaluri Txroba da
personaJis Sinagani samyaros aqcentirebaa niSandoblivi. istoriuli foni
mwerals nawarmoebis problematikis gamosakveTad esaWiroeba.

3.2. istoriuli moTxroba `rahaT-luxumi~

j. qarCxaZis istoriuli moTxroba `rahaT-luxumi~ 1984 wels gazeT

`literaturul saqarTveloSi~gamoqveynda. am nawarmoebSic mTxrobeli kvlav
ucxoeli mogzauria. moTxrobis siuJeti stambulSi viTardeba. nawarmoebSi
Txroba pirveli piriT mimdinareobs,homodiegeturi mTxrobeli sakuTar
emociebsa da fiqrebs gviziarebs. ,,rahaT-luxumi” istoriuli moTxrobaa,
Tumca gansxvavdeba ,,antoniosa da daviTisagan” Janruli specifikiT. aRniSnul
literaturul teqstSi mTavari ambavia, romelic avTentur istoriul
realiebzea dafuZnebuli da yuradReba personaJis Sinagan samyaroze ar aris
gadatanili. Tumca moTxroba mainc gvitovebs mTavari personaJis samyaroze
(anu mTxrobelze) garkveul warmodgenas. mkiTxveli ecnoba mis gemovnebasa da
interesebs, fiqrebs, Sinagan gansjaSic erTveba. amis miuxedavad, aq mainc
swored ambavia mniSvnelovani.
gasaTvaliswinebelia, agreTve, nawarmoebis enobrivi mxarec. arsebiTad,
aq ,,antoniosa da daviTisagan” didi sxvaoba arc SeiniSneba. Oorive
SemTxvevaSi ucxoeli mogzauria mTxrobeli. enis stilizacias swored es
faqtori ganapirobebs: Txrobis ena Tanamedrovea, avtori Tanamedrove
saliteraturo enis normebiT sargeblobs, nasesxebi sityvebizomierad aris
gamoyenebuli. enobrivi stilis arCevis dros, am SemTxvevaSicgadamwyveti
personaJis samyaroa, rac gansazRvravs Txrobis stils.
moTxrobaSi aRwerilia Tevdore mRvdlis Tavdadebis ambavi, Tumca
mRvdlis saxeli teqstSi ar gvxvdeba. mefe luarsab-xani aseve istoriuli
personaJia, igive luarsab II, qarTlis mefe 1592-1622 wlebSi. nawarmoebis

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fabulad aRebulia 1609 wels momxdari istoriuli movlena – Tevdore
mRvdlis Tavdadebis Sesaxeb.1609 wlis ivnisSi osmalebi moulodnelad
SeiWrnen qarTlSi. maT cnoba hqondaT imis Taobaze, rom mefe luarsabi mcire
amaliT cxireTSi iyo dabanakebuli. osmalebs surdaT moulodnelad Tavs
dasdgomodnenmefesda daemarcxebinaT. gzad, sofel kvelaTSi, Tevdore
mRvdeli SemoxvdaT, romelsac megzuroba ubrZanes. am ukanasknelma mteri
araswori gziT atara da amiT gadaarCina mefe da misi amala. amis gamo
osmalebma mRvdeli sastikad awames da STamomavlobam mas Tavdadebuli
mRvdeli Tevdore uwoda. amasobaSi ki mefe luarsabma Zalebi moikriba da
mteri ukuaqcia (saqarTvelos..1972:174).
MmoTxrobaSi avTentur istoriul epizods gamonagonic erwymis _
mTavari siuJeturi kvanZi, kerZod, oman faSas ambavi. brwyinvale momavlis
mqone sardlisa, romlis bedic ukuRma datrialda. es ukanasknelic garkveul
istoriul realiebs efuZneba, am tipis sardali da dampyrobeli saqarTvelos
istoriaSi mravlad gxvdeba. avTentur da fiqciur ambavs aerTianebs rahaT-
luxumis gamyidveli suleimanisa da mTxroblis dialogi.
,,antonio da daviTisagan” gansxvavebiT, am moTxrobaSi ZiriTadi sakiTxi
erovnuli Rirseba-mankierebis Temaa. erT-erTi personaJis ali-mirzasgan
vigebT: ,,bunebiT yvela gurji moRalatea, oRon eg aris, zogs eZleva Ralatis
saSualeba da zogs arao... Surianebi ariano, gviTxra, erTimeoris sikeTe
mosvenebas ukargavT da, vinc maTs am Tvisebas gamoiyenebs, roca dasWirdeba,
erTmaneTs iolad gadahkidebso. gurji unda aqoo, dagvariga, Tavi ise unda
moaCveno, viTom Sen imis ferxTa mtvrad ara Rirxaro, gurji gulubryviloa,
Tanac gadamTielis naTqvams yovelTvis ufro iolad ijerebs, vidre
Tavisianisas, amitom swrafad mogendoba da Seuyvardebi, xolo raki Sen
Seuyvardebi, sakuTari Zma SesZuldeba, radgan erTi gurjis gulSi ori
siyvaruli ver etevao. gurjebis ugunuroba yvelaze ukeT maTs ampartavnebaSi
Canso; TavianT uricxv nakls ise sasoebiT malaven, TiTqos erTi ram Zvirfasi
saganZuri iyos; yvelaferi SeiZleba gapation, magram maTi nakli Tu SeamCnie,
amas aramc da aramc ar gapatieben...” (qarCxaZe 2009: 500-501). moTxrobaSi
qarTveli eris mankieri Tvisebebi ucxo TvaliTaa Sefasebuli.
`rahaT-luxumi~ imiTacaa saintereso, romteqstSi am Sefasebebis
sapirispiro qmedebacaa warmoCenili. ali-mirzas naTqvami zustad ar cxaddeba,
vinaidan gurjebs Soris Tavganwiruli mRvdelic gamoCndeba. ali-mirzas

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mosazreba gaabaTila mRvdeli Tevdores Tavdadebam, rac oman-faSasTvis didi
moulodneloba aRmoCnda: `aki ali-mirzam, im beberma qofakma, yvelanio?...~
(qarCxaZe 2009: 510). amiT naklis gverdiT qarTveli eris Rirsebacaa
warmoCenili da es kritikis simZafres keTilmosurne iers aniWebs. amis
miuxedavad, isicaa gasaTvaliswinebeli, rom moTxrobaSi erTaderTi Tevdore
mRvdelia, vinc ali-mirzas naTqvams absoluturad aqarwylebs. avtori aqcents
kvlav msxverplad Sewirul pirze akeTebs. aRniSnuli pasaJi, erTi mxriv,
agrZelebs qarTul istoriul prozaSi damkvidrebul viqtimizaciis ideals,
meore mxriv, Tevdore mRvdeli gmiria, e.i. gamonaklisi, xolo Cveulebriv
mokvdavTa Sefaseba bevriT ar gansxvavdeba ali-mirzas mZafri kritikisagan.
moTxrobas saintereso siuJeti kravs, rahaT-luxumis gamyidveli
suleimani ucxoel mTxrobels oman-faSas saocar Tavgadasavals uambobs,
romelic mRvdilis Tavdadebis gamo damarcxda. ucxoeli gaitaca ambavma,
magram SeeWvda: `aq pirvelad gamkra eWvma, egeb yvelaferi es mxolod da
mxolod savaWro xrikia, rahaT-luxumis gasasaReblad mogonili, da vin icis,
cbieri moxuci gulSi Cems miamitobaze icinis-meTqi~ (qarCxaZe 2009: 499). amiT
mTxrobeli mkiTxvels aeWvebs: namdvilad istoriul ambavTan hqonda saqme, Tu
gamonagonTan. moTxrobaSi sainteresod erwymis avTenturi istoriuli faqti
da fiqcia.
moTxrobebs `rahaT-luxumi~ da `antonio da daviTi~ msgavsi
publicisturi paTosi aqvT, Tumca gansxvavdebian Janruli specifikiT.
marTalia orive moTxroba istoriul prozas ganekuTvneba, Tumca maTSi
istorias Tanabari funqcia ar aqvs miniWebuli. `antonio da daviTSi~ istoria
mxolod fonia, romelic msgavsebas amJRavnebs garkveul istoriul
realiebTan. nawarmoebSi personaJTa Sinagani samyaro ufro mniSvnelovania.
`rahaT-luxumSi~ ki avTenturi istoriuli movlenaa asaxuli, masSi istoria
mxolod foni ar aris, mTavari mRvdlis Tavdadebaa, romelic aqarwylebs ali-
mirzas uaryofiT Sefasebebs. Tumca qarTuli istoriuli prozis
umravlesobisagan gansxvavebiT, avtori ar qmnis idealizebul saxes, piriqiT
mkiTxvels ali-mirzas sityvebisa da mRvdlis sqacielis gaanalizebisaken
ganawyobs.

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 Tavi IV

epoqis rekonstruqcia j. qarCxaZismoTxrobebSi

4.1. moTxroba `igi~

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 4.1.1. miTi da istoria

„igi“ j. qarCxaZis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawarmoebia.

moTxroba pirvelad 1977 wels Jurnal „ciskarSi“ gamoqveynda. nawarmoebis
qvesaTaurSiaRniSnulia _ preistoriuli moTxroba. preistoria
winareistorias gulisxmobs, amdenad avtori mkiTxvels calsaxad mianiSnebs,
rom saqme miTosur epoqasTan eqneba;xolo moTxrobis Sinaarsi da tropebi am
ganwyobas aZlierebs. mTavari personaJi `igi~ metaforulad azrovnebs,
pirvelad aRmoaCens Semecnebis processa da xelovnebas.
miCneulia, rompresitoriul epoqaSi miTi `cocxali~ iyo, rac
gulisxmobs, imas, rom misi sjerodaT da is sazogadoebas qcevis wesebs
karnaxobda. azrovnebis garkveul safexurze kacobriobisaTvis miTi fiqciad
iqca. Tumca, rogorc specialistebi aRniSnaven miTiuri azrovnebis zogierTi
aspeqti Tanamedrove adamiansac SemorCa (eliade 2009: 7, 159). miTi yvela droSi
popularuli iyo. jer kidev hagiografiul literaturaSi mkvlevrebi
pouloben miTosur saxeebs. mogvianebiT ki saero literatura aqtiurad
mimarTavs mas: `amirandarejaniani~, `vefxistyaosani~, sulxan-saba orbelianis
Semoqmedeba, daviT guramiSvili, TergdaleulTa Taoba, vaJa, qarTveli
modernistebi. aseTive didi gavlena aqvs miTebsdasavlur literaturaSi.
samecniero literaturaSi gavrcelebulia terminebi: remiTologizacia,
magiuri realizmi, literaturuli zRapari, fentezi da a.S. yoveli maTgani
miTTan siaxlovis Sedegad warmoiSva. msoflio literaturaSi
gansakuTrebulad popularulia miTosuri saxeebi, arqetipebi, motivebi da
Temebi. yoveli literaturuli mimdinareoba sakuTari esTetikidan da
koncefciidan gamomdinare gadaiazrebs maT.
moTxroba `igiSi~ gamoyenebuli ar aris romelime konkretuli
miTologiuri siuJeti, Tumca masSi gvxvdeba miTis niSnebi. m. eliade miTis
erT-erT niSnad axasiaTebs Semdegs: `miTi yovelTvis raRacis `SeqmnasTan~
aris mimarTebaSi; igi gviambobs, rogor mieca dasabami qveyanaze raRacas, an
rogor Camoyalibda esa Tu is qceva, instituti da muSaobis yaida; amitom
Seicaven miTebi yvela mniSvnelovani adamianuri aqtis paradigmebs~ (eliade

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2009: 21). j. qarCxaZis moTxrobaSi gvxvdeba miTis aRniSnuli niSani: igi
pirveli eziareba SemecnebiT process, pirveli aRmoaCens xelovnebasa da
siyvaruls, romelic mxolod instinqtebze ar daiyvaneba.
moTxrobaSi `igi~ Semecnebisa da azrovnebis pirvel process
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. garda amisa, moTxroba `igiSi~ miTis
uamravi sxva niSanic gvxvdeba, rasac r. canava zedmiwevniT detalurad
ganixilavs Tavis statiaSi`miTis ena jemal qarCxaZis moTxrobaSi
,,igi”.mkvlevris azriT,,,igi”: ,,preistoriuli sazogadoebis cxovrebis wesis
rekonstruqciis erT-erTi warmatebuli cdaa” (canava 2009:288). mkvlevarma
statiaSi aRadgina moTxroba `igis~ miTosuri realoba, daaxasiaTa ritualebi:
samonadireo rituali (roca xelmocaruli beladi kvdeba; tabuireba _ avi
Tvalis gamo monadiris Sin datoveba), xatvis rituali, pirvelyofili
adamianis metaforuli azrovneba (bunebisa da adamianis qcevaTa gaigiveba,
abstraqtuli azrovnebis ararseboba). r. canavas statiidan kargad Cans, j.
qarCxaZis mier miTosuri samyaros detaluri codna da rac mTavaria: ,,Tamamad
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom warmatebis sawindari swored miTis enis codnaa. am
codnas ver miiReb mxolod Sesabamisi samecniero literaturis gacnobiT. aq,
albaT, ufro mniSvnelovania mwerlis intucia, qvegamoxmoba da samyaros aRqma
misi TvalebiT” (canava 2009:288-293). moTxrobaSi swored am tipis stiluri
gardasaxvaa mniSvnelovani, radgan ,,igi” stiluri TvalsazrisiT sruliad
gansxvavebuli moTxrobaa j. qarCxaZis prozaSi. preistoriuli xanis adekvatur
gacocxlebaze kritikaSi sxvaganacaa aRniSnuli (z. kikviZe, T. vasaZe, m. niniZe).
marTalia, moTxroba `igiSi~ aSkaraa miTis niSnebi, mwerali aRniSnavda:
,,roca Cvens literaturaSi miTosiT gatacebis piki idga, im dros rom eSmaki
Semjdomoda da miTologiuri xmauri aetexa... albaT ar gavugonebdi da
cdunebas Tavidan gamovibertyavdi, swored im mizeziT rom modaSi iyo. es
aramarTebuli saqcielia da mkacri Semfaseblis TvalSi iqneb aramarTebulze
uaresic, magram subieqturi sinamdvile aseTia da, Tundac davmalo, mainc
aseTi iqneba” (qarCxaZe 2005: 102). amis miuxedavad, j. qarCxaZis `igi~ aSkarad
miTosuri struqturiT gamoirCeva.
r. canavas statiaSi amomwuravad aris Seswavlili moTxrobis miTosuri
Sre, amis gamo am sakiTxze aRar SevCerdebiT. CvenTvis moTxrobaSi miTisa da
istoriis mimarTebaasaintereso. literaturul teqstSi aRwerili ar aris
romelime miTologiuri siuJeti da masSi mxolod miToritualebi,

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miTopoeturi saxeebi da miTosuri qronotopia (sivrcis gamokveTiTa da drois
faqtoris SemcirebiT) warmodgenili, riTac r. canavas azriT, preistoriis
rekonstruqciaa miRweuli. preistorias uwodeben damwerlobamdel epoqas,
romlis Sesaxebac wyaroebi Zalze mcirea. miTebi, rogorc warsulis Sesaxeb
uZvelesi narativebi, istorikosebisaTvis am epoqis aRdgenisaTvis erT-erT
wyarod miiCneva. amis gamo preistoria da miTosi urTierTdakavSirebulad
aRiqmeba xolme (Gasden 2003:1). Tavis mxriv, miTebi Tanamedrove samyarosTvisac
aqtualuria. m. eliades azriT: `es niSnavs imas, rom miTosuri azrovnebis
zogierTi aspeqti da funqcia adamianuri arsebis Semadgeneli nawilia~
(eliade 2009: 158). amdenad miTi mxolod preistorias ar ukavSirdeba, xolo
kacobriobis istoria adamianis gaCenis dRidan iwyeba (miuxedavad imisa,
SemorCenilia Tu ara wyaroebi). j. qarCxaZis moTxrobaSi adamianebis uZvelesi
sazogadoebis (damwerlobamdeli, pirvelyofili tomis) istoriis
gasacocxleblad, swored miTosuri struqturaa gamoyenebuli. moTxrobaSi
samyaro uZvelesi adamianis TvaliTaa aRqmuli. amis gamo, pirobiTad, `igize~
SegviZlia visaubroT, rogorc istoriul moTxrobaze. yovel SemTxvevaSi
preistoriis rekonstruqciaze mainc.
nawarmoebis saxeldeba _ CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli `igi~ da qvesaTauri _
preistoriuli moTxroba mkiTxvelSi interess iwvevs. saTaurad am
SemTxvevaSic mTavari personaJis saxelia SerCeuli. Tumca CvenebiTi
nacvalsaxeli erTi SexedviT abnevs mkiTxvels, radgan nawarmoebis
wakiTxvamde gaugebaria saTauris Sinaarsi. moTxrobaSi Txroba mesame piriT
mimdinareobs, heterodiegeturi mTxrobeli pirvelyofili tomis wevria, misi
azrovneba miTosuria, Sesabamisad, mTxroblis enac miTopoeturia. mkiTxveli
igis, pirvelyofili sazogadoebis wevris TvaliT aRiqvams da Seimecnebs
samyaros, rac moTxrobis enobrivi stiliTa da naratiuli struqturiTaa
miRweuli. am SemTxvevaSic personaJis xedviT Txrobaaris sayuradRebo.
istoriul Tu Tanamedroveobaze SeqmnilnawarmoebebSi j. qarCxaZisaTvis
umTavresi personaJis Sinagani samyaro, misi monologebi, gansja-fiqrebia
mniSvnelovani. es momenti yvelaze metad ,,igiSia” gamJRavnebuli. nawarmoebis
enobrivi qsovili igis fiqrebisa da azrovnebis adekvaturia: ,,beladis
sityvebs cxeli xifaTis suni auvida, rogorc SiSvel mTas auva xolme, roca
Signidan cecxlis ena amoimarTeba da ca ferflis burusiT daifareba.
SeSfoTebam igis TaviT fexebamde dauara. aseTi ram jer arc erT belads ar

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eTqva. igi mixvda, rom qveynad raRac axali gaCnda. oRond ise ki ara, cis
Zaxili cecxlad rom gaiklakneba da myisve gaqreba. ara. miwa rom gaibzareba
da naprali aRarasodes amoivseba, ise” (qarCxaZe 2009: 199).
siuJeti viTardeba igis garSemo. masSi igis TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebac
Cans: ,,adre, ucxo sityvebi rom Semoeseodnen da igi maTs asxmasa da dalagebas
Seudgeboda, gaurkveveli simZime sxeulSi tkivilad eRvreboda, Tvalebi
exuWeboda da Zili ereoda. Aaxla aseTi ram aRar emarTeba. axla ucnob
sityvebs iolad da swrafad alagebs. sityvebi gamwkvrivdebian da ise
miuyvebian maTTvis miCenil gzas, rogorc nadiri miuyveba gakvalul biliks
wyarosken.” (qarCxaZe 2009: 201).
igis transformacia iwyeba im momentidan, rodesac personaJi miwaze
adamianis nakvalevs amCnevs, romelic odesme mainc gaqreba. es beladis
nafexurebia. sinamdvileSi beladi arafriT arafriT gansxvavdeba
koleqtivisagan, miuxedavad imisa rom is marTavs. isic iseTive koleqtiuri
saxea, rogorc bevri sxva, romelic SemdgomSi mis adgils daikavebs. am
momentidan igi iwyebs samyaros Semecnebas, is xedavs sakuTar Tavs da iwyebs
msjelobas. distanciurad aRiqvams Tanatomelebs da maTgan gamoarCevs
belads. igi nel-nela wydeba miwas da izrdeba, rogorc individi. manamade Tu
misi interesebi mwiri iyo, droTa ganmavlobaSi farTovdeba. dakvirveba
sakuTar gansxvavebulobas aRmoaCeninebs: ,,beladi yvelaze metad iyo moxrili...
zogi-naklebad. magram yvelani moxrilebi iyvnen. Sublebi miwisTvis mieSviraT,
grZeli xelebi usicocxlod qanaobdnen... igis uceb saxeze almuris suni
auvida da mucelSi cxelma gemom dauara. igi iseTi ar iyo, rogoric iyvnen
sxvebi! gamarTuli idga Subli Soreuli mTis wverisTvis mieSvira” (qarCxaZe
2009: 204). fiqrebma da dakvirvebam SemoqmedebiT Ziebamde miiyvana: ,,uecrad
maxinji ni gaqra sxeulidan da myisve igis Tvalebma maxinji ni silaSi
dainaxes” (qarCxaZe 2009: 218). siyvarulma da Semoqmedebam mis axal aRmoCenas
daudo saTave: ,,igisagan swored is darCa, rac igiSi igi iyo”(qarCxaZe
2009:238).Mmisi azrovnebis ganviTareba teqstis enobriv qsovilSia gamokveTili.
moTxrobis sruliad originaluri stili, tropika, sintaqsuri wyoba da a. S,
swored igis cnobierisa da qvecnobieris Cvenebas emsaxureba.
personaJis perspeqtiviT Txrobis dros (heterodiegeturi mTxroblis
SemTxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT), rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, personaJis mentaluri
procesebis gadmosacemad produqtuli formaa Sinagani monologi. Tumca

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moTxrobaSi `igi~ ar gvxvdeba Sinagani monologebi, rac, bunebrivia, radgan
Sinagani monologebi (Tavisi fsiqologiuri da inteleqtualuri gagebiT) igis
epoqis adamianis inteleqtualuri da SemecnebiTi ganviTarebisTvis ucxo
iqneboda, amis nacvlad moTxrobaSi warmodegenilia mTavari personaJis
msjeloba meore igisTan: ,,Tavidan igisac ase egona, magram axla, roca
mravali gakvirveba codnad eqca, mixvda, rom mudam araferi yofila,
yvelaferi odesRac gaCnda, da uxmod ikiTxa Tavis sxeulSi: ratom adis
damarcxebuli beladi didi daZinebis qarafze? imitom rom damarcxebuli
beladi mainc beladia, magram raki damrcxda, beladi aRaraa. xolo roca
beladia da Tan beladi aRaraa, raRac irRveva, risi darRvevac ar SeiZleba.
amitom adis...” (qarCxaZe 2009: 200).
moTxrobisaTvis mniSvnelovania personaJis perspeqtiviT Txroba.
rogorc d. werediani aRniSnavs, igis personaJi j. qarCxaZis sxva nawarmoebebis
gmirebis msgavsad, Signidan Sendeba (werediani 2005: 101). `igiSi~ amas
preistoriuli adamianis azrovnebac erTvis, amis gamo igi yovelives sakuTar
sxeulTan akavSirebs: ,,igis sxeulSi gakvirveba SekrTa”, ,,igis sxeulSi ni
gaCnda”, ,,igim sxeulSi Tqva”.,,ni nel-nela qreboda sxeulSi da silaSi
Cndeboda”. ,,TiTqos gaiSala, gaizarda da mTeli sivrce amoavso. axla rac ki
iyo irgvliv, yvelaferi gaerTianda, erT arsad iqca yvelaferi... mere, roca
garemos mowyda da isev sakuTar sxeulSi moeqca, danarCeni sagnebic TavianT
sxeulSi dabrundnen” (qarCxaZe 2005: 220). igi acnobierebs, rom sxeuli
Caketili sivrcea da mis garda sxva ramec arsebobs: ,,igis SeeZlo, roca
moisurvebda, gaexsna es sxeuli da maSin qveyniereba weRandeliviT mxolod
igi iqneboda, erTiani da ganuyofeli igi, romelsac araferi eqneboda
sxeulad” (qarCxaZe 2009: 220).
mTavari personaJis Sinagani formirebis dros mTxrobeli sityvis
mniSvnelobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. aq kargad Cans igis SemecnebiTi
aqtivobis Sedegebi. swored sityvebi ayalibeben igis Sinagan samyaros: ,,ucxo
sityvebi rom Semoeseodnen da igi maTs asxmasa da dalagebas Seudgeboda,
gaurkveveli simZime sxeulSi tkivilad eRvreboda” (qarCxaZe 2009: 201). sityvis
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas jemal qarCxaZe publicistikaSic aRniSnavs:
,,albaT, arsad sityvas iseTi siyvaruliT ar eloliavebian, iseTi rudunebiT
ar Zerwaven, ise xarbad ar agroveben da ise uangarod ar xarjaven, rogorc
CvenSi. CvenSi yoveli kaci sityvis Semoqmedia. CvenSi sityva imdenad

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komunikaciis iaraRi ar aris, ramdenadac sulis gamJRavnebisa. sityva CvenTvis
iseTi RmerTia, romelsac Tan mowiwebiT SevcicinebT da Tan Sinaurulad
beWebze xels vutyapunebT da qarTuli xasiaTis fesvebic, albaT, umTavresad
sityvasTan Cvens damokidebulebaSia saZiebeli (qarCxaZe 2009: 9).
igis Semecnebisaken swrafvas mTxrobeli sityvebTan urTierTobiT
gviCvenebs: ,,sityvebi gamwkrivdebian da ise miuyvebian maTTvis miCenil gzas,
rogorc nadiri miuyveba gakvalul biliks wyarosaken” (qarCxaZe 2009: 201).,,igis
ara aqvs sityvebi. sityvebi raRacaa da TavisTvisaa. xolo raRaca yvelganaa.
xeSi, zRvaSi, Soreul qedebSi, tyis mwvane sunSi, balaxis ReroSi. xandaxan
igis TavSi Semodis” (qarCxaZe 2009: 228). preistoriul realobaSi sityvam
gansakuTrebuli funqcia SeiZina: ,,rom ara sityva, azri Sida orbitas ver
gascdeboda, adamianTa jogi sazogadoebad ver gadaiqceoda” (qarCxaZe 2008:
36)_ aRniSnavda avtori bolo romanSi,,ganzomileba”.
igim nel-nela gaacnobiera sakuTari gansxvavebuloba. pirvel aRmoCenas
wuxili daupirispirda: ,,igim scada gamarTuliyo. tkivili dilandeliviT
Caafrinda zurgSi. igim daikvnesa da gaimarTa. cota xnis Semdeg kidev scada.
tkivili yviroda. igi ebrZoda tkivils, magram tkivili Zlieri iyo” (qarCxaZe
2009: 206). amis Semdeg igis arsebaSi ufro mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebis momswre
vxdebiT. igi jer xelovans ipovis sakuTar TavSi, finalSi ki yvelaze
arsebiTs – sakuTar Tavs _ ,,is... rac igiSi igi iyo”.
,,igi” jemal qarCxaZis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani moTxrobaa, sadac
Tavisufal pirovnebad Camoyalibebis gza yvelaze cxadaa warmoCenili. igi
sabolood Tavisufal individad yalibdeba. moTxrobaSi mniSvnelovani ar
aris mxolod personalizmis ideebi, j. qarCxaZe sazogadoebazec msjelobs.
mwerali vaJa-fSavelas gzas agrZelebs. Tu vaJam sazogadoebis SigniT
arsebuli winaaRmdegoba gviCvena (gr. kiknaZe), jemal qarCxaZesTan ukve
sazogadoebis Sinagani, faruli impulsicaa warmoCenili _ es aris masad
qceuli, ganuyofeli jgufis pirovnebebad daSlis gaucnobierebeli wyurvili.
amas j. qarCxaZe publicistikaSic aRniSnavs da moTxrobis ZiriTadi
saTqmelicaa. moTxrobis aqtualuri problematika pirvelyofili adamianis
Sinagani xedviTaa gajerebuli, riTac xazi esmeba problemis maradiulobas.
nebismieri nawarmoebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs finals,
sadac Tavs iyris kvanZis gaxsna, kaTarzisi, personaJis miaxloeba mizanTan, an
distancireba da a.S. aqve xdeba igis xasiaTis bolomde gaxsna: ,,igis sxeulSi

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didi siswrafiT SemoiWra uricxvi tomi. yvela gamarTuli iyo, yvela –
mxrebSi gaSlili. cas uyurebdnen. sxivosani Tvalebi hqondaT.” (qarCxaZe 2009:
238). am SegrZmebamde igi siyvarulsa da SemoqmedebiT process mihyavs. es ori
momenti mniSvnelovani faqtoria pirovnebad Camoyalibebis procesSi. swored
ni aiZulebs iyos is, rac sinamdvileSia, gamoamJRavnos Tavisi WeSmariti arsi.
,,am dros nim Tqva: igi iseTi sityvebi aqvs, rogoric sxvebs ara aqvT. beladma
isev moimarjva keti da daiZagra... igis nis silamazemac atkina raRac”
(qarCxaZe 2009: 227-235).
igi Tavdapirvelad sakuTar TavSi aRmoaCens Semecnebisa da
Tavisufalebisadmi swrafvas, Semdeg ki sxva adamianebSic ganaviTarebs am
impulss. jer nis gardaqmnis, Semdeg zu gamoCndeba, rogorc misi sulieri
memkvidre, finalSi ki brbos SigniTac xedavs maTi pirovnebad qcevis
potencials: ,,igi mixvda, rom yvelaze ufro, cis Tvalebze Soreul qedebze,
zRvaze da tyeze ufro, misi welSi moxrili, viwroSubliani Zmebi SesTxovdnen
da evedrebodnen: gaimarTos igi! dawinaurdes igi!“ (qarCxaZe 2009: 238). igim
isic aRmoaCina, rom miuxedavad beladisa da sazogadoebis uaryofiTi
damokidebulebisa, TiToeul maTganSic aris Tavisuflebis marcvali, romelic
saguldagulodaa damaluli. isinic atareben igis msgavs gamarTul, laR
suls sakuTar TavSi, romelic aseve Caketilia sxeulis sivrceSi da garRvevas
moelis. avtori amasTan dakavSirebiT publicistikaSi aRniSnavs: ,,TviTon
masac... pirovnebad daSlas iTxovs, miuxedavad imisa, rom yvelaze meti
gaafTrebiT swored amis winaaRmdeg ibrZvis” (qarCxaZe 2009:1).
moTxrobis finali swored am ideis mxatvruli gansxeulebaa: igis masad
qceul adamianebSic SeuZlia dainaxos maTi yvelaze dafaruli,
individualuri saxe. mTxrobeli gviCvenebs, rom erTi adamiani mainc rCeba zus
saxiT, romelic ukve gamarTulia da igis ideis memkvidrea. es yvelaze
mniSvnelovani momentia, radgan mwerlis realobaSi am mxriv mZime situaciaa:
,,Cven is xalxi varT, visac sakuTari WkuiT gadawyvetileba ver gamoaqvs da
mxolod SekveTebs asrulebs. Cven is xalxi varT – axla es naTelia _ visac
komunizmis avTvisebiani simsivne aqvs da monobis bangiTaa gabruebuli... dRes
eri ara varT, sazogadoeba ara varT, damoukidebeli pirovnebebi ara varT”
(qarCxaZe 2009: 142).
mTxrobelma igis pirovnul zrdas socialuri datvirTva mianiWa,
vinaidan igis zrdam nis da zus Sinagani zrdac ganapiroba, riTac,

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faqtobrivad, Tavisufali individebis sazogadoebas eyreba safuZveli. j.
qarCxaZisaTvis aRniSnul faqtors gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan
publicistikaSi aRniSnavs: ,,Tu problemas socialuri kuTxiT SevxedevT
SemTxveviTobaTa jaWvs adamiani maSin daaRwevs Tavs, roca igi sazogadoebaSia
da sazogadoebis wevria. CvenSi dResdReobiT yoveli kaci TavisTvisaa.
TavisTavad isini _ maTi didi umravlesoba _ wesieri da patiosani xalxia,
magram ufro xSirad pirovnulad arian patiosani, sazogadoebrivad – ara,
pirovnuli morali aqvT, sazogadoebrivi _ ara. es ki umTavresi mizezia imisa,
rom dResdReobiT araTu SemTxveviTobaTa jaWvisTvis ver dagviRwevia Tavi,
aramed Cven TviTonve vqmniT am jaWvs da Cvensav borkilebad viyenebT (qarCxaZe
2005: 161).
moTxroba `igis~ naratiuli struqtura mTavari personaJis garSemoa
agebuli. preistoriis rekonstruqcia moTxrobaSi dasmuli problematikis
gamokveTas emsaxureba: pirvelyofili sazogadoebis wevri pirvelad
acnobierebs Semecnebisaken swrafvas, rac misi Tavisufal individad
CamoyalibebiT sruldeba. moTxrobaSi xazgasmulia pirovnebad yofnis
aucileblobas da sazogadoebis (romelic masad iyo qceuli) pirovnul
sawyisebze arsebobis saWiroeba.

Q4.1.2. platonis gamoqvabulis alegoria

(interteqsti da problematika)

`igi~ gamoqvabulSi mcxovreb pirvelyofil adamianebze gviambobs.

literaturuliteqstis mTavari azri ganmanaTlebluria: igi, mTavari
personaJi, pirveli adamiania, romelmac sakuTar TavSi Semecnebisaken swrafva

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aRmoaCina. igi gansxvavebulad azrovnebda, amis gamo Tanatomelebis risxva
daimsaxura da sikvdiliT daisaja. moTxrobis finali gviCvenebs, rom igis
pirovnulma zrdam sxvebzec moaxdina dadebiTi gavlena.
nawarmoebis Sinaarsi mogvagonebs platonis „saxelmwifoSi“ gadmocemul
gamoqvabulis alegorias. qarTul literaturul kritikaSi j. qarCxaZis `igis~
Sesaxeb saintereso statiebi arsebobs. Seswavlilia moTxrobis miTologiuri
Sre, enobrivi stili, problematika, Tumca platonis `saxelmwifosTan~
mimarTebis sakiTxi jer ar dasmula (yovel SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis xelmisawvdom
wyaroebSi).
moTxroba „igis“ platonis gamoqvabulis alegoriasTan kavSiri
Sinaarsobrivi msgavsebis garda, filosofiisadmi j. qarCxaZis
gansakuTrebulma damokidebulebamac gvafiqrebina. misi azriT, mwerali kargad
unda icnobdes filosofiur literaturas: „mxatvruli literaturis garda
mwerlisaTvis saWiroa filosofiisa da religiis codna“ (qarCxaZe 2005:22).
garda amisa, aseve sainteresoa xelovnebis miseuli ganmarteba: „adamianis
sulieri aqtivoba mZlavri vulkanuri rxevaa, romelsac erTi bolo ukidures
misticizmSi aqvs gadgmuli, meore - ukidures racionalizmSi, anu, am rxevis
erTi mxare religiad iSleba, meore - filosofiad, xolo SuaSi, iq, sadac
religia da filosofia erTmaneTSi gadadis, aris xelovneba“ (qarCxaZe 2005: 7).
j. qarCxaZisaTvis filosofosebidan yvelaze gamorCeuli adgili
platons ukavia: „filosofiidan CemTvis mudmivi Tanamgzavri da xSiri
monatrebis sagani platonia“ (qarCxaZe 2005: 22). amave dros mwerlis sxva
nawarmoebSi (,,ganzomilebaSi”) platonis, ekhartisa da kantis filosolofiaTa
Taviseburi sinTezis Sesaxebac saubroben (beriaSvili: 1). aqedan gamomdinare,
j. qarCxaZis prozaSi platonis filosofiis gavlenisa Tu recefciis Zieba
moulodneli da alogikuri ar unda mogveCvenos.
gamoqvabulis alegoria platonis „saxelmwifos“ (daaxloebiT 380 w. Zv.
w.) meSvide TavSia gadmocemuli. „saxelmwifo“ platonis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani dialogia, romelmac udidesi gavlena moaxdina msoflio
azrovnebis istoriaSi. masSi Tavmoyrilia filosofosis sxvadasxva dros
Camoyalibebuli filosofiuri koncefciebi, romelSic ganxilulia: ideaTa
Teoria, samarTlianoba, moqalaqeTa aRzrdis principebi, saxelmwifos saxeebi
(monarqia, aristokratia, tirania, demokratia, oligarqia) (Rosen 2005:1-3). xolo

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dialogis monawileebi arian: sokrate da glavkoni, polimarqe, kefale,
adimante.
platonis gamoqvabulis alegoriisa da j. qarCxaZis `igis~ mimarTebis
gamokveTisaTvis saWirod mimaCnia gamoqvabulis alegoriis Sinaarsis
gadmocema. ,,saxelmwifos” meSvide Tavi Semdegnairad iwyeba: „ai, ras SegiZlia
Seadaro Cveni buneba ganaTlebisa Tu gaunaTleblobis mxriv: warmoidgine
adamianebi, romlebic TiTqos mRvimis msgavs miwisqveSa dilegSi arian
gamomwyvdeulni“ (platoni 2003: 241). dilegSi sinaTle Wrilidan aRwevs,
gamoqvabulSi ki xelfexSekruli patimrebi sxedan, romelTac ganZreva ar
SeuZliaT da verc sinaTles xedaven. sinaTles ki mogizgize cecxli asxivebs.
cecxlsa da patimrebs Soris dabali kedelia, romlis miRmac mgzavrebi
moZraoben, romelTac xelSi xisgan gamoTlili sagnebi uWiravT da maRla
sweven ise, rom gamoqvabulSi aCrdilebad aRiqvamen. patimrebs mobruneba ar
SeuZliaT, ris gamo ver xedaven namdvil viTarebas da iluziebis tyveobaSi
imyofebian (platoni 2003:241).
sokrate svams kiTxvas, sainteresoa ra moxdeboda romelime
patimrisaTvis borkilebi rom moexsnaT da sinaTlis mxares gaexeda.
bunebrivia, Tavidan sinaTle Tvals mosWrida da veRarafers gaarCevda, Semdeg
roca auxsnidnen WeSmarit viTarebas, patimari daibneoda da ver daijerebda
moulodnel sinamdviles. amis gamo ukan dabrundebas moisurvebda, ris
saSualebasac ar miscemdnen. sinaTles rom kargad SeaCvevda Tvals, ukve
SeZlebda realobis danaxvas. amis Semdeg sakuTari Zveli yofisa da
megobrebis gaxsenebisas, guli sibraluliT aevseboda: `mereda, Tavisi
uwindeli samyoflis, iqauri sibrZnisa da Tavisi megobari patimrebis
gaxsenebisas gana netarebad ar miiCnevs Tavis axlandel yofas da sibraluli
ar aReZvris dilegSi myofTa mimarT?~ (platoni 2003: 243).
cxadia, aRar isurvebda uwindel cxovrebas da ukan, gamoqvabulSi
dabrunebuls TvalSi moxvdeboda sibnele. misi mTavari mizani megobrebis
gadarwmuneba iqneboda, ris gamoc Tavs ver daaRwevda maTTan kamaTs
sinaTlisa da sibnelis Sesaxeb. mas ki aravin daujerebda da sasacilodac
aigdebdnen. ufro metic, Tu vinme Seecdeboda patimrebis tyveobidan daxsnas,
umalve moklavdnen, radgan maTTvis Zneli iqneboda WeSmaritebis gageba, manam
sanam Tavadac sinaTlisaken ar Semobrundebodnen: `xolo Tu mRvimeSi
samudamod gamomwyvdeul patimrebTan kvlav mouwevda paeqroba ama Tu im

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landisa da misi mniSvnelobis gamo, vidre Tvals SeaCvevda sibneles, rasac,
albaT, sakmao dro dasWirdeboda, Seni azriT, gana masxrad ar aigdebdnen am
sityvebiT: ras miexeteboda im simaRleze, sul tyuila dakarga Tvalis Cinio?
ase rom, Tu vinme Seecdeboda tyveobidan daexsna da maRla aeyvana isini, gana
imwamsve suls ar gaafrTxobidnen, xelSi rom CavardnodaT?~ (platoni 2003:
241-245).
„saxelmwifos“ imave TavSi axsnilia alegoriis arsi: es aris adamianuri
yofis suraTi; gamoqvabuli xiluli samyaroa, sinaTle ki - mzis sxivi. maRla
asvla da sagnebis xilva aris: „sulis aRmasvla goniT sawvdomi samyaros
mimarT... goniT sawvdomi samyaros zRvari sikeTis ideaa, romelsac Znelad Tu
gaarCevs gonebis Tvali, magram sakmarisia bundovnad mainc aRviqvaT, rom
aqedan uSualod gamogvaqvs daskvna: swored sikeTis ideaa yovelive
WeSmaritisa da mSvenieris mizezi... romlisganac dasabams iRebs WeSmariteba da
goniereba“ (platoni 2003: 244). vinc am simaRles miaRwevs, mas ukve aRar
SeuZlia ubadruk yofas miubrundes da gamudmebiT simaRlisaken iswrafvis.
amis Semdeg sokrate saubrobs ganaTlebis Sesaxeb: „ganaTleba sulac ar
aris is, rac zog-zogierTs hgonia, visi mtkicebiTac gaunaTlebel suls
TiTqos ise unda CavunergoT ganaTleba, rogorc usinaTlo Tvals - xedvis
unari“ (platoni 2003:245-246). sokrates TqmiT, `yvela sulsa aqvs amis unari da
saTanado iaraRic moeZebneba~ (platoni 2003: 246), magram Tvali ver dainaxavs
sinaTles, sanam adamiani mTeli sxeuliT ar Semobrundeba. ganaTleba sulis
unaria, amitomac sokrate ase ganmartavs ganaTlebis arss: „swored aq
vlindeba moqcevis xelovneba... ra gziT SeiZleba ufro advilad da qmediTad
movaqcioT kaci?... is arasworadaa mimarTuli da iqiT rodi iyureba, saiTac
jer ars. swored aq gvmarTebs Zalisxmeva, rom misi mzera sworad mivmarToT“
(platoni 2003: 246). codnis unari, sokrates TqmiT, xan sasargebloa, xan
usargeblo, xanac borotebis momtani. mniSvnelovania riskenaa es unari
mimarTuli, sikeTisaken Tu borotebisaken.
platonic `saxelmwifos~ mixedviT, idealur saxelmwifoSi
filosofosebs gansakuTrebuli misia akisriaT: daeSvan wyvdiadSi da sxvebze
izrunon (platoni 2003:246). wyvdiadisagan namdvili sagnebis garCevis unars ki
sxvadasxva mecnierebaSi gawafva gviviTarebs. sokrates azriT, idealur
saxelmwifoSi aucilebelia yvela moqalaqe flobdes am unars: „swavlaSi
gamWriaxni unda iyvnen, Cemo keTilo, da advilad euflebodnen codnas.

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radganac sulebs gacilebiT ufro akrTobs mecnierebaTa sirTule, vidre
gimnastikuri varjiSebisa. vinaidan tanjva-wameba, rasac codnis SeZena
moiTxovs, miT ufro mtkivneulia sulisaTvis, rom sxeuli ar iziarebs mas“
(platoni 2003: 267).
gamoqvabulis alegoria „saxelmwifos“ mniSvnelovani Tavia da
filosofiis istoriasa da msoflio literaturaSi erT-erTi cnobili Tema,
romelic platonis ideaTa Teoriis konteqstSi ganixileba da misi
filosofiis organuli nawilia (Rosen 2005:3). platonis`saxelmwifos~ motivebi
filosofiuri teqstebis garda, mraval mxatvrul nawarmoebSia gamoyenebuli.
maT Soris aRsaniSnavia: dantes `RvTaebrivi komedia~, jon miltonis
`dakarguli samoTxe~, f. baumis `ozis jadoqari~, t. uiliamsi `survilis
tramvai~, j. r. r. tolkinis `hobiti~, aseve filmebi: `matrica~, `hari poteri~
(Haymond 2005: 10-30).
gamoqvabulis alegoriis moxmobis Semdeg, mniSvnelovania j. qarCxaZis
moTxrobis detaluri gaazreba, radgan am teqstebs Soris msgavsebis garda
aSkarad ikveTeba bevri sxvaobac.
j. qarCxaZis moTxrobis mTavari personaJi igi, pirvelyofil tomTan
erTad, gamoqvabulSi cxovrobs. Tanatomelebis msgavsad, misi yofac
Cveulebria: ikvebeba, sanadirod dadis, welSi moxrilia da miwas misCerebia.
Tumca igi sxvebisagan mainc gansxvavdeba: mas uamravi kiTxva awuxebs, bevrs
fiqrobs da xSirad martoa. Tavdapirvelad igi beladis mier datovebulma
fexis kvalma daafiqra. Zveli beladis sikvdilis Semdeg darCa kvali, igim ki
aRmoaCina, rom adamiani garda fizikuri sxeulisa, kidev sxva ramisaganac
Sedgeba. am momentidan is Semecnebis process iwyebs da Seudgeba gonis
ganviTarebis gzas.
igis dasawyisSi sakuTari azrebi abnevda, mogvinebiT ki fiqrebis
dalagebac iswavla: „adre, ucxo sityvebi rom Semoeseodnen da igi maTs
asxmasa da dalagebas Seudgeboda, gaurkveveli simZime sxeulSi tkivilad
eRvreboda, Tvalebi exuWeboda da Zili ereoda. axla aseTi ram aRar emarTeba.
axla ucnob sityvebs iolad alagebs. sityvebi gamwkrivdebian da ise miuyvebian
maTTvis miCenil gzas, rogorc nadiri miuyveba gakvalul biliks wyarosaken.
esec imis bralia, albaT, welSi rom gaimarTa“ (qarCxaZe 2009:201). nel-nela
xelovnebisadmi swrafvac gamoavlina, rac misi piradi aRmoCena iyo. igim xatva

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iswavla, ni Seuyvarda, masSi mSveniereba dainaxa da mxolod instinqts ar
ahyolia. igi TandaTan Camoyalibda moazrovne arsebad.
igis gansxvavebuloba toms SeumCneveli ar darCa, pirvel rigSi
TvalsaCino gaxda misi welgamarTuloba (metaforuli miniSneba: igis
garegnuli saxe da misi Sinagani buneba harmoniulia da yvelaferi mis
individualobaze metyvelebs). igis mimarT agresia gaizarda, beladma mas
sanadirod wasvla aukrZala. Semdgom ki didi daZinebis qarafisaTvis (anu
sikvdilisaTvis) gaimeta. sikvdilis win igim gaacnobiera: „da igi mixvda, rom
yvelaze ufro, cis Tvalebze, Soreul qedebze, zRvaze da tyeze ufro, misi
welSi moxrili, viwroSubliani Zmebi SesTxovdnen da evedrebodnen: gaimarTos
igi! dawinaurdes igi! igis sxeulSi didi siswrafiT SemoiWra uricxvi tomi.
yvela gamarTuli iyo, yvela - mxrebSi gaSlili“ (qarCxaZe 2009: 238). mTeli
moTxroba mTavari personaJis Sinagani mdgomareobis gadmocemasa da misi
TvaliT danaxuli samyaros Cvenebas emsaxureba.
aRniSnul epizodSi gasaTvaliswinebelia moTxroba „igisa“ da
gamoqvabulis alegoriis Sinaarsobrivi msgavsebebi da sxvaobebi: platonis
gamoqvabulis alegoriis personaJi (cxadia, aq personaJi pirobiTad SegviZlia
vaxsenoT, radgan platonis alegoria mxatvruli nawarmoebi araa) gonebrivad
dawinaurebuli adamiania, man sakuTari TvaliT nanaxi WeSmariteba gauziara
megobrebs, magram ar daujeres da sasikvdilod gawires. igi gonebrivad
sxvebze adre mwifdeba, sxvagvarad metyvelebs da azrovnebs, sakuTar
aRmoCenebs Tanatomelebs uziarebs, amitomac arasasurveli adamiani xdeba,
bolos ki sasikvdilod imeteben. Sinaarsobrivi qarga j. qarCxaZis `igiSi~
meordeba, Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi: platonis gamoqvabulis
alegoria filosofosis ideaTa Teoriis gamomxatvelia. gamoqvabulis landebi
WeSmariti ideebis landebia, xolo gamoqvabuli amqveyniuri samyaros
alegoria, sinaTle da mzis naTeli - sikeTis, romelic yovelives mizezia
(qarCxaZe 2009:244-247).
rogorc vxedavT, es alegoria filosofosma sakuTari koncefciis
ilustrirebisaTvis moixmo. j. qarCxaZis teqsti ki moTxrobaa, dasrulebuli
mxatvruli Janri Tavisi personaJebiT, enobrivi stiliTa da naratiuli
struqturiT. „igiSi“ mTavari Tema Secvlilia: igispirovneba beladisa da
Caketili sazogadoebisaTvis miuRebelia. am azriT, mwerali liberaluri
ideologiis damamkvidrebelia. garda amisa, moTxrobaSi Sinaarsis

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gansxvavebuli elementebia win wamoweuli da sxva Temebicaa gamokveTili.
amitomac moTxroba „igis“ ver CavTvliT platonis gamoqvabulis alegoriis
mxatvrul transformaciad an ubralod misi gavleniT Seqmnil teqstad.
vfiqrobT, es mimarTeba, garkveulwilad, interteqstualur xasiaTs unda
atarebdes.
am or teqsts Soris interteqstualuri mimarTebis gamokveTamde,
saWirod migvaCnia ganvmartoT termini interteqstualoba. termin
,,interteqstualobas” Teoretikosebi calsaxad ukavSireben i. kristevas
saxels, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, m. baxtinis dialogurobis koncefciis gavlena
ganicada. amis safuZvelze Camoyalibda interteqstualobis ganmarteba,
romlis Tanaxmadac yvela teqsti iqmneba citatebisagan, interteqstualoba
teqstebs Soris dialogs gulisxmobs; samyaro uzarmazari teqstia. amgvari
abstraqtuli koncefciis garda, arsebobs interteqstualobis ufro
konkretuli ganmarteba, romlis Tanaxmadac teqstebs Soris arsebobs
motivirebuli, winaswargansazRvruli mimarTeba (cagareli 2008:74).
interteqstualobis konkretuli gageba gulisxmobs axal teqstSi
winareteqstis arsebobas. imis mixedviT Tu ramdenad advilia axal teqstSi
winareteqstis aRdgena, miT ufro gamokveTilia maT Soris interteqstualuri
mimarTeba. amasTan interteqstualoba axal da winareteqstebs Soris
nebismieri saxis kavSirs (plagiati, gavlena da a.S.) ar moicavs. aqedan
gamomdinare, axal da winareteqstebs Soris interteqstualuri mimarTeba
SemTxveviTobas gamoricxavs da mxolod avtoris mizanmimarTuli Canafiqris
nawilia. interteqstualobis mTavari maxasiaTebelia is, rom mas
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba teqstis Setyobinebis gaSifvris dros
(cagareli 2008:76).
samecniero literaturaSi gamoyofen ori saxis interteqstualur
signalebs: eqsplicituri da implicituri. eqsplicitur signalebSi Sedis:
winareteqstis citireba, citirebisas gansxvavebuli Srifti, sakuTari
saxelebi, winareteqstze raime saxis miTiTeba, epigrafi, sqolio, saTauri,
qvesaTauri, winaTqma, bolosityva. implicituri signalebia: winareteqstis
personaJebis, motivebisa da stilistikuri xerxebis ganmeoreba, aluziebi.
eqsplicituri interteqstualobis dros icvleba axali teqsti, gansakuTrebiT
citirebis dros; xolo implicituri interteqstualobis dros cvlilebas
ganicdis winareteqsti, radgan axal teqstSi misi gansxvavebuli gadaazreba

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xdeba da axali teqstis SemadgenlobaSi saxecvlili Sedis. orive SemTxvevaSi
winareteqsti axali teqstis interpretirebaSi gvexmareba (cagareli 2008:78-79).
j. qarCxaZis moTxroba „igiSi“ ar gvxdeba interteqstualobis
eqsplicituri signalebi, maT Soris citireba platonis „saxelmwifodan“,
sakuTari saxelebi. Tumca maT Soris Sinaarsobrivi Tu konceptualuri
mimarTeba mainc aSkaraa, amitomac sainteresoa implicituri signalebi.
platonis „saxelmwifoSive“ mocemuli ganmartebidan gamomdinare,
komentatorebi alegorias ganmanaTlebluri filosofiis poziciidan xsnian.
misi mTavari azri (ganaTlebis Sesaxeb) Semdegia: yovel ganaTlebul
pirovnebas garkveuli movaleoba da pasuxismgebloba eniWeba sxvebis winaSe;
ganaTleba ar gulisxmobs informaciis moTavsebas cariel gonebaSi, aramed
gonebisa da gagebis unaris ganviTarebas, rasac yoveli adamiani flobs. am
TvalsazrisiT platoni racionalizmis fuZemdebelia (Cooney1993: 22-30).
gamoqvabulis alegoriis platoniseuli ganmartebiT, gamoqvabulidan gasvla
da sinaTlis xilva niSnavs goniT amaRlebas, Semecnebis process (platoni
2003: 246).
moTxroba „igiSi“ gamoqvabulidan gasvlis motivi simbolurad igis
welgamarTulobis metaforiT meordeba. igi iwyebs azrovnebas da misi Homo
Sapiens-ad qceva am metaforiTac Cans. tomis danarCeni wevrebi pirutyvis
msgavsad miwamde moxrilebi dadian, maTi gonebrivi ganviTareba am fizikuri
mdgomareobis adekvaturia. igis sxvebisagan swored SemecnebiTi procesis
gaaqtiureba ganasxvavebs. misi Camoyalibeba gansxvavebuli sityvebiTac Cans:
„igis iseTi sityvebi aqvs, rogoric sxvebs ara aqvT“ (qarCxaZe 2009: 227). igi ase
imarTlebs Tavs sakuTari tomisa da beladis winaSe: „igis ara aqvs sityvebi.
sityvebi aravis ara aqvs. sityvebi raRacaa da TavisTvisaa. xolo raRaca
yvelaganaa. xeSi, zRvaSi, Soreul qedebSi... xandaxan igis TavSi Semodis, iq
sityvebad iqceva da piridan gamodis. gana sxvebs ar damarTniaT aseTi ram?
gana belads ar damarTnia aseTi ram? - ara. belads ar damarTnia! - didi xmiT
Tqva beladma“ (qarCxaZe 2009:228). igis sityvebma beladSi brazi gamoiwvia da
Sedegmac ar daayovna: „roca ca dRis Tvals gaaxels da qveynierebas sibneles
gadaaclis, igi ava maRal qarafze da didi daZinebis xaxaSi CaeSveba“ (qarCxaZe
2009: 232). aseTia beladis ganaCeni, sadac Cans platonis gamoqvabulis
alegoriis personaJTan msgavseba. igi xedavs WeSmaritebas, magram sxvebs misi
ar swamT da klaven.

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 garda amisa, es epizodi individis Tavisuflebis konteqstSic SeiZleba
ganvixiloT, riTac am motivs damatebiTi azri eniWeba: igi Tavisufali
individia, mas zRudaven da gansxvavebul adamianad yofnis uflebas arTmeven.
igis pirvelyofili tomi Caketili, qsenofobiuri da aratolerantuli
sazogadoebis minimodelia. moTxroba alegoriaa im sazogadoebis, romlis
wevric Tavad mweralia. amdenad platonis alegoriis motivebi „igiSi“
Taviseburadaa gadaazrebuli.
platonis gamoqvabulis alegoriis moxmoba damatebiT azrs sZens
moTxrobis finals. marTalia, igis klaven, magram mas Tanatomelebis mimarT
TanagrZnobis gancda uCndeba. igis SeuZlia maT TvalebSi dainaxos is, rasac
jer Tavadac ver acnobiereben: „misi welSi moxrili, viwroSubliani Zmebi
SesTxovdnen da evedrebodnen: gaimarTos igi! dawinaurdes igi!“ (qarCxaZe 2009:
238). es motivic, kerZod, filosofosis valdebuleba sakuTari
Tanamoqalaqeebis mimarT mogvagonebs platonis „saxelmwifos“.
igis sikvdiliswina xilva sainteresoa metaforuli TvalsazrisiTac:
„igis sxeulSi didi siswrafiT SemoiWra uricxvi tomi. yvela gamarTuli iyo,
yvela - mxrebSi gaSlili. cas uyurebdnen. sxivosani Tvalebi hqondaT. mxrebze
raRac TeTri wamoesxaT da es TeTri mosasxamebi dRis Tvalis Suqze dRis
TvalebiviT laplapebdnen. da sakvirveli tomi ise SemoiWra igis sxeulSi,
rom iq yvelaferi gaanaTa. igi zusac uyurebda, sxivosan tomsac da Tavis
ganaTebul sxeulsac. mere ukan gadadga nabiji. saxeze siTbos suni asdioda.
kidev gadadga ukan nabiji da, fexze rom miwa veRar igrZno, uxmad Tqva Tavis
sxeulSi: igisgan swored is darCa, rac igiSi igi iyo“ (qarCxaZe 2009: 238).
mwerali platonis alegoriasTan garkveul asociaciur Zafebs abams.
bneli gamoqvabuli, xom, platonis Tanaxmad, adamianuri yofis
alegoriaa, xolo TvalismomWreli sinaTle mzis sxivia. gamoqvabulidan
maRla asvla da sinaTlis xilva utoldeba gonebis amaRlebas, SemecnebiT
process.gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, gamoqvabuli
sxvadasxva kulturasa da miTologiaSi sibnelisa da bneli instinqtebis
adgilia. platonis `saxelmwifoSic~ swored es datvirTva aqvs gamoqvabuls.
j. qarCxaZis moTxrobaSic da platonis gamoqvabulSic gamoqvabulidan
gamosvla simbolurad gonebriv da sulier amaRlebas gulisxmobs.
„saxelmwifos“ am monakveTSi mzis ideaa ganmartebuli, amitomac isev
movixmobT am citatas: „goniT sawvdomi samyaros zRvari sikeTis ideaa,

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romelsac Znelad Tu gaarCevs gonebis Tvali, magram sakmarisia bundovnad
mainc aRviqvaT, rom aqedan uSualod gamogvaqvs daskvna: swored sikeTis ideaa
yovelive WeSmaritisa da mSvenieris mizezi... romlisganac dasabams iRebs
WeSmariteba da goniereba“ (platoni 2003: 244).
aqedan Cans, rom platonisaTvis sikeTis idea umTavresia, xolo
mSveniereba da WeSmariteba misgan iRebs saTaves. sokrate dialogSi iqve
aRniSnavs: „rac Seexeba codnis unars, es, etyoba, raRac ufro RvTaebrivia,
rakiRa arasodes ar kargavs Tavis Zalas da imis mixedviT, Tu riskenaa
mimarTuli, xan sasargebloa da sasikeTo, xanac usargeblo da ukeTuri“
(platoni 2003: 246). „saxelmwifos“ am TavSi dasmulia platonis idea „sikeTis
ideis rogorc yovelives gamformeblis da saboloo miznis“ (Sesavali... 2010:
7) Sesaxeb. amitomac, ,,codnis unari” sinaTlisaken - sikeTis ideisaken unda
iyos mimarTuli, raTa sasargeblo iyos. filosofosis funqcia ki
„saxelmwifos“ Tanaxmad, sxvebze zrunvaa (platoni 2003: 248).
moTxroba „igis“ finalSi gadmocemuli xilva _ ganaTebuli,
gasxivosnebuli Tanatomelebisa _ platonis `saxelmwifos~ alegoriis aluzia
unda iyos. igi gaborotebuli Tanatomelebis arsSi Rrmad ixedeba, amCnevs maT
dafarul potencials, SeuZlia da surs isinic swori mimarTulebiT
warmarTos. amis metaforuli gamoxatulebaa igis TvalSi maTi gasxivosneba,
sinaTlesTan miaxloeba. amiT igi TanatomelebSi msgavsebas xedavs. igi
pirveli iyo, vinc WeSmariteba ixila, magram maTac aqvT Sinaganad amis unari.
platonis „saxelmwifos“ mixedviT: „yvela suls aqvs amis (ganaTlebis)
unari da saTanado iaraRic moeZebneba“ (platoni 2003:245-246). igis xilva
swored am ideas imeorebs: Tanatomelebi igis mouwodeben gaimarTos,
dawinaurdes da Tavadac gasxivosnebuli Tvalebi aqvT, igis sxeulic
ganaTebulia. miuxedavad gansxvavebuli cxovrebiseuli poziciebisa, igi da
misi tomelebi hgvanan erTmaneTs. es ki iZleva imis imeds, rom isinic
gamoavlenen sakuTar TavSi am dafarul niWs da igis msgavsad ganaviTareben.
moTxrobis imediani ganwyoba zus gamoCeniTa da igis xilviT marTldeba.
vfiqrobT, am pasaJSi avtorma gamoqvabulis alegoriis aluzia gamoiyena,
masSi impliciturad Cado interteqstualuri Zafebi da amdenad moTxrobis
sazrisSi garkveuli azri Seitana. interteqstualuri mimarTebis
gaTvaliswineba gvexmareba teqstis Setyobinebis axsnaSi, rac, Tavis
mxriv,interteqstualobis mTavari komunikaciuri aspeqtia.

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 j. qarCxaZis ,,igi“ imeorebs platonis gamoqvabulis garkveul motivebsa
da pasaJebs: gamoqvabulidan gamosvla simbolurad, anu gonebrivi amaRleba,
WeSmaritebis xilva, filosofosis martooba, TamoZmeTa mimarT sibraluli da
filosofosis moqalaqeobrivi movaleoba, Tanatomelebis mxridan zurgis
Seqceva da filosofosis ugulebelyofa, TanatomelTa SurisZieba,
SurismaZieblTa da msxverplis Sinagani msgavseba, sinaTle. es saerTo
filosofiuri paradigma gvexmareba j. qarCxaZis nawarmoebis interpretirebaSi.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia literaturuli teqstis finali, sadac
metaforuli aluzia isea daSifruli, rom gamoqvabulis alegoriasTan
interteqstualuri mimarTebaa xazgasmuli, rac imis Tqmis saSualebas iZleva,
rom `igi~, ra Tqma unda, damoukidebeli nawarmoebia.
komentatorebi platonis `saxelmwifos~ mixedviT Seqmnil idealur
saxelmwifos ar miiCneven Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifos analogad,
romelSic individTa demokratiuli uflebebi iqneboda daculi. Tumca
`saxelmwifoSi~ gamoTqmulia garkveuli mosazrebebi, romelTac Taviseburi
gavlena moaxdines ganmanaTleblur da liberalur filosofiaze. kerZod,
adamianis bednierebis wyarod misi racionaluri SesaZleblobebis maqsimaluri
ganviTarebaa dasaxelebuli, rac kargad Cans gamoqvabulis alegoriaSi, sadac
WeSmaritebis xilva, anu Semecneba umaRless idealadaa gamocxadebuli (Caplan).
moTxroba `igi~ am azriT ganmanaTlebluri da liberaluri idealebis
damakvidrebelia. platonis gamoqvabulis alegoriis garda, aseve sainteresoa
misi ganmanaTlebluri filosofiis konteqstSi ganxilva. am pasaJisaTvisac
sainteresoai. kantis statia `pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra aris ganmanaTlebloba?~.
statiaSi mokled da sainteresodaa gadmocemuli ganmanaTlebluri
filosofiis arsi, romelic, Cveni azriT, axlos aris moTxroba `igis~
sazrisTan. kantis azriT: `ganmanaTlebloba _ esaa adamianis gamosvla
umwifrobidan, romelic missive bralia. umwifroba uunarobaa, sakuTari
gansja sxvisi xelmZRvanelobis gareSe moixmaro. umwifroba sakuTari Tavis
bralia maSin, roca misi mizezi gansjis naklulobaSi ki ara,
gadawyvetilebisa da simamacis arqonaSi Zevs. Sapere Aude! gabede sakuTari
gansjis gamoyeneba! _ esaa ganmanaTleblobis lozungi~ (kanti 2011). kantis
azriT, ganmanaTlebloba gulisxmobs damoukidebel azrovnebasa da individis
Camoyalibebas da amave dros gansjisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis simamaces.
igis Semecnebisadmi swrafva jer kidev Zveli beladis kvalis aRmoCenidan

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daiwyo, mogvianebiT sityvebis dalageba iswavla da azrovneba. gamovida
umwifrobidan, Tumca maleve aRmoaCina sakuTari martooba da
Tanatomelebisagan gansxvavebuloba.
igis moazrovne arsebad qceva, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, avtorma misi
welgamarTulobis metaforiT gamoxata: `igi SeCerda, win mimaval TanamoZmeebs
daakvirda. yvelani mSvenivrad iyvnen moxrilebi. `igic maT unda daemsgavsos,
raki maTi TanamoZmea~, _ Tavis sxeulSi Tqva igim. magram odnav moixara Tu
ara, zurgSi avi nadiriviT Caafrinda tkivili~ (qarCxaZe 2009: 204). igim
umwifrobidan gamosvla daiwyo, Tumca jer kidev ar aqvs gambedaoba
damoukidebla iazrovnos da icxovros. mas Tanatomelebisagan gariyvis eSinia:
`igi yovelnairad cdilobda TanamoZmeebs damsgavseboda da moaxloebuli
xifaTi aecdina~ (qarCxaZe 2009: 207).
igi gaTavisuflda `ucxo xelmZRvanelobisgan~, Tumca umwifrobidan
gamosvlis gzaze mas SiSi eRobeba: igis eSinia martoobis da Tanatomelebis
risxvis. kantis Tanaxmad: `sizarmace da silaCre _ esaa mizezi, romelTa gamoc
adamianTa didi nawili, mas Semdeg, rac bunebam isini karga xnis win
gaaTavisufla ucxo xelmZRvanelobisgan, miuxedavad amisa, mTeli cxovreba
umwifrad rCebian; da romelTa gamoc maT meurveebad advilad iqcevian xolme
sxvebi. umwifrobaSi yofna Zalze komfortulia~ (kanti 2011). igimac igrZno,
rom umwifrobidan gamosvla gacilebiT met problemas Seuqmnida, vidre
Tanatomelebis msgavsad umwifrad darCena. Tumca igim damoukideblad
azrovnebisa da WeSmaritebis gemo SeigrZno, amitomac am axal mdgomareobaze
uars veRar ambobs (rogorc platonis gamoqvabulSia: sinaTlis xilva da
sagnebis namdvili viTarebis garCeva).
igis Tanatomelebi ki platonis gamoqvabulis binadarTa msgavsad:
`meurveebi, romlebmac ase keTilad aiRes sakuTar Tavze zedamxedvelobis
saqme, imaze zrunaven, rom adamianTa udidesma nawilma (maT Soris mTelma
mSvenierma sqesma) es rTuli nabiji simwifisken saSiSadac CaTvalos~ (kanti
2011: ). moTxroba `igis~ pirvelyofil tomSi es funqcia beladma itvirTa,
yvela mis brZanebas emorCileba da mSvidad cxovrobs, magram sakmarisia vinmem
gabedos sakuTari Tavisuflebis gamoyeneba, is mrisxanebs: `diliT beladma
keti maRla SemarTa da, roca yvelani gaCumdnen, Tqva:
_ igi ar wava sanadirod.
igis sxeulSi gakvirveba SekrTa... igim Tqva:

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 _ igi qali ar aris. igi bavSvi ar aris. ratom ar wava igi sanadirod?..
igi mixvda, rom belads Tqma undoda da sityvebs wyobisad ver alagebda.
bolos, didi dumilis Semdeg, mainc Tqva:
_ igi Tu wava sanadirod, monadireebi SimSils inadireben. _ aq isev
gaCumda. mere Tvali miwas mowyvita, igis axeda, TeTri kbilebi dakriWa, keti
miwas dahkra. _ igi ar wava sanadirod!
monadireebma ukan daixies da beladsa da igis gamoqvabulis SuaSi
adgili dauTmes. igis TavSi sityvebi Cndeboda da wyobisad lagdeboda. an
unda Sebmoda belads, an unda gascloda. beladi Zlieri iyo. igi gaecala~
(qarCxaZe 2009: 214).
beladi zrunavs imaze, rom igi umwifrad darCes, ver gamoiyenos
sakuTari goneba da Tavisufali neba: `isini maT safrTxes aCveneben, romelic
emuqrebaT, Tu marto gavlas Seecdebian. arada, es safrTxe ase didi sulac
araa, radgan ramdenime dacemiT isini sabolood siaruls iswavlidnen. magram
am saxis magaliTi adamianebSi gaubedaobas iwvevs da maT, Cveulebriv, SiSis
gamo sxva mcdelobebisgan xels aRebinebs~ (kanti 2011). igis Sinagani
gambedaoba aRmoaCnda, man sakuTar mcdelobebze uari ar Tqva. igis amaSi nis
siyvaruli da xelovneba daexmara. sikvdilis win ki sabolood gaTavisuflda
umwifrobisagan, goneba WeSmaritad gaunaTlda, amaze metyvelebs misi xilva,
romelic moTxrobis finalSia gadmocemuli da zemoT ukve miCneulia
platonis gamoqvabulis alegoriis aluziad.
kantis Tanaxmad, umwifrobidan Tavisufal da moazrovne individad
Camoyalibeba urTulesi gzaa: `ase rom, TiToeuli adamianisaTvis rTulia,
gamoaRwios misTvis lamis ukve bunebad qceuli umwifrobisgan. man es
mdgomareoba TiTqmis ukve Seiyvara da Tavdapirvelad marTlac ar ZaluZs
sakuTari gansjis moxmareba, radgan misTvis arasodes miuciaT amisi cdis
SesaZlebloba. dadgenilebebi da formulebi, misi bunebrivi niWis gonebrivi
gamoyenebisa an, ufro sworad, vergamoyenebis es meqanikuri instrumentebi,
mudmivi umwifrobis borkilebia. isic ki, vinc am borkilebs moiSorebs,
yvelaze patara ormosac ki aramtkice naxtomiT Tu gadaevleba Tavs, radgan
araa miCveuli Tavisufal moZraobas. amitomac cotani arseboben, romlebmac
sakuTar gonze muSaobiT warmatebas miaRwies umwifrobidan gamoRwevisa da
mtkice nabijebis gadadgmis saqmeSi~ (kanti 2011).

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 igim swored am mcireTTagania, vinaidan TanatomelebSi mxolod is
cdilobs umwifrobidan gamosvlas. mas gauWirda borkilebisagan
gaTavisufleba, Tumca gonebrivma ganviTarebam xeli Seuwyo mis
gaTavisuflebas. kantis Tanaxmad, ganmanaTleblur filosofiaSi individis
Tavisufleba gonebriv ganviTarebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. j. qarCxaZec
moTxrobaSi swored Semecnebasa da Tavisuflebas ukavSirebs erTmaneTs. am
azriT, mwerali liberaluri faseulobebis damamkvidrebelia, radgan goneba
da individis Tavisufleba liberalizmis erT-erTi fundamenturi
Rirebulebebia.
igis msgavsi individebi sazogadoebis umwifrobidan gamosvlas uwyoben
xels: `yovelTvis gamoCndeba ramdenime damoukideblad moazrovene, maT Soris
didi masebis meurveebad dayenebulTa Soris, romlebic, mas Semdeg rac Tavad
gadaagdeben umwifrobis uRels, irgvlivac gaavrceleben sakuTari
Rirebulebebisa da TiToeuli adamianis damoukidebeli azrovnebisaken
mowodebis gonieri dafasebis suliskveTebas~ (kanti 2011). igis mier
gadadgmuli nabijebi, misi swrafva Semecnebisaken da umwifrobidan gamosvla,
Tanatomelebze axdnes gavlenas. erTi mxriv, mas beladi sikvdiliT sjis da
aravin esarCleba, meore mxriv, igis gavleniT gardaiqmneba ni da Semdeg zu,
romelic ukve igis suliskveTebis matarebelia. sikvdiliswina xilvaSi ki igi
Tanatomelebis, TviT beladis arsSi Rrmad ixedeba da maT dafarul,
gaucnobierebl swrafvas aRmoaCens, maTac surT daemsgavson igis: `da igi
mixvda, rom yvelaze ufro, cis Tvalebze, Soreul qedebze, zRvaze da tyeze
ufro, misi welSi moxrili, viwroSubliani Zmebi SesTxovdnen da
evedrebodnen: gaimarTos igi! dawinaurdes igi!...~ (qarCxaZe 2009: 238).
igis Tavisufal pirovnebad Camoyalibeba Semecnebisadmi swrafvam
ganapiroba. igim Tavisuflad azrovneba daiwyo, man sxvagvarad Sexeda yvela
movlenas. is aRar aris koleqtivze damokidebuli. igi Tavisufali individia,
romelsac SeuZlia racionalurad gansazRvros nebismieri qceva da sityva.
igis Tavisufal moazrovne individad Camoyalibeba rodi gulisxmobs mis
dapirispirebas sazogadoebasTan, piriqiT igis humanuri da tolerantuli
damokidebuleba aqvs sakuTari Tanatomelebis mimarT. misi sikvdiliswina
xilva amis damadasturebelia. igisgan gansxvavebiT, zebuloni ar aris
Tavisufali individi, is mudmivad sazogadoebriv azrzea damokidebuli. man
ver gamoiyena sakuTari inteleqtualuri potenciali, rasac mTeli cxovreba

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ganicdis. j. qarCxaZis sxva nawarmoebSic (mag. `antonio da daviTSic~)
Tavisufali da racionaluri azrovneba Tavisufal individTa
damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa.
amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom j. qarCxaZis moTxroba `igis~
filosofiuri wyaro platonis `saxelmwifo~ da liberaluri ideologiaa,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, ganmanaTlebluri filosofiidan iRebs saTaves.
preistoriis rekostruqciiT, mweralma moTxrobaSi warmodgenili
problematikis maradiulobas gausva xazi. individis Tavisufali neba,
racionaluri azrovneba yvela epoqis adamianisaTvis aqtualuri sakiTxebia.
moTxrobis naratiulma struqturam xazi gausva am faqtors da
mkiTxvelisaTvis esTetikurad saintereso samyaro Seqmna.

4.2. istoriuli moTxroba `iupiteris sinanuli~

4.2.1. epoqis rekonstruqcia

j. qarCxaZis vrceli istoriuli moTxroba `iupiteris sinanuli~

Tavdapirvelad Jurnal `mnaTobSi~ 1988 wels gamoqveynda. nawarmoebSi
aRwerilia romaeli imperatoris neronis mmarTvelobis periodi. moTxroba
sainteresoa Janruli TvalsazrisiT, masSi avTenturi istoriuli realiebia
aRwerili da literaturuli teqsti zedmiwevniT mihyveba istoriul cnobebs.
istoriuli moTxrobis dasawyisi da dasasruli antikur dramas
mogvagonebs. nawarmoebis Sesavali iupiterisa da qoros dialogs eTmoba.
qoros monologi: `Zrwode, samyarov! ZrwodeT, mokvdavno! ZrwodeT, sagnebo,
sulierno da usulono! uzenaesi konveieris Rrma xveulebidan tyviis
Rrublebi moedinebian da cis Tavanze pirs muqariT ikraven! o, zRvarTa
bunebav, samyaros saxsrebSi CamontaJebulo! o, bedisweris idumalo
saxismetyvelebav, yofierebis uxilav porebSi Cabudebulo~ (qarCxaZe 1994:5).

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istoriul prozaSi, rogorc wesi, met-naklebad arqaizebulia enobrivi
diskursi, aseTive viTarebaa j. qarCxaZis istoriul nawarmoebebSi, miT ufro,
antikuri dramis formati ar gulisxmobs am tipis Tanamedrove leqsikur
erTeuls. qorosa da iupiteris metyveleba qarCxaZiseul antikur dramas
parodiul elfers aniWebs.
moTxroba avTentur istoriul movlenebs asaxavs da mTavari personaJis
Sinagan samyaroSi Rrmad gvaxedebs. neroni Tavisi arsiT antiidealia.
tiberius klavdius drusus noron germanikus keisari _romaeli imperatori
(97-68ww), romelmac saxeli Tavisi boroti saqmeebiT gaiTqva. Nneronis saxe
popularulia istoriografiasa da mwerlobaSi. rogorc cnobilia, neroni
bavSvobidanve uzneod da fuqsavaturad izrdeboda. yvela mankieri TvisebiT
gamoirCeoda: ampartavnebiT, egoistobiT, garyvnilebiT, moSurneobiT.
xelovneba misi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani akviateba iyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom
niWierebiT ar gamoirCieoda, sakuTar Tavs xelovanad aRiqvamda da Txzavda
leqsebsa da simRerebs. sikvdiliT sjida maT, vinc saTanadod ver afasebda
mis `xelovnebas~ (sanikiZe 1969: 50).
mmarTvelobis dasawyisSi neroni liberaluri politikiTac ki
gamoirCeoda, ndobas ucxadebda senats, prefeqt burossa da sakuTar
aRmzrdels, filosofoss lucius aneus senekas. qveynis marTvaSi aqtiurad
ereoda neronis deda, agripina, romlis wyalobiTac neronma taxti moipova.
Tumca mogvianebiT neronma jer dedamisis geri da taxtis memkvidre
britanikusi moawamvlina, Semdeg sakuTari deda. neronma TandaTanobiT
moakvlevina: prefeqti burosi, filosofosi seneka da mravali sxva. yvela
sikvdiliT isjeboda, vinc aRfrTovanebuli ar iyo imperatoriT. amas erTvoda
qonebaTa konfiskacia. imperatorisa da misi amalis garyvnileba. 64 wels romi
sastikad gadaiwva, gavrcelda xmebi, rom neronma brZana xanZris gaCena, rac
qristianebs gadabraldaT. neronma kvlav aRadgina qalaqi, aago brwyinvale
Senobebi, maT Soris gamoirCeoda misi `oqros sasaxle~.
imperatoris drostareba da aRmSenebloba uamrav xarjebTan iyo
dakavSirebuli, ris gamoc romis provinciebs uzarmazari gadasaxadebi
dauweses. provinciebi mRelvarebam moicva. neroni Tavdapirvelad amarcxebda
ajanyebulebs da aleqsandre makedonelobaze ocnebobda. amave dros
agrZelebda `xelovnebiT~ tkbobas da saberZneTSi gastrolebs awyobda.
amasobaSi galiis mmarTvelma gaius iulius videqsma xalxis mRelvarebiT

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isargebla da ajanyeba moawyo. neronis winaaRmdeg amboxeba moawyo espaneTis
legatma servius sulpicius galbam. maT sxvebic SeurTdnen. neroni damarcxda
da yvelsagan mitovebul imperators sikvdili miusajes. imperatorad galba
gamocxadda. SeSinebuli neroni erT-erT Tavis gadidkacebul monasTan gaiqca,
roca mdevaris cxenis fexis xma gaigona Tavis mokvla scada maxvilis yelze
mibjeniT, magram ver gabeda. monam xeli aukra da neronma ramdenime sityvis
Tqma moaswro: `oo, rogori artisti viRupebi!~ (sanikiZe 1969: 60-67).
j. qarCxaZis moTxroba ,,iupiteris sinanuli” zedmiwevniT imeorebs
aRniSnul cnobebs. nawarmoebSi imperatoris cxovrebis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani da amazrzeni epizodia aRwerili: es sakuTari dedis
mkvlelobaa. nawarmoebis dasawyisSi iupiteri sinanuls gamoTqvams: ,,samyaros
Seqmna Secdoma iyo” (qarCxaZe 1994:7). iupiterisve TqmiT: ,,me maT zneobis
kanonebi miveci, maT ki Cemi kanonebi fexqveS gaTeles... minimaluri
damoukidebloba miveciT da, ager, ra ukuRmarTad gamoiyenes!” (qarCxaZe 1994:
10).
moTxrobis saTauri mkiTxvels molodins uCens, rom is amoicnobs
iupiteris sinanulis mizezs. am SemTxvevaSi avtors ar gamoaqvs mTavari
personaJis saxeli nawarmoebis saxeldebad. literaturuli teqstis
dasawyisSi mkiTxveli antikuri dramis signalebs awydeba: iupiteri qorosTan
gaTqvams sakuTari sinanulis mizezs. iupiteri is sawyisia, romlis mimarTac
unda miiswarfvodes mmarTveli. amis nacvlad ki neroni xdeba damangrveli
Zala, romelic verafers qmnis.
,,iupiteris sinanulSi” mniSvnelovania protagonistis Sinagani samyaro.
teqstis dasawyisSi iupiteris mier gamoTqmuli sinanuli yvelaze ukeT nerons
Seefereba: ,,samyaros Seqmna Secdoma iyo... adamiani Sxamiani yvavilia” (qarCxaZe
1994:7). moTxrobis dasawyisSi neroni mTavari gadawyvetilebis
gansaxorcieleblad emzadeba. es is SemTxvevaa, roca istoria gamonagonze
STambeWdavia. imperatoris usastikesi saxe adamianis uzneobis gamosaxatad
sakmaris masalas iZleva. mTavar danaSaulamde neroni sxva borotebas sCadis -
dedamisis geri Suris gamo mokla: ,,sabralo britanikusi politikis gamo ar
mogiklavs. simRera SegSurda misi da am patara, wvrilmani Suris gamo
mokali” (qarCxaZe 1994:16). amas, dedamisis, agripinas sityvebidan vigebT. saqme
is aris, rom istoriulad cnobilia neronis ambiciebi: mas imperatoris
gvirgvini ar hyofnida, xelovanis gvirgvins eswrafoda. es momenti kargadaa

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warmoCenili j. qarCxaZis moTxrobaSi: ,,swamda, rom RmerTebma iseTi xvedri
gaumzades, rogoric manamade aravis Rirsebia: mas, romisa da mTeli
qveynierebis mpyrobels, es qveyniereba xelaxla amjerad Tavisi xelovnebiT,
unda daepyro da WeSmariti mpyrobeli Seqniliyo” (qarCxaZe 1994: 19).
nawarmoebi deda-Svilis dapirispirebazea agebuli. aq neronis boroti
vnebebia mniSvnelovani, xolo dedis mkvleloba da istoriuli realiebi am
saxes gamokveTs. j. qarCxaZe istoriuli qronikebiT ar kmayofildeba. is (am
SemTxvevaSi avTenturi) personaJis xasiaTis siRrmeebSi iWreba da misi arsebis
mTavar maxasiaTeblebs gviCvenebs, sadac mxolod uzneobis ukidegano da
sisastikis STamagonebeli Zalebi binadroben. masSi artistizmia, oRond,
borotebis momtani. neroni amaod mieltvoda poeziasa da simReras, maTgan
vermogvril STagonebas bneli saqmeebi aRuZravda, romic xom poeturi
STagonebis saxeliT gadawva.
`iupiteris sinanulis~ Janruli da naratiuli struqtura tiranis
Sinagan bunebas gamokveTs. neronis saxiT mweralma moZalade mmarTvelis saxe
Seqmna, sazogadod XX saukunes ar aklda msgavsi tiranebi, moTxrobiT
mweralma kidev erTxel xazi gausva liberaluri faseulobebis saWiroebas.
tiranis boroti fsiqologiis gasacnobad, platonis `saxelmwifos~ erT-erTi
Tavi dagvexmareba.

4.2.2. tiranis saxe (interteqstualuri mimarTeba platonis

`saxelmwifosTan~)

`iupiteris sinanulSi~, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, didi mniSvneloba

eniWeba neronis Sinagan samyaros, misi tiranuli bunebis gamomzeurebas.
neronis saxiT avtorma tiranis saxe Seqmna, romelic axlos dgas platonis
`saxelmwifoSi~ aRweril tiran mmarTvelTan. Zneli saTqmelia ramdenad
isargebla avtorma am wyaroTi, Tumca `saxelmwifoSi~ aRwerilia ara mxolod
tiranuli saxelmwifos saxe da tiranis qcevebi, aramed tiranis

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fsiqologiuri portretic, romelic axlosaa `iupiteris sinanulSi~
gadmocemul saxesTan.
platonis `saxelmwifos~ Tanaxmad, tirani Zalauflebis ganmtkicebamde
yvelas mimarT lmobieria: `Tavdapirvelad is alersiT uRimis yvelas, visac ki
xvdeba, da TavgamodebiT amtkicebs, Cemi tiranoba vis gaugiao? aTas rames
hpirdeba kerZo pirebsac da sazogadoebasac: valebs CamogawerT da miwis
nakveTebs dagirigebT Tqvenca da Cems mcvelebsaco, da, saerTod, cdilobs,
yvelas keTilmowyaled da Tvinierad moaCvenos Tavi~ (platoni 2003: 306).
neronic Tavdapirvelad uxvia maT mimarT visi gulis mogebac surs: `is
auracxeli simdidre, romelic senekas Tavisi elvare moZRvrebis ukan ewyo,
sul neronis wyaloba iyo~ (qarCxaZe 1994: 21).platonis Tanaxmad, tirani zog
mters dauzavdeba, zogs ki mospobs, riTac Zalauflebas ganimtkicebs. neronma
taxtis erT-erTi mocile, dedamisis geri, britanikusi mokla, mowamla, ramac
didi miTqmamoTqma gamoiwvia. nel-nela sakuTari dedac CamoiSora, sasaxlidan
gaaZeva da misi mkvlelobac dagegma, radgan agripina ver egueboda
Zalauflebisdakargvas da yvelanairad cdilobda SvilTan metoqeobas.
neronma sakuTari dedis mkvleloba dagegma, ganaxorciela da
mogvianebiT yvela Tavisi momxre Tu mowinaaRmdege rig-rigobiT gamoasalma
sicocxles. `saxelmwifos~ Tanaxmad: `Zalauflebis SesanarCuneblad tirani
iZulebuli iqneba musri gaavlos yvelas, ase rom, bolos da bolos,
megobrebs vin Civis, rigiani mteric aRar SerCeba~ (platoni 2003: 307).
Zalauflebis SenarCunebis gzaze neroni nel-nela iwrToba da met
gamWriaxobas avlens, mudmivad mtris mosaSorebeli gegmebis CanafiqrSia,
radgan `tirani fxizlad unda adevnebdes Tvals, vin aris mamaci, vin aris
didsulovani, vin Wkviani an mdidari, radganac misi keTildReoba imazea
damokidebuli, rom, unda Tu ara, yvelas maxes ugebdes, vidre saxelmwifos
mTlianad ar gawmends maTgan~ (platoni 2003: 307). rogorc vxedavT, platonis
aRniSnuli pasaJebi kargad xsnis neronis, rogorc tiranis qcevis
fsiqologiur safuZvels.
nerons yvelaze did erTgulebas aniketusi uwevs: `aniketusis saunje
cota ufro qvemoT iyo, mkerdSi. iq xmamaRla, gamalebiT da TavdaviwyebiT
scemda veeberTela guli, romelic imperatorisTvis ikumSeboda,
imperatorisTvis farTovdeboda da imperators ekuTvnoda. mTels romSi
nerons sxva aravin eguleboda, visac ise alalad da gulwrfelad yvareboda,

147
rogorc aniketuss uyvarda~ (qarCxaZe 1994: 13). tirans erTgulebas yvelaze
metad gadidgvarovnebuli monebi uweven: `adgeba da moqalaqeebs CamoarTmevs
monebs, Tavisuflebas mianiWebs da Tavis mcvelebad daniSnavs maT... maTze
erTgulebs veravis naxavs~ (platoni 2003: 308). neroni gansakuTrebulad pativs
scems senekas, radgan `tiranTa brZnobis brZenTa Zmoba aris mizezi~ (platoni
2003: 308).
`saxelmwifoSi~ kargadaa gaanalizebuli tiranis Sinagani buneba:
`survilebs, romlebic iRviZeben, roca sulis mTavari, gonivruli da Tvinieri
sawyisi Tvlems, samagierod veluri da cxoveluri sawyisi, simaZRriTa da
simTvraliT aborgebuli, yalyze dgeba, Tavidan iSorebs Zils da Tavisi Jinis
dacxromas cdilobs... amnair mdgomareobaSi aRarc krZalva axsovs da aRarc
sircxvili... visic gnebavs, imis sisxlSi amoisvris xels... mokled ar arsebobs
siSlege da utifroba, risganac man SeiZleba Tavi Seikavos~ (platoni 2003:
311). neronis qcevebi amis dadasturebaa, is siamovnebiTa da `zeSTagonebiT~
sCadis yovelgvar borotebas: `neroni laparakobda da laparakobda. sityvebi
TavisTavad, uwyvet nakadad moedineboda romeliRac Soreuli da uxilavi
siRrmidan... es sityvebi misi arsebis ufskrulidan modioda da iseTi Zala
afrqvevda, romlis utyuarobas gonebis kontroli aRar sWirdeboda... es
swored is STagoneba iyo, romelsac... leqsebis SeTxzvis dros amaod uxmobda
xolme da amis gamo mzad iyo mTel qveyanaze eyara javri~ (qarCxaZe 1994: 61-62).
sakuTari dedis kvlelobis mzadeba msgavs siamovnebas aniWebs, masSi swored
is cxoveluri sawyisi mZlavrobs, razec saubaria `saxelmwifoSi~.
neronma borotebis mwvervals miaRwia, STagonebiT moifiqra da dagegma
sakuTari dedis mkvleloba. sakuTari bneli zraxvebiT Zalaufleba gaimyara.
yvela da yvelaferimas emorCileba, Tumca amis miuxedavad Sinaganad is mainc
ubeduria. adre sakuTari uniWoba ufuWebda ganwyobas: `neroni zogjer
TviTonac daeWvdeboda xolme sakuTar niWierebaSi da guneba ufuWdeboda”
(qarCxaZe 1994: 19). mogvianebiT roca yvela sikvdiliT dasaja, mterebi
CamoiSora, Tavad ver gadaurCa ajanyebulTa risxvas da marto darCenili
romis ukanasknel monaze ufro sacodavi aRmoCnda: `mkveTri biZgiT wamojda
sawolSi da Tavze gadafarebuli sabani orive xeliT fexebisaken gadakeca.
mcvelebi!.. nuTu samariseburi dumili, romelmac ise gamoaRviZa, rogorc
uecarma quxilma SeiZleba gamoaRviZos, imas moaswavebda, rom... amis

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gafiqrebaze xel-fexi gaeyina da safeTqlebze ise daawva raRac, TiTqos
rkinis gaxurebuli salte SemouWireso~ (qarCxaZe 1994: 100).
tirani TviTon aris tiranul saxelmwifosaviT ubeduri: `gana yvelaze
ukeTesi kaci, imavdroulad, yvelaze ubeduric ar iqneba? da rac ufro
didxans da rac ufro meti tiranuli Zalaufleba moiyris Tavs mis xelSi,
miT ufro didxans da ufro metad ubeduri iqneba igi, Tumca umravlesobas
sul sxvadasxvanairad warmoudgenia es~ (platoni 2003: 318). neroni Tavad aris
sakuTari bneli zraxvebis mona, mas gamudmebiT stanjavs Zalauflebis
dakargvis SiSi: `Tu calkeuli tiranuli moqalaqe saxelmwifos unda hgavdes,
maSin mis arsebaSi aucileblad igive unda xdebodes, rac, sinamdvileSi, misi
suli simdabliTa da monobiT unda iyos savse, sulis yvelaze Rirseul
nawilebs qedze monobis uReli edgaT da yvelaze mcirericxovan, magram
yvelaze ukeTur da mZvinvare nawilebs hmorCilebdnen~ (platoni 2003: 319-320).
platonis `saxelmwifos~ aRniSnuli Tavi mniSvnelovnad avsebs j. qarCxaZis
`iupiteris sinanulSi~ Seqmnil saxes.
j. qarCxaZem neronis saxiT antiideali Seqmna. neronis saxe imeorebs
platonis `saxelmwifoSi~ gakritikebul tiransa da tiranul saxelmwifos,
tiranis fsiqologiur portrets. amave dros, `iupiteris sinanuli~ qarTuli
sazogadoebisaTvis magaliTia, masSi kargad Cans ra emarTeba Zalauflebisagan
garyvnil mmarTvels da sazogadoebas, romelic,saubedurod,misi msxverplia.
antiidealis SeqmniT mweralma kidev erTxel gausva xazi Tavisufal
individad da Tavisufal sazogadoebad arsebobis aucileblobas.nawarmoebis
msoflmxedvelobriv wyarod SeiZleba moviazroT, erTi mxriv, platonis
`saxelmwifo~ da, meore mxriv, liberaluri ideologia.

. . . . . . . . .

,,iupiteris sinanulSi” mTavari istoriuli wyaros avTenturobaa, amis

miuxedavad, mwerali epoqis asaxvas rodi isaxavs miznad, moTxrobaSic

149
personaJis Sinagan samyaros eniWeba upiratesoba. istoria mxolod masalaa,
misi Sinagani peripetiebis gamosaxatad. am TvalsazrisiT moTxroba axlos
dgas me-20 saukunis II naxevris prozasTan. `iupiteris sinanulSi~
sainteresodaa Serwymuli istoriuli proza da antikuri dramis elementebi.
`iupiteris sinanulSi~ naCvenebi tiranis saxe platonis `saxelmwifodan~ unda
iRebdes saTaves. garda zogadi msgavsebisa, neronis Sinagani bunebis
daxasiaTebisas avtori platonis tiranis saxiT unda xelmZRvanelobdes,
radgan nawarmoebSi swored is Tvisebebia warmoCenili, rac platonis tiranis
fsiqologiuri porteretisaTvisac aris tipobrivi.
XIX saukunidan dRemde istoriulma prozam Janruli ganviTarebis
garkveuli etapebi gaiara, ris Sedegadac Camoyalibda sxvadasxva saxis
istoriuli proza. j. qarCxaZis istoriuli moTxrobebi gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan: `antonio da daviTSi~, marTalia, SegviZlia istoriuli epoqis
aRdgena, Tumca istoria mainc fonia, nawarmoebSi mniSvnelovani personaJTa
Sinagani samyaroa. `rahaT-luxumSi~ mwerali avTentur istoriul realiebs
gadmogvcems, xolo personaJTa Sinagan samyaros ar uRrmavdeba. fiqcia
aRniSnuli moTxrobisaTvisac damaxasiaTebelia, Tumca istoriuli faqtebi
amiT ar iCrdileba. `iupiteris sinanulSi~ mwerali eyrdnoba istoriul
wyaroebs, gamonagoni ki personaJis xasiaTis gaxsnasa da Sinagani samyaros
warmoCenaSi exmareba. am moTxrobebSi istoriuli prozis sxvadasxva saxe da
Janruli konvenciaa Serwymuli.

naSromis ZiriTadi daskvnebi:

1) qarTuli istoriuli prozis analizma gviCvena, rom istoriuli

nawarmoebebis umravelesobaSi Janrul-esTetikuri kodis garda,
mniSvnelovania iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa: mexsierebis politika,
nacionaluri identoba, antikoloniuri protesti. es procesi
gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia XIX saukunisa da XX saukunis I naxevris
istoriul prozaSi, rac gamoixateba warsulis viqtimizebul suraTad
warmoCenaSi, istoriis saukeTeso periodebis gamokveTasa da warsulis
gaidealebaSi. istoriisadmi amgvari damokidebuleba ganapirobebda

150
 istoriis avTenturi faqtebis win wamowevas, e.w. epoqis suraTis
panoramis Seqmnas. qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi damkvidrebuli
Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, XX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi viTareba icvleba:
istoriul avTenturobas mTlianad enacvleba fiqcia, istoriul
nawarmoebSi mniSvnelovani mxolod nacionaluri identoba aRar aris.
avTenturobis fiqciiT Canacvleba da Janruli saxecvlileba dasavlur
literaturaTmcodneobaSic dasturdeba.
2) istoriul prozaze msjelobis dros gaviTvaliswineT ara mxolod
Janrul-esTetikuri faqtorebi, aramed qarTuli istoriuli prozis
socio-kulturuli faqtorebi, kerZod, nacionaluri identoba,
koleqtiuri mexsiereba, antikoloniuri protesti, rac termin istoriul
diskursSi gavaerTianeT.
istoriuli diskursi farTod aris warmodgenilijemal qarCxaZis
prozaSi, Tumca kvlevis procesSi gamoikveTa arsebiTi sxvaobebi.
mwerali iyenebs tradiciul mnemoteqnikas, magram arRvevs tradiciuli
istoriuli prozis stereotips: misTvis istoria mniSvnelovania ara
nacionaluri identobis gamosakveTad, aramed individis Tavisuflebis
xazgasasmelad.
3) j. qarCxaZis istoriuli romanSi `zebuloni~ aisaxa XX saukunis 70-80-ian
wlebis qarTuli istoriuli prozis tendenciebi. kerZod, nawarmoebSi
istoriuli foni zogadia, masSi ar gvxvdeba avTenturi istoriuli
realiebi, Tumca gamogonili siuJeti garkveul istoriul faqtebs
efuZneba. nawarmoebis Janrul kods misi naratiuli struqturac
ganapirobebs, kerZod, personaJis perspeqtivaze orientireba. mTxrobeli
aqcents personaJis Sinagan refleqsiebze akeTebs, amdenad istoriul
dro-sivrces meoradi mniSvneloba eniWeba.
romanis zogadi istoriuli foni gaZlierebulia nawarmoebis saTauris
bibliuri SinaarsiT. analizma gviCvena, rom bibliuri saxeldeba
SemTxveviTi ar aris. avtorma saTaurSi implicituri Sinaarsi Cado:
zebuloni, bibliuri zabilonis msgavsad, mudmivad navsayudelis
ZiebaSia. misi Sinagani samyaro disharmoniulia, vinaidan mowyda mamiseul
mSvid wiaRsa da dakarga iovel batoniSvilis inteleqtualur sawyisTan
ziarebis saSualeba.

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 literaturul teqstSi mniSvnelovania personaJis Sinagani samyaro,
romelic gansazRvravs nawarmoebis naratiul struqturas. kerZod,
heterodiegeturi mTxrobeli personaJis perspeqtiviT aris SezRuduli,
Sesabamisad Txrobis ena personaJis inteleqtsa da interesebzea
morgebuli. nawarmoebis mniSvnelovani komponentia sivrce, romelic
semantikurad aris datvirTuli. am SemTxvevaSi avtori eyrdnoba
kulturul mexsierebaSi arsebul simbolur mniSvnelobebs. semantikur
sivrceSi impliciturad simboluri Sinaarsi ikiTxeba: iovel
batoniSvilis saswavlebli mTazea ganlagebuli. mTis simbolo
tradiciulad sulier da gonebriv amaRlebasTan aris dakavSirebuli,
xolo gamoqvabuli, romelSic zebulonma mkvleloba Caidina, negatiuri
sivrcea da disharmoniis simbolo. literaturul teqstSi yvela
komponenti funqciuradaa dakavSirebuli: enobrivi stili, dro-sivrculi
organizeba mTavari personaJis perspeqtiviTaa gaerTianebuli. amgvar
naratiul struqturas zogadi istoriuli foni da nawarmoebis
problematika gansazRvravs.
amis miuxedavad, jemal qarCxaZis istoriul romanSi `zebuloni~
meordeba tradiciuli mnemoteqnika: istoriis krizisuli periodis
gamokveTiTa da qarTvelTa mZime istoriis xazgasmiT. imavdorulad,
analizma gviCvena, rom aqcentebi gadanacvlebulia: ambis centrSi dgas
ara samagaliTo gmiri, aramed individi, romlis Tavisuflebac
SezRudulia. literaturul teqstSi individis Tavisuflebaze
aqcentirebis safuZveli liberaluri ideologiaa.
4) jemal qarCxaZis istoriul moTxrobaSi `antonio da daviTi~ istoriuli
foni zogadia, kaTolike misionerTa epoqa ori personaJis kontrastuli
Sinagani bunebis gamokveTas emsaxureba. istoriul dro-sivrcesa da enis
pirobiTobaze metad maTi Sinagani bunebis gaxsnaa mniSvnelovani. Tumca,
rogorc analizma gviCvena, istoriul fons jemal qarCxaZis
nawarmoebebSi funqciuri datvirTva aqvs, kerZod, konkretuli
problematikis gamokveTisaTvis saWiro safuZvels qmnis. miuxedavad
imisa, rom foni zogadia da epoqis panoramul suraTs ar gvawvdis
avtori.
5) moTxrobaSi `rahaT-luxumi~ avTentur istoriul ambavs, kerZod, Tevdore
mRvdlis Tavdadebis epizods erwymis fiqciuri siuJeturi kvanZi.

152
 moTxrobaSi ar xdeba personaJTa Sinagani samyaros reprezentacia,
avtori qarTveli eris Tvisebebis analizs uTmobs did adgils, rac
nawarmoebs, erTi mxriv, aaxloebs qarTul istoriul prozaSi
dakvidrebul tradiciasTan, meore mxriv, ki gviCvenebs, rom eris
cxovrebaSi mxolod gmiris msxverpli sakmarisi ar aris.
6) moTxroba `igi~ miTosuri struqturiT Seqmnili nawarmoebia, Tumca
analizma saSualeba mogvca literaturuli teqsti gagveazrebina
istoriuli moTxrobis konteqstSi. `igiSi~ mniSvnelovania individis
Tavisuflebis sakiTxi, rasac am nawarmoebSic liberaluri ideologia
udevs safuZvlad.
analizma gamoavlina, rom moTxroba `igi~ platonis `saxelmwifoSi~
aRwerili gamoqvabulis miTis interteqstia. orive teqsts msgavsi
siuJeturi kvanZi aerTianebs, aseve msgavsi motivebi. Tumca „igiSi“
mTavari Tema Secvlilia: igis pirovneba beladisa da Caketili
sazogadoebisaTvis miuRebelia.
10) moTxroba `iupiteris sinanuli~ sainteresoa Janruli TvalsazrisiT,
masSi avTenturi istoriuli realiebia aRwerili da literaturuli
teqsti zedmiwevniT mihyveba istoriul cnobebs. `iupiteris sinanulis~
Janruli da naratiuli struqtura tiranis Sinagan bunebas gamokveTs.
neronis saxiT mweralma moZalade mmarTvelis tipi Seqmna.
neronis saxiT avtorma tiranis saxe Seqmna, romelic erTgvari
paralelia platonis `saxelmwifoSi~ warmodenilitiranisa da tiranuli
saxelmwifostiranis fsiqologiur portretTan. amave dros, `iupiteris
sinanuli~ sazogadoebisaTvis magaliTia, masSi kargad Cans ra emarTeba
Zalaufleba mitacebul mmarTvels da sazogadoebas, romelic misi
msxverplia. antiidealis SeqmniT mweralma kidev erTxel gausva xazi
Tavisufal individad da Tavisufal sazogadoebad arsebobis
aucileblobas.
11) jemal qarCxaZis istoriul nawarmoebebSi aisaxeba qarTuli istoriuli
prozis tendenciebi, Tumca sruliad aSkaraa, rom kolonializmis
epoqaSi mwerali nacionalur identobaze metad, individis
Tavisuflebis TematikiTaa dainteresebuli.

153
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