•

Ul/ Intermediate
, Min Jin-young, Ahn Jean-myung ·

* Many grammar points and expressions appearing on the TOPIK

Intermediate Levels 3 and 4!
* Detailed explanations of grammar points and practice exercises for easy
self-study of Korean!
* Comparisons of grammar points with similar meanings and forms to
highlight their differences!
* Grammar patterns and practice exercises specifically designed for
preparation for the TOPIK Intermediate Level!

ir]DARAKWON
Preface . ........ . ... ··· ·· 4 q~ J.}1f~ ~ 0 ]1-J- ~~ ~%W ITll
..... 6
• Citing the Speech or Writing of Others
How to Use This Book .
01 -Cfll <M>? ........... .. ' .. 94
02 -Cf.:il ofl::!cil .. 98
03 - Cfi21.A.iR? ..........103
'f-~3!1- ~P·J~ 1-J-El-~ ITll
• Expressing Conjecture and Supposition 04 -CfLIR? .......... ""'" '107

01 -O f/Oi !i!.OICf 14
02 -(O)L/E 2.~01Cf ... .......... 17
~{:}3!} ~£~ 1-J-El-~ ITll
03 -(0)2 'M)c·u . ... ... ... . 21 • Expressing Resolution and Intent
04 -( 0 )2 EiiLIJJf · .. 25 01 -(0)277f ofc.f . .. . .. .. .. .. .. ... 114
OS -(o)2~R .. . .. 29 117
06 -(2.)L /~/( 0)2 ~~CI{~~tq) .. 34 03 -(2.)2.:j\::! ~to ICf .................... 120
01 -(o)2::X::I£ ~q .37 04 -(2.)2 f3 -(0)2 f3 ' 124
OS -Of/OiO~::X:: IR ··· 127

qj~~ 1-J-El-~ ITll

• Expressing Contrast
{'-~3!} ~ <{! ~ 1-J-El-~ ITll
01 -71~ of::X::I~. -71~ -::x:: l~ 42 • Giving Recommendations and Advice
02 - (O)L/E ~121011 . · 46 01 - (0)2 ~o fCf...... .. 132
03 -(O)L/ECil£ .. . . . . . · . · · . 49 02 -£~ ofCf . ... .. .. . .. 136
03 -::X::I.:J.cHR? . . .. . . . .. ... .. .. 139

J.i~~~l~ lft~~l ~P·J~ 1-J-El-~ ITll

• Narrative and Informal Forms • E:~.'pressing Recollection

01 .A.i-~~11 ''' '' . . ..... ' ......... .54 01 -\::! .. ' ' ...... 144
02 ~~~11 . .. . ....... .. ..... ............ 58 02 -C::j2.fll<i=? ' .. .. ........................ 148
ru -1::!~~ .............. 1~

o]%~ 1-J-Et~ ITlJ nJ% ~ 1-J-El-~ ITll

• Expressin~ Reasons • Passive Expressions
01 -7~ !::R ... .. .. .. .. ..... .. .......... .. 66 01 80i n1~ (- OI/ol/2.1/71-) .... .. ...... 158
02 -fJOfR · ·· .. ,. .. .. .. .. 70 02 - Of/Oi::X::ICf 162
03 - !:o.2.f.:il .. .. .. .. ' ''" .. ' ..... 73 03 -711 £1Cf 165
04 ~ tlf'2:f011 ' .. . ........ ' .. 77
OS -(O)L/~ ~011 .. .. 81
06 - .:il f>H.A.i . . ''' ''' 85
J.]% ~ 1-J-El-~ ITll
• Causative E'Xpressions
07 -(2.)27Jf ~ ............... . 88
01 80i .A.~ (-O I/ oi/ 2.1/ 71/Sf./?-) .170
02 - 711 ofCf . .175
 ~7.:1 ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl ~{l:i!} ~~ ti-El-~ n:Jl
• Expressing Conditions • Expressing Discoveries and Results
01 -O f/OiOt .......... 182 01 -.::il !i:!Li ........ .. . 258
02 -7~§ .. 186 02 -q !i:!LI 261
03 - q !;:!'2J 265
04 -CiLI .. ...... 268
{=-7~ ti-El-~ n:Jl
• Expressing Additional Information OS -9)j<1! c-JLI . ......... ...... ..... 273
06 - Cf7fE ... ' ................. 278
01 --{£) 2 ~'2! o fLI2.f ..... ... .. .. ... . 192
07 -{ 0 )L /E {!JO ief ........ , ........... 283
02 -{.2)L/E CiiCf7f ..... . .. .. . 196
03 ~j:~ ··--· ..... ... .... . . .... 200

04 '2! 5H£ ....... .. . ..... ... . ....... . .. ..... 203 AJ-Elj ~ t.fE}-~ n:Jl
• Expressing Situational States of Being
01 -0 f/Oi ~q . 288
£:g ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl
• Expressing Mid-Action 02 -O f/ Oi .!f.Cf ... 291
03 -{ 0 )L 5:H£ 294
01 ~ ~ 01i 208
02 -Cflf .. 04 -{ 0 )L/~ CH£ . ... ' ., ... 298
211

. . 78£ ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl AcP~:i!l- 4fAJ ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl

W' Expressing Degree • Expressing Attributes and Characteristics
01 -{ 0 )L k ~ Oi Cf . · ......... 304
01 --{0)2 ~5:.£ .... . 216
02 A~Cf ···· ···· ..... ... 308
02 '2!'5fCf .. . ..................... 218
03 -{£) L /~/(£)2 '2ls · ··· . .......... 221
03 gq ... ' .............. '' . ' . 31 1

1!l2lj ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl 7J-~~ ti-El-~ n:Jl

• Expressing Choice
• Expressing Emphasis

01 OfEf+{OI)Lf I Of.!pt£ ......... ....... 226 01 ~OfLf -{O) L/~:A i 2...§.Cf .... .... 316

02 {OI)Lf ···· . .. .. .... ......... 229

02 --{0)2 ~~01i 'il:ief . 320

03 (01)2.f£ .. . ..... .......................... .. 232 03 -( 0 )2 ~OiCf ... 322

04 (OI)Ot'§t£ ....... 325
04 :=:xi :=:xi .. 236
05 -{ 0 ) L/~ CH~01i ..... 239

~~ ~ ti-El-~ n:Jl
6A ;,]:{1-a]t.f ~;t}~ ~ '8 ~ ti-E}-~ n:Jl • Expressing Aims and Intentions

W' Expressing Time and Sequential Behavior 01 -7ii ... , .. .. .... ... 330
02 -£~ .. . . ' .. ' ...... 333
01 '2!01i ....... ..... ... ......... . . 244
02 -Of/Oi 7f:Ai.::il ....... ..... ... .. ... . . . 247
03 - Of/ OiCf7 f · ·· .......... 250
04 -.::il.A.i ............ .................. ..... 253
 ~.li~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl
• Expressing C ompletion
01 _c~.u~q7f ..... .......................... . . 338
02 _cW~'Cl ....... . . 342
03 - Of/01 t:tj2.jq .... . 347
04 - .:il ~q ... 350

±%~ g ~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl

• Expressing Futility
01 -(.2.)Lf DfLf .. .. · -- .... -- 356
02 - 0 f/ 01 ~;q .. ... . .. ... . .. .. ... .. .. .360

. . 7}78 J.J-~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl

U' Expressing Hypothetical Situations
01 -(L} L Cf~ ... --··-·-··-··· ·· · . . 366
02 -~/~Ci2.f~ ..... -- .. -· . 370
. 373

~~ ~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl
• Expressing Regret
01 -( 0)2~ =z.~q ·- .. ·-.. ............ 378
02 -W~010 ~ ~ ~ e-ll - ...................... 382

-:; ~j!} Ell£ ~ 1-fE}~ 1IJl

• Expressing Habits and Attitudes
01 ~ -ofq .................. .. - .. 388
02 -71-E:-£. . ....... .. . -. .. .. 392
.. 395

• Appendix
• Answer Key -- -···----·-··· ........ .. -400
• tH~-t 'L~<>t -intJl.? . -- -412
• Grammar Index ...... .. ..... 431
 ~
•[ 01 )
7f o}-=r. »-1, ~"€o ] ~~<511 .!i!..o:JA.
lf -::_ ~ 'V_ o-J _g_?
Mark, you look tired. Did something happen?

Lf o-J;;z1] ~;z,l] -o}l-2.}.:12. {[~

I wasn't able to sleep yesterday because I was trying to
* 2):7-1 :::Jl.

get my homework done.

Akira, I changed my hairstyle. How does it look?

You look much younger now that you've changed your hairstyle.

Ol IE~~ ?i)Q£. ~ ITH Oi't! Af'M2.1 i:J~OILf .gEH ~~ ~?:!O I Lf ~2.1 .gEHOU CHfiH L7~7'17~Lf ?::';£1~ -3:!~
.R.~~ ITH Afgg)"LICf.
This expression is used to indicate one's conjecture or feelings based on the outward appearance of a
person, thing, or event.

_:_: -Of/?i !i!Oi:E ::"T w= :==:====: : ::== :=

-QCf ~f() f !i!~Cf
'2-~ 0i !i!~Cf
.... ... ···········- · --···-·· ··· -----
A

-QOf !i!~ -3;!01Cf

'2-iJOi !i!~ -3;!01Cf
-------~----·------~- ------ -- ---- -----------............... ·- - -------------- -- --- -~ ---- --- ------ --- ----- ---------------------------

7f wo }Bj ::z.J. 7-.:J t1}::Z.1 <1].2..1J.t:J1il... Grandpa, you're wearing blue jeans.
Lf .78!:1};<,1~ '"?J.2..Y7.71· G1 ~ e>-1 ~ol::Z.l? Don't I look younger now that I'm wearing blue jeans?

7f o1 g -6.1 ~ ~J-o1 uR%J ~01 ::= t=Jl .:@.~~Olil..? This food looks really spicy. Is that okay?
Lf 0 lA
11 uB-&- g .6.1011 Q.j~i>R;z,:jl-1 .:@.~J.o}..fl... I'm used to spicy food by now, so I'll be fine.

14 Korean Grammar ,;b 'lis~ · Intermediate

 7f <{) ~ ,¥,]~£:11 lf .::_ '?l <j o-j.B..? Did something happen to Yeongjin?
Lf .2Jl.B_? Why?
7f S:.J.-j~ 'i[oj]J.-j ~--:-= -ci] ?J-o] Jf-%'31J.!i!-~o-jA_
I saw him in front of the library, and he looked really sad.

1 Ol 1!.~2 ~-§.A.f6fjl'2! M~LI Cf. ITf2.f.A.i -§.A.f7f 'ifOll .2.\::! ~iC:) .g:go1~Li ef.
This expression is only used with adjectives, so combining it with verbs results in grammatically incorrect
sentences .

• ot-712.} »-]7]- "t.RW~ ~-5TI .!rl.o:]ii.. (x)

~ o\-7]2.} »-]7]- "t.RW ~ ~-&-H::- ~ ~o}.fi.. ( o)

: · ~ofCf'7f ~A.fOIE@. '-Of/01 .!i:i.OI Cf'~ ~12'! ~~Lief.

~ofCf is a verb and thus cannot be combined with -Of/Oi .!i:i.OICf.

2 '-7i].!i!.OICf'£ .A.f-§£171~ ~Lief.

-711 .!i:i.OICf is an alternate form of this expression having the same meaning .

• :J. J. ~ 'i).Q.y~J- \tJt!-5TI .!rl.o:jii._

= :1. J. ~ 'i).Q.y~]- 'i:[-t\<5]-1]] .!rl.o:j.R,

1 7f ~~ »-]7} .£.. ~ ~~'8ll.!i!. 0 l~Ell ~ (': ~ 9)o-].£..?

.!!2.i~~ 11[q
Lf o:j{J ~Oil \:[7-} {l.::r-~EJ]J.l Tic]~.A ~ ~~'Cf].fL_ to receive a marriage proposal

~~'6fef to be hospitalized

!Jj~ ~Oil 'ctAt ~.:r~Eii.A.i g2.-j~~ ~q

OiDiLI7f ~i':JOll ~i':lof.A.Iq

2 7f 7}l:lJo].!f-7-J-?-~ .!i!_o]~Ell ~ o-] :=.1@77}.£..?

Lf .!i!.7].!i!.q 7}l:J:j~y77} {!l_~o}.£...

7 f~OI !f.f:Jq I ~OJ E.2.lq 7ft:Ji~LI77t f:!!-t'ict

AI.S:.Oii.A.ie 7f'8'Lf 1 ~omq 0-jLIJJf t:Ji~~ Efe 7il ~~ q
~O I ~q I% .s:.2.f E.2.lc.f ~A I ?;t.2.LI77f 5:£t-'?AI 'C~Of.S:. £1q
.
~.
~

7f
(1) q <5rc-~ \fl:lJo1 ~Z}~ \fl:lJ.!il..q G1 HRd.tiH .5!.01.2..
<5rc-~ \fl:lJ~ J-1-J-11..11.

7f ~~1op:Jd »-1~ l:lJo1 D]-3. »-1l:lJ_!tl_q ~71-..ll?

(2) Lf 01-L.J011..1l, ~1op:Jd »-1~ l:lJo1 77HxilHJ-i u]-3. »-1~
l:lJ_!tl_q Gj - -- - - --

7f op- *o1 ci L.j-o]-Jl?

(3) Lf 77]-Jt}~ ~ Tij ~ ~ <i:J_2_ L.j 771- Gj - - -- - - - -
771-Jtl-~ ~Tij A~ <i:J_2_J-i1Jl.

7f 0r7'1c.f »-1~ 7-1-%:7.1-71- ?cJw %1:J1Jl.

(4)
Lf 0r7'1c.f »-1::: ~0 1 _ _ _ _ ___

7f o1 .7-l LQ.. 7\-1ol-

''- 0 2 - - - - - -- -
(5)

7f ,<:.~1 »-1 71- 71~01 _______

(6)
Lf
'*
1:]1,
,<:_ ~ 01 'V.L.J- .!i!\-..11.
AJ~~ ~~ti1Jl.

16 Korean Grammar l,b 'lise, · Intermediate

 7~ q~1 °1°d »-17} _2_~ ~JiLoJ1 ~ ~1.:l1Ji...
Wei Ming didn't come to school today.

q o-]7.11 %0 1 ~ ~q.Jl ~~ci1 W0 1 ° }~

.5!.oJ=o loJlJl.
Yesterday she said she didn't feel well. It looks like she's really
sick.

There goes Akira!

q ~~~~ ~ ,<:. ~ ~J--17!} ~oJ1 7re .5!.0J=0 loflJl.

Judging from the hiking clothes he's wearing, it looks like he's
heading to the mountains.

'2<y'~ ~f:JAHq 2~ :; .::!:51-E ~.£ Ol R~Oli.A.i::: .gEH· ~f\:'1:; .Q.jol~q.:il ~ =? <ll~Liq. [[r2.r.A.i Ol R~
~ ~;~;H.s?.l Oilt! .g~o 1q -9-~ .g!J, ~?17 1 ~ !2.7-jq ~.:il q.A.-j Oilt! ~0 1 ~Oiq.:il 'U71Lf 011t! .gEH ~ 3:!0I2.r
.:il ~~ . '7'~~ rrH Al§ru-Liq. Oilt! 3:!:; !2..:il ~~51-E 3:!01~ '-( 0 }L/::: 2~o 1q· ~Oll '7'~2.1 2717r
£1::: R~<z.) '-( 0 }L /::: ~ !2.LI77r' ~ .A.I§-5!-E ~~7 r I'i'~Liq.
Meaning "shape" or "appearance", £~ is used here to express a particular condition or state. This
expression is thus used when attempting to infer or guess the circumstances of a particular situation after
directly seeing it or hearing about it. It is often used together with -(.2.)L/E ~ .5:!.LI77f, which comes earlier in
the sentence and expresses the basis for making the inference or guess.

-(.Q)L/::: £~01q
....... ··! ·· ·· ··· ~;~ ··
~q ~~@

IIIE~t!

I ~'"
....... ................ ............. .... ······· -··· ........ ······· ·······- ................ .
.,..._
~0

A -( O)L

__j :~~ ~~)~~=-····-~:!_;_:::=mm : :

 {!
- (O)L
CH
--, .Q.
,_
.. .............

v
...

0]2./l -(0)2
-----·-···· +-----+- ______________:_____ ~C!:________L______ ~~-----------;
~ f2! 2.I.A~o Iq 2.I.A~~ f2!
:i!t7-j
Ol~rc! 2t~OICf 2t{!J O I~rc!
NOICf ·· ··· ·· ··· ..................... .. ....... ·-··· .......... .. ·- ·····
.Q.j.A~OICf 2.].A~~
~i\H
2t~OICf ~{!j~

I heard that Soyeong quit working for the company.

q 1.:J1, ~J-} ~ 0 1 7<j~ ~~ ~~ .!2.0J'0 loflA.

Yeah, apparently the job was really difficult for her.

Has Jena not woken up yet?

q t1JoJ1~~ DVD7} ~~ ~ .!i!.Yll} W~;zJ]ll}:Al ~~ ~ .!2.0J'0 loflA.

Seeing that there are some DVDs in her room, I reckon she watched movies until late at night.

Do you know what Juyeong is doing during vacation?

Judging from the fact that she reserved a plane ticket, I'm guessing that she's going to her hometown.

r
1 Ol It.~~ '7'~2.1 27-17~ £1::::: .g~ .5:!.7-jq ~7-jq ~ 3:!~ 1::1 ~§~ 5H.Ai .AI-§<5~7 1 rrH-EE-011. ~1-E
.A~i@:tOI ~~ ~~~ ~011 CH5H.Ai::: .AI-§<5~/.:I fi~LICf.
Because this expression is used to express the speaker's inference or guess based upon having seen or
heard about the situation being discussed, it cannot be used to describe something the speaker did himself/
herself.

• AH~A~.zl6J~oj]Ai gjoj ~~t:i] %6jo] :@.Bt.g..£.oJ=o]oj].f!.. (x)

- Aij~ A~.zl6J~oJ]J·i gjoj ~~t:i] g6jo] {!1-Qf.g. ~ .:Q-o}.f!.. (o)

18 Korean Grammar n1 C!l.s·~ · Intermediate

 2 .::;<:~2.1 27·m ~tt~OIJ:I ~~ rrH. ~ Q.i~5~7il .:1'§7-11~zro~7iq ?TI~<2.! ~~~ rrH.s=. .A.~~-'?
~~Liq.
This expression cannot be used when the basis for the inference is not an objective fact, that is, when the
speaker is simply describing something he or she only thinks, or subjectively believes, to be the case.

• 41 -"~ztoJ1 ;<~71 \'J0 r <V.:::: o:j.AJ-.i::. *-¥-~ ~'6J-.i::. .£ 0Jo1oJl..ll. (x)

- 41 -"~ztoJ1 .7.171 \'J0 r <V.:::: o:j.AJ-.i::. *-¥- ~ ~~ 5! ~oJ-Jl. (o)
: 12{~~ !:::.~2.1 ~~~'2.! ~OlE!£ '-(.2.)L/E £YOICf'~ .A.I-§ofJ::I '('Jjl '2.t~of~.A.i ~~~'2.! ?~~

LfEfLHE '- (.2.)2 -3;! ~Cf'-~ .A.I-§gj"LICf.

Here, because the speaker is expressing a subjective feeling, -(.2.)L/E £YOICf cannot be used.
Instead, - (.2.)2 -3;! ~q can be used to express such subjective notions.
- - - - - - - -- -- J

1 7f 0 1 ~-"--§-~oj] :::= .A}tgo] NJ.:l]..B...

.A.I{;i facilities

Lf .A}'i:f0 l tlf~ ~ ~L-J Al ~ 0 l :l' ~ .2.0J= 0 lOilJl. ~ ~:;VH± real estate agency
LHLH throughout (a time period)

Ol ~.6~;gOli.A.fEJ'O I i'ief .A.I~O I ~Cf

±~ .UI7f .!of.~~ %7H±Oll ~:2:~ ofjl ~q O I.A.fof~Cf

2 7f .A~~ »-]7} 7]cf~ Al W.JI ~ A~ Q:j.2_cJ1..B...

q 7l cf~ A] W.JI ~A~ Q:j-2_2}::: ~ ~L-] 7!} ~::xj] -£ .5!.0J=0 ll.:i1Jl.

7ICf2IJ::I Wjl ~J::i Q:l£2f.:il ofef ~7ii2.~Cf

cf% 2?-0ll ~Lf:Af.:il <5fef Ol't! ~Oll ~01 t\tef

2.-§- of~ %~ ~ 7i 2f.:il <5fef ~IOJI.A.i BtO I TII-2-~Cf
1 '-(.2.)L/~ £<llO I CF~ .A.~5H.A.i qg cH~ ~~<5~AiiR.

(1) 7~ 0}7]2.}- »-]:: ~~~ :.z}? ~oiJl. (~~~ ~0}<5-}q)

q IJI::Ij~ Jl~ OJ. I;: ~ .5!.1-l IJI::Ij~ i'-Ot~rl;: .£0JOIOil.2...

(2) 7~ ~ ~~ »-]Qj {l ~oj] -{].go] il"o:J ~l;j]Jl. (o:j~ o:j~ ~ {1:-q)

q

(3) 7~ (5ro-ojJ 7 ~o ] w oJ 7l]oi ~~] Jl. (~o ] ..2..~q)

(4) 7~ ~?:J-oj] .A}~o] Ef~]Jl. (~:§"}7} ARu]~q)

(5) 7~ Ell-2- »-]Qj ~~ lt?:.:jo] <U- ~~]Jl. (o] ~oj]£ -6"~~ ~:~q)
q

Jl~ :.z] (5}~ oj].A-j .!2.Lj 7l}.A}~~ o] Ell~?! PC(tabletPC)~ Ef0]7}:A]Jl qt9Jl. Jl~

Ell ~?:! PC7} (1)-l}-~goJ. .2.0JOIOil.2... o}-27- l:i].Ail...f TV, <?JEjl)lo] ~ Jl ~:.z}~£ ~ ~ 9
~oi.Ai 0}-? (2) . All ~T 0 }3. »-]£ Ell ~'}! PC~ (5}1-f
{3) . Jl~ 7-ll4f Ell~?:! PC01] -cJl i>R '€!0}.!2.2 ~71 ~Jl. ~ ~
~.!J!-£1 o} 2l:l}o] E ~ i>R.Ai .§.£ 3!Jl (4) . .::::Ltei1:1] oi~ Al]g ~

.A}o]: W:A] (5) . Al]i§-u}q ?:J-~ 31} ~H:jo] q q 27-j ~Jl. :A-j£

(5}1-f T-~"(5}Jl ~:A]Ttf o}-31~ 3!Jll:l]»-}Jl. .::::Lt!Jj.A-j 7}Zjo]l.}laj~ rrjj7l}:A] ~ Gj 7]qajo]:

~oiJl.

20 Korean Grammar in 'lli·e · Intermediate

 7~ l:l}~o] -p£o] .!f-l=]]Jl.
It's really windy.

q 1:1}~ 01~~ ~~ "'illt:ll ~<)}Jj] <ilJJ. 7}i::- Jll

~~o-]Jl.
If it's windy, it should be cold, so it's good to wear warm clothes
when going out.

Did Wei Ming say she would come to the alumni meeting today?

q .£.S~o-]Jl. ~»-i 3':.qp~;Jg ~~g "'illt:ll ~~o ]

~l=]] Jl.
I'm not sure. She should have received the invitation, but I
haven't heard from her yet.

Ol R~::: '7'~01 q .Q.j.AI ~ qE~LH::: '-{ 0 )2 EiO ief'OU~~o1q ~.Q.j l:lH~~ qE~LH::: '-( 0 ) L /:::Ci!'7 ~ ~~~
~~Li ef. :c!Wo~Jil ~~<W~ '-( )Lf:::ci l'2.l '7'~ ~:= DI2H~ R~~ rrHA~oi-E ~O ic~.JJ. ~ ~~ Lief.
0 *
-t.!~~ou ::: Oi't! AI{JOiq ~~I cH~ ~~ '7'~ 0 IL~ D I 2.H~ qE~LH::: ~01 2..Jl ~~~ou ::: -t.!~~i!t ~~£1
Jiq tt)"CH7 ~ £1::: ~01 ~LICf.
This expression is a combination of -(.£)2 EiOICf, which expresses a particular future situation or intention to
do something, and -(.£)L/-l::C11, which expresses t he background situation or state of affairs related to what is
to follow in the sentence. As such, it is used to express an expected or intended future state of affairs. In the
first clause of the sentence, a strong intention or expectation about a future event or situation is given, and
in the second clause (following -(.£)2 'E!)c11), a statement either related or contrary to t he first clause is given.

-(.Q.) 2 ~ Cil

j]Pi
9:i ~~ ~[·fl
A/V .... ............. .. ··············· ·· ···· -··· ---------------------
Qef ~~ ~Cil
~;~;H -( 0 )2 ~Cil
. 9:i ~ ~~
9:ief
-----'--~-~-E-.i)-Ci-1--T··-·-····~~~O~C~-··----,- · - - - !j!:;q~~-~~~---·-··-·-
j]_Pi
Ol~~ ~Cil ~{!JO i ef ~{!JOI~ ~ ~Cil
NOief ... ... ... .... .... ·-- ·------- ·---··- ........ ... ..........-- ... ... .... ....... ........ -- -- -· ·---··--··-- .. .
!j!.A~O I Cf !j!.A~~ ~Cil
 7; ;.1 ~~-¥-~ ~ i>H;,~ -e-~o1011Jl.
I'm in big trouble because I haven't studied for the exam.

4 7--J£R . .A1~ g * .!:2_~ ~if-g * W lillt:J1 :z:1.AcJo1011Jl.

Me too. If we don't do well on the test, we won't advance (to the next level/grade), so I'm worried.

I'm expecting a delivery this evening, so please make sure that you receive it.

Lf 7--jS:. 7--j ~ 011 ~ ~ 011 ~ ~ Jillt:J1 o-J 1!J -6}7-1Jl?

But I also don't expect to be home this evening, so what should we do?

7~ o-j:A~1 oJ:-2-<51·.!:::.2}Jl Bf0 1 Til~~~ Jillt:J1 .2.. ~ ~ ~~ ~o-j7}J-i1Jl.

You must be exhausted after working late yesterday, so please go home early today.

It's okay. I can work late today, too.

I-
I 01 .H.~~ '-( 0 )2 l[i!c-JIR'£1 ~EH£ ~.g i§}OU A~~ * ~:::c-11 OI[H::: Wof-E A~iM£1 ;;;"~o1q 7~~
.g~~ qE~LH7 1~ ~Liq.
This expression can also be used at the end of a sentence in the form -(.2.)2 'C!JCiiR. but, in this case, it can
also express the speaker's supposition or assumption about the situation being discussed.

7~ 7.-j]L(- »-]oj].l]] ~o] o:J-qJ 7]-:Aj-..Jl %[77}Jl?

Shall we ask Jena to go on the trip with us?
q 7.-j]L(- »-]:: Jl~ 1:1~ tl)J;j]Jl.
I think Jena is busy these days.

7~ 78-'? »-]7]- Jl~ Aj~ ~l:lj '5j-.':::cj- l:lj-lllll:JlJl.

I heard Gyeongsu is busy trying to prepare for his exam.
q oj\'J.oJJ :: .Jif ~Z'l<'>Ho): %)- tl)c-j]Jl.
He really has to pass this time.

7~ EJ1%o] Q}J--j t1]-qJ7]7} .2.-!f- {'l.i:£1Si01Jl.

All the flights were canceled because of the typhoon.
I
Lf EJ1%0 ] .2.:A] ?£~Gjcj-li'J. 1:1]-qJ7]7} ~_i:£l::z.] ~.J:~% Jillc-j]Jl. l
They wouldn't have been canceled if there hadn't been a typhoon.

__j

22 Korean Grammar u" 'lit<~ · Intermediate

 '-{o }L/~C~I'2~ '-{0)2 iE!!C~I'~ C~:il~ ~:: ~OliAi j:~0 17~ ~Ljq,
The differences between -{£)L/-l=Cil and -{2.)2 Fti]Cil are summarized below.

-(.Q.)L C~l

~:AH ~~I CH~ I:IH~ ~~O I Lf .!f!OU L~ LH§OII cH~ ~:AHLf Dl211 ~~I cH5H ~IE ).~Qj ~.H.~~~
.£~~ Xii.J..I~ [[H .J..I§~LI Cf. .J..I'§~Lic.f.
Used to provide background information about Used to express the speaker's supposition or
the current topic under discussion or to introduce assumption about a current or future situation .
information about what follows in the next clause.

• (:::<]-5-) l:l]7} ..2.~J:i] ..!f-AJ% 7}:7.].Jl 7}!-i]il... • (..2.~oJD 1:1]7} % !ffi~:iJ ..!f-AJ% 7}:::<J.JI 7}!-iJil...
It's raining (now), so please take an umbrella It's supposed to rain (in the afternoon), so
with you. please take an umbrella with you.

-+ l:ll7f .2.Jl CX.PI ~goJI '-{.Q.)L/ECil'~ -+ 'i:t££ l:ll7f ~ ~0 1 7 1 ~gojl '-{2.)2 ~Cil'~
.J..I§of.:LI '1!eLICf. .J..I§of.:Ll '1!gLICf.
-{2.)L/-l=Cil is used because it is currently -{2.)2 Fti]Cil is used because the speaker
raining. expects it to rain later.

1
.~.
q

7~Ill ~B ~A.ICf :AlE- 7iiLI~ ofA.I~ .go1 cr.!' 2.Cf I~~ o fA.~2.f

~WOII ~~011 ~o I 7 fCf Ail~ %OI2.fA.~O I UCf I C~l7f:A f

.!fi!.:A I ~ '%J'::i!f q·~ .5=!2.1 7fCf ~ .!fi!.:AI~g ~.uj ~';iq I Cf-E ~~~ S!Af

2 7f _2_~o]l .:Q- 0 1 Ell Y-""- ~ 77}Jl?

q _2_~011 ~ ~»-1 7} 3Ql tl ~ '@EllA.

2.~011 ~OI EIILI.6. ~ICf 2.~011-E '§!'.UI7f !.!HEJq

2.~g 7~ILigojl7fA.i ~¥ofCf 7iiii.g.§ A.ITI'E;1Cf
Of712.f Mli$ ~0 1 ~~~ S!Cf Of712.f .UI-E .Jlg,t'OII ¥0f~q
 l1) ~J-"§l-<S-J-ta 1l1l~ ~oJJ Jl. + ~cJ ~oJJ ~c-1 .2."-ilJl.
_. bl~ti.t5ttlj. 1--JI--Ji5-l 'q\'{;11lf.Cl ~JO!I ~Cl .2.1-115L

(2) l:l~ 7} .Jl~ ~oj]Jl. + o]~-€ E."-i]Jl .

...
(3) ~~o] E{o]% ~oj]Jl. + g~ ~ ~o}Lj- f?l:l] <5~oF <S-};z.]Jl?
...
(4) ;.}.£ ».]7} .!i!_l:j~~ ~~~ ~oj]Jl. + ~'§jLJ12.}.:il <5Jlol=3;9_01Jl.
...

2 '-( 0 )2 'Bl Eil'~ .A.~5H.A:j qg EH£.~ ~~o ~Ai!R.

(1) 7~ 0 ] ~~ 0 }3. ».]~El]-?a].Jl <5~~~ 01rrJlJl? (~~~~Ell 01if1c.})

q oj ~ ~ £j~OJtije(j OJ~% 'q\'{;lj c.}~ ~ ~ ).~ :Jj] 01rrJlJl?

(2) 7~ ~~ ~?loJl ~01~ ~l-<5}-E;.}~o] ~Y.Jl?.!8-Q:JW~ 0 ] ~Oi;.iJl. (~01~ ~}c.})

q ~ill] ».]7} o]~oj] ).i 1{o};.i ~ill] ».]oj] :711 ¥ ~<5jj
.!i!_l-i]Jl.

(3) 7~ ;z.i * ~ ~Jti ~ 01 ~77}Jl? (;z.i :£ ~ -3fc.})

q c.}~ :£ ~ ~01 .!i!_l-i]Jl.

(4) 7~ 4f-:rr~o}~oj] net %:71]Jl. (~ ~ ~~c.})

q ;z.]i}~ 4f-:rr~o}~o] LJ1~ 7~ :711 ~3;9_01Jl.

(5) 7~ OJ=7J- ».]7} 7:J-~~ 1)11:J1Jl. (1j;z_J ?.f~c.})

q :§:!;.} ~ <S-}TtJ.;.i -t}.!f-<5}7]7} 7:J~ 1:]1~<58-Jl.

- Korean Grammar in litre · Intermediate

 c::;:...
( 07 }
7~ 1:1] ~~~1 ~ Jl~J~ ~<Jio]: ~<V_;z] Jl?
Doesn't bibimbap need red pepper paste to taste good?

q 1.:]1, <'>}7-JJ?l- JI~J~ W0 1~.Q_~ oH% Ell till}

~:=jS-1?} ~.Q_J.i]Jl.
Yeah, but it will be spicy if you add a lot of red pepper paste,
so only put in a little.

I wonder if Mark did well on his interview.

I'm sure he did well, so don't worry.

Ol IE~~ WI-E .A.~.Qj .t;S~~ qEfLH~ ~£ '.t;S~ojq .Q.IJ:I' ~ qEfLH~ '-( 0 )2 EiOICf'Oll Ol~~ qEfLH~

'-( 0 )LI77Pf ~~ ~~Liq. 1¥-~~0ll ~ 4-£ W!-E .A.~O I ;t;ij~f]iq ~~ol-E ~O I 2D=l ~~~Oll ~ ~~lil
;t;ij~f7iq ~~ol-E Ol~~ .t;S~o f'2'!.A.i ~g)-Li ef.
This expression is a combination of -(.£)2 EiOICf, which expresses the speaker's supposition or intention,
and -{.£)LI77f. which expresses a reason. In a sentence w ith this construction, t he second clause contains
the speaker 's suggestion or statement of advice to the listener, while the first clause provides the speaker's
reason for giving such a suggestion or advice.

\;ilq
A/V ··············--··-------.... l ------------------------------------..·-···-····················
7fq
-( o) 2 EjjLjJJf

OfOIOiq O fO I ~~ EjjLjJJf
2f~Ojq 2f~O I ~~ Ei!LilJf
NO!Cf ----------.. ···-- ... ......... ... - ····-·· - .... .... .
OfOI ~ Ei!LI77f
~AH I DI2.H i ~ EiiL!JJf
-------·- ·-- ---·--j_ __ ______ __ ______ _ ___ ___ ______ i__ ________~~-~-~-----J.-------~~~ ~~J?7f ---·---
 - ~2~ ~--'5'-~77} .A}~* .A} {l-77]-Jl?
::.- -: =-- s.=~: a,:)ot= s s nee Mary likes fruit?

2.~ ~- ~o' 2} .g-7]7} »fill3[<ll ~ Ci] Yll} .g-7] ~ .A} 7}Jl.

=.,:.-a se ~s mwoerry season now, they should be cheap and taste good, so let's buy some strawberries.

;. f'-gi:j ~ 'lft..f.:il ~~ t:·l] oJ qoj]7-jj.Aj~.A] 0 }.Ai]Jl?

Nant to meet with the teacher, so do you know where she is?

4 .A}~oJl 7-Jl1l. EilY77} ~7] .£ 7} .!i:!..Ai]Jl.

She should be in her office, so go and check there.

7t o}~ :§:j.Qj rrJ1 gli?'lf €-1:1]<5}~ ~77]-Jl?

Do we only need to prepare drinks for the morning meeting?

q t:H"tf ~ 0 }~ ~ ~ 1;!:] 91~ Efly7l} ;.JJ_~~:7.] S:. ~o] €-l:IJ-5H=- 71] ~~oJJl.
Most people probably won't have eaten breakfast, so preparing some sandwiches too is probably a good
idea.

1 O I .H.~~ '--( 0 ) 2 Eli LI77~£.'2.j ~EH£ g~ -FIOII .A.I§-"6VI~ ~Liq.

This expression can also be used at the end of a sentence in the form of -{2.)2 EiiLI7JfR.

• ~ ~ ~~i5}Aii.R. -%J..R~ 0 ] 2.)- ~ 0 ] ~~ El]Yllt..fi..

Leave early. There will be a traffic jam since it's Monday.

2 '--( 0 )2 EliLI77F£1~~~011 ::: '2.:j~o1q·, '.:il~q·, 'o lm~q'£1 wo1~ -9- ~~Liq.
Expressions such as :z:j~OICf• .:il~Cf. and Dl~fCf cannot follow -{2.)2 EiiLI7Jf.

ol:lj-!f!I_1J Ej]t..jllj- 1}6j<5jj "f:-);jJ.i ;g-Aj-~t..Jt:J-. (x)

-l:IJ-!f!I.1J !ffir:i]1}6J"5H ?);jJ.i ;g-Aj-~t..Jt:J-. (o)

• .IIJ-E-~ E!]t..jllj- ~~ l-j-..2..e}.:il i>HJ.1 oJ~"5H..fi.. ( x )

- .IIJ~%1" lffir:i ] ~~ 1-j-..2..2.)-.:il i>HJ.i o] ~"5H..fi.. (o)

3 OI.H.~~ WI-E .A.~?:J'OI Oi't! C§l~ <SH:Qq::: £1.Aiq £1~~ qE~LH71~

5f-EC·HOlrrH::: ~Oj 7 ~ 1<2..!~
'2!' ~ -9- <ll~ Li q_ ~~~011 ::: ~£ ~ ::: .A.~?:J'OIIlil Oi ~lil 5~.xp-Jq Oj ~7il 5~2.1-E LH.g.ol ~Liq.
Ol .H.~ ~ '-(0 )2 EIOICP~ .Q.j.AI~ qE~ LH.:il -FIOII '-( O )LI 77P ~ ~~ W%JLiq. Ol ~~ '-( 0 ) 2
E:liLIJJFCfiOII::: -§.A.~'2!' ~ -9- <li 0 Gj j::tpf~~ ~ -9- ~~ Liq_
This expression is a combination of -{2.)2 EiOICf. which states an intention, and -{2.)LI7Jf. and is also
used to state the speaker's will or intention. As such, it can only be used when the subject is in the first
person. The expression is then followed by the speaker's suggestion or request to the listener to do
something. Additionally, only verbs can come before -{.£) 2 Ei1LI77f, and they cannot be in the past tense.

26 Korean Grammar ir1 'lise · Intermediate

 7~ 7.H~ ».], ~.£..£. op~!~l '\1~<5}~ ~ll}..ll?
Jaeyeong, how should I contact you from now on?
Lt 7.11 °loJ1~ 9-J:: ~ 7}..§..;7;] E.~ CJ1t..]7l} o:j 7j.£ '\'!~ 9-;,11..\l..
I'll give you my email address, so you can contact me that way.

7~ e\:Jol .£;,1Y7lr ~2.1 ~ ~ ~ 2.15HoJ:~01il...

I've got to clean up the house fast because some guests are coming.

Lt 7.i17r/ii!~ ?.J2.l~Ellt.17lttg--8~ l:lJ~J::%5ll~2Jlil..?

I'll clean up the living room, so will you clean the other rooms?

'-( 0 )2 'E!!Cil'2f '-( 0 )2 EilLl7JF::: ~ q ~~~ [[H '5!-E 'YOl:AI'2! Cf§:i!f ~~ ~Oil-"i j:f0l7f 'gLICf.
Although -{.£)2 li:!!Cil and -{.£)2 EiiLI7Jf are used to express supposition, they differ in the following respects.

-(0)2 'E!!Cij -(2.)2 Ei!Lim

~.Q.j ~~ .Q.jDI~LICf. ~.Q.j Ol~ .Q.jDI~LICf.

Refers to the actual situation related to the Refers to the reason for the speaker's supposition
supposition or assumption. or assumption.

• llH7} .TI~ 'ffitil 0 !Ai E.;,i1Jl.. llH7r .:rr~ CJ1t..J7lr 01;,1 E.Ailil...
You must be hungry, so please have (Because) you must be hungry, please have
something to eat. something to eat.

1 7~ ~J..1 :A11Y- »-1 ~~7-1 °}J.i1..8..?

Lt .s:. ~ »-17} ~ Ellti7!t .s:. ~ »-1TIEl1 %o-J_l:2_J.i1..8...
A:i!Lt .U.I <c!ill;fj:i '§tq £~ .U.I7~ '§tq I£~ .U.I~Eil ~Oi.s:!Cf

'2.! ¥~7Jl!Ai ~Xi! ~.2.AIE:XI '§I'Cf 5tg ~Oi.2.AICf I .g~.J 7ICf2.1Cf

Af£ .U.I7~ OiL! '1!-E:XI '§tq ~'8<>11 '1!Cf I 7PI£ 7~ .s:!q

2 7~ 7-1~011 ~-7-t'J- 0 1=-7- _!:2_~ 7}71.£ ~o-]..8...

Lt .J.if:l. 7tc.1 :tl ~ 7}7-1JL 7t ~ ~n i=-~o-J.R. 7-1~~ ~~~ C:flt17lt.a..
Xi~OII ~.:r;g 019 .5:!2.i 7~q 7~Cil!~ 7fXI.TI 7fCf I XN~ ~~fC~

LH~ 0~ SAlOl! ~'§iofCf Xl -5 ~~ EfCf I~ All!-012.~ ~O I Pt<>l Q,f-51Cf

~'§tOll II.fEI~ -5fq ~~~-51 frt:ll-5~q I ~~OI 2.f Afia~OI 't'JOI2Cf
 ·-·----··-·····-·--·······-·-·····--·---···-·-·····-·- -·---· --·····-·----··-··············-·····-·····-··-·······l
(1) *~ Ml 7 ~ :;q.:il <ll~q.
(2) LH~~ UO I ~~q,
(3) .:1 ~~ ~lfo~~cL
-----
.
·
-----@ · @ Jt1~ -t!~~ -t!::: .7-11~~OiR
01 [[~7~ ~:2-~~..q q _
· © .2.~ ~ ~ *-IJ.iiR I

l (4) A.l~~!¥o~L 2.~ ~~~~q. · · @ q::: ~£ 7~:: : .7-11OjiTHR? J

--------------------·· ·------------------------------------------------------------....--······--------------------------------------------······-··----------·········

(2)

(3)

(4)

2 '-( 0 )2 EfiLim· ~ A.I*5HA.i q~ cH~ @~o~J.11R.

(1) 7~ Q}% ~Si~ EJ] 7-J]4:f 0 }E l;j]it. (~ 0 }:A] cf)

q ~i?- ~.2.~ i>-O~'-J ~IL·fln ~ -i=-%1"-1 <?Jl-i]it.

(2) 7~ ~.J..J~ :Al-~.2..£ %7] ~ lll ~~ o-J it. (..!f{jq)

q ~:A} %7] 7]0il ~ Ai]7} £Q} .E. ~ /]] it.

(3) 7~ oJ Jt! %7r0il %i>H.£ ~77}it, J-1i>H.£ ~77}it? ("-}%foJ W't:f)

q .£ -n
"L-
0 0 ""C" "-1t>H.£ 7}~ lll o-]u:Jlit?

(4) 7~ Q}, 7j]o].3.7} 13!-~~o-]it. (~"B- o]u:f7} ~11 ~ ~q)

~-E-li} c J-i]it.
------------------ -

q ..2..~~ ------------------~:A] ?£~ :;;tjoj]it.

(6) 7~ o-jAi] ~~ LJl% ~ ~ -9- ~~77}it? ({f-6:] ~ ~q)

Lf :7.-j£ {}-6:] ~ ~ t>H"-1 ~2fit. l]]o].:rr. ».]7} - -- -- -- -- -----
/]]0].2 ».]~Ell % o-J 2i!.l-i]it.

- Korean Grammar U1 tzlse · lntermeruate

 Did you happen to see Mark?

q o}o} 71II1%oJ1 <V. ~~.fl.. 0 }77} 71II11:foJ1Z}t:}_TI.

~7-1 ~Jl.
He's probably at the coffee shop. I heard him say that he was
going there earlier.

Do you think Yang Gang went to play tennis yesterday?

q o}o} <?} ~~~.ft. o11 ~oJ1 EJ1Y A~ * ~q_TI.

~lfl ~ {{o}Jl.
I doubt he went. I think he once said that he can't play tennis.

OI R~:: o~ ~Ojq;:l Bt:: ~o 1q ~ 2£:::: ~011 cHoH '§lo~ .A.~OI ~~~~ ~~~ OIOt71~ rrH ~Liq.
~~Oli.A.i::: .A.I§f>~;:l ?A.:il ~~Oli.A.i'2.! .A.I§f>~IJj ~2~ .A.~OIOli .A.I§g,fLiq.
Th is expression is used w hen the speaker st ates an unconfirmed assumption or supposition about a
future event or something he or she is not sure about. It is used only among close friends and appears in
conversational form only, not in written form.

-(£)2~R

r;!::jq r;!::j~~~R
~1-71
~q E-~~~R
A/V ............................... -----··-····· ···· ····· .......................... ············ ········· .. .

-(o)2~R

- -----------r------- ; - - -- - - - - - - : - - - -- - - - - ; - -- -- - - - - -

0
~::~ · E~%i~·· · ··· ··
~:2..A.~<,a ~ ~R

£!-~ OI~~~R
. ········ : : ··········[· ······· ····· ··· ········ ,...... ~:2..A.~~~R

l £!-~Oiq £1"-gj~~R
 - ;::~-1io; 7~.::1! i>li::-t:l] J+iffo] ?,f~ll}Jl?
- ::>!ann ng to go to the department store, but do you think there will be a lot of people there?

_. ~ ~o]Ljll} ?:[ ~ ~Jl.

:·s right before Chuseok, so I bet there will be a lot (of people).

7~ {j ~oj] <V, ~ o}§..7]- ~ l-]oj] O:j ~7-] o]-J.i]Jl?

Do you know when the little mart in front of the house opens?

q oJ-oJ-lOl-] ~ <€1~..\l. q~ o}E~o ] gj lf ~ lOl-]oj] ~7-l:=Jl.

I think it opens around 10 because most of the other marts open at 10.

7~ <2.f4r l-] {[~ ~ ~~.Jl1{ ,C:. t:1] 7-J-o]: J,1.]7]- *~"9].~7l}Jl?

I want to change our meeting to a later time, but do you think Jaya has already left (her home)?

q ~),1.1 *~~%~Jl. 7-J-o]: J,!.] {jo] ~?if<>J-Jl.

I bet she's already left. Jaya's house is far away.

·'Q '-{.£)2 ~ .:::J!~~q·on.A.-1 '.:::J.~q·7f ~?,!'.§ '-{.£)2~·.g ~p~on ~~on Clic5H ~~~it !Ill~ ..~..~~Lief. £q2.f.A.i ~~ IIIIE- ~
Ll£f~ !Ill£}~~~ Lte.f~ UII2J ~EjPf ~f()fA:~ ~~2.IXI ?J~& ~~5fAjJR (Q-g ·~~~ Ll£f~ UII'2J 01 '-{.£)2 ~ .:::J.~Cf'
§~)

The expression -(.£)2~ can also represent the contracted form of -(.£)2 ~ :J.'ll!CI, in which :J.'ll!CI has been omitted. As such, it can also
be used to express the speaker's feeling of regret about a past event. For this reason, you must pay special attention to this form when it is
used informally because it can mean either supposition or regret depending on the situation. (See Chapter 25 Expressing Regret, 01 -(.£) 2
1.1 :r'l;l!c.t.)

1 O I R~:: .gcH~£1 £1?1011<2,to~lll ~cH~ rrH.s:. .A.~~Li ct OlrrH.gcH~O I <§t.:il ~:: .A.f11 ~:: .gcH~£1
7 ICH 7~ ~ 2.17-Jq ~1-E .A.~'S.i!~ q2q:: 3:! ~ qE~~Liq.
This expression can also be used to softly disagree with the listener, that is, to express the speaker's
belief that the listener's statement or expectation is wrong or different from his or her own.

7~ o}~ 8AioJl ~~%f7l}il..?

Shall we leave at 8 in the morning?
q :::L J-j{l-oJJ:: ~o] woJ t'j-%)~il...
The traffic will probably be bad at that time.

7~ 0}7]2..} »-]oj];<J] .78~7:-~ -=jL.7dA]?-j -'€7!} 15~ il...

I'm planning to take Akira sightseeing at Gyeongbokgung.

q 0}7]2.}»-J:: .78~7:-oJJ:: ~»-17} ~%~il... .2.].;::-~ ~ 0 ] "tl-.;::-o]]..2..'B All~ li':!.A17J-.E:£-o]{lfo}Jl.

I think Akira has already gone to Gyeongbokgung. It's one of the first places foreigners visit after
coming to Korea.

3C Korean Grammar ,;, 2/se · Intermediate

 ~~fif-E 27~ ~ ~~~ rrH::: .A.~W-* ~~Li q.
This expression is used when only the speaker has knowledge to back up a supposition or assumption.
Accordingly, it can't be used when both the speaker and listener share the same information.

7f ~~71}7.] ~M-i ll~~!r.]~!;Jl.R.

It's already sold out for the entire weekend.

Lf .:Z.cj7j].R. ~~7 ]- .::<Ho]~%~.R. (x)

- .:Z.cj7j].R. ~~}7} .: <Ho]'V_L.} .s!}.R. (o)
Yeah, that movie seems popular.

: ~2.1 27~7f £le .A.I-M~.2t .R7f -'?~77f:A I oH~£l'Xi!Cf)~ £f. .A.fEt cf ~-"2 ~7 1 rrti-§OJI '-(£)2~R·~

.A.!-§~* ~1:§Lic.f.
The basis for the assumption that the movie is popular-that is, the fact that the tickets are sold out
for the entire weekend-is shared by both people, and therefore -(£)2~.£ cannot be used.

7f o] ~~7} .::<Jlo] ~g71]'.R?

Do you think this movie is interesting?

Lf .R~ %i5JJ lq.j2}Jlc5}Lj71]" .::<Ho]<V_%~.R.

Well, it's number 1 at the box office these days, so I reckon it's interesting.

: Ol ~~7 f ~~ 1 ~2.f-"I ofe ~!I:!.~ · q·~ 7f:AI-"2 ~71 rrH-§Oll '-(£)2~.£·~ .A.!-§~* ~§Lief.
Here, only Lf (the speaker) knows that the movie is number 1 at the box office, so -(£) 2 ~R can be
used.

3 Ol If.~~ .A.~W rrH:= g :g ~2.1 Qj~ Q{l!' ~EJ Ljq,

The intonation of sentences using this expression rises slightly at the end.

7f 7Jf:l.s:.:: \;[M-] 7 } ~ttl,7.] op..-j].R?

Do you know what the weather's like in Gangwondo?

q li(~o]2} J-i%.!I!.c} ~%~

Since it's in the north, I bet it's colder than Seoul.

4 '-{o)2~Sl' ::: '-{ 0 )2 7~0liR'.!i:!.c.f-E "}~Ofl cH~ ~~01 Q{~Liq.

In terms of strength of conviction, - (£) 2 ~R expresses a weaker belief than -(£) 2 7-j()!IR.

(1) 7f *~ M-]7} ~1l g l;tj ~g71]'.R?

Do you think Suyeong has had lunch?

Lf l;tj~%~.R . .::<]-5' 3A]-Qfo}.R.

I reckon she has. It's already 3 o'clock.
 (2) 7~ *~ ».]71- ~ {] ~ Qj~~7l}Jl.?
Do you think Suyeong has had lunch?

q Qj~% J1oj]Jl.. 0 }7!} .61~oJ1 ~ Qj..Q..c-j {1-q.:L!. t>J-t:it:!f.:L!.Jl..

Yeah, I'm sure she has. A while ago, she said she was going to the cafeteria to eat.

: (1)g .!i!~ cH~2.1 .A.f'Et~OI 3.A.I~OII-E ~~~ r;!:jg ~EHLillf *~ .u1~ r;!:j~~ 7-J2.fil ~ofil '?10-J.A.i
'-(.2)2~R·~ ~~.Q.IJ:j (2)-E '*~ .UI7f ~ Qj.Q.2.-j -t!Cfil ~Cf'2.f-E@ Ci ~j-JI~'r.! ~2.1-27-J~ CHi!
'?1~ '-(.2)2 7iOliR'~ ~~€rLICf.
In (1 ), - (.2) 2 ~R is used because Lf (the speaker) is basing her assumption on the fact that most
people have normally eaten lunch by 3 o'clock in the afternoon. In (2), -(.2)2 7iOliR is used because
Lf (the speaker) is basing her assumption on the more concrete fact that Suyeong actually said she
was going to eat.

1 7~ %.:Q:. »-]7} :7.]-E" {loj] <V_~7J}Jl?

~Xifg rep roduction
q o] J-]Zl-oJl ~ .!2.~ ,?_ "'8 ~ -&-}1-jll} {]oJl <iji ~ {iJl.

%:2: .UI7f :x1-s ~on <llef Ol A.I?JOII-E .5!~ 5:§~ '6fLI7Jf ~01 1 ~q

:Ai .:J.~Oit:ii.Ufef ~:Ai@O I LIJJ~ t:il.uf:AI 'rJCf

~f .:L!.g,l{)ji.S:.~f1!;!C~ .:L!.~77f:AI ~~~ ~.s:. ~2.ILI77f I§!.Uj .s:.~~q

2 7~ ~2.] ti1~ J-}~~ ~ li}l ~? »-]£ ..!f- ~7J}Jl?

q ~ ? »-]~ J-]{l-o] <ijj ~{IJl. l:lJ-"§:} t11t11 o}21:l}o]E ~q.:il ~~~Jl.

A.l-l!OI ~q I~~ LHLH Ofsl::lfO I.§. E!"Cf.:L!. a-~q

OfD f 'r.!" 7 ~Cf I Oli{!OII A.f~Oiq .:J.~OIIE- ~1=10 1 ~Cf.Jl '6fC~

.:L!.g,l{)jl ~mq I :A it:!~OII.:i!.~OII:c.!"Cf.JI '6fCf

.. Korean Grammar Ul/ Us~ · Intermediate

,-·--·-··-····----·-·-··-··-···---···· ----------·---

G J..lnEJq 77H3:-o~:A:I cr.tq ~q o ~:; Oll ~ q ~;..~7 ~ o~~ 8"1l~q

----·-···-··---- ----·-····------ - - - - - ------]
l··-··· · · .·-········· · . . . . ._ ........................_. -----------·· ·····-··· .................. ..... . ........... ···--··· . . -·· · · ·--··---- . ···-····-··· . .
7~~<'-1 ~~ ».1, 0 1-2-j,1oJ1-"i -"}it:A1Jl? .2.~
7.~1 7} 0 1-2-j,1 °}IrfE£_ 0 1-"~ _2.C;j_ll. -&-H::-t:-J1 D1~ 0 }IrfE ~ o-jl!JlJl?
u1~o}Irj-E ~ ?~oJ1 '%{lo1 ?J-o}-"i :A~ ~ oJ1~ (1)f..I1!.CI%'i51..
.::J.~Jl? .::J.~ ~?o}Irj-E ~ o-jl!JlJl?

~?o}Irj-E :::= A-J1 -"}'€1' 0 11f71 oJ1 ~ {1°1 (2)

- - - - -
.=L ~ ~Jl. .::J. ~ A-J1J.:11 0}Irf E ::: o-j Jill Jl?
A-J1J.:11°}IrfE ~ :A1~ :A1 _2.~Ql l-i (3)_ _ _ _ _ _ __
A11J.:11o}Irj-.§5:. ~£..~..9... .=L~ ~7Jo]-ILJ-E ~ o-j~77rJl?

7-j 71::: .:Q-\1-¥-E-J -)!71 -"1.:Q-~71 Jill.g.oJ1 (4)_ _ _ __ _ _ _ __

q :A1.2.C4tB -"1{}0 1 :£jJ ~2.J19.!;]1Jl.

f.C-1°}Ir]-E oJ1 ~Jti 7} .!2Ji1Jl. :7-]71 ~ :A1~ :A1 ~u} ~ Ql-"i llR:£-<5}2 {].£
'ifi1 :7-J := Jl. .=L {] ~ (5)
------------ -
 7~ :7.} 0 ~ »-], 9l1 ~:A1] <{}- i>}1)_~.R?
Jaya, why didn't you do your homework?

q _2_~ ~:A1] 7} ~~~Jl? Al ~ ~:A1] 7} ~ ~ ~

~~Ol.R. ~:A1]7} ~ ~ ~ ~<V:Ol.R.
Did we have homework for today? I didn't know we had
homework. I thought we didn't have any.

7~ ~i>il »-1 \:t~ ~11~.R? ~a~ '3:l~~E1J.R.

Did you see Eunhye's husband? He's really handsome.

q ~ i>i] »-]7} ~_g.~ ~ ~ Jl? Al ~ ~ i>i] »-]7}

~.g.~ ~ ~~Ol.R. ~.g. <{}- ~ ~ ~<llOlJl.
Did Eunhye get married? I didn't know she got married. I was
under the impression she wasn't married.

'--(O)L/:::/(0)2 ~ ~~q·::: ~1-E .A.fWOI ~~~2.j OIOPIOll CHoH ~~7-jq ou.g E:E.::: 7 ICH~ <5'~XI ~~:i
rrH .A.f§g,t-Liq .:12.1~ '-(o)L/:::/(0)2 ~ ~cF ::: ~~~Sll LH~OI ~qjl ~2,1'~c~1 .:J.~OI .A.~OI O~'cl :i

~711 £1~ :i [H .A.I§~Li q.

The expression -(2)L/f=/(2.)2 ~ ~q is used to end a clause stating something the speaker was not aware
of or did not anticipate. -(2)L/E/(2)2 ~ ~~q, on the other hand, is used to end a clause stating what
the speaker had assumed to be the case; therefore, it expresses the speaker's realization that his or her
assumption was incorrect.

- (o)L/:::/(0)2 ~ ~~q(~.Jcn

ouuuq Oil ~
-(O)L
~q :A~.Q.
-, .._
A .. .... ...
Ollllllq Oil~
?~ -(0)2
:A~.2.
~q -, e

7 ~q I! + ~~~q
- (O)L
Q:jq Oi.Q.
-, .._ ~q

7 ~q 7~ :::
v Oi.!::.
-, .._
-·

-(0)2
i!
Dl2/l I?~
- -- - - - - - - - - -- - · _ .. - ·------· ___ .....--
...,
Oi.2.
-, e
_ _
........... ........ ....- ....- ....... - .... - ............ ..

Korean Grammar ut lise · Intermediate

 .
-----------------------
. -------··-- ----- ------- -~----- .

£IN £ I.A~~::
-······· ······· ..... ..... .. -······· ..
2)-~ '5~AH OI + ~~~q
- , C> '-'

2.j)..l 2.j.A~~ ~~q

L. --- ..
'5~AH £t{!j ~
I
___j_____----'--·
01
2
_:
- . C>

____ ______________:__________________ _____________

£1.A~ £1.A~~ ..........:..

• <W_cj -V-]7} _2_~ ~.JiLoj].g_ ~ ~,J<>JA. ~.JiLoj] .2..7-] ?J~ ~ %'$9:<>JA.

I thought Andy came to school today. I didn't know he didn't come.

• t1}i%J-o] 1f£o] ~<>J).-j ~-V-]7} 4-&- ~ ~,J<>JA. .=l~t:-Jll;J.foj]l-j-_2_L.j7!} ~7-] '(£o}Jl.

The wind was blowing so hard I thought it was cold. But now that I am outside, it's not cold.

I didn't know Juyeong was Chinese. I thought she was Korean.

~
•[ 12)
1 7~ ~* »l g Q{ :5::~ ~ ~~ ~).i]Jl. 0}7]7} 7-}Jl <V_~Jl.

q o}, ~~tsHJl. 0}7]7} 7-H::- ~ ~~<>l.ft.

%2f .±"-I~~Oief
to turn down the volume (sound) of music

0~717~ J;:fC.~ I ~2.1~ ~Oiq

.A.I~~!f-5fC.~ I ~2:ill::ll~-§-nq

~F?-21- ~~ golq I ~-§515~q

2 7~ o]~ »-]. ~»-]7tm~"GJ12H ~J~ 7}7-]Jl~~Jl?

q o}{Joj] ~»-]7} <5aj.A-j 1:1]7} ~ ~ ~~<>lA .

og.up~ ~g.Cil.211 ~-§- 7 ~AI~ .2.q O~Oil 'g.UI/~ ~2.~ .A.i 1::1 1 7 ~ .2.~q

~R~Oil-l= ~.li!. ~'aOI ~ @-l=Cil.211 7~q ~R~Oil£ Bi-E!-01 ~Qi.A.i ~'a.S:. ~ ~q

~* .UI2.J {!j~ Ilj-EI-l= LH~<c.!Cil 211l!IOI.::i~ o~7Jf 2.f2.f .upf ~* AAIOillll ~~ %1.A.i
)..~ .2.q {!l~ II.fEI7f .2.-§-0iq
 -~- =o 2 ~ ~'}.{q(~~c~)' ~ ,q·~c5HAi Ci-%~ ~::: ;:01 £1£-& 1:1 ~¥AiiR.

= ~'<)l q.x'5JJJl. .=L~t:J1 :A-1 :::= .EJLAJs:. ).-1%7.-1~ *t:f.::il ;,~zr9l~Jl.

..... Jil..jOI Uf~c5,t ~ ..lf-~.2... J¥-f..~ f..i%;.i'1! ~ ~ 0 i<'J01.2...

2 .¢.~ »-17} •§:[J-~ 0 1oJ1Jl . .=L~t:11 :A-1 :::= 4-~ »-17} ~).~ 0 1 °}1-]c}.::il ;,~zr9l~Jl.
-+

(3) .!f- ;.}~0 1 <5J1~~~Jl . .=L~t:11 :A-1 :::= !f- At~ 0 1 7-l14f ;.}"ilt:f.::il ;,~zr~o-1Jl.
-+

(4) 'i:!''i:!' »-17} o1~oJ1 n-~Jl . .=L~t:11 :A-1 :::= 'i:!'~ »-17} ~RoJ1 ~q.::il ;,~zt9l~Jl.

-+

2 '-(O} L /~/(0)2 ~ ~'}.{q(~~q)' ~ A~c5HAi Cl-% CH~ ~~i'>~AiiR.

(1) 7~ o-j:A11 ~E-j »-17} :rr}EloJ1 ~ ~.A1Jl?

q l=j1, Al :::= ~E-j »-17} :rr}El AJ-5::_~ %~~).i :rr}EloJ1 % ~ 0i<'J01.2_,

(2) 7~ 0}3.. »-17} ~{! ~ ~ ~o-j).i HB7} .::ilE.t:JlJl. 12:j ~ 7-1 ~.9_J-11Jl?
q 0}1-]Jl, 0}77} 0}3.. »-1~ ~~oj1).i ~).i 0}3.. »-17} ~{! ~

(3) 7~ ~:§:] »-1.2} ~.A1 »-17} .A}uBClJJl.

q .=LeljJl? !f- ).}~01
-&-J-J-J- ~0 1 t:ft..=Pi ~-=r-~ ~ ~~~Jl.

(4) 7~ .211°1'%/11 ~~ ..2.11,~Jl?

q £Jl ~o1 c} :-Qo1 ~~ ~~9l~ !:Jl.
.=L~t:11 7fl 01 il}l-}.5:. ~ ~-&J;.i ~~ .£-3)-~~Jl.

36 Korean Grammar ut Use- · Intermediate

 -(.2..) 2:Al.£ 9 2 ct

Honey, take an umbrella with you.

q ~A.Z17l- ~{ ~ Ci1.R. But the weather's fine.

7~ :AJul-~ 0 1Bf0 l-.R. :AJul-~011 ~ {f::Z.l-71 1:1171- %::Z.l.£

%etA.
It's the rainy season. In the rainy season, it might start raining
suddenly.

7~ Ul-3. A.Z17l- ~ul- ~011 --8- ~ ~ q ~~~::Z.1.R?

:Ai1 7} ~ ~ a:J.Ai ~.Q_a:J.:il.R.
Don't you think Mark has finished reading that book he bought
recently?

q .R~ ~ 0 1 W0 r"'i q *
There's so much to do these days that he may not have finished
~ ~~::Z.l.£ %ct.R.
reading it yet.

Oi .R~:= Ojif! 9;101 ~1:) 7f-6~:= ~i1:1'2J .:J. 9;101 9;10j'§ -'?~ ~:;~ ~~~ ITJl AI-§~Liq. '-( 0 )2il:l
£..£q·~ w~ * ~~Liq_
This expression is used to indicate the speaker's view that something might happen or could possibly occur.
The form -{£)2:AI££q is also used.

A/V
rr --:p~
~;~:HI DI2H ... -~(~-)~il:-1~ ... ;· ........ Jf~-f ... -- . ··---·-
:U~J:I£
~~~J:I£

-!- : :
~q : a ~J:I~
- -------- , --------+------~-~:i:·i~----------:------~~-;-,-~~-------+-----· ~~~-~A~~----i + £2q
:t!P~
NOiq I OI~~AI~
·--·
~EJ"OICf ~EJ"OI~~il:l~

j ~;~:H ~J:I£ ~.y.o Iq l ~-=?-~J:I£

_______j _________________.,__________________________ · _c___ ··-
~go1q ~§"9;1J:I£
- · - - · -- - --- - · · · ·- ·- - - ----- · · · ·· -· · · · --- - - --
'
-------
 J · 1..)-~ .Mj7} e>icJ ~=.AJ ~J-j 0 }.AiJ.B.?
:Jo you happen to know where Sato is?

'-I J-}~ »-1::::: .!2.~ ~ oJJ ~~ 7}-Aj~ 41~ J-j~oj ~~L.j77} £J-i~J ~ ~.Al.£ %etA.
Sato normally goes home early, but he's got a test tomorrow, so he might be in the library.

J 4-AJrJ' Hj~~ cr 1il:JJ.B.. 41 ~ o}EoJJ ncr .2fot~e>i.B..

We're all out of toilet paper and soap. It looks like we'll have to go to the mart tomorrow.

4 41~-¥-El ~ ~%etJ-i ~ ~ <?.} '€i-Al.£ %etA. ..2..~ ncr ..2..::::: llJ ~ ~ ~ :Q-o}.fl..
Tomorrow's the first day of the Chuseok holiday, so it might be closed. I think we should go today.

Jt :AiJ7} 9~ ».J ~ ~5:!:::10J1 r:Hlfl'~ <?.} '8'}Gjc.fjljl. .A-J~Ell :§{7} )::t~llt.B.?

I tried to get Sujin's attention, but she didn't answer. Do you think she's mad at me?

q :~.Fr ~ 0 1rJ' 0 1°F7J '8'}~c}JI * ~ ~~.Al %et.B.. l;P?· --878 »-.AJ a}.AiJ.B..
She likely didn't hear you because she's busy talking with her friends. Don't get too worked up about it.

1 Ol .H.~:= 7f-5~:= 7~2.1 ~:AI'2.! ::J. ~01 ~~tg *.s:. <LlCf::: ~01.9..£ ~['! %£.~ ~~ Cft~j]_ :z:J~
of~ <Ll::: )..f'SOlllil A~of'i:! ~~ll7f ~ * <Ll~LICf.
Because this expression indicates something that is possible, but unlikely, to happen, it can come across
as rude to a person who is worried about an event that is important to him or her.

Jt 0 ]~ -"]~oj] ~ ~z:j"8jjo]: ~ Jillt:·l].R.

I've really got to pass this exam.
q '€11J-t1 i?-.!f.~..Q..l-j7.1} ~.zoj~7-]S:. ~c.t..a..
You've studied really hard, so maybe you 'll pass.

7~ lf~er.Jl.R? ~]7r ~oJ~ 71-ifAJo] t:-j Efcf!:::: 0 fl 7]cxj].R?

What? Are you saying it's more likely that I'll fail?

: ·~~~;~; l.s:. ~2.~R'2.f2 ~~o f~ ~~~ Jf-5{:101 0~~ ~;~;1'2..1' &AI 2ELI77f 7 ICH~ ilH .!i!.2.fE ~01 £!1Ai ~~
Af'M£1 7 1~01 L~ *~~ Li ef. OIUIIE .::J.~ 7f-6-{JOI Of~ ]i-cfe ·~~~ 7iOliR'2.f2 ~~ o~ 3;!01 C-j ~
Lief.
The phrase ~~~;~;1.5:. ~2{£. means that the speaker thinks the hearer might pass even though the
chances of doing so are slim. Naturally, the hearer would feel bad upon hearing such a statement. In
this case, therefore, it is better to use the phrase ~~~ 7iOliR, which expresses the speaker's belief
that there is a very high probability that the hearer will pass.

2 Ol .H.~2.1 .llP~~:= '-CU/9l~:AI.S:. -§-2.fR'~LICf. '-§-2.fR'~ ·.g~~R'2.fj]_ '§:of'i:! ~'EJLICf.

The past tense form of this expression is -~/'X;!~;I; IS:. ~2.fR. It is incorrect to change ~2.fR to ~'HOiR.

• 7j]o]5! »-]7} n}E1oJ1 Z}r:f.:t!. ~7-]~ ~ 5:.(%7-]S:. ~5:toJ.R. (x )

- 7jJo]5! »-]7} ntE1oJ1 :tlr:f.:t!. ~7-]~ ~ 5:.(%7-]S:. ~2f.R. (o)

38 Korean Grammar ,;, U"e · Intermediate

1 .~
q l:lj.Al-Ol:£
01
1.21 ~ 1"\.l Jl?
o""'~l .
~ topackabag - - - . ....
l::l l~ first-aid medicine

~7-}7] o}- ~ 7-l.S:. .2.EJ--l7!} Q.j=.S:. .:Jt ~~7] "'i] Jl. ~71Cf to tidy up; put things i~

t! l ~-{.£ ~ q -f,fXf71 Of£q I 2.t.£ ~ ~7lq

Ef-771.g~.£ ~q 'E:l"Oii-E ~q I .!:f.lll.g ~£ ~ ~71q
Xl£.£~q ~.A.I ~~ ~OWJ 2.Iq I XI£.£~ ~7l q

2 7f 79llti »-] 7}- ~~ ~ i>}E J-}-1fo] 0 }\!r:i] ..2.~ 211 ~.:uLo]] <?} ~~71}-Jl?

q l:l];;z~ ~AJ-<'>H°F ~q.Jl ~..2..y7!}- ~<?J~~~J-}~~o]] ~ ~7-l.S:. ~c}Jl..

l:l i X~ <c!~HO ~ ~q.::il ~.Q.LIJJf

~'fl~B2.I.A.f!f..±Oil 7fCl
2.t~~ 9.!01tl-J2.1-E .A.~OI Of'L::!Cil 01J:il21i 2.t~~ R-8- OI.A.f5f~2.f.::il ~-t!O I ~01.A.i
9.!01tl-J 2.Iq 2.t~~ 9.!01tl-J 2.Iq

~\';tO I ~E .A.~OI Of'L::!Cil21i ~.Uj -§EO I oItt:! 'gOil ~~Oii.A.i xiE~ ~~2.f.::il
q ~01x1q ~q~q

(1) 7f Oi :A~1 .g;;z} .!i!.~ ~ t:J1 ~ t9-AJ- <?1 <S-H10iii.? (7-}t:f)

q Oi~W ~ll1 .g;;z~ ~rl :=ii.. J -"1Zl-oJl -&Jl? »-]7} ?..fJ.I£ %c.tf-i ej ~~ii..
(2) 7f ~ ~ <;:!~ -t'-<t!oJ1 q~ ~ 7-}~ ~ a:j1<2.f<S-}Jtl ~~7-1ii.? (* ..2.q)
q 7.~1 1-J- »-1 ~ o}2 1:l}o 1E rrJ1.goJ1 t:f-"1 ~Jt! ~<ji>H

.!i!."'i]ii..
(3) 7f o1 g-6.] ~ ..2.~ ~..Q.y 7l}- WoJ1 f-Oi.£ {]!?tf~7-1ii.? (.AJ<S-}q)

q o:j ~ o12f g~o1 . t.§;;>;J-.Jioj] ~~ 711 ~~ Oi ii. .

(4) 7f ~ ~ ~.liloJ1 7}Jtl % {1-"~\:l ~ ~\t 9 'V_~:A1 ii.? (Cj- Lf..2.-"1t:f)

q l:lJ~ rrJ1 ~ 0 1~ ~~ E..C;j .!i!."'i1ii..

(5) 7f .f-7} o1 ~/\}!-}~ ~ ~.Jl {l.-1.:]1ii.. (~.Jl {1.-q)
q o}-3. »-]7} . o}-3_ »-]7} %7,:! ~ ~ ~.Jl qy~l-o}ii..
 1

CD :31l g VJ-o1-wo r<'>Hit ~ :3lJ g VJ-o1 ~i Y- li!J-iL

@ :31l g ;.J-:= ~ %59_-ojJi.. @ :31J g W0 ] ~i g A] _£ %2.}Ji._
2

CD ~~oj ~ AJW ~<'>Hit ~ ~~oj ~ ~<'>}.TI -iio.joHit

@ ~~oj ~ ~o}C:j .TI -E-Jf-o}.TI ~ 0-j Ji.. @ ~~oj ~ ~~q.TI -"~ Zf~~t:i] o]-y oj]Ji..

3 7f £.8 ,qEJ"~ O I Ol ~~~ 'C,NI ~.:ll qLIL:liR

Lf .:J.2.illiR Ol ~~OI ___________

G) ~7]7} w- g ~Ji._ ~ ~7] 7} w-g Aj.£ %2.fJi..

@ ~7]7]- W~ .2_0Jo]oj]Ji.. @ ~7]7} w-~ ~ ~'V:-0-j Ji..

4 7f LH~ ~~3-0ll 7 ~2.~.:ll oHR

Lf .:::L2.H£.? ~~oU ::: .§ ~ ~ ::: cil ~ %011 :::: o~~ * 1:::: '§OI ~Oi R
LH ~ 01 2.1~~o-H !I!"'iiR

G).g.g ~ ~ till~] ~~ g ~ ~ EJJL.J 77r

@ _g.g ~~A] .£ .2_ 2 L.j 7Jj- @ .g. g ~ o:J :=AJ %59_-.Q..L.jllj-
5 7f LH ~ ~IE~ rrH ~*~m ~~ ~~0 IO!IR
Lf ~~o~J:I D~J,.iiR ~~o l frl:i i~ 0 LI 77~
-----------------------
CD ~w 71o:Jlit ~ ~<'>H .5!. e:J it
® ~w .2.oJo 1e>ilit @ ~WA] .£ %2.fit

G) u] ~ »-]7]- oj7-i] ;.] ~ g ~A] .£%59_-0iit.

~ ~»-] 7]- "8" 2=1 ;_1 .2..~oj] ::= i!:- 0 ] -& ~ ~'V:"Oiit.
0 r~ e>il

® woJt~J-.!!!!1J tJlt:il .AiJ uJY-e>il ;g~<'>H 9 J1;_1 .:tf;.}ifL.J l:f.

@ ~AJ- <ifoj] ;.pg-o] W ~ ~ .5l_L.j77]- q:)~7} 7-H u]~% .2_0Jo]oj]Ji...

40
 7~ '8 e>i 7,:] J.i q~ :£- ~ JJ:!J_?3fo}Jl?
Is the place where you hurt yourself when you fell okay?

q o}JI 7l ~ ·8}Alli!- %g ~ <V.e>i.R.

It hurts, but I can bear it.

7~ e>i :A~] -'~:~il'~ ~ 0 1 ~l~- 2fJl tr}-B ~ g q ~ ~ e>i Jl?

Have you read the book that the teacher told you to read yesterday?

q ~~ 71~ ~ ~Alli!- LH § ~ ~ .2.. 2 3)l,e>iJl.

I read it, but I didn't quite understand it (the content).

Ol .!!~~ cH~QI 5::~ qE~~ UH A.f§g,t-Liq. '-71::: "5~:A I'2..!"'~ A.f%"5Piq '-71::: -:A I'2.!-'~i'El ~~ §A.~q

~gA.~ !f. ttl A.f%"5~7 1~ ~Li q. OI[[H::: ~~~2.1 LH§~ <2.)~"5~:AI'2..!" q::: 2.1~01 <1!~ ~ qE~LH::: ?:3~011
A.f§g,t-Liq.
This expression of contrast can be expressed with two forms: -7IE <5fJ;:I'2J and - 711::: -J;:I'2J. Note that the
latter form uses the same verb or adjective twice. The expression is used when the speaker recognizes or
acknowledges t he content of the first clause but then wants to express a different view or stance in the
following clause.

-7 1::: 5~:AI'2..!". -71::: - :AI'2..!"

.3.q .3.71::: ~:AI'2..!"
l£l 71::: ~:AI'2..!"

.3.71::: ~:AI'2..!"
l£l71::: Q:J ~:AI'2..!"
A/V
.3.71::: 5~:A I '2..!"
l£l 71::: 5~:AI'2..!"

.3.71::: .3.:AI'2..!"
l£l 71::: l£l :AI'2..!"

42 Korean Grammar Ul et.,·e . Intermediate

 - - -- ------- --- ------·-------------------···-·····-········-- · -- - -
.3.71::: <5~~AI~
~ 71::: <5~~AI~
A/V
.3.71::: .3.~A I ~
~ 71::: ~ ~A I ~
·--·-··--········-·····-~-- -···························..·-·.:.·--·--------------·- ·-·-··--·-·- - - - -

• ::I --8~ 0 ] i'-7] ~ i:-:Allfr tl.!f- l:l]hi-}.A-1 * .A}~o-j£._

Those shoes are good, but I don't think I can buy them because they're too expensive.

~7~ ~1-f7l ~ ~:Allfr ..2..~ 0 ] 0 ~7] -o}:A]~ ~~~Y LJ-.

I met my friends, but we didn't talk for very long.

o] ..Q...)..l..Q..
0 I 2
D-1
I
7].!=.
"1..-.
-Qj--:tll:Aj
')..)..
n} u}o] D-1:7.].!:::=.
'\..,!. 1:(5 I
o}..Q..
'l..- U'5 2..
-z.l.-.1]£. .
F Jf

I will have some of this food, but I won't eat very much.

------ - ---- -

1 O I.H.~~ W~ [[H ::: '-7 1::: <5~AI 12.Y. '-7 1::: -AI~·~ ~O=i),i '--(J o~AI'2._1-', '- -(J -AI~'££ 'C'iOI AI§
~Liq.
This expression is often used in its contracted forms in conversation. -71-E Of:AI\:I contracts to - {.! 6f:AI\:I,
and -71-E -:AI\:! contracts to-{.! - :AI\:!.

2 :i:!m~ W~ [H::: '- 71::: ~AI~'££ AI§-Q~j]_. ·-~/~71::: ~AI'2.Y££ Al§oVI <(.{~ Li q.
The past tense form of this expression is -71-E ~:A I \:!, not -~/'1t 7 1-E %!:AI\:!.

• ojAl] ~7 ~ ~7]-E- -9l-'-]'?_}.2..2jj-Q}.AJ :::: ?,f~-;;;- yq_ (x)

- ojA1l ~ 7 ~ -o}7J-E- ~.AJ'?l .2..2Jl -o}.AJ:::: u~-;;;-y q_ (o)
 '-:AII2!'.l!J- '-71:::: o~:AII2!':= cffi.l!j- ~:= j:l-017~ <1!~Liq.
The two forms -A:I'2! and -7lf: o~A:I'2! are different in the following ways.

(1) ~~~:!!~ ~~~_Qj .2?0Pf 'g2.~~ ~Li ef. (1) ~~~:i!f ~~ ~Qj .2?0j7~ '®~ ~ ~Lief.
The subject of the preceding c lause can be The subject of both the preceding and following
different from that of the following clause. clauses must be the same .

• '(1 t.j-:::: 7]7} 3.:Aj~ %J-~ ~ 7]7} • 'dt.J:: 7]7}3.7]~3.:A]~%A~~ 7]7}

~o}.R. ~}.R. (x)
- 'dt..J:: 7]7}3.:A]~%;.~~ 7]7}~}£.. (o)

(2) 8~~ CH~ ~CH~ Ll£1\llLIC~. (2) ~~~21 LH~ ?J.JI <2J~g o~A:I'2! ~~~21 cH35.
Used when the speaker wants to express a {t~ c1~ :Y35.aH.A:1 ?J~ IIH AI§~Lief.
simple contrast. Used when emphasizing a contrast. In the
preceding clause, the speaker states something
that he or she acknowledges or knows to be true,
-+ CH35.QJ QJDI7 ~ '1-!f: 8~£.f A~'2!~ OIOPI and then in the following clause emphasizes a
o~.Jl '1-!§Lief. contrasting fact or situation.
The speaker is only stating the simple
contrasting facts about the subject under
discussion. -+ ~21 LH§% ~.JI 'r.J~o~~A1 A:f~QJ ~:z.t~ ~~OjAi
:Y35.o~.Jl
'1-!§Lief.
While acknowledging the preceding statement,
the speaker emphasizes his or her belief about
the subject under discussion.

1 7~ e>iA~] ~ ~~7} e>i!Jle>iA?

q ABu]CX},7] !"::: ~A] 'i} .2..!f- oJ<5R<'>}A] !"::: *~e>iA.

01J;il.g ~~m 01'E!Cf ;~;Hol~~q 1 .sw OloHofA:If: ~~q

:Ai ~?~ .A.j-E lil Oi~Cf D~l ~q I L-j.!f. .3.Cf

.2.~ 'g.UI7~ 01~q ~q I OiJ;il!t!.qf: ~ ~q

44 Korean Grammar ,;, 'll.fe- · Intermediate

 t!T-7f [[iLfA.-j ~_g q
Ol~ Oj-§-Oii.S:. .jipf ~ A.I~OI ~cf A.I~O I ~q I ~~Oil W7ll Cft..=j 2.~ £1Cf
'8Cf I OiiOit!OI 'llCf

(1) 7f :A]il-S:. ~ ~J-.}o]l t:ft1 Ji..?

q l:j], t:I-L-ll l ';::: <)rf.IDt ~J'iOi.Sf...

(2) 7f -"?:Al »-loJl/11 ~~<5H ~~ Ji..?

q ~~ <tJ:- ~o}Ji...
-------------------------
(3) 7f -¥-.2.. \:l 0 l ~Jl 11 :A]J:l.?
q

(4) 7f Ai J.,}i:!}_Q_
t:1 2
Ol-7.JlOiJ:l.'f
2M .

2 '-71:: -A I~' ~ .A.~-5H.A.i c~:; [H£:~ @~f>~AiiR.

(1) 7f opt1_ ~%~ :Aj W ~:A] Ji..?

q {i-ll ';::: {ff.I0J :iJ!!i-.l<Jr.Sf... :A~] .:il~J= ~ G1 ~~ ~ Ji...

(2) 7f ¥ ~ -?- ~ != ~R x~ 7} ~OiJi..?

q ~ * *2:JJ:l..
(3) 7f ~RoJl ;._l ~ cj] l:l ] ~ c c.}o~ :A]-9- ~J-i] Ji..?
q o] <5H~ -?- ~ Oi J:l..

(4) 7f .:Il~J=oJl ;._-is:. ~R~ ~ .:g-.!f-~:Al Ji..?

q ~ROi
'-'- ..s.
2 2. .7-l- £A <5HJi.. •
 ~
'[ 17 ) •

How do you like your current company?

q <?J,<?_ lf£,<?_ ~Tf!<>ll ~-8-,<?_ -3:j ~ Ai ~ A~ %~77}

t>RJl.
There's a lot of work to do, but the pay is low, so I'm considering
changing jobs.

7f 0 J7J ~1 ~ 7cJW s_ %" g ~-o}l;]l Jl!

Yang Gang is really good at sports!

q -o}-o}! :Ai ~ -&%" ~ ~-or-e ~tt!<>ll if-lf ~ *t>RJl.

Ha-ha! While I am good at sports, I'm not a good student.

01.H.~~ ~~~:c.f -¥.~~2.1 LH§-OI .A.i £ 'tJ"CH£1 ~ ,q~~ ~ LfEf'2\! [ H.A.~grLI Cf. EE~ Oi't! 3:!011 cHaH.A.i
~ ~ ~~ Wof'i:!.A.i Lf~ ~.s:. ~0 1 ~of.JJ. {l ~ llH.S:. .A.~W *~~ Li ef. ~.A.f 'Oil '~ .A.~of:AI 'ri.JJ. '-( 0 )L
/~ 't..!"'i:!'.£1 ~EH £ .A. ~of7I.S:. g)"LICf.
This expression is used to express the fact that two things are opposites. It can also be used to state both
the positive and negative characteristics of something together in the same sentence. It can be used with
the partic le O!i or in the form --(2.)L / E ~~-

L_ _ -( 0 ) L /~ ~~011
~=-~
- --~
-- ~- ~.~
- ~
· -·"~~=== J
.3.Cf 2 'tl'i:!Oll
A
~q ~~ ~~011
-----~-~--~----"'""';---··~- -~--·-

7fef l! ~~ou
~q ~ ~~~Oil
v --- ------------ ------- --- ----·-- · · ··- .... ··-·· --- ----
7f-E ~~Oil
-~ ~~011
:_________ ~q ~ ~~~Oil
... .:...... -- -~------ --· ____________ :___
________ __________ __:......._. .........:_

46 Korean Grammar ut..'ll.re- · Intcrmediate

 7-1i>l~~ llllr~ lft~ofl *~-2- A1zr011~ J-1-~ 0 1 it~L-lcr.
While the subway is fast, it's crowded during rush hour.

71-~2-1 ,v,1 ~ ~~71~ ~1-i>H::-lft~ofl ~l-8-1-71~ ~*-oR.fl...

Kylie is good at reading, but on the other hand, she's not good at speaking.

While that actor has received a lot of praise for his acting, he has also been criticized a lot.

~~~.l!f *~~01 't_l-cH £1 ~ ~~ LfEf~ [H '-( 0 )L/~ C~l ~H'~ A.~%/" .::?.s=. ~t:;Liq.
When the preceding and following clauses represent opposites, the form -(.2.)LI~ Cil ~5H can also be used .

• ::::z. ~ ~ l:IJ-'tf t:il ~-aJJ zr~ ~1 ~ ~£<?I~~ ~ :Q--;;t..Jt:f.

That house is expensive, but on the other hand, the surrounding environment doesn't look very good.

· .a~ =?'U ~ ~7}15~ ~I ~-aJI .-;-~~ ~~i>}.JI 'V.:Ert..J'Cf.

In contrast to the recent increase in imports, exports are decreasing.

7~ ~~ ~171- l[L"§fg W0 1<5~ -3! ~ 0 1-.B...

L;E% worth~
1
Lt .!f-"§f g W"0 1<5H"=-lft~ofl .£%.£ W0 1 <r-J.B...
J

~.21 A.l.j7 ~ -¥~~ i\tO I "O~Cf -¥~~ i\tOI -o~q 1 £-§-.S:.l'JO I -?c~
7~9:h'::- ~01 'i'JOI ~-§-~Cf ~-§-Cf I .!i!Et£ BI"Cf
!:.::~ ~-=jl-7~ ~~ i\tO~.AICf !:.::~ ~-=?-7~ ~~ 'i'JO~.AICf I ~g. A~g ~~ ~.:il <L!Cf

2 7~ -=z. :&] g 1:.]- ~i ~~.B..?

q 0 1-Y.B.., 0 1:&J~ ~ ~ lft~ofl ~%0 1 ~21%1-"-1 l-~Z{..5!..t:.f .2..cfl ~21..9...

Ol ~g. ~JCf I LH~OI ~2.1.!f.l.A.i ~:z.t.!i!Cf 2.<:H ~2.1Cf

::I 6.J~Oli.A~ 7~q ~O I 9!<L!Cf I Ait:tl~~ 8 ~~Ai 8 7fC.~

7iiOI3~ .A~-? 9:1Cf 7liOI3-E 9!'1!Cf I ~'eJ'OI ~f.A.i .Af-9- 8 Q:jq

 7'..;;--'/'"'

"" ~ O) L / ::: ~'21011'~ AI%-BHA-1 C!-* [H£:~ ~~'5~AiiR.

-) 7r o) *o1 ojlijjk? (oj)llllq)

q Oil~ Cl,toj.O{I % ~~ ~ :Q-o}-..&.

(2) 7f J %l:J1~~71- e>itr11..&? (71'0°1 ?i"r.f)

Lf l..oj_!f. B)».}k .

(3) 7f J 7}-9-7} Oitr11..&? (xCJ1 ~ ~-o}q)

ft. 0 ~ .!2. *~..& .
Lf 15l::" A -r

(4) 7f J-~%o) Oilijjk? (%7}7} B)».}q)

q {{71~ :AB 0 1'V_Oik

(5) 7t \:[l:jj_g.J-):7-Jo) ojlijjk? (%{io) ?£q)

q ;,pgo) ?£o}-J-~ ~J-oB..&.

2 '-(O}L /::: ~'21011' ~ AI%-BHA-J C!-* [H£:~ ~~'5~AiiR.

(1) 7f q;J:§:j »-17} J-1~ ~ ~ ~o]k? (~71 ~ ~ ~q)

q O~ll ';::: '-,£ .Jt. Cl,toj.O{I »- 71~ ~ * ~e>ik.

(2) 7f o}%o) 271~ ~o}-oB..&? (7-B ~~ ~ ~ ~q)

q t:l1. 2 71~ ~ ~ o]k.

(3) 7f ~-9- »-17} ~7 ~ ~-oR..&?(~ 7 ~ *<5}q)

~;(1·-oB..&
q t:l1, 2 .

(4) 7f Cjl-j 7} :Ajei ~ ~-oR..&? (1-f~ ~ *-o}q)

q t:l1. LP= Ci..§.. :7.1-<Sjj_&
' - " . 1 -7--1
<?-1 0 22.

(5) 7f ~R2.1 %7}7} W0 1 -&-XJ:-7-1..&? (%~~ Gi 0 ~o}7-1 l:f)

q t:l1. %7}~ wo1 .2..~ ~ :Q-o}..&.

48 Korean Grammar in 'It~e · Intermediate

 -(2_) L /.CEll£

7~ Oi~. <iJ ~
~ ~
*
1 <5}l-}.S:. ~OiJ.l
J.}o]:3QC>iiL.
0
~
( 19 )

Dear, I'm all out of clothes to wear, so I should buy some more.

You've got all these clothes in the closet, but you want to buy
more?

You look tired. Were you not able to sleep last night?

Despite getting a good night's sleep last night, I'm really tired
today.

01 .H.~~ ~~ ~~~ ol-2 '-( 0 )Lf :::c-ti'Oll <y~ ~~ cH~2.1 ~~ J::l'.:! ·-o ~/OiS:.'7~ ?@gt~ ~~ Liq.

[[f-c~.A.i Ol R~~ ~~~Oll -t:!~~£1 ~§O iq ~%,f0li.A.i 7 ICH~ 9 <U::: ~:il~ q27-jq tt!CH£1 .A.~O I ~ rrH
.A.f§~Liq.

- his expression is a combi nation of --{.£)L/E:C11. which describes the situation under discussion, and
-0f/Oi.S:., which indicates concession or contrast. Thus, t he expression is used to introduce a clause that
1ndicates an opposite or an unexpected st ate of affairs when compared to the information given in the
preceding c lause.

-( 0) L /::: C-!1£
t:i i~:::C-11£
~~:::c-tl£
A
t:i i.Jt!'C-!1£
-( 0) L C-!IS:.
~ ~C-11£

:u::::c-11£
9:j ~::: C-!1£
v
7f-2C-!I£
9:j :::c-tl£
~-----L--------~-----------------·--------~---------------
- ---------- - , - - - - - - - - - - - -- -----------------------------------------
~ ::: 1:-j].S:. .2.~o ] q .2.~ ~::: l:·fi.S:.
oI ~::: c-fl.s:. .2.~o ] q .2.~ 01~::: 1:-j].S:.
: ......... ·-- -- ........... ...
.2.~0]q .2.~ 'l! 1:-j].S:.
.2.~ 'l! 1:-j].S:.
----''--------------------------- -----·----------·--------·-----------·------------·---·-

• 1.~] ~ 7-~ ~i}o] ?i- ~ "[;j]S:. ~A~ ~~.!f-Jl ~~<5Ril..

Despite getting a good salary, my friend wants to quit his job.

Although I cleaned my house this morning, t here's still a lot of dust.

Even though it's the weekend, the department store isn 't very busy.

'-( 0 )L/:::I:i].S:.' ~ ~~5HAi .ff.~o~.i!A~ W [ H.!f-10!1·~o~.JJ.'~ *O:l '-( 0 )L/:::I:i].S:. ~o~.JJ.'~ ~Ljq_
To further emphasize the contrast or unexpectedness of the situation indicated by -(£)L/eCii.S:., the phrase
~Q"fj]_ can be added to form -(£)L/eCii.S:. ~ofjl.

• A}~J-e.t:-j] ..S:. N<5}j]_ -6J]oj7<joj: ~OiR.

Even though they were in love, they had to part ways.

·1:l}.!!!!1J.t:-JJ..s:. N<5}j]_.2} -"?--9.Ai ~~A~I-1-JL:J-.

Thank you for coming despite being very busy.

1 7f *l 0 »-], \:[3!:! J!} If -::_ <1l ~ #.}~ o-j Jl?

q A~j 7} ~ ~ Jjj ~ ~<1l ~ i>}Jl <V_ ~ t;jj£
\:t3!:!~ ~cj] l:l] ~~ _!2.~01-Jl.

J::i llf ru~.tll ~~~~ ofjl <1!Cf 1 'aJt'!.g ~Ciltt 1~'2! .!i!Cf
~iftt l7f ~ofef I ~=?@>11711 ~ J::!Jil Af .??Cf
~O I ~~q I ~5f'2'! ~=?~~ ~Oil Cil2.ljl.2.Cf

2 7f -3J7-J- A~~~ ~ 7-] :5!jj ~~..2..1-]771- ~~ ?jo] S'_2_1t3;l).o-JJl.

q o}y oj]Jl, -3J7-J- A~~~ ~ ;zj :5!jj ~ ~~t:-fl£ ~~ ?joj * .2-'llo-JJl.

~:g ~il~ ~ J::l £II .X.I~.2.LI77f ~ 'rJO I .2..2.Cf ~:g ~~~~A]~ £.jq I-§~ 'rJO I ~ .2..2.Cf
~~~ uo1 o-H ¥1.2.LI77f OIJ::i l ~£ ~2.IJ::I uq ~<c!~ BtOI o-H.!i!Cf I Ef.CHOil ~ II/IDfef 'rJOI ~2.1q
~~0-j~ 6E77fJ::I ~.!F-~.2.LI77f Olt!! ~~ A~x1EJ ~~0-l~ 6E77fJ::I ~.!F-i5fef I~~ II/I7f rrJq
~fef

50 Korean Grammar in U;•e · Intermediate

 (3) ~~OIOHR · © .A.~:!!~ <2! 5HR
(4) ~¥~ '5~A: I ?i~OiR ·@ ?F~loP I 7~ Oi2.W=IR

(5) A:~~80 I '[~O ~R ·® ~~01 ~O~R

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

2 '-( 0 )L/~C·II£'~ .A.~iiH.A.i c.~:; CH~ ~{1'5~AiiR

(1) 7f ~ ~c}o}oJ]!: %~~ l:lH~~o] 1f£o] L-}_2_A]Jl? (%~~ l:lH~~o] 1f£o] L-}_2_t:.j-)

Lf t:j], "8'}A]li} ~t:gt;_t l::IH~OI ~I 4'.2.-!et=tl£ ~ 7] !:: EfA] ?Jo}Jl.

Lf ~-E" ~oj]
----------------- ~C;jJl,
(3) 7f '81' ».]!:: _2_~.£ <?J-IQ ~~~<>!Jl? (o]:2~ "8'} t:j-)
Lf t:ll. t:.J-~ "'r~~~ t:.J- '81' »-1!:: c5J-J..J- <?J-IQ 71-t:ll..a.

(4) 7f ~"'1- »-171- ;<a~?~ .!i!O:J..a. (%t:.J-)

Lf ~Cill]Jl. ~».] 7} o]'fi!J-11 _ __ _ _ _ ~~ :7-]o~ ~.il ~l.:j] Jl.

Lf t:ll. :All ~;..aoJl _______________ -!f-.2.\3 rrJ!.goJJ <>!~ 4- ~o] *lf-"B"}Jl

<V. <>!Jl.
 1

G)1-J-017]- ~o} 7]-.A1,l1. ® 1-J-017} ~~ EJ1l-J77}

@ 1-J-o 17]- ~ ~ -c11s:. Ho]-,l1. @ 1-J-017]- ~~ ~ ~cu-~t=J1

G)ct :=
® ct:=
J.-j-~~ ~7.1~
J..1~~ -w71~ oJ-7.1~
® q;:: J..1~ ~
@ q;:: J..1~~ ~~
* ~ Jillt=J1
.2_0J<(lt=J1

3 7~ Ol ~~ ~0 1 9-t<UOlR?
q

G) l)t~~t=l1S:. 7]-Z:l 01%59_-o]S ® 1)!-~71 ~ 15]-7.1~7]-.?:j 01l:l1»-]-S

@ 1)!-~~ ~-~oj1 7]-.?:j 01 ~'J:to-] ..9._ @ 1)!-~71 ~ 1)!-~7.1~ 7]-Z:l 01»-j-..9_

4 7~ -!fi!-AI~~ ~0 ~5HR?

Lt Lil . .:::l~AI'2..!" - - -- -- - - - - - -- -- - - -- -
G) ~0 }15]-L.j77} J..1Zl-01 ~o-J-"i 7.}2t- * !2}..9_
® "*0 }~ Jill-e-n J..1Zl-01 ~o-J-"-l .A}2t- *!;!}..a
@ -woJ- .s!_o1y77} J..1{1-o1 ~ojJ..-j 7.}2t- * !2}..9_
@ ~ 0 }15li::-t=J1S:. HoJ-,lL J..1Zl-01 ~o-J-"-l 7.}2t- * !2}..9_

5 G) ~ ~ l2:J71-e 15]-~7.1~ lf:J:0112:J.A1 ~ ~ ~ ~oJ1S.

® :1. ~~7]- ~*71 -e ~~7.1~ :l.cJIS:. ~%~ 0 1~o-J..a.
@ ~ 7 ~ ~Xl71-e ~7.1 ~ 01°1=71 ~ lfl0115J-.A1 ~cu-o-J..a.
@ _2_ ~ ~»-1 7]- {:-~71-e 15]-7.1~ oj:A11.5!-t:.}- ~ ~ {:-~o-J..a.

6 G) 01 ~ 0 1 2 ~ ~q,J..a_
~7f1-&71-e <5]-7.1~ ~
® ~TI1 ~ ?£01 uJ-1f-er=ns:. H15},l1. 7-J14i- ~PJ..a.
@ 7.1 ~ ,l1.71~ ~ -woJ-if lfr~oJ1 7-H~~ ~0 }-6l!S.
@ ~L.j~ oJ1.!!!!-e lfr~oJ1 %A~~~.£~ oJ1~ ~ ~o}..a.

52
 10-%!_ 1 ~

_2_~ ,:>_ ~F7 ~Jil- w~n c~_V,l-%011 ~r:t.

_=z_x011;,l Jl~J
011 7}7-1.Jl ~ ~ ;g g !.}.Jl ~~~~ u}j1q _ _::]_ti.Jl
~!.}%2-j ~%~ ~1£js=. !.}J-l ~ 9lr:t. <j!.}-~ ,:>_ ~7-1
2-j7} Bf<U-7-1~ ~~ !.}~ 0 1 BfO}!.l -2P-J~r:t. 0 1Jti?
W011~ \fqj~J.1:AJ-011 7} ~ ~ 0 lr:l-. ~~011 _g. 7-11\:1°1
q ~~:A1JI} 0}~5:_ \fqj~J-1:AJ-011 7} ~71 IT11~011 °} *
? 71qj7} ;gq._
f'Nei Ming's diary}
October 1 Weather: Sunny
Today, I went to lnsadong with my friends. We bought gifts to take
home and drank some traditional Korean tea. We also tried a special
snack product of lnsadong, hoddeok. There were a lot of things to see
in lnsadong, but it was really confusing with all the foreigners there. This
weekend, I plan to go to Namdaemun Market. Even though a year has
passed since I came to Korea, I still haven't gone to Namdaemun Market,
so I'm really looking forward to going there.

01.H~:= ~go1q 5!....:il.Ad ?:t:= -§Oli.Ai -§~ AA:: .AfEJ'OI .Af.z:!2-l LH ~~ .zlltl-~.9.£ qEf~ rrH .A~g,t-Liq.

~~- '§PI~ ~ rrH_s:_ -"i~~~~~ .A~g,t-Liq.

This type of expression is used when writing diaries or reports to describe situat ions and events objectively.
---------------,---- -

~q
A .... .... . . .. . ........ ... . .

..' .
-~-~-~------------1·--~--:--------~-~--------'-------------·-·---------~------------------
..'

:' -:-~L7Jl
.l.!.f
':
-~.u~q
7 fq Itq
e:jq e:j ~q

v ~;t;H

.
.··-····-··········· ...... ··-·' ·
-(0)2 ~01q
---~---------·
: e:jq
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.....,!_______ ____ __ __ ___ _ _ ___ __
, e:j ~
_ _ _~~---~-----------------
~OIC.f

54 Korean Grammar ul/ 'll.re- · Intermediate

 -- ------- - - -- - - - -- - ·
~.Y.O iq ~.y.~q
{:!~'cJOiq {:!~'cJOI~q
NOiq ··--
~.Y.O i q ~.y.q

{:!~'cJO i q {:!~'cJ Oiq

----------· -----'---------------- · -- - --

• .£.2.. ~o]c}.A-] ~o] fi:o] ~J-.5]-t:}.

The traffic is bad because it's Saturday.

• '-J1 %J'~ ~ ~%~ ~c}j.!i!_t:} --81-f~ ~c}j ~ '?i"O] ~ ~t:}.

My younger brother/sister listens to upbeat, cheerful songs more than soft, quiet ones.

I am a student who studies Korean.

1 '?Jq'::_ ~A~ .!f-1011 ~o~ ~A~£~ ~~~~~ 3~jl ~~A~ .!f-1011 ~ 0 ~ ~~A~~ ~~~§~ ~Liq.
When '[iq follows a verb, it is conjugated as a verb, but when it follows an adjective, it is conjugated as
an adjective.

2 ·~q~ ·~q·::_ ~~A~OI7 1 rrHg 011 '-q'.£ ~'B'Li q

Because -£,!q and %q are adjectives, they end in - q.

3 Ai~j:il~ AI-§-~ ITH:: '::t:i /::t:f2j' 2.~jl.R~3~::t:l ?Jjl 'qj~2.1'2.~jl .R~~Liq. .:J.2.Ijl ';:t:f::_ ·q·,
'::t:i::·~ ·q::·. '.:X:ii7V:: 'LH7V. '::t:i.9:17V:: ·~2.17V£ AI-§-~Liq.
In the narrative form, Lf/.sf-2.1is used in place of :Ai/:Ai ~l to express "1/we". Similarly, Lf is used for J\i, Lfe
is used for :Aie . LH7f is used for Xil7f, and .sf-2.17f is used for J\i ~Pf.

4 Ai~j:ii011Ai :: %)g ~ EH :: 7i2.J AI-§-3~.A:I ?J~ Liq. .:J.2.iq %)g ~~~ ~~ AA!l ~~ rrH:: ~BL
8~1011Ai I: IHg '-( 0 )L7~?' ~EH ~ ~01 AI-§-~Liq.
Sentences are almost never written in the form of questions in the narrative form. However, to express a
question in this form, you can use the ending -(.£)L 7f? that we learned in the beg inning level.

· ~t:Jl'il ~ ~ .2J1 J!-&~A}~~ol 'af~ 7}?

Why are there so many lonely people today?

• ~2.]!:: .211 ~73.g.7.i] ~ .:V..~?;Jl 0 J:tli <5J-e7}?

Why should we worry about environmental problems?

• Y.!:: .211 °] 9-7-i]oJ] t:Jl -6l''i 1)2)-<5};9] -"~z.j-<5)-.:V.. 'V. !::7}?

Why am I thinking so seriously about this issue?
~
·"" !
aru
"K
:Jo
~ K" 0
iJJ
:!1:!
•toJ K
0 ~J iii·~ ~
UIIU
:!1:!
~ Uj rio KIO n 0
Kj~
......_ I
0 ~ ()J Lr Lr ~
Kj1~ 0 Kf- ~ ..J '5
~, iJJ ......_
K <ID <In Lr
K" i rr jo fo~ ~~
JIJ ..J
-& ~ r-r or iJJ <lru 0
<In
:r _._: :nu =
u @ Kf-
~
-<Ill j P: ()Ill ~
•IOJ
e !1:
OIO 0
-& ~ <In~ JIJ Ciru 0
Lr =
•10

:r tr
-<Ill J\l
lll-
r.jo -&
:r ~·
::z
fo~ i
e
o
nr
0
KIO
UIIU
i<O
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JIJ
=t::l
ti
..J ~JI
~
r I'
jju Jf 710 -<Ill Ul ~ <In
~~ ~
-& ~ -& ~ B:: iUiiU
l:j:j 0
r-IO
oJ
B"J OIIU
fo~
0~ "Kill
:r :r
D
or
~
l}J jl) -gru lilll _._: 0
-<Ill 'K IUl Ll Kf- 0 ;roo
tJ .t) 0~ rulru Qll .-1-
1'-. iK :z _J -
r-IO
oJ iJK u-1r
1\-< ;jO on "§ @
liru
~
0
0 0
0 ?) <IIU
~ rr o......_ rl Kf- iUinJ
0

~ ~0
;::111 oltU - _._ ~

~f­ ~ r9 K
CitU
QJll
KI- ~
OF Btl w Lr o0 nJ
Ul i K"l "5
Ol-
i<IU
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rulru ~ .-1-
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orJ Oil
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n ~
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~

~
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Jl ;r< !':" ~ Mru :!1:! !1J ~
K Iii'~ 0
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::z UJI - oiJ ~ JIJ !':" •IO Lr r-JO lilll "
~ ~ 2. w JIJ 0 jo n Ol ~
~
"'·S
......_ 0 Jl
;tJ ~
$! ! J1
0
'QIU
0
~~
~{jiM) ......_
Ll
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D
JIJ ~ or ......_
:z nj ~ i\W rr
IUl llll 0 ?)
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~~~K <In @ "K 1=1
-
ij!(

~ ~ :r
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0 J\l
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0
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o[ru K t OIJ 'QIU Jlru nr iJJ 0~ oJ ~ ~
~ 00 -
,... ~ Ul @> o< Kf- CJ ljQJ
~
li s g 6: ~ @: ......_
Ll - L_
co
~ N l()
 - ~~Li011:f
2.!¥ Ek :A~2.10ll ®2~ Ljq_ ~~ O~~Oll~ ~Oi:::~lJll AijtJH~ o~~c~j Ailt!H~ ~::

l ____________________________,_______________________________________~--·-·--·---·--- _)

(3) ~if- 7]J-}

. .~~-;~;~~--~-~;·;~;·;-;··;;;· ~---;;;~-~--~;~ ~-;- (i)~§L·;~;~--~-~·-·;;-~·;·-~--~;~~-~ ---------. --~

- OJ_1:f
.A.~~ .A.I'2J~2.II§t~~ ~~ C2:1%t~ ®~Ljq .A.-j-~Oll.s=. 7le0ll .A.-j~~:goj ~~jl

l ____. =. . . . ._ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . - _ _ _ _ _ . . . . . ~-------··- ------------------------ -----·---------------------J

(4) ±21 ~
.... ')-
~ ·;;_;,;---~-~-~~~---~-;~--~;·; I ~---~-~~--~7 -;~--~-;11 G)~-LI c~----~2.1;---~;, ~ ;. -~~: '
- 11-;!.1:{-
or§. ~~7 ~~. ~7 ~ ~~ ~~Oi.A.-j ~EJ:g~ (?)'2_!-8Ljq, Oj ~EJ:g()jj .:1:_jl7j ~ ~jl

l--------~-------------- - - --
 Eunhye, are you doing okay?

q g ,~::z] ~Ol . ~ ~?
Yeah, I'm doing fine. And you?

7~ %~ot. ~»-1 {:l{JJ,]Z}o]ol=. {:l{J qj_Q_cj :Q"77t?

Donghyeon, it's already lunchtime. Shall we go to lunch?

There will be a lot of people if we go now. Let's go in a bit.

Okay. Let's do that.

\:!"~:= ~~ ~.::rq ~l¥-tJH .A~ol, 7 ~ .A~O IO!I.Ai ?£ .Af§~LICf. ·-of/OiR'.s!Cf ~ ~%of7 1 rrHg.Oll ~cH~OI
012.1c-J2.~~ ~ofAI t>i:= ~~Oil ..v.'C:! ~2.ll7 f ~Lief. cH'T:I ·-oUOJR'Oli.Ai 'R'~ ~st.AI7~.A1 .Af§ofAI'2.! g.

:g ~E./lOll f42.f ~2.fAj71~ g)-Lief.

The informal form is used mainly when talking w ith close friends and classmates and among family
members. Because it is less polite than the -Qf/Oi.S?. form, if you use it when speaking to someone with
whom you are not familiar, it can come across as rude even if the person is younger than you. In most cases,
the informal form is made by omitt ing R from -Of/Oi.S?., but there are exceptions depending on the sentence
style.

1 ~.A-jg.J:!f 2.1:Z:Z: ~;_-jg.J:!f .£1:Z :Z := ~XH~:i!f :i!f7-J~ .2Ef. -Z,f-Z,f '-O f/OiR'. '-W~OiR'.£1 ~EHO!I.Ai 'R'~
~S;I".Aifl ~EH7 f £11Jj DI2.H~ := Oj-c_fOll '--( 0 )2 7-jOf~ *'~ Lief.
Declarative and Interrogative Sentences: The present and past tense forms of declarative and
interrogative sentences in the informal form are made by removing R from the ends of -Qf/OiR and -W"JJ..
01..2. The future tense form is made by adding -{£)2 710no the stem.

X Korean Grammar U1 9/se · lntermediatc

 ~~-~;;- ----=~~~~--:--·---:~~--: ---:~~
-·· ·· .. .... .. . -··· ·· -··· - .. . .. . . ··-- ........... .
M~C~ M~
A/V -0~/0i
.. . .. .. ..
:

~.Ad~
Dl;;;~
-(.2.)2 7i Ot
I l£j q l£j ~ 7-jO ~
r·-- f ~---~------~-

~Oi 2-j ),.~O i q

- - --~~-------------·······-- -------------------------
2-jJ,.~~Oj

OI~Oi ~~o 1q 2:,1-~0I~Oi

NOiq
2.1,qo1q
I \'"H (01}0~
-'-----
~~01 q
2.IJ,.f0~

2:,1-~ 0 I O~

-~,t/~Oi?, Mfq ~Oi?. ~LI ?

-<ltf~ LI ? l£jq l£l ~Oi ?. l£l~LI ?
W?. WLI?
I A/V -0~/0i?, -LI?
i£l0i?. i£l Ll?
~ 7iOP. ~ 7iLI?
O ICI Cl
~h.LLL

(1) 'OfLiq'£1~~ ~AH ~ 'O ~Lior . .J::!Pi~ 'O fLI~Oi'7 f ~Liq. EE~ Cli'B~ rrH'L·JI' ~ ·~'O ILf 'Oi'. 'OfLI£'
~ 'O fLJ'7 f ~ Liq.
O~Liq is written as O~LIO f for the present tense and as O ~LI 'ltOI for the past tense. When answering a
question, '* or 01 is used for Lil. and O~LI is used for O~LIR

7~ 9-~oJl ~:§:)- ~771-? 7~ LH ~ ~-"i-t!-oJl ::Q- ~t.l ?

Wanna see a movie on the weekend? Are you going to the library tomorrow?

q g' J ell. q o}t.l , <j ::Q- ~oF.

Sure. Sounds good. No, I'm not going.

7~ o)-77} J .A}'Ef B of? 7~ 7]-~t:q »-]~ o ].;:--"}'Efojof?

Who was that just now? Is Kylie American?

q LH %-A~ ojoJ:. q o}y , o ].;:- .A}tg-o] o}yo]:, ir~~J!'= .A}tg-ojoJ:.

My little brother/sister. No, she's not American. She's New Zealander.

(2) '-O f/Oi?'~ ~~ %)J,.fWOll lll~ ;,.!§~-'? ~ 0 Lf. '-LI?'~ %)J,.fWOll lll ~ J,.I§W-'? ~.:LL ~~ ~.:yrq
Of5t!J,.fWOlllll'2.! J,.I§W -'? ~~Liq.
While -OUOI? can be used wit h superiors and those older than you if you are on familiar terms with
them , - LI? cannot be used in such cases.
 ~
~6()[::
- .
.A].::L -iU o h 1?
O=i i!1 '"1 .
1 ol n.J ?
i!l -1 .
Se;u'l: Beomsu, are you reading a book now?

Beomsu: Yeah, I'm reading a book.

(~c!J:i!~ .!:rq AfOI)

§AJ ~Lf. .A]i} ¥-! "611? (o) I .A]i} ¥-! i>~'-]? (x)
Little Brother: Sis, what are you doing now?

~Lt ~ ~ <>l .
Big Sister: Reading a book.

2 ~~g 01{_1Qii '--O~I01'~ ~O I 7~q '--0~1012-F~ ~~Lief. !f.~ ~~~:= ·- AI or Ef.~ ·-AI D~cP~ -ElLIEl
Imperative Sentences: For imperative sentences, either --0f/Oi or --0f/Oi2.f is added to the verb stem. To
make a negative imperative sentence, either - J::I Of or -J::I Df2.f is used.
· - - --···-··--··-·-···---------····-- - · - - - - - -
-OU01, 7~ef 7 ~. 7 ~e~
=7'1
C> 0
-OU01e~ 9:jef 9:j0i, 9:j0ie~
Dji!'IC
ooi:!:' v .. .. ... -----· ·- .. .. .. .. ..
-AI o~. 7~ef 7~A I o~. 7~AI D~e~
t::l;>;:-i
"T" O
L__-L.__ -AI D~c~ 9:jef 9:jAI o~. 9:jAI o~e~
------ ---- . -------------~----- ---- -------------

7f 1:1]7~ .2.1-]77} 4-AJ 7~.A].l!. 7~. I 7}-el-.

It's raining, so take an umbrella. Don't be late tomorrow.

q ~'lt<>l, 7~.A].l!. :Q~l. q .:::L?j1 , ~ ~ ~~1.

Okay. I'll take one. Okay. I won't be late .

.:J.iC!Cil '--0~/01 '~ 7~77~ %)A~Oi1Jii.S:. Al§w * ~oq '-0~/01cF~ .:::!.~ * ~~ Li ef. ~- '--0~/01cF~
cH~Q£ "Bf-E ~cH~£1 qo1q A~£1~ ~I* I~ '-0~/0i'!i!.ef c1 o ~2.H~ LICf.
Note that while -O f/Oi can be used when talking with those older than you or superior in social rank if
they are close acquaintances, - Of/Oi2.f cannot be used in such cases. In other words, -Of/Oi2.f is used
with those younger or of a more inferior social status when compared to those with whom - OU<>i can be
used.

(~c!J:i!~ .2.HH~ A~OI)

§AJ _2_1lH~, o] _:;! ~ 7} 2~ -?-1. (o) 1 7~ 2~ ~cr. (x)

Little Sister: Big Brother, teach me (how to do) this.

£HHf .:::L?j1 , 7~2 ~ ~~]_

Big Brother: Okay. I'll teach you.

60 Korean Grammar u1 'lise · lntennediate

3 ~~~ : ofc_fOil ·-o~;orq ·-AF~ ~~ Li q. -¥{:! ~:::·-AI ~A~·~ ~~ LicL
Propositive Sentences: For propositive sentences, -OUOl or -:q can be added to the verb stem.
To make a negative propositive sentence, -J:I ~;~:~ is added to the stem.
- - --,----l·--·------------------.-···········-··------·-·:·----·----··------·---·------------------- --·-··········-·--
! I = A-i : -0~/0l -A~ : 7 ~C~ 7 ~. 7 ~A~
i 0 0 : ' : 9:jq 9:l 0l. 9:j :A~
:§~~ I v t ... OU 00 oOO • OU u u" - HU m • U • u u uu u• u UuU u ··- ·-· .... OOOHO .. · - U OUO -·

"---~--'~----- __! _ .!¥{:! -AI ~~~---·-----~;~- ~:: :;~-------

Let's go to the beach this summer. Let's not exercise today.

Lf .:1. ttl , ¥-1 W77}?

Okay. Let's do that. In that case, what shall we do?

4 8 0l£1 ~.2.~ Word Variation

':Ai/A:il'~ 'Lf/LH'7~ £1.Jl. 2rc!~~ LfE~LH~ ~::: ' L:l/L11'7~ .!§Liq.
In informal Korean, t he 1st person pronoun :Ai/J.:il changes to Lf/LH. The 2nd person pronoun is Li/L:ll.

Ai ~ L-j ~

A:il7 ~ L:H 7~
:Ai ~ L-j~

A:il (Ai£1) !.:11 (L:j £1)

1~ Lt~ ~F"'J~17B ~ ~ {i-c11t=j ~ ¥-1 ~~ :J-1op

I'm going to have doenjang jjigae to eat. What will you have?

Lf Lf5:. -@.:Z.J~1 7B ~ ~ cJ1 . l'llalsohavedoenjangjjigae.

7~ o1:J-1 l=l] %-ci1~::§:} o}yop Isn't this your mobile phone?

Lf '3[o}, 1.fl %-cB~.::§:}o]:. 0:]71 'l)_<~F?-L-f. Yep. It's my phone. So this is where it was.

5 q:= APS'£10 I ~~ -¥~ rrH Calling Others by Name

q:= A~'S£1 0 1 ~~ -¥~ rrH ~~ ·ouo~· ~ 01~ ¥1011 ~~Liq. O I ~ O I 2~££ ~q~ ·o~·~. :A ~££

~q~ 'oF ~ ~~ Liq. ~2.i Lf ~~ o1 ~0 1 o~'L::! 2.1~ o l ~ rc! ?:l~Oll 'o~;o~· ~ ~0 1 ~ Oi~-oP-H ~EJLiq_
The particle Of/OF is added to the names of others when calling out to them verbally. However, it sounds
strange to add th is particle to the non-Korean names of foreigners.

• ~~oJ:, _2_~oJ1 ~\{77}?

• i>}~o}, :Q-o1 7-1~ ~7-1-.

• 3. c.J ~ ~ 0 }, 017-11.:I. c 2fu} 19:01? (X ) - 3. c.J ~ ~, 01 7,11.:I. ~2.}u} 19:01? (0)

: 21~ ).f'S OI~Oli-E- ' Of/Ot'~ ~O I :A I ?,t§Licf.
Of/Of is not added to the names of foreigners.
 ~-=- : ~ =:~eoo e's Names
:-=. rr!l .:J. .A.f<EtOI ~~ .A.f014 4017~ OjiE:]
~--=- :J ~~ ~ ~~ :Af-g-.2..£ M4::. 01;; ~Oll ·or ~ ~():j

~~-=--- =-~4 2R- .A.f<Et Ol;;on::_ ·or~ ~OI:AI t>i'-;;;;Liq_

;er --a•emng to a person by name, if the person is a close acquaintance or is younger than you, then
- :;-o..IC oe added if the name ends in a final consonant. However, Ol is not added to the names of
&;::re-:g'1ers.

· §.~ ~ (x)- §.~o]~ (o) 3.2-j~rt! o] ~ (x)- 3.2-]~rt! ~ (o)

· §.~ ~ (x)- ~ ~o ] ~ (o) 3.2-]~rt!o]~ (x)-3.2-]~rt!~ (o)

c5~:AII2! ~ .A.f<Et 01;;~ ~~~:A~ Ol;;.££ t!W-j ~~ rrH::_ ·or ~ ~~Liq. OU~ ~- '.A.t2Jt!('J~)'£1 ~~

~Oj ~~.££ ~2:AI ?i.JJ. ~~ ~:AI%.££ ~~ c5~'t! '±~'OI £1::.cil '.A.t2It!' .!f-10!1:::. '01'7~ ~:AI ?i.JJ.
'±~' Cf%0!1:::. 'OI'~ ~~LIC~. .:J.2.IJJ. Ol;;~ ~~ llH.S:. ~~ ~:Af%2..£ ~2Jll £1't! '0 ~/0t' ~ ~~Li q.
Note, however, that for Chinese names in Chinese characters that are pronounced according to the
Korean readings for the characters, Ol is added when the name ends in a final consonant. For example,
the Chinese name ...q2JC:! (,J,~) becomes .::::,.g when read according t o the Korean readings of the two
Chinese characters. Thus, while .A.t2JC:! does not take Ol, .::::,.g does .

.A.t2.Jt!~ (0) ±~ol::. (o)

.A.t2.ll!OI:::. (X) ±:=~ (x)
.A.t2Jt!O~ (x) ±~o~ (o)

1 7f tlj~ ot, .2..~ cjA}%01] 7]-Y ?

q g, %5: o] 1.=].:£ A]Z} ~_Q_~ ~o] 7]-7.}.

EH'2..! I .2.~ '2..!.A.I§Oil 7fCf

'2..!.2 I nj;q .A.I~Cf
~g I ~~Oil AH~O I '2..!'§ 7iCf

2 7f 4'-~ o}, 7.]\:J:Jtioj] {!- ~Z} .6!J 7-] u]- ~ ~J:!;j ?-1.
q ~Y . .:z.~ ~ 7]- 0 }77]~ 71°t. cr:= 7-JuJ- ~J:!;] ~711 .
~I :AI'cl\!!Oil ~ ~Rt61! ~IDf §- ~2.~ ~Cf
1
~LI. .:J.{:! LH7f Of771-E 7iCf I Cf-E ~!Of ~21 ~Cf
-§':.2 I :AI-5 fr.lliOil 7f.A.i 2.f~ §- .A.f .2.Cf .!rq , :AI-5 q ~:2.f -80ICf I ~-5 Oj[[f7f .A.f .2.Cf
~~ I .2.~0il ~I:IH7f .2.~ Lil7f §-~Of ~Cf .2.UUf. .2.~0ii-E Lf£ ~Oil ~Cf I ~ LI Oil7il !F-~H ~Cf

62 Korean Grammar in <tlse · Intermediate

....
1 q~ CH£:~ 'r!~£ I:I~.JflAiiR.

(1) 7~ -£7-1 #.], t.H ~ :Q-o ]Si:.~-oj-2.-j :Q-77]-Jl? 7~ %7-IO~, L!l0 J. IJ.OI Ai:.li6orcl I~:?Jr?

q .=LcjJJl, :Q-o 1 7]-Jl. q ·~, IJ.Oilr7-r.

(2) 7~ ~~ #.], ;_l q:J #.1 :rr}Ej oJ1 % 71 oJ1Jl? 7~

q oj-1-] Jl, * :Q- :5)_ :Q-oJ-Jl. q

(3) 7~ %2.1 #.1, 0 1 Jf-AJ %2.1 #.] 71 oJ1Jl? 7~

q oj-1-]Jl, 7-~] 71 oj-yoJ1Jl. q

(4) 7~ _2_~ ~ ~~ -7-f-~ ~7-1 oj-J.i1Jl. 7~

q Q]JJl? _2_~ f!lo] ~ ~ o]: £HJi..? q

(5) 7~ _2_-h .A-1Alojj2=

2. 0 D 1-
~9']..Q..
~2
~..Q..;_1q
t:J • 7~

q ~#.171- #Y 77J- ~li:! ~ Q:j7-1 W"'1 t:J-. q

(6) 7~ {! ."§:1 #.], ~ 7-~j I?l q:j #.] ~ J±~ Jl? 7~

q t;Jl, ~X{OiJl . .=l~t:i1 Q]JJl? q

~ - -- - - - - ------------- -- - - -- ----------------------- --- ------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------- ----------------- ------------------------\

-i=-q, (1) 2.~ 0~ 2 1:l ~O!E oHAi ~8 ~~OiR. (2) 2.~ :Ai~Oll ~Oll ~~ ~ 7iOliR?
-l::l~J_oj
(3) 2.~ J;:il7 ~ 8~~7-!IR. (4) .!f-1 ~Jl {lOiR? (5) lli:A~ ~S2.2-i ~77fR? (6) Of. § R~

L_-:_ _ _ __
_____________ __ ____
__ _ _ _________________________________________________)
 1 7~ .!;=-q, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _?
q g , .=:l~C·ll 2H?

G)LJl <?J .A]:j- <V_ o-j ~ LJl <?J .A] :j- <V_ y
® LJl <?J ~ -=t- 1I1-\t 71o l= @ LJl <?J ~ -=t- I?}\t ~ oj] _g_

2 7~ .2UU~. - - - - -- - - - - - -
q .=:12.H ~~Oi.

G)78 ~ "51-e -3! * .5:..2}?-j ~ 78~"51-e -3! * .5:__2}?).-j]it

@ 78 ~ "51-e -3! * .5:..2}?-]2} @ 78~"51-e 5! * ~ 4- <V.oJ?

3 G) ~2.1 AAI:: ~~OH g :XI 1t:10I £1~::q. ~ 1t:1 ~~ ~~OH ~~:XI'2.! 0~~~ ~~
~~:= -a:x1 <rJ::q_® .=:1~:= ~~~01 o~~ .A.i~27~~q. @ ~~~~ C:J ~~o-1 ~
!:f-<5H.A.i ~~ .A.~Et~~EJ ~0~.:12 ~q.

4 G)R8 'rt:= !:f-.2~01 0~0~~~ 2.1~2...£ ~2t .s:!.LHq. ~ ~'@ rrH ~2t~ 7~'2::! 2.1~~
~ c-j ~ tlH~ *
~q.:il ~z,t-<5H.A.iq. @ .=:12.H.A.i :XiS:. 01'@ rrH Dl~2...£ ~2t~ ~q.
® -o~:xl'2.! ~7 1 ~2t:= ~~s:. ~:xl'2.! 8~s:. u:=q.

<D ~Y. t:1 ~ .2.~ Brllllr?

~ .2.llllr. .2.~ :=. ~Oil <?J~ 7t~-r.
® ~~°F, o]u:J-7r tJ! "'lOil ~Y.?
@ q;J~oF, ~.A] :Ai] A]{f-§.:- ¥1:<>1?

.... ·-------

64
 ~
( 24)'
7~ 7-}0 l= »-1, _2_ ~ .5:_ 01 ~ ~011 7}2=] j]_Jl?
Jaya, are you planning to go to this restaurant again today?

q l:JL Oi717t Aaw l)l-~ 71 ~SL.

u}3. »-1£ ;Q-o1 ~~Jl?
Yes, (because) this place has really good food.
Do you want to go, too, Mark?

Why do you look so tired today?

q e>-l:A11 ~~ .!i!_ L2.}_ll ;g-g * ~71 ~Jl.

I didn't get a lot of sleep yesterday (because I was) trying to
watch a movie.

01 .H.~:= ~cHtg:l"OI ~ ~gojq :A~t!OI ~~ LHg.Oll cHoH01~q .g<2.)2.J ~-2.J"~ ~~ rrH .A.~gJ-Li cL OlrrH2.1
Oj~q .A.I{J:= ~cHtg,l-01 £E.:= ~~Ljq_ '-7~~£.':= ~~Oli.A.i'2! .A.~"O~~ ~~Oli .A.i:= .A.~"O~:AI ~J~ LI Cf.

Ef.~ ~.H.2~ ~::: ~~~<2.) :A~2.10li.A.i := .A.~-Q~:AI fijl_5:1_~ ~~ .A.~OIOli.A.i'2! .A.~gJ"LjC~.

This expression is used to respond to a question or to add to a statement the speaker has already made to
provide t he reason or thinking behind the answer or statement. The listener has no knowledge of the reason
or facts being stated by the speaker. Note that the form - 71§£. is used only in conversation, not in w ritten
Korean. Moreover, it is only used among close friends or those on familiar terms with each other. It is not
used in formal situations, such as when giv ing a presentation.

A/V
~ 7-j7~~£.
gj ~ 7i7~~£.

66 Korean Grammar ;n/lll·e- · Intermediate

-~-- , - - - - - -----,-------·-·---·--·-----·--,-----·-···-----·--·------·----·--------·------
~7i~R ~-=fl-Oiq ~-=fl~7i~R
OI~Pi~R OH~Oiq OH ~ O I~.Pi~R
.... ....... .. .. .... -- ····· ····-· --- ........ .. ·------ ---···· .....
~-=fl-Oiq ~-=fl7i ~R
(01)7i~R
OH~Oiq OH ~ OI7i ~R
- - -·--·--··

7~ :A~J"?S:."il n~ rrJl t.l-c.J-{..}-ojJ-&2f7H1<>1Jl?

Did you go up Mt. Halla when you went to Jeju Island?

q o}-yJl, * ~<>1Jl. \i/,1.]7}- <?]- ~~rj !:A.

No, I didn't. (Because) the weather was bad.

You must be tired, and yet you're going to yoga class?

Yes, (because) I feel so relaxed after yoga class. So I go to yoga class even when I'm tired.

It's really been raining a lot recently.

q A~ AJuJ-~ o] rj !:Jl. ~ 1f %<?l~ 7-l]~% rjoj]Ji..

(You see,) it's currently the rainy season. It will rain for a full month.

1 '0 1~'2.1 2.ID I£ .AI§~ [[H'7i~R'7 f <n~ g~~ CH.2:f0li.Ai Ail~ <£,!-011 ~ * ~Jl. W5!-2 .Af'EJOI
w~ g~ C~O I Lf ~cHtg£1 ~iE-011 CH~ CH'8££~ .AI§~* <n~ Liq.
When 7-f§ R is used to indicate a reason, it cannot appear in the first clause of a new conversation. It must
come either after an initial statement made by the speaker or in response to a question asked by the listener.

7~ ~o}-5")-E 7)-9 'V_~..Il?

Is there a singer that you like?

Lf ~1. ~~ ~ ~}71 !:: ..11. 7)-9'tl]' ~ ~o}iifl..ll. (x)

- ~~ ~ ~ilfl),i 7)-9 'tlj'~ ~O}iifl..ll. ( 0 )
I like the singer Rain, because he sings well.

7f J 7}1" ~ .2J1 ~O}iifl..ll?

Why do you like that singer?

Lf -1) ~ ~~ ~ ~}71-E-..Il. ( 0 )
(Because) he really sings well.

2 o1 IE~ ~ W"51-2 .Af'Etol .Af'Et011lil ~~~ wo1 <n7i Lf olo~7 15fJI ~~ ?-jol <n:; rrH. ::1. w;;
~~
5f71{"!011 ~~.££ .AI§5f7 1~ ~Liq. [[f2.f.Ai ~011lll4r£1E O I0~717 f <nq::: ?-j:; ~.A I5fJI <n~Liq.
This expression can also be used to preface, or introduce, something the speaker wants to tell the
listener. Thus, it provides a hint to the listener that the speaker has more to say.
 7; ~*~I:il..ll, 0 1-2-_j.~oJI ~~ 0 1 ~t:.joj] ~~.R.?
Excuse me, but do you know if there's a bank nearby?
q o] ~£ ~ 7]-J..] ~ Jtl.Qj{jo] t{..2.r ]-§Jl. 4l1Qj{l {it.-JJC!oj] ~~o] ~~.R..
If you go straight ahead on this road, you'll see a convenience store. There's a bank across from the
convenience store.

7~ %~ ».], .Ai]7]- ..2.~ 9-~ ».] ~ 't}t{7]£ ~7'1-§..ll. %~ ».]£ ~o] 7]-1l,2Jl.R.?
Yunho, I've arranged to meet with Juyeong today. Do you want to go, too?

Lf .A~:S:. 9-~ ».]7]- .!i!.Jl ~':~t:~:i] ~ ~Li] Jl. ~o] 7]-..ll.

That's great because I also wanted to meet with Juyeong. Let's go to_g_e_th_e_r. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ J

~
7~ -%;3-J-011 7' ~ ~.£ 7t.Ai1£.? ( 25 )1
1
q .2. ~ -¥-.2.. \3 o1 t..R011.2..A1~ !:.a.
~~lOll ~ ~.£ 7fq 2.-§- ¥2.'aOI ~~I2...A.Iq

2!l O l~lil ~~ 'i'JOI frl:l lofq ~Oil -B~O I 'i'JO I 2.q

7~III~ 2ll <2_1- Df.A.Iq 7~ III ~ Df.A.I'2:! ~~ ~ ;qq

2 7~ 9-W011:J_ E.2.}u~ ~11~£.?

to have no empty/available seats
q oty£., *~~£.. {l-=f-2JQ.j=-4fo1 ~ ~~!:..9... '&~ !:lq to shop at a market

~~Oil ::1. £2.f0~ !;!q

~Xil B 1BOII.A.i ~¥o fq ~ -ofq 1 AI~ !IIl2.f xf2.l7~ ~q

~Xi!£ 'c:H~'!:i!l- ~0 I ~~ !i!C~ ~:Ail-E ~Xf ~~ !;!q I 'ct:Jt'!OI ~~ 7~q

68 Korean Grammar,/, Ure-· Intermediate

,. · -· ·-· · ··--. · · · · -·-·-· · · · · · . . ... . . . . ·-. -··· ··· · · · -· -· · ··--··· ·· .. . .-··· · - - ---····-·--······ ··--·-··----J--·
I

I fib 7~q ~ o~o~q ,~.qq ~q 7 ~ 5!.2.~.:il o~q ~ 7~ Et!.q

- - - - - - - - --···· - - · - - - - - --- - - - - - - -- - --*--·····-· ----------

l;!~IOI~ -?~<>1] !f-1 <'>H1 OiJl.?

0~712.~ ~%<>1] o-jo-Jl-j {21§~ J.~cj :n-Oi..R. r:.J-%-?<>1] Jl15-Jojj (1)/fr{J§-.2...
!;!JIOI~ -?~ojj Jl15-Jojj 7~J.j ~-irJl.. .::1.~-c-jj I(;:: {-} 1§ ~ J.~1:J.OiJl.?
o~7 1 2.~ ~ :7-J ~ ite>i..R. Oio-JL.J7J11 J.-l ~R ~ :7-J ~ (2)_ _ _ __ _ __ _ _

l;!JIOI~ .:Z.~ t;J] .1'1:~ ~ rrJl ~R~ ~ ~ *t>~l-j ll~ ~ ~ .A] ?:J-.2..1:! OiJl.?
0~712.~ l:Jl, ~ ~ .A] ?J-~OiJl. . Jl.~ ~% 7~71]<>1] ~ ~~Oi ~ ~t>H=- J.~'f:}- ~ o]
(3)_ _ _ __ _ _

!;!~IOI~ o~, .:Z.~-irJl. . .::1.~-c-jj ~:7-j ~ J.~1:J.OiJl.?

o~712.~ o~LJ<>ll..R, ~:r ~ ~t:;j.Jl ~Ai *tr ~ ~ ite>i..R. ~RoJ ~~.!i!.q -:£-~oJ woJ
(4) . ~~]o] ud ».] ~ l:lJ~ rrJl.!f-AJoj] Z}q.Jl "91-A]Jl.?

l;!~IOI~ l:Jl, o~-3] Jf-AJoj] ~ Jt!S:. (5)-------------------

0~7 12.~ .:Z. ~-irJl.. Jf-AJoj] 7~J.j ~ -5H-&r:H<>1l ~ 7~ _!il_J.-j]Jl.. :AJ~ o}%q %1Jl..
l;!~IOI~ l:Jl, .A-j5:. -5H-&r:H <>ll 7~2;j .Jl "'~Zf<'>~Jl 'V,OiJl.. ~ :r ~ 0 ] -5H-&r:H <>ll ~
(6)_ _ _ _ __ _ _ _
 7~ :Ai 7}~ .2R -¥0 }"0Rii.?
Why do you like that singer?

q ~ tl1 5:. ~"0"}Jl 3! S1?t0 } A .

He sings well and (as you know) is good looking, too.

7~ 7}~ 2.J »-]7} ~~Oi ~ :AjW ~-o-}~1..9..!

Kylie is really good at Japanese!

q 7}~ 2.] »-1 ~ ~~oj]l,i .:g-_!f-'9l?t0 }A. :7.]\:!-Jtioj]

7 }~ 2.] »-]7} w~ ~ c1] },~ Zf <?.} L.}.fL?
(As you know,) Kylie stud ied in Japan. Don't you remember she told
us that the last time we saw her?

1 o i.Y.~~ ~::::: "'~~o 1 o1o1~J! ~::::: o1~~ ~w IT/I EE::: .gct~tgol 01~ Af1!~ ~Oitfi2.~Ai .:I?.:! ~ qAI
7 l~qJII 5~2.~.:1! W rrH A~g,fLiq. %JWOliAi'2.!" A~5~[}j ~WOliAi::: A~5~J:I cc.t~Liq. Ef.~ ~61~<2.!
J:~2.10li.A.i ::: .A.~5~J:I l'J~Liq.
This expression is used when the speaker wants to state a reason that the listener should also be aware
of or when the speaker wants to remind the listener of a reason that he or she has apparently forgotten.
It is used only in conversation, and not in written Korean. Also, it is not used in formal speaking situations.

7~q L!"fJO~R
.:l!j-7-j -~/~-flO~R
~ ~q gj~ ~fJO ~R
···- ---- -·- ... .. ... ... .. ..
7 ~q 7~~JO~R
A/V ~XH --f.tO~R
gJ ~ q gj~ fJO~R
... ··--·· ..
7~q ~ 7-jfJO~R
DI2.H I 1'~ -(0)2 7-JtJom :
gJ ~ q gj ~ 7-jfJO~R
~--------~--------- . ---------------.-----------------~-----------------------.;_ _____~--------------········-·------------

NO IC.~
~-=flOi q ~-=fl=QtO~R

. . OH<2.!0iq .
OH <2.! 0 i fJO ~R
-----------------------------------·······-------------------------·····--------
----------------------------------------------------------

70 Korean Grammar u1 Cfl.ve · Intermediate

 7~ o]l(!oj].£ OJ=7J- ».]7} 1';; ~ ~t=j]Jl!
Yang Gang got 1st place again this time!

q OJ=7J- ».] ~ i>J-.AJ- ~{Ji>] -%-¥-<'>~}A.

(As you know,) Yang Gang always studies hard.

7~ t=j], wo}Jl. OJ=7J- ».]~ <?j_7.i]Lf ~{Ji>j -%-¥-<'>}7-]Jl.

You're right. Yang Gang studies hard all the time.

7~ .:?~ »-]7} <?:}7.1] Jli>J=~ ~0}7}7.]..9..?

When will Sujin go back to her hometown?

q 7.]\:!--? .£Jl ~oj] ~o}:r{~}A.

(You might recall that) she went back last Saturday.

7~ o}, wo}Jl. .:?~ ».] BH%<'>}cj -%"8(,1-oJ].S:. ~o] {):~7.]..9..?

Oh, you're right. We went to the airport together to see her off, right?

7~ J-i]~ ».]7} ~oj]..g.q.JI t>BJ--1 l!l~o~% iJ:C1.B...

I bought some peaches because Seyeong said she's coming by the house.

q Oi.!i!.., :1. tl7-~ ~~o}~ej] 27]7} ~~}.

Dear, (perhaps you've forgotten that) she's allergic to peaches.

7~ o}, :J.~1i? ?t)-lll!j-~t=j]Jl.

Oh, is that so? I totally forgot.

2 Ol .H.~~ ~cHtgOfllll ~.:i!Lf ~.:il~ ~:::ciL!r_ ~cHtgO I ~ AI ~o~ ;;AI~~ ~01 ~:cl ~~Oil ~cHtgOliJll
Jt!B~ ~;:01 ~W rrtj5:. AI§~Liq. OliE:i ~~ .!:2.~ ~§:I~~ ~7Jll A~§~ ~Liq.
This expression can also be used to scold or rebuke the listener for not heeding the speaker's advice or
for allowing something bad to happen even after being warned about it. In such cases, this expression is
often used together wit h a statement indicating what was previously said or advised.

7~ ~ 0 }, C1~7'll t>R.B..? "&ii!.oJ] ~~C1Jl.

Mom, what should I do? I'm going to be late for school.

q :J.t'jj).-j C17-1] ~~ 7.}2f.Jl ~~t.

Now (you shou ld know) that's why I told you to go to bed early last night.

7~ :1. \:}"7.}7} ~Jl.!i!..y 7-j~ L.f~ ).}'€}-o]~C1Jl.

Once I got to know him, I realized that guy was really a bad apple.

q :1.7-j li!}Jl, t.lJ7} .!j'-~2.j-Jl ~C1Jl. :1. J-}'€}- Lf~ ).}'€}- ~q.Jl ~~}A.
Look, now what did I tell you? (Didn't I say that) he seemed like a bad person.
 c.:;;....
1 7• 7JJoJ:IL »-]7~ _e_~ Jf-%tJRtiR£.0 •[ 27}

2llll2.f
4 .:1.~ 7l]0 ]:IL »-]CJ ~ 0 ] ..2.ll]]% .!i!.Ci 7~--'i] £.0 opera

\__ l:liEf'2.! vitamin

7jjoj:IL »-] 7~ ..2.ll]]% ~o~"B"~~o]-£. 0

JIIOI.I!. JJ.I~ ~OI2.nll 2.~ .!:2.2.i 7.q I JIIOI.I!. JJ.I7. 2.IIil2.~

~ •5•q
~7 1011 ~2.~J..i gJ~q 2.~AI 4-.6~ BI"OI Df.A.Iq I 1::1 IEf'2.! C7f ~PIOII ~q
l::l iAf ~~5f-E Jll Li!f. ~lfofe.f 01®J..f011~7l q I 01~J..fOII J..i CH~ ;jH 4-q

2 7f J-j~o]] ~oj~oj£.0

Lf .:1.~ --'i .Ai] 7~ lf-jc.}Jl ~oj.R? AI~OII <gop: ICf to flunk a test
'el±OII always, as part of one's daily routine

~~a]] ~{115] ~.!f-i5~c.}Jl ~~o]-£. 0

J.. I~OII ~of~ l q ~.1,011 '§1{:!51 ~¥5 f2.f

tt H ~O I qq Li!f. £\tO I t;!:j-2- 3:! ~q
~~1::11~ q JJ.j l::lj2.lq ~-§-Of~ ~2.f

(1 ) 7f ?WoJJAa%-{loJJ n-cr -&~Jl? (~ rt)

Lf ~%-{1~ t.l..!f- qpo~~.2.0 71-771--&- t;JJ£.. 7rtB w39.0iJlo

(2) 7f ~{l oj] ~oo] ~~l:l] ~ l£j ~771-Jl? (* Q:jq)

711 w39.0iJlo
(3) 7f l::lJ~-51-tB ~ 7 ~JI} .:Q-o] \fo]{ioj] ~~Jl? (l(q ..2..q)
q .A]\± l:lJ~oj] S:. \fo]{i oj] W.::il q ;::
--------------------0 .:Q-~ ~±

x oJl 7rtB w39.oJJlo

L• 0}:1]2} ».]7} --- - -- - - - - -0 g Q{ CD~ --'1- 9-tB oj~77}Jl?

horean Grammar u1 ll1·e o Intermediate

 7• 7.}°F »-1, 2R ~:::<~1 ~ <il- ~~Jl?
Jaya, why didn't you do your homework?

Lf ~~WoJl $;-7 ~ .!r!.~~JI ~:::<~] ~ * ~~Jl.

I couldn't do my homework last night because I was watching a
soccer game.

7• ?WoJl ¥-1 <s-}it~Jl?

What did you do over the weekend?

Lf ~;zJ~~Jl. ~:AJ~ ii}~~Jl :AjW ~ ~~~Jl.

I made kimchi. (Because of that,) I was really exhausted.

OI .R~::: ~~~Oil .2.::: ~01 ~~~Oil .2.::: ~2.1 Oli?Lf ~'2JO I @ ~ LfE~'tiJLiq. ~~~Oil ::: -'?£ ¥~~'2.!
OIOPI~ OI ~LICl '-L 2f2l:L!. .A.~5H£ ~Liq.
This expression indicates that the statement given in the preceding clause is the reason for, or cause of, the
'ollow ing clause. In most cases, the following c lause is negative in nature. This expression is sometimes
shortened to - .!:::.2.f.

-.!=.2.~jl

/~q / ~L 2.~.:i!
v -L2.~jl
Qjq Qj L 2.~jl

7f ..fl..~ 7}~ 2..] ».]!: op~J1] :Ajt.J1Jl? How's Kylie doing these days?
Lf ~~ € t1] ~ il}l-c}J!. :Aj--80] 'ilJ.!: ?>! ~O}Jl.
She seems really busy due to preparing to get married.

7f .Aj ~ 1IJ1-@-ol] -gfo ] l:lpn1 :A]Jl? You're really busy because of all your tests, right?

q t;jJ. Jl~ .AJ~~¥~ -&-P-ct.:TI. :B 7 ~ ~ ~ * t:frxroJ..fl...

Yeah , these days I haven't been able to meet my friends at all because of my test prep.

7f QJ1 ~ ~ Oi ..fl..? Why are you late?

q ~*tiR..fl... ~-*Ei ~ .:TI.~l el ncr ~ct ~ ~Oi..fl...
I'm sorry. I'm late because I went to get my computer fixed.
 1 '-L 2.~.:il· ~ ~Q.j ~-§-01 lll~~l cm .!f-12.1~-§-O i q ~EH2~ k:f~~££ ~ ~ {!~il~££ ~~ ~Oj q,
¥ ~-§-0 1 ~:1!~~.££ -§-AIOil ~~~l.:il ~g ~ qE~'t:\lLiq.
The phrase -!:::.~~11 expresses the fact that the action or behavior in the preceding clause continued to
occur either partially or completely simultaneously with the action or behavior in the following clause .

• ~~~~e.jAJ-.!j!.5:oJI 7}~2}Jl ~.iiLoj] * ~<>J.f:l...

wasn't able to go to school because I went to the immigration office .

...,._ _ _ _..,.*~A In

: -'?~ .A.If! %~ ~~~-E!-~I.A.~.!?-~011 CU'i'i.11 .:J.2.H.A.i -'?~ .A.I:C.fOtl ~ -'? ~'i'i.§LI Cf.
I was busy going to the immigration office during class time, so I therefore couldn't attend class.

2 '-L2.~.:il·~ A~~ [H 'rJ~ XiiQ{O I ~~ L] q. C~:il~ ~~ 3,'! ~ ?Q.J5HO ~ ~Li q.

There are a number of restrictions on the use of -!:::.~f11. It is important to remember the following points.

(1) '- L 2.~.:il' C~Oil ~ ~~~CZJ OIOP I{t! ~~~q. ~~q II.I~'6~q ~'6~C~. <21' '6~q ~~012.7 1
[H~Oil ~~~Oil ~~~CZJ OIOPI7~ 2.12} 01~~Liq.
Because the clause that follows -!:::.~[11 is negative or undesirable in nature, it sounds unnatural for a
clause that is positive in nature to follow it.

• c-j]o ]§.~ ~}~ 2}Jl 7] ~o ] ~o r.f:l... (x)

- c-j]o]§.~ -6JIJ·i 7]~o] ~or.f:l... (o)
- !OJ] o]§. ~ ~}~2-\-Jl .fl..~ AJ.no] ';li<>J.f:l... (o)

.!£~. '.:il~'6~q', '*.:il'6~q·.2.~ ~~ §-A~ ~Oj~ ~ -t!~~££ '-L 2.~.:il'7 ~ M~ Li q_

In addition, -!:::.~f.':il is also used idiomatically with verbs such as .:i:l:~ofCf and -'?11ofef.

• 0 ]:-2-~l-~2}2 *2~}1l,<>J.f:l...

• .:J..%<d' -?-e.J ~ 7}.§.~]A] ~2}2 2/.~ '?l.£1l,<>j.f:l..,

(2) '-L 2.~.:il' ~Oil~ Aln. ~. ?012.J Q.J.A I7 ~ ~B.~ §-Am ~Liq.
Only verb s that require the will of the subject , a force of energy, and time can precede - !:::.2.[11.

• .iiL.!8-A}JI7} t.f~2}2 ~AroJl -A]Zf~<>J.f:l... ( x)

o~:l] 7r 'i'£oJ .2..~2}2 ~{}% *~<>l.R. (x)

· l:l}~2}2 o:j ~~ * ~<>J.R. (x)

: '.iiL~.A.f117 f LfCf'. 'I:JI7f 2.Cf'-E .A.If!OILf ~. ~OiQI 2.J;>;:I7f ~£.~ § .A.f7f OfLIQj. 'I:Jf.!!!!Cf'-E § .A.f7f OfLI71
ITHiEO!I ~* ~§Lief.
In .iiL~.A.~117f qq and t:JI7f 2.Cf, the verbs do not require the will of the subject; in the case of I:J ~.!!!!Cf.
it is not a verb.

74 Korean Grammar ut- Zt...·e · Intermediate

 (3) Ol .H.~~ ~ @-~~~ .!fl @-~£1 ?OP ~ ~0~~ ~Liq.
The subject must be the same in both the preceding and following clauses.

·~-tot »-1-e- {)·~ A}~e}..ll (A}0 t »-1-e-) ~~ * ~~-;:;t..J!:f. (o)

• A}ot »-1:: {)- ~ A}~e}..ll u}.3. ».J-e ~~ * ~~-;:;t..J!:f. (x)

(4) '-L2.~.:il' C~Oll::: ~~~m ~~~01 ~ * ~~Liq.

The propositive and imperative forms cannot follow -~2.f.::il.

• -;'!; ~ ~~e}..ll t..}o1 E~~Hl {f;.11:f. I 7}1!).1.2.. (x)

~ '@ ~ ?~ t..J-o1§.~'floJI lfA1cf. (0)
• .:D:~ ~ <5}~2.j-..TI..g.% ~;.11:f. I !~~_,~;,].2.. (x)
~ .:D:~ ~ -&-}~2-f..TI..g.~ c} ~oJJl. (o)

(5) ~p~ AIA~I ·-~/)~;!-'~ ~

The past tense form -CUI~-
* ~~Liq.
cannot be used with -~2.f.::il .

• oj;(~14;-;(~1~ ~~2.f..ll {)-~ * 1{oJJl. (x)

~ oJ7.114i-A11 ~ -&-}~2-f..TI. {[~ * 1{oJJl. (o )

1 7f .R~ 2Jl o]~l-J]l:l}-llll}-.R?

\ ~~ At~ (schooQ admission forms

Lf 0}-21::1}-0]E-5}-Li!}Jl l::l}llll}.ft. I ~~0 1 ~Cf to be extremely busy; at wit's end

\ !2.:il.A.i report

l:lf.!!!!Cf Of£1:lfOI§.ofef 1 l:lf.!!!!Cf

~-t!OI ru_q ~e:t -'i-ff~ frl:llofef 1 ~-t!o 1ru_q
AILI-01 ru_q .5!...Jl)..i~ ~q I AI{JOI ru_q

~~]}j4fef
to turn off (power to) a phone

~ofef 1 ~ tgtq
~¥ofC.f 1 ~~~ 7li ~q
~~ofC.f 1 ~~f ~2.1-1- ~ g.q
 } . ol :Ai] 2ll rr.} E1 e>ll <?} g±~ it? (~ ~ e>ll n-l:f ..2..q )
-t ~~0\ll~t:t .2J::.~:ll nf~~\ * 1J:e>lit.

(2) 7~ 7-i]t.f »-]7} it~ f£o]l:l}~7} .!i!}it? (~ #-E-1 ~~e>l] qyq)

q l;j]. :Ai]Lf ».] ~ it ~ l:l}1111}it.

(3) 7~ it~ .2j £ ~ <?} il}A] ~ -3! ~O}it. (0}7] ~ 5!_q)

q l;j]. .21 £ ~ ~~ * iiTiit.

(4) 7~ oj:Ai] 2Jl oJ:-2-~0iit? (5!_Jl}.i ~ o}.!f-c.li>}q)

q 0l=-2-~ oj it.

(5) 7~ ~~ 3:. J..B -'f-1l ~ it? (\:t:A} ~.:rCJ %:§:1-i>}q)

q l;j]. ~ ~ ;..B ~~it.

r--···· ........... ---------------- - ----------. ------- -------· - ------- ......... -- --------· ------- - --------- - --- ------- - ,
Oi-3t!tg0ll AAI ~Oli.A.i II~EI7~ CU<X;;!~ LIC~. 0~.3. AAI ~ II~EI fr-l::ll [[HgOll ~~£~~<X;;!
0 ~.3. I
I ~Liq. n~EI ~ ~:c!:il~ :;~~ ~01 .A.~.A.i
rrH §-E£ q ~~Liq. ~'§ tg,l-0!1~ n~EIOll
cH-oH I
1 {!J:z_t-o~q .s:!.LI .g£ 2.A.I-ll"'.f0ll ~ ~~ Li q_ 0 ~.3. AAI~ ~o ~-o~ ~B AAI7~ 2.71 rrHgOll '?;;!B

II~EI~ ~Jl {,!<X;;!~ Liq.

.JiC!c-H II~EI7 ~ .A.I~.r.l;qo~il:~ 0~.3. AAI~ LiEf- IIIEoH.A.i .go1 ~.:il ~<x..t~Liq . .J2.1l.A.i ~B
AAI~ mEl LHLH 0~712.~ AAI;g OIOP I ~ ~~Li q, 0 ~.3. AAI7~ ~Oj';J~ rrH~ 2.~ o ~~O I<X;;!.:iJ.

~7 ~ ~ q ~oP ~.:il ~<X;;!~Liq. o~.3. AAI~ rr~EI [[HgOll i~: li~:-HE·oHB ~~ j:l~o~ -oH.A.i ~ii!

Oil£ ~<X;;!~LICL ~ii!Oll 7~LI7Jf ~-7-~0I ~B AAI;g 0~712.~ AAI7~ A~~PI .A.I~~q~ OPI~
oH "-'?<X;;!~Liq.
' ------ ---------- ------- ----------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------------- -------------------- ------------ -

(4) o}.3. ».] ~ ------------------- if-~ ».]cJ- o] o]:7] ~ * ~;; y q,

76 Korean Grammar in 'lise Intermediate

 -
_1...

~
( 30 )1
I hear that Mark is in the hospital.

q Iil, .ii!.-!8-).}Jl7} tf ~ H}'ifofl t:}~ J.i ~-%loJJ

CfJ -%1 ~ ~ _9_,
Yeah, he was injured in a traffic accident and went to the hospital
(as a result).

7~ J ~~7} ~oJl~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~EJ12ll * :tt.AJ_9_?

I thought that athlete would win the gold medal. I wonder why he
didn't.

q 7cj 7j ~ "0}1:}7} ~~ .A] ~ H}'ifoJl ~ojj ~ ~ *

;a-~ _g_.
He had a fall during the match and didn't get the gold medal (as a
result).

Ol R~:= {:!~~0 1¥lOll 2.:= ~2.1 -'f:!~O iq Oli?-7~ ~ [H A~~LICL .!i!.~ -t:!~~£1 .g~O I .!f-12.1 ~§Oil
~ ~ := ~~ -'?7-Jq -'f:!C.H 2.1~~\:::! -3;!:1!1-E q ::: ~:1!~7 ~ {!!~~ [H §;:= -'E:!<5~AI ~:= ~:1!~7 ~ {!!~~ [H A~
~Li q.
This expressio n is used when the preceding c lause describes the cause or reason for t he statement in
the fol lowing c lause. Usually, the preceding clause d escribes a situatio n or circumstance that negatively
influences the following clause or that causes an unexpected or unwanted result.

• %-t:Jl ~:§:j-7} {J-7:}7] .:iLAJ t..H::- l:l}iffojj <;1~g *~e>i iL.

My mobile phone suddenly had a problem , so I couldn't contact you (as a result}.

There was a typhoon, and the flight was cancelled (as a result).

I ate in a rush and got indigestion (as a result}.

 ~ cai'l precede :: tJf'§l"Ojl.

• ~ -,:. 7,f7.\-71 # 1:1\-1:)-0\1 ~710\1 ~)1.0\.R. (x)

-\ti.I.\7\- 7J:A\-71 ?Sf~~ 1:1\-1:)-0\1 ~710\1 ~)1.0\.R. (o)
: '®Q'-E ~§Af2.fA:i ~ -9- 'ai.2.E!£ ~Af~ ·~~AI Q'£ tJf-=f!OiO ~ ~LICf.

®Q cannot be used because it is an adjective. It must be changed into its verb form ~~AIQ.

2 01IE~~ OIDI <§1018 ~:i!K>ll cH~ 01~~ ~~'0~71 rrHgOJI' ~ t:J~~Oll' cf-gOJI~ gt.g :il~7f~O I
~Liq.
Because this form is used to describe the reason for something that has already occurred, the following
clause must be in the past tense.

• 1:117\- ?,fo1 ..2. !::: 1:1]'1:)-0\1 ~7]- 'it -3!. ~or.R. ( x)

~ 1:1171- wo1 ..2.!::: 1:1\-1:)-0\1 %1'7r ;.±<>l.R. (o)

3 · ~ t:J~~Oll' ¥-1011~ gt.g :il~7~ AIJ\il~ .271 rrHgOll ~~go1q ~~~01 ~ * ~~Liq.
Because only past tense forms can follow :: tJ f'§l"Ojl, imperative or propositive clauses cannot be used .

• .J..J%7]-£~ 1:1]'1:)-0\1 ~ ~0\17]-{j.J-.1..2.. I ~77]-.R? (x )

~<>l ti-J2.J !::

~ {1%7]-£ ~ ~ojl:i-J2.1!:: l:lj-1:J"oJ1 ~~"11 n~L.J t:f. (o)

4 Ol IE~~ CH.!:f-~ ¥~~'2.) .g%'0f1Ai~ Al§g[Liq . .:J.2.HAi ~~~'2.) .gtfOliAi Al§o~~ Oj~g[Liq.
This expression is mostly used in a negative sense, so it sounds unnatural to use it to describe positive
situations.

• ';:[7.\- ~T-7]-Aj:§ ~ .J..j- *

l:lj-'i:foJI 71 ~o1 ~ot~ ~ Yt:f. ( x)
~ ';:[7.\- ~T-7\- ~ :§ g_ J-j- -?<>JJ.-j 71~o1 -t-or~~ Yt:f. ( o)

.::12.iq 71-B ~~~'2.1 .g~OliAi AA71~ oi-ECil. ol rrH ~ ~O:l 7 I CHo~:AI ~~7~ q Oll.g ~;;~~ 2.J ~:il~7 ~
{!Jn ~ rrH AI§~.:? ~~ Liq.
However, in some cases, this form can be used to describe positive situations, but they are limited to
cases in which something completely unexpected or unintended has occurred.

7f £_.,. ».], 71 ~01 i'Or .!i!.01L-J1.R.

Yunju, you seem to be in a good mood.

Lf ~Y7r {[7.\-71.!f-AJ2..£ 0 1;_~ 7]-.E ~:~tif:foJI <~J% P r »-;>J1 £1Si71 ~.R.

My sister suddenly moved to Susan, and I've got a room all to myself (as a result).

78 Korean Grammar ~~~ 'll.fe · lntermediate

 '-O~/OiAi'2t ' :::::: l:i ~E,foJI':::::: ~ q Oi~~ ~~:A I '2_1- Cf%.1!1- ~;:: Qjoj.gQj .X~O I7~ ~~ Ljq_
While both -0fl0i)..i and :: t!f<50U are used to express reasons, they are different in the following respects.

8-frol ~~~0 1 ~7 1Jil .§ Ol~~ ~~LI Cf. ~~~01 ~7 1 /1 1 .§ O l ~£1- ~)}jl ~~~~ ~ 2.l.£7f
Indicates simply the reason for what follows in the OfLj~~.£ .QJDI~LICf.
next clause. Indicates not only the reason for what follows
in the next clause but also that the result was
unintended.

• ~o1 ?l~~,.~.i ~oJI ~~Oi.fl... • Qj'4foj ~~£!~ tJt'ifoJ1 ~oJ1 'V.~Oi.fl...

I was at home because the appointment was An appointment was canceled, so I was at
canceled. home (as an unintended result).

-+ ~011 ~~'2! O l~~ ~~Lief. -+ ~011 ~~'2! Ol~£1- ~)}jl ~2.fle ~011 ~.£2.~ '2! 3,-!0I
This statement only provides the reason that O fLI ~~.S::. .QJDiof.Jl ~8LICf.
the speakers was at home. This statement provides not only the reason
that the speaker was at home but also the fact
that he or she had no intention of doing so.
-·----------

~
{ 31 )I
1
~ .AI7jl7f \:! ~2.1Cf
(the) alarm clock does not ring

-'?2.1 ~Ei repair center; service station

~01 ~olefi~Cf

~Et .A.Illl7f 't! ~2.1 Cf I ~lil '§!OILfCf

.Xf7f jl.g- q q 1 -"?2.1{!!E-1011~q .210~ 5fq

2 7f <J-1 :A~j .2. <iJ oJj 2Jl ~Lf. 2.:~ <J-1 £.?
Lf ~-=t-7} ~-;;(}7] ~0}_2. ~ Bt'i:J-ofl * :Q<J-1£..
OIXil £~011 211 't! Lf2.Cf ~-T7f fj"Xf71 ~I-Of2.Cf I~ 7fef
oI{JOII .g.§5f2.i 2H 't! 2.Cf OfOI7f Cf.XICf 1 ~f:!OII 7f0 ~ 5fef
Xl\:i~ AiiDILfOII 211 ~~5f:AI ~q 8~ '§!ol ~71Cf I Y-"? ~q
 == ~=- ~ A~4l.Ai q -§ CH~ ~~'C>~Aii.R.

- o,l'l' -&-tt:f7t §-E ~ t:f 1i0i..ll? (~.:;z-t=g- ~~:rj]7J};A] 1§ ~ u}J-]t:f)

--' ~-r=r~ \:1&~:-r\\TJ\'t-\ ~~ orHI;: 'd~\ ~~ -q ~01~.

2) 7~ 7tl:lJ~ Oi~:rll "6tt:f7t ~Oil:i-]~Oi..ll? (;7;]-&-t~oJ]J-i ~q)

q 7p:~J ~ \=-.:i1 t.H ~ Oi ..a.

(3) 7~ oj-l:i-j;A]lJj]l:lJ"§} rrJ1 O:j~ Zl-t:f~ ~~ g E.~Oi..ll? (o]lct J-]~oj]J-i F ~ ~q)

q 0 fl 7] ~ 7flt.H;A]5:. ~_.~OiJl.

(4) 7~ ~{JJ-]~ ~ ~Oi..ll? (~{j rrJ1 {l:AJ-&-tt:f)

q oj-y..ll, ~o}r.jS:. * "910i..ll.

(5) 7~ *o] 2Jl op~!:rj] GlcJ-%1].0i..ll? (~ oJP·i ~Oi;A]q)

q *o] o]'i!:rll ~Oi..ll.

(6) 7~ $_ 1' ».] 71- "§}.lli. ~ .:::L~.!f-Lj-..ll? (o}CJ1 ;7;] J-j-~o] ocJ--6}t:f)
q l;j], "§}.liL ~ .:::1~.!f-7!1 £j ~ Gl..ll.

(7) 7~ 4:;'-A~j ~ QjJ * "910i..ll? (4;'-A~j"5}cf7} {foj ~ cf)

q 4:;'-A~j ~ * "91 Oi Jl.

(8) 7~ 2Jl -t?-<tl %Zl-oJl LJ-71-110i..ll? (~;7;}71 ~w~-oJ LJ-t:f)

q -:g-<ti g .!.l!-t:i-71- LJ-ll.-Oi..ll.

80 Korean Grammar u"'ZI&e · Intermediate

 7~ oJ7J ».]7} ..2..~5:. ;.-Hf· o}# llll}l:t:Cl.TI. ~~
~q~;.-1Jl?
I understand Yang Gang forgot to bring one of the documents again
today.

Lt l;j], J.j~ 0 ]-B-TI 1J!"ofl 1}*7}9[~ ~ ~o}Jl .

Yes, it seems he frequently makes mistakes due to his hurried
disposition.

7~ 1:1]7} .AjW ~o] ..2..l;j]Jl.

It's really raining hard.

q 1:1] 7} ~o] ..2.. ~ lJ!"ofl TI7J ti-2.1 ~ 7~7} ~;\11£1~

t:HJl.
Apparently, a number of bridges over the Han River are closed due
to the heavy rain.

-~·~ q~ ~01 ~717-11 .§ Ol~q .![:1'2._! ~ :;::~Li q. .:J.C.H)..i '-{ 0 )!.= ~oll'::: {:!~~OI .¥-~~QI.!¥~~'2..! )..~{:!
Olq ~0 1 ~717-11@ .![:1'2._! ~~ Ol~ ~ qE~IJlLiq:; {:!~~ rrH.gOll ~~~01 ~(}j~q::: ~~ QIDig)"Liq .
n e word ~ roughly means the cause or reason why something bad is occurring. Thus, -(.£}E 5:-.fOII indicates
mat the preceding clause is the cause or reason why the negative event described in the following clause
occurred. In other words, the following clause happened due to or because of the preceding clause.

tJI~e! ~on

A
1...... ~~7~ ~CUe! ~on

~J::H -(.£)L ~(}jl

-- ··+··--··- - . - -·-···--···-··---- ~' ·····---~-~~----·--'------··------~

7 ~q .
~ ~on ·--·--·- --·
l! ~OU
~~7~ -(.£)L ~ou
v
7f-E ~Oll
: ::: ~Oll :
. . Q:j q Q:j ::: ~Oll
~-----····· ------····-- -~-----------------------7---·-·-···------------------------------
: ~e! ~Oll : 3.JJ.Oiq 3.J:I~e! ~Oll
Ol~e! ~Oll 2:,f~O i q ~~OI~e! ~Oll
-··- ····
3.JJ.Oiq 3.JJ.'2.! ~Oll
2t~01q ~~'2..! ~Oll
· · - - - - - - - - - · · · - - - · - - - - - - · · · · · · - - --- --- - -
 • %~ ».1~ ~4¥-Ellll<?J ~ ~JJJ77r.AJ .sr-e- 5foll .AJ zt~ .sr-e- ~~7r w1:f.
Dongho is often late due to his playing games until late at night.

I had a bad headache this morning because I drank a lot of alcohol yesterday.

It rains often because it's the rainy season.

-l

1 0] .:!!~~ 'N 5,tOJI', 'AtJ-(O)L/~ 5,tO]q'2.] ~ EH.£5:. .A.I§~-'? <ll~ L] q.

This expression can also be used in the forms N ~OU and AJV-(9.)L/E ~Oict.

• \t»-]7} 7!-oJl WoJl ~~*:Ali::- A}~go]

~:-J -& ?.fo}.f!...
*
= c-J-& \t»-1 7!-oJl WoJl ~~ .-xH::- A}~ go ] "@o}.f!...
A lot of people have trouble sleeping at night due to the hot weather.

• ::1. t~H-7} nJl~oJl ~iC! ~~ >8-t~H ~ f£0 1 nJ-& 7!-<flYJ:f.

= ::1. t~H 'i' ::: >8-t~H ~ 'i\t0 ] nJ-& 7!-oJl nJI~oJI ~ Xi~Yl:f.
That actor got lung cancer from smoking a lot.

2 '-( 0 )L/~ ~ou·~ ~:c.p~ q~ ~~011'2.! .A.I§~ * <ll71 rrHg011~:ct7~ ~~ ~~ou .A.I§<W~ 01~
~L]q.
Because -(9.) L /E ~Oil can only be used in the case of a bad or negative result, it sounds unnatural if
used when the resulting situation is positive.

• {.17 g o] .5:.~ 7!-oJI ~R ).~~~ ~~-? ~~oJ.f!...

- {17 g oJ s:.~ ~~oJI ~R ).~~ ~ ~~-? ~~oJ.a. ( o)

(x) I
- {17 go] .5:.~7] n:Jl~oJI ~R ).J:~[~ ~~-? ~~oJ.f!... (o)
Because my friends helped me, I was able to adjust well to life in Korea.
I
_j

82 Korean Grammar u1/ '1Ll·e · Intermediate

 Ol~~ qE~LH::: R~~~ P)OI <U;J::I~ c~g.Jlt ~~ ~~ ~~~01 <U~ Liq_
Many expressions are used to express reasons. Here, we note some of the differences between them.

-71 Ufi@Oll
~g~~2f
Lf~~~2.1-'f:l'2.! Lf~ ~:i!f£1 -'tl'2.! ~~~2.1-'tl'2.!
~.Jlt2.1 ~<2.! Lf~ ~~2.1 -'tl'2.! Cause of Cause of Cause of
Good vs. Bad Result__'.: ___ Cause of a good a bad result a bad result a good result
or bad result

21-l¥~. Ofl~f.XI
~<2.!2.1 ~* ~~-'tl'2.!
Cause Type All OK External, unexpected : All OK All OK
cause
···:-···
~~~ AIJ;il
Tense of Preceding 2.-§ AI:Ail 71-5 ~:AH £-§ AI:Ail 71-5 2.-§ AI:Ail 71-5
Clause All tenses OK Past tense All tenses OK All tenses OK
(:i!f7-j - ~:AH . DI2.H)

~~~ AIJ;il
Tense of Following 2.-§ AIXil 71-5 :i!.f7-j 2.-§ AI:Ail 71-5 2.-§ AI:Ail 71-5
Clause All tenses OK Past tense All tenses OK All tenses OK
(~7-j - ~:AH- DI2.H) - ~-

~At
Parts of Speech 2.-9- 71-5 -§Aft'._!- 7f5 2.-9- 71-5 £-9- 71-5
Used with All OK Verbs only All OK All OK
(~Af - -§Af · ~~Af)

1 7f ~Cl] -"' ~ t!J-o] ~!:::?!Oil {}7Jo] ~ T,o}~~Jl.

AECII.6.~ ~q to relieve stress

Lf AECjjA~ ~ ~ ~s:_~ ~D j .A~~~ "5jj .!i!__).i]Jl. ~6ji;fC.f to eat an unbalanced diet

~il-'F- evenly; well-balanced

AECJI~~ 'i'JOI ~q I ~~OI '2.]- ~~q AECJI~~ ~ * '1!£~ ~DI ~!I~ iiHS!Cf
Oi:Ail ~OI 'QtOI ~-cf I ~OI DITI'EiCf Afj]_7f Lf.XI ?J'£~ ~~5H.A.i g~~ 5fCf

OfOI7f ~6l~ 5fCf I 717f ~q

2 7f Jl-6 ~¢1~}7] 7} ~C;j_g. -3! ~O}Jl.

Lf J{i 7SAi]7} ~ * "J!- 0 1~~-
~7f7f 2.£Cf to go up in price

\111 \§.'7.1!1 a number of months (in a series)

71-§ drought
2g ~~5f7 1 7 f Oi~Cf ~:Ail7 f'2.]- ~q

~'.::!S!Cf~5H ~~l::ll7f c; 'ai'OI ~q ~'.::!S!Cf ~7f7f 20%Lf ~'HCf

Ot;i;H~OI 'i'JOII::II.U~q ~ ·~P;(H 7~0illl4i-£1 ~Cf

 +

1-fJl. ~J11 (3)- - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - o}- 21:l}-01EoJ1 7.}? ~o]Jl. o}-21:l}-01EoJ1 7.~

(4)_____________ ~g ?J-o1 ~7-1 *"6~Jl. ~g ?J-o1 (5)________________

+ + +

o:j~ g (3)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~ ~ 0 1 ~oj.Ai {]{]~o]Jl. (4)--------------

84 Korean Grammar ,;'" 'lise · Intermediate

 You're tired, so why don't you take a taxi?

q t:Jl' ~ s:. ~J-o}Jl c511J'i ;zj -o}~ ~ Ef ~ 711

'%-~o-Jii..
Well, there's a lot of traffic and all, so I think taking the subway will
be better.

7~ ;zi ~ ~o] E.{:lcHJl?

Would you like to have dinner together?

q 13 {j S:. ~ 71] ~ Jl <5fl .Ai ;zi ~ ~ ~ ~ _Q_ i:;j J!Jl.

I had a late lunch, and that's (one of the reasons) why I'm planning
to skip dinner.

Ol .R~ ::: ~~~£1 LH§O I .t?.~~£1 ~ § ~ 3f-E. ():j 2.i 7 ~J.:I OI-F?- 3 £13~q<E:J ~ qE~~Liq, ~3f-E A~'EJ'O I
1?-~~Qj ~ § ~ 3f-E q ::: OI-F?-.£ ~AI~~~~ CI/l§Oll ~~~Q£ .:J. ~ ~ ~q::: ~~ QJDI3~.Jl ~~Liq,
7IE~£1 q ::: OI-F?-7 ~ ~q::: ~ ::: <6"AI~ ~ ~ OIOPI::: 3~J.: I ?l~Liq,
This expression means that the reason given in the preceding clause is just one of a number of reasons for
the behavior described in the following c lause. The speaker uses this phrase to state the primary reason for
doing t he act ion in the following clause while also indicating t hat there are other reasons. In t his way, the
speaker only hints at the other reasons and does not explicitly state t hem.

III~3~q III~3~.Jl 5HAi

A/V
~qq ~q.Jl 5HAi
- - - - · · -- - - - - · -
~.:ro 1q ~-=?-0 I.Jl 5H Ai
2:[{;ilOiq 2:f{;!JOl.:il 5HAi

:rr.]~-o}.:ll -3JP-i Q.]=~ ~ ~~~~ Yrt.

I was tired (among other things), so I cancelled the appointment.

• .§s:. ~.:il "31P·i .2_ ~ ::. {l <>11 ~.Q. C1 .:il WYq.

I don't have any money, for one thing, so I plan to stay home today.

• ~.:g-5:. Ef.:il "3JJAi ~7 ~ <>i1 7'J1 ~l§:j ~o-]Jl.

I got paid, and that's (one of the reasons) why I treated my friends to a meal.
 1 oI IE~~ 'N.S:. V-:J1. tiH.A.i. A/V-7 1.5:. 5f:JJ.. tiH.A.i'£.5:. ~ -9- <1!~LICf.
This expression can also be used in the forms N£ V-J1 5H.A.i and AIV-71£ 5fJ1 5H.Ai.

• ~% t;!JJI ~lV·i ;.J~ ~ ~e>-l.R.. = ~:s:. t;!JJI ~~-"i ;.J~ ~ ~e>-lil...

= ~% Qj7]£ 15t.JI "6ll-"i {!-~~ ~e>-lil...
• \;[».]7} *Jl "6Jl-"i ~oj] ~~ %0 }~ojil.._ = \;[».j£ *Jl "6Jl-"i ~oj] ~~ %0 }~oj..ll..
= ';t»-]7t *7]£ <5}Jl15~-"i ~ oj] ~~ %o}~e>-1Ji..

2 'N.S:. A/V-:J1. N.S:. A/V- :J1. tiH.A.i' ~~ 'A/V-7 1.5:. 5f:JJ.. A/V-71.5:. tiH.A.f~~ ~ .A.f§5ff2:! {:!~~0 1 ~~
~.Q.j ~6~ 51-E:- Cil 'Ci~ 0 ]~7 f <1!AI'2! .::J:g ~ 7fA I O l~~ CH.H~.££ ~5f:JJ.. <1!Cf-E -3:!~ LfEf
i:llLI Cf.
When used in the form N£ AIV-Jl N.S:. A/V-Jl 5H.A.i or A/V-71.5:. ofJl A/V-71.5:. 5H.A.i, this expression
indicates two representative reasons among many for the action in the following clause.

• oj 2.j£ o]-.E.Jl ~?()- -?]JI{l7]£ ~~-"i i'-lfi15}r:}7t ~ ej]l:l]~~ ~e>-l.li..

• oj2.J7t 0}1!.7]£ 15t.JI ~?()- -?]JI{l7]£ "6ll-"i i'-.!Ji<5tr:}7} ~ej] l:l]~% ~e>-l..ll..

: ~i'.iltJ I ~~ g Ol~7 f Oj2.-j 7f:AI7f '?1-ECil .:J. Ol~~ 8 ~2.1 .!=f. 7f:AI~ CHB.~££ W5f.:il '?113-LICf.
There were various reasons why the speaker watched TV, but the speaker is only stating two
representative ones.

1 7f u}§..oj] 7}J.]l..f ~Jl. DfE. mart; grocery store

:g~ S!.q to go to the market
q l;Jl, e\:l o 1 ..2...Jl t5flJ.i :AJ g 1:2. c-1 7} 2.. 71~..1: the price of gas
Et~H~ ]'iq to quit smoking

e\::IOI2.Cf I :g~ !:2.2.-J 7fQ

7IW.JO I 2.£Q I R-§- ~~ <2! tifQ
§Oil <2! ~q I 'al:lH~ R~Cf

2 7f 0
]Jti %o}c.j MToj] * nt:f 1~/·iJl?
q l;j], o}2l:l}o] E.£ "8}.Jl -tL..!f-£ t>Hol= ~}.Jl t5flJ.i * 7}2..
~f2.1 (school) club
MT membership training
.A.~ the countryside

Ol't:! ~Of2.1 MTOil ~ 7fcf Of.§.I:J fOI.§.£. tifQ I~¥£ 5HO~ tifQ I~ 7fQ
.AI~.£ O I.A~ 7fQ ~%5fef I ~7 1.£ ~q I O I.A~ 7fQ
R§ ~~-§-~ Oil CfLI Cf -c!:Y.S:. <2! ~q I~.£ MIQ I QLIQ

86 Korean Grammar tit 9./.fe- · Intermediate

 7~ 7~~2-J »-1~ j.~;Aj-? CJ.-1~ ~ ~O~Ji_
(1) Lf t:Jl, ?sJOi -t.:il <W-i :A}? D ~J.:j Jl.
%0ii!C. l-.:L!. ll.lt-!C. -to~f.l.:il tiHf..i -A}? o~J.:!Jl.

7~ :A~ot »-1~ o-jc.]011-"l 1.1:~ ~ i>~.Ai1Jl?

2) Lf Al~
-----------------------------
%l:J1.g.-"1AJ011 :A}? 7~Jl.

7~ J7J »-1 ~
O ~ 1l 011 .!f-<3! ~ C 11_ o-jJl?
3) Lf

7~ 0~71c} »-l, ~~011 QjJ %~~011 ~ _2_11_o-jil..?

q

7~ ~ "611 »-l, QjJ 01-"~ i>~2;]Jl i>~.Ai]Jl?

q

7~ ~~]0 1 °d »-l, -A1\:t'ti01] 1{}\:t \f-A~Qj- J.-}-=A2;]JI i>~.Ai1Jl?

Lf t:Jl, ~ \:tfi-}7~ - - - - - -- - - - -
"'t-=A 21 JI t>R il...
 7~ ~01 ..2_~1::11 ;~ 7}aj.J2Jl?
Are you planning to go mountain climbing while it's snowing?

q o}yJl, ~ rrJH~·o-J1 ~o1 o1TIC1% 7l} !4 ;~~

{]_ Jl 1-}7 }aj JlJl.
No, I put on my mountain climbing boots to go out because I was
afraid the ground would be slippery.

7~ o}3. »-1, ;_1~ ~ ~~Jl?

Mark, did you do well on your exam?

q o}yJl, Li.!f- * ~~Jl. A1~o-J1 ~~~7/} !4

~ 7cl 0 1o-J1Jl.
No, I didn't do well at all. I am so worried that I failed it.

Ol .H~::: -t:!~~£1 ~~. ~~OILf C§jO I ~AI C§jOj X;.t7~Lf

C§jo-j'§ *.s:. <L!q~ ~2.4-@- ~::: ~~ rrHgOll ~~
~2.1 ~:;~ ~7~Lf 0~2 <L!c.~~ ~~ LfE~~Liq. '-{ 0 )2m S!f'£1 '.!i!.q'~ 'Oll~o~q. ~.z.ro~c.r~ £1olgjLiq.
'-{ 0)277~ !i!~Ai'.£.5:. A~~* <L!~ Liq.
This expression indicates that the speaker did, or is doing, the action in the following clause out of worry
or fear that the situat ion or action in the preceding clause has occurred or will occur. The .!i!.Cf of -{.2.)277f !tf
means to guess or think something. This expression can also be used in the form -{.2.)27lf !tf.A.i.

-(2.)2m S!f

!f.~~~m S!f
~~m !i!~
A/V I.
~ ~ m !i!~
-(0) 277~ !i!~
iim S!f
~~m!i!~ ~F?-Oiq ~.:r~~m !i!~
o1~~m!i!~ owr..!olq OH~O I ~~77~ .5!}

~.:ro 1 q ~.:r C§j ]} ~ .5!}

L
~xH : C§jm !i!~
OH~O iq oH~ C§jm !i!~
--··~- - -- - -'- - -·

88 Korean Grammar u1clt,·e · Intermediate

 7~ <>J :Ai] .2f:-'{) »-]71- -e ~ ~ 'fJ<>J ~~1:-l] ot-'T- ~~tiL.
Yesterday, I tried on the clothes you (Juyeong) gave me, and they fit really well.

q * ol %- ~ ~llt ~ Z:JAa~~·c:n ~ ~~r:.tt-1 r:.}-"8"~o J 1.:JliL.

I was worried they'd be a litt le small, so it's great that they fit well.

7~ ;;z.]nj ~ pJ-o] CJ.jl:j]Jl.

You sure do drink a lot of coffee.

q J;j]. o]u:j- ~~ J.]Z}oj] ~7/r ~ atJ.l ~ rjoj]Jl. ~li:! '?I £1~1-iL.

Yeah, I'm drinking it now lest I get drowsy during the meeting later today. I can't get drowsy
(as you know as well).

7~ O:j..5!.J--j]Jl? 't}at, t:H-T-011 7~ 7];7.~ ~ X}:<>JiL.

Hello? Mom, I (successfully) boarded the train to Daegu.

q .:Ltll? r:.}-<5JJ 0 lr:t. ~ 0 1 ~-&lJ.i !;JJ7t 7] ;7.~ **~7/l- ~Ai Z:JAa~:r-1 ~ -

Really? That's good to hear. I was worried you'd miss the train because of the traffic.

-- -~ ----- --~------ - - -- - -

'-{ 0)2 77f !i!.t':: ~~~Oil cH~ -Z:j~ [(jjgOJI Oi't! ~~ ~7~Lf Oi't! ~~ 5f~ cvq:: ry~ .uio~ gtLiq.
DI2.HOil CH~ lll~~ M~ g!":AI CC.{~ Lic.f.
Because -{.2.)27Jf .!il.f refers to the speaker's worry about what is stated in the preceding clause, the following
clause must state the action that is, or will be taken by the speaker. A clause in the future tense about a plan
of action yet to be taken cannot be used.

• ).j~o] <>1 31%77]- .!ill- ~{1 "8"] .:g.-'f-~ 7-JOl].B.. (x)

~ ).j~o] <>1 31%77]- sq. ~ {1 "8"] .:g.-'f-"9:'1<>1.£.. (o)

~ ).j~o] <>1 31%77]-.!i!}- ~{1 -B"].:g.-'f--B"}Jl ~<>i.B.. (o )

1 7f 9-~011 ~~ 7}{lqqi;,iJl?
Lf l:Jl, .:I~"Gl1 9-~011 ~»-17} ~77} ~ ~78°1011Jl.
(the} tickets sell out

-'?~OU ():j~ 7fef -'?~Oil 'g.UI7f Lf!!!!Cf

Cilttll7f .UI7f ~~ ~.A.I<>il ~~~q ~~ ~I.A.I<>il ~:;~ ~ ofef
§.A.i£ .H.~ ~ 7~Cf .H.7f q ~~q

2 7f *{] 011 "6"J--AJ- uJ1S!:ll}J-jl:j]Jl. ~Oil 0112<514 to write a

q l:Jl. ~.n_~ ~ ~ ~ e>i 1:tJ 'M 77} ~ *{] 011 "6"J-.AJ- uJ].2:5RJl. note in a daily planner
.H~ .:;:tc5fCf to buy a ti cket
7 I~J;:ICf greasy; fatty
-'?~Oil ~~ oU£ofCf %R~ ~~ 9.:!0il::li 2.1Cf "-------
t!I~7I.H.~ ~~ ouoH~Cf .fp~OI2.f .H.~ ~ -=jl-C;fef
~OI:UICf

90 Korean Grammar ut 'lise · Intermediate

 (1) 0 ~717~ 7~-* ~OiR ------ · ® ~~ ~£~ ~ ~Hi.
(2) ~o I 9.t~ -* ~OiR · ------- @ ~~ ~~2.1£ ~6HR
(3) tg,I"Oll .g~ ~ ~ -* ~OiR ·© Aio~~~ ~OiR

(4) q2.17~ o~ -* ~OiR · @ .WcH~£~ 77~ ~9.-tOiR

(5) -*~Oil tg,l6H7~ .g) -* ~OiR

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

2 '-(£)2m .!i!.l-' ~ ..q·~5H.A.i Cj-% cH£~ -@!~o~AiiR.

(1) 7~ 'f ~ ~7cj ~.2_).i1.fL? (~lf>j-q)

q :A~] 7]- ~~ »-1~EJ1l:l1~ ~ ~1-L.f ~~7~ :=.R. ~~ »-171- q~ J.j-~011~1

0
i~.t77~ Ji!t- ~ :Aj 0 1 ~J.l.fL.

(2) 7~ o:j~Ai1.R? ~9 ».], 'f ~ ~.£. ~§.}~]-1!o-].R? (Q}j:; ~ ~o-j tJi511:f)

q tR ~ Q}4f 7]Q:jo]-J.1:fr? ~§.l-~e>-l.R .

q .R;; :AJu]-~o 1 ~o}.fL. ~~~ 7]-.A].Jl %~.R.

(4) 7~ o}o17} ~ ~ ~l.:J1 .R. (%o1 Q}i5H.A11:f)

q .::1 CJl }.l ~:Ajo1011.R.

(5) 7~ ~~ ;.17-117} 37BL.f ~l.:Jl.R. (~~ ~2-l ~ * ~q)

q ~~ iio1 .AH::- ~o1c.f ~'it J.l7-11 ~ 01 Ci 1R
~~ '*.Jl 7.]-.R.

4. o)~ L}E~'2 -
 1

Q)Ell-% Uil~<>ll ® ElJ-%ol % l@l-c-n

@ ElJ-%ol _2_.::il i>R J.~ @ ElJ-%0] _2_7] ~ <5j-:A]Jt}

. 2 7~ S:.f-i-t!!Oll 7~AiiR?
q Lil, cl-§ ~Oll J- I ~OI ~,!7-j§R.

Q) J.l~o] 9J. Oi J.~Jl ® J-1~ 0 1 91~ l@l-ci1Jl

@ J.l~o] 9).~7lj- .!i!}J.~Jl @ J-1~o1 9J.~:A]£ %c.j-J.~

3 7~ 0 ~0 1 ~ :i?:~ 'Ct"OI A~~LiiR.

q ~OiR.
------------------------ 'CJOI
Q) ~~~ 01 ~7lj- .!i!}J.~ ® ~~~ 0 1 J.il~i>j-.::il i>R J.~
® ~~~ 0 1 J-11 ~<5}-E- Jtltt!<>J1 @ ~~{jo] J.ii ~W:A]£ -@-c.j-J.~

4 7~ ~~~ § ~Oll 9:l~~c-H 2H ~~ J-~2.~.:t:!. 5HR?

q 0 1 [[~7~ .2:IQI 7~ 91f10 ~R. .2:12-P~ ~Oi;.t.: l ~ _________________ J-~2.~.:t:!.R.

Q) llfl7j- .::il ~ 7lj-.!;!} ® llfl7j- Jl~~ ctJ1.

® llfl7J- .::ilE..JI.. i>RJ.~ @ llfl7j- JI..nj- 7j-:A].::il

5 Q) ~ ~ .!i!_ Lc.j-J1. ~ 711 Jt}\fJ-1cf.

® %I:ll~~7j- ~.::il!J:!-<>11 %~71- :AJ-.? ti7-JJl.
@ ~ llflq_7j- 211 ~7] 7j- B[Lj:JI..Jl? ~-"~XJ_Bf-oJ-Jl.
@ llfl ~o1 y.~ l:lj-~<>Jl ~~ * ~~~ ~ ~oJ-Jl.

6 CD ~711 ~Oit..f~c.j-.::il -&.m.<>J1 :A1Zf~OiJl.

® ~{1'51 i?-lf'-~ !J:!-<>JI AJ~ ~9).-0iJl.
@ ~»-1 71- ~%771-.!;!} ~~ :£ ~ <fJ ~ 711 OiUilJl?
@ :Aj-%7.j-7j- {f:Aj-7] j]_AJ t..f ~ l:lj-~<>jj .£<?J<>jj * 3:1.-0iJl.

92
 Hey, it's raining outside.

q tl j7} .,g.q.:IU1.? A7j Efc1 7}e:j.Jl ~ ~ Ell

* 7}~1.:\1Jl.
Did you say it's raining? I was planning to go skiing, but I guess
I can't now.

Let's meet at Shining after class.

Where did you say to meet?

7~ ';_F0 1"8'0 1Jl. ~.ill. <i£~1 ~ ~ ~TI1% 0 1~1Jl.

Shining. It's a coffee shop in front of school.

Ol .±E~~ ~cH 'g:JOI ~ ~~ q,q ~Oi~ rrH .A.f§-~LI Cf. ~cH ~OI ~-5 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~7i L~ ~~ LH-§O I
~7 1 gJ~Oi ~rr..!o~2.~.JJ. ~ rrH .A.f§-of-E 3:!Q£. ~cH~2.1 ~~ Cf.A.I ~o~'i:!.A.i ~Oi!:I!. :::: 3:!<f:J L ICf. rr~2.~.A.i o 1
.±E~~ ~cH ~OI ~ ~2.1 g~ ~-*Oll rr~2.~ ~2.~A i [Jj ~EH :::: -l]-~ rr..! § ~Oll '£.'~ ~0 1 '2:! ~ Li c.f.
This expression is used when asking for clarification or reconfirmation of what another person has just said.
The speaker repeats what the other person just finished saying as a way of asking for c larification about
something t hat was not und erstood clearly or t hat was hard t o believe. For this reason, t he form of t he
expression depends on t he form in which the first speaker originally made the statement. Then, because t he
speaker is asking the other person for c larification, the particle £. is added to the end of the indirect citation
form.

(1) ~cH ~O I ~.A.ig.Q..£ ~~~ rrH When the other person uses a declarative sentence:

~Cfl'$??
~ ~cy;H? ?
NV ·· .. -+··· .................................
~q ~ ~ 7i 2.~.:i!£.?
'---·~·---···--··:--····~-·------~-t-·--·--------·~-----·-t--· ····-··--···--------·-··--··-·····----·-- ··-·--·-··-···-·-·---·-·--···--·--
Mfc.f MfC~I' R?
A
-Qcr -Qqi'R?

v -(!::::_) L Cf!' 'R?

L

94 Korean Grammar uz, Ure- · Inte rmediate

 ----------~----·-·······-········-················-·····-:······-··--------:---------- ------··· · ·--····- - ·-·····--·· ··-------------·-··-··
' ex1q.J2R? 2.1-"rolq ' Ql-"rex1q.J2R?

2.r.J2R? 2.1-"rolq Ql-"r2.r.:ilR?

Ol2.r.J2R? 2:1-~0iq 2:t~OI2.r!lR?

.. **
-.--=;-
''
__.!,. ____ _ _______________.:_~-----~----~--!....----- ------------- ----~--------------------------------------------------

2 {l'cHtgOI Ql~~~ 'gJ'~~ [H When the other person uses an interrogative sentence:

. .
------------·--------
i :ilfJ-i ' Cj1q:L!.B.? Ql-"rolcr Ql-"rex1q.J2R?
Ol~q.JIB.? 2:1-~0iq 2:1-~ 0I~q.:ilB.?

Lt:L!.R? Ql-"rolcr 2.1-"rq.:ilB.?

Olq:L!.B.? 2:1-~o1cr 2:1-~0iq.JlB.?

~ ~A.f ~;~:H ~£1 ~~ '-Lf~?'2.1- '-£Lf~?' 2 ¥ 7f 7i{s-of0l. -§A.f£1 ~;~:H ~g '-Lf~?'2.1- '-.!=Lf~?' 2¥7 f 71{s-~LICf.
"or adjectives in the present tense, both -q:L!.R? and -2q:L!.R? are acceptable, while for verbs in the present tense, both - q:L!.R? and
- -"'q:i!.R? are acceptable.

3 {J'CHtgOI ~Bg~ 'gJ'~~ [[H When t he other person uses a propoitive sentence:

7tJ:r.JlR?
~ J:r.JlR?
v
7tJ:I 'gJ'J:t.:ilR?
~ J:I 'gJ'J:t.JlR?

~) {l'CHtgOI ~~g~ 'gJ'~~ [[H When the other person uses an imperative sentence:

.::::L:>:H
7t2.r.:ilR?
00
~ 02.r.:ilR?
v
7rJ:I W2.r!7R?
!
~ J:I W2.r!7R?
--- 1
---- - --'-----------------------·--'- ·----------------------"------·-··· ·············-·--- -··-------------- -- ------ - -

7f ~Cl ~], <5}-~7]- ~] 7]- ~~Jl. All ie, Haruka's here.

Lf f-7]- ~q.Jl.A? Who (did you say) is here?
7f '6]-.!:f-?r ~lii.. Haruka.
 1- _.2._~~.7.] .sGLJ..i ~ .!f}--'jo}S:..~ o}-"i]J:l. Please try to finish the report by today.
_. ..2..~ 77}.7.] .!f±---'j o}c}Jl..B..? <>1 Ail::: 4-J:l ~77}.7.1 <5}c}.JI <5}11~J.o}J:l?
:Jid you say by today? Didn't you say yesterday that it was due on Wednesday?

7~ 2]1 4-'{l »-] ~ J..P~cJ<5RJ:l? Why do you love Suyeong?

4 2ll J..}t:>JO}t.f.Jl.fL? ~~11..9... 11~o}71 ~ ~I:i]J:l.
Why do I love her (you ask)? Well , it's hard to explain.

1 Xil'2!~ [ HA.f-g-3!-E '-( 0 )277~R?'2.1 ~Sf.:: ~775::i!~ ~:= ~EH£ A.f-g-3~'2'! ~Liq.
The citation form for propositive sentences should be used when responding to a suggestion ending in
- (£) 2 77fR?

7~ ~c.] .2..::=; '?.l;.J-%"11 :Q-77J-il..? Shall we go to lnsadong today?

Lf '?.l;.J-%"11 7j-7-J-Jlil..? Did you say we should go to lnsadong?

2 o i .R~:= wo~-e "~Etol o1o1 ~v -3:!~ ~<2JA.I 717~Lf -st"~~ [[H A.f-g-3~7l.s.:. ~Liq. o1[ H:: ~g.
~EH7~ O~LI 2.~ ~A.i@ ~EH£ ~~Liq.
This expression can also be used by a speaker to restate or emphasize what he or she has previously said.

7~ ::9:l--'* .:J..~!f-':d<>Jil... I quit my job.

L~ lf-12.}Jlil..? What did you say?
7~ ::§:1;.~ .:J..~!f-<;dt:j-Jlil... I said I quit my job.

1 7~ :§:1~ 7} ~__Q_ti7l} 3"']7!}.7.] J..i]o]t.f~.£ _2_J-i]Jl.

(
~
Lf ~ 'C].£ _2_ etjUl?
Lf J..i]o]t.f~ o]Jl.

.2.12.17~ ~£LI77f 3..A.Il7~:A I AiiD I L~£ 2.2.~ OiL! I .2.2.~

.Jl:g t.cl'£LI77f ~..A.~71~ ..A.I§o~:AI ~2.~ .!f-'3:! I .A..I§o ~:AI ~2.~

.:::1.~'2.!' 9-.J:!.-§ Bs~£LI77f ~12 ~Oil £1-6.Jo~:A~ ~Ail 1.2.l-6.lof:Af

2 7~ o s::
uR~ o}{J 5"']oJ] ~~Lf"'l 1.!.. o
0 2
""H.fi.
° .

oH'~ o~ 5.A..IOil ~OiLf..A.i 5::5~ ofef ~~ .!¥:A I~of.A..ICf

O ~Oi~ ~H.§. :AI 3t:!OI £1'X;!Cf O~Oi~ ~~.A..I~Cf

Lilt:!Oil CHQ:J"-!:!Oii..A.i ii,"N E¥~ ~ 7ief LHt:!011-E tl~!!!!AI~Cf

96 Korean Grammar in 'Ike · Intermediate

(3) 7~ 0 1:A~1 Al~ll1l:l ojAJ ~Sf"i5r:A1 oj-,\i1Jl.
q l:l 0VJ ? {f:A]-71 .2Jl .:::Lc-j-"~1 Jl?

(4) 7~\t»-171- #Y77r ~~ g 61°1 ~.Jl 1to]Jl.

q ~i;"} .2..Al01
o -,
A ~
'(. .:::Lei0 zl-~A§.
2. 1 2
u-1.2..77]-Jl?
..., 2 .

(5) 7~ Jl;;- ~~~ q;J:§:l- ~ ?~<5R 9--"11..9...

q o:j~
0 2 ? ~»-~1Jl. 7--]S:. Jl;;- q;J ~ <{} ~J--1Jl.

(6) 7~ 01 .!!!., 0r01~ ~~<51-~ J-1 ~011 J--1 {[77]-Jl?

q 0r01~ ~~<51-~ J-1 ~011;,-1 ? S:.J-171- {J oj~o-] Jl?

(7) 7~ Ejj~ »-171- <{} % :):! ~ 2_-ci1 Jf-cj .:::1.\ f 71-J l.

q .:::1.\ f ? 10~~ r:.-1 71-c.taJ .!!!.~ o-jrrJ1Jl?

(8) 7~ AJ~ ~.±£:§:1 71- ~ ;,1011 J-1~t>r:A1Jl?

q AJ* ~JE:§:j7j- ~ J-1011 ? .2_ ~ o1 o]-y 2} r:f% 9-

:§:j-Jl ~ 01~01-Jl.

(9) 7~ 0 ........
---rt::" 2. M
Ol Olo-jJl?• Tij.Jl<5R
'-
.!i:!.OiJl•
 7f ~7J-e>il-"l ~ ~ @0 1~All ~ ~r:}Jl tS"}lt!Ell
~ol Cj ~~ Jl?
I heard (from someone) that there's a fireworks display at the Han
River, so would you like to go together?

q t:ll. ~o}Jl . .Aa ~ !):!7-l ~ t:llJl. ~ol 7}Jl.

Yes, that sounds nice. It should be awesome. Let's go.

7f ~7-}--'}~ ~ -"}~Jl <5H=::-r:11 01c10il 7}~ ~ ~7l}Jl?

I'm planning to buy an electronic dictionary, but do you know where
I should go?

q {1-T ~ 01 ~7-} All ~~ »-}Jll -"}~~ -§--AJC>il

7} 2}Jl 15}1(! Ell 7171 Oil 7} lil_-"ilJl.
My friends said that if you want to buy electronics at a good price,
then go to Yongsan. So you should go there.

Ol R~:::_ <2J§::C.£1 ' :=q.JJ. '6fCf O{I ~~.g ~ LfEfLH:= '-e! Ci!'Jf ~:::_ ~.£. q::: .AfiEtO{Illi.Ai 01~0{1 ~:::_
OIOP!Lf ~5!.~ ~lfof[lj ~<2.1~ [H .A~gtL!q. [[f2.f.Ai Ol R~ Ql.AI OI~Oll ~:::_ @~.£! 8WOll [[f2.f ~ EH7f
'§2.~Liq. ~~~011 := ~1-E .AfiEt.£1 .£I ~O!Lf ~@. ~<c!. T:!~'6f-E ~ ~ 01 ~Liq.
This expressio n is a combination of ~ Cf.Jl ofCL indicating a citation, and - \::!C11, indicat ing recollection. It is
used when recal ling or confirming something you heard somebody else say previously. Thus, the co rrect
form of this expression also depends on the sentence type of what was heard previously. The clause that
follows t his expression can indicate the speaker's opinion, q uestion, advice, or invitation with respect to the
topic under discussion.

(1) OI~Oll ~::: @~O I ~.Ai@~ [H

When w hat was heard previously was a declarative sentence:

~Cf.Jl '6f£:!Cil
9:J ~q.Jl '6fe!Cil

~ 7i2.f.Jl '6fe!Cil

"----~------'----- ---- _____________ -- ______ -

......
9:J ~ 7i2.f.Jl '6fe!Cil
.. ..... ---

98 Korean Grammar u1 CLise • Intermediate

 w q.:il <Wc![~l
A ~:AH
~q ~q.:il <W2![~ 1
-----~----- -- ----------------------
.z.tq .:il t5~'2:! [~I
v l£l ~ c~.:il t>~'2:! [~I
----, -------:···--------------------------------:-----~----~:------- --- -----

.£1A~~q.:il t5~'2:![~1

.:........ ..................... .:........................... ......

2.~.:il t>~'2:! [~I .£jA~O j q .£1A~2.~.:il t5~'2:![~1
NOiq
Ol2.~.:il t>~£:![~1 2j-{:!:jO jq 2j-{:!:jOI2.~.:il t5~'2:![~1

QjA~~ 7-j2.~.:il t5~'2:![~1

2j-{:!:jolq 21-{:!:j~ 712.~.:il t>~'2:! [~I
--------. - - - - - - - - - - -------·······-------------·---------------------. ----------------------- - - - - --- - - - -

(2) OI~Oll ~~ g~OI .£1:::::: ~ ITH

When what was heard previously was an interrogative sentence:

.
---------------------------- --------------------------------~-------------·····-----------------------------..
:em
A/V
~~ 7-jq:LI. t5~'2:![~1
DI2HI ='}~
Q:j ~ 7-jq:LI. t5~'2:![~1

~q
A ~:AH
~q
----;-------------- --- ----- -------- --- -----7·------~----- -------~-------------

-q.:il t5~'2:![~1.
v ' -Lqi!. t5~'2:![~~ Q:jq Q:j q.:il t;~£:![~1, Q:j Lqjl t;~£:![~j
-----------~-------~-~-----------------------t----------;--------------------------------
~q.:il t5~'2:![~1 .£jA~O j q .£jA~~q.:il t5~'2:![~1
2j-{:!:jOI~q:L!. t>~£:![~1
NOjq ·-· ••• •• • • ••• '· · · •· · ·•· •••• ••· •••· • • •• · •• ••••• · •• r•-.• • ·•

q :L!. t5~'2:! [·JI .£jA ~ O j q .£IA~q.:il 5~'2:![~1

o1q.:il t>~'2:![~1 2J-{:!:jo jq 2j-{:!:jOiq.:il t5~'2:![~j
- - - - · - - -- ' ' - - - - - -
* ~ §)..f ~;;H~£1 ~~ ·-q.::il of\::!Cil'2f '-.2.q.::il oft:!Cil' 2..!=i'- 7f-5ofo.j, ~Af£1 ~;;H ~g '- q jl oft:!Cil'2f '- .!:::.q.::il oft:!Cil' 2..!=i'-
7f-5~LI Cf.
For adjectives in the present tense, both -q.I!. <'if'i:ICjl and - .'2.q.I!. <Sf'[:!Cjl are acceptable, while for verbs in the present tense, both -q.I!. <Sf'i:!
"II and -.!:q:il <Sf'[:!Cjj are acceptable.

(3) OI~Oll ~~ g~ol ~~~~ rrH

When what was heard previously was a propositive sentence:

7~A~.:il t>~£:![~1
Q:j A~.:il 5~'2:! [~I
v ...
1:::1/>d -AI ~A~.:il 5 ~'2:![~1
: .-o • Q:jq Q:j:AI ~A~.:il 5~'2:! [~1
-~-----~-j_______~_l ____________~----------------····j__·-----------------l..---~---------------------------~-
• OI~OII ~::: g-§OI '6!'e1g~ [[jj
,',"hen what was heard previously was an imperative sentence:

7 ~2.t.:C. 5~f:!r:ll
=:;.;:~
C> C>
~o 2.t.:c. 5tf:! c·ll

~q ~ J\I ~2.t.:C. 5tf:!c~l

-- - -- - - - --- - --·

I'm worried because I've been losing some hair recently.

q ~~.=g-o ] ~£01] ~q.Jl i>]-~Ej] ~ ~ =g ~ % gjo-] ..!i!-J-i].fl.._

I heard black beans are good for curing hair loss, so why not try eating some black beans?

7 ~ .2.:~ ~{J ~ o-]~oj] Al gj ~77]-.fl..?

Where shall we eat lunch today?

q :§:p.]- ~Oil <U£ ~tg-o] J-H.£ ).~J;iq.JI i>]-~nj] /-l 7]oj] ~~ 7]- ~A] t:f.
I heard a new Indian restaurant opened in front of the office building , so let's go there.

7~ .7.iJ'-1 »-]7]- 7-J-7] ).~<fJ nJ-~011 .2.:2-f.JI t>]-~1:~ ~ /-l oj].fl..?

Jenny invited us to her birthday party, so are you going?

q .7.11 '-1 »-1 ).~'fJ<U1:11 tg-~t>J 7J-oJ:7.J.fl...

Of course I can't miss Jenny's birthday.

--1

1 o i .H~::: ·-.:c. 5f-'~ ~O:lAi ~~ w*~ cu~ Licr.

The -.::il ot- of this expression can be omitted .
• LJl ~ 4-%l~t:J-Jl -5\-Jdt:·Jl oJ-o] ~ o] :G-7]oj] !i!J- Z:j.AcJ o]oj]il_
~ ~71}-

= t.Jl ~.!j!-Ej 4-~~~t:J-Jdt:i] o}-o] ~ o] :G-7]oj] ~ ~71}- !i!J- Z:j.A<Jo1oj]il_

• ~-=(-7}- .:g=.t:J1 'i£011 7}-.7.]-Jl '6]-Jdt:i] %~ »-1:::: 7}- .g... ~o] ~Oiil?

= ~-=(-7}- .:g:t:J1 'i£011 7}-.7.\-Jdt:i] %~ »-1:::: 7}- .g... ~o] ~Oiil?

2 O I .H~::: g-§ .!fiOII~ ~ * CU~ LJ q_ Ol[H~ ~CH'bf2.1 2.1?:!011 ~CH £1 ~ 3:!~ ~t7~q ~ ~ Af-W2.l
~g ~ 7ICH5t'i!:!Ai OI-E!Oll ~ ::: LH §~ £:lifoHAi ~1-E 3:!~Licr.
This expression can also come at the end of a sentence. In this position, while still expressing something
that the speaker heard previously, it also indicates either the speaker's disagreement with the other
person's opinion or the speaker's expectation of a response from the other person.

100 Korean Grammar ur 'lise - Intermediate

 --------
7~ "?.Aj ».]~Ell£ .:Q-o] <;1~ 5!.7-}.Jl %/-77}il?
Shall we invite Sujeong to go to see the play, too?
Lf "?.Aj »-1-::: il~ l:l}.!!!!c}.Jl ~}li:i t:i]il.
(But) Sujeong said she's been busy these days.

Do you know where Mark is right now?

Lf 0}77} ~A~~ojj {}cj-.JI15j-li:!EJ]Jl.
A little while ago, he said he was going to the health club.

~
•[ 41 J•
1 7~ AH~71011 ~ ~~0 1 W0 1 ~ OiJ.l ~ ~ Oi.fl...
Lf ~ EJ lJ! 011 Al .:rz- <iJ t"}tB ~ »}q .:i!. t"}lfl Ell

~ EJ lJ! ~ o 1%-6H .!2.-J.il.fl...

to look older

AH~.PI011-E ~~OI 'C'JOI ~Ol.A.i ~~q <2.!E:i~011.A.i .;:t~ti~'C! C-j J.A~~ I <2.!Ei~~ Ol*tifef
R% g~ -i.!O I ~ ;;t;~.A.i UIE<'i~Cf g~ ~ ;;t;f2.~'C! ;;t;~7 1 ~011 ~~ o ~.A.~cf I ?R~
2~ Df.A.~ .!x!.Cf
R% LfOI7f ~01.!2<2.!CfE W~ "riO I ~<>i.A.i 012.1 £Y'2lt1 f¥~£ Ole~ .!x!.OICf I Dicl £~
4Y'-c:lo~f 2~ 1::1!-J?-Cf

2 7f 9-W01l 0 } 0 ] ~:i!f Oi r:J ~~ ~77}?

O:j.!2..,
Lf 9-W01l ~~l;jJ7} ~211:1011 .g-q.:i!. t-}"lflt:flA.
one's older brother's family

~W011 OfOI~.i!l- OlCI ~ci 7~Cf ~W011 ~'a~l7f ~2.1 ~011.gq

.2.~ ;;t;N011 01CI011.A.i £16.lofef OfOI~OI ~~ ~!f.E:i ~.JI71 Q:j.2.ci 7f;;t;f

~cl .2.~'2l0112.1~~.2.LI77f § C-j '1(Cf7~ ~011 OfOI~OI ~~<SH.A.i <[!:Ail ~011 ~Ol2.Lt
~Ol7fef
 -9-~ u}3_ J!-17} cSJ-~Oj_!g-·~~\f·{~Oi 0 j.f.iiLf2 trt:i~i ~;_1
(1) ~O}il_?

~f)~ r.J-% ~ 1 5~ 0 10]1il...

~:I! c.JY- J!-1, ~c.J l::!J'§:fo]1 o]t:.].£ 0:]-5E ~7J}il..?

(2) ciLt -?~1°1°d J!-17} -------------------------
- - - - - - -- - - 71710]1 ~77}il..?

AiiAI A}o): J!-17} %O}c.j --B78<5}t;';]~ _ _ __ _ _

(3) _______ ~J-E:§:l-B- 0 1 o]t:.]oj1 'V_o]il..?

~~ OJ'7cf J!-17} ---------------------------

(4) A10]1 J!-15:. ~ 0 1 ~IQlil..?
AIOil Al ~ il.. ~ ~01 ?jo};_l :k ~ ~ ~o}il_,

(5) ------------------- 9-~0]1 A1zi 'V_o-jil..?

'ct~ Li1, 'X)_ o] iL. 9-~0]1 o}o1~ o]'='c)- .go1-%%!0]1 ~o 1

~A1Lf.

~:2:1 t:i1Y J!-1, Ll1 ~ ~~~0]1 ~ 0 1 ~77}il..?

(6) tiiLI Ll1~o1 -%lil..~01i1o}il..? ~~ J!-17} ~~~~

------------~il..~oj1 7}~.

§ICC! ~'511 J!-1, 0}712.} J!-17} _ _ __ _ _ __

(7) ------------- ~;_1 ~Y- ~ u}g 'V_o-]il..?

g5jl 0}712.} J!-17} ~h(} .::Z.~o-] il..? Al.:S::. A}1)_ ~ ~~lj!-Ej
0 }712.} J!-1~EJ1 -B-11 °1 'U :do]il...

102 Korean Grammar i, 'lts·e · Intermediate

 Jaya, is it true that you broke up with your boyfriend?

I heard about it from Mark.

7~ 7-1\l- ~~~1 11 <4~~1 n-r.r ~~Ji..

I went to Mt. Seorak last weekend.

q _a ~ 1l Q{~o1 :Aj~ o} ~lf}-t:p~_ J..iJl?

Is it true that Mt. Seorak is really beautiful these days?

Yeah, it really was beautiful.

OI .R~:= ~ol-E .A.PS'OI A:i i3A:f0ll7ii.A.i OI ~Oil ~7-Jq OlDI ~.:il <1!::: LH §~ ~cH tgOillll ~~~ l[H .A.f§grLIQ.
~~ .A.~iS'OiiJll::: 'Q!Jj ?'~ ~~-'?- <L!~ LIQ.
This expression is used to confirm with another person something that the speaker heard previously from
a third party or learned about from some other source. The shortened form CfOj? can be used among close
friends and acq uaintances.

A/V I
~q j ?~ 7-J2H!!.A.i R?
- -- - 1 DI2.H
---~- ----
I ?~ -(.2..)2 7-j2.~~.A.iR?
------------------- : ___ 12:JQ
___
,
l£l ~ 7-j2.~~.A.iR?
________________________________ _
~ q~.A.iR?
A
'i'JQ~.A.iR?
... .......... ···-··--···· .....
7 ~q nq~.A.iR?
v -(.!::.) L q~.A.iR?
12:J Q l£l :::Q~MR?
 ~cp~.A.i.R? ll.j-EIOiq ll.j-EI ~q~.A.1R?
:i]m
Ol~q~.A.iR? ~<§!Oiq ~<§I OI~q~.A.1R?
Olq ····•·· ..... ········ ........
TI.~EIOiq n.rEi c~~.A.1R?
~;~:H (OI}c~~.A.1R?
~<§!Oiq ~<§! Oic~~.A.1R?
-------·--- -- ---------

7~ i;:J]-1} »-], ~;z.J- ~FfL7J- 7]7J- 3.:r:f1~J..-jA? Hyeseon, is it true that your boyfriend is tall?

q l.:Jl, .:::Li:St:~] e>i~Jl] o)-~e>iil..? Yes, but how did you hear about that?

7~ ~o] »-]~"Ell ~ ~e>iil... Tommy told me.

7~ Ejj~ »-]7} .!i!_l;jA ~J-ctnl? Is it true that Taeyeong got a bonus?

q g, .:::L~t:Jl. ~J..j-<>1]J..-j ~ g ~{]<5] ~Y-1;!}.

Yep, that's what he said. Looks like he worked really hard.

7~ 4'-;z.] »-]7j- ~.:§:.J..j-Cfttl_J..-jA? I heard that Suji is a lawyer. Is that so?

q .:::L~il..? Al :_: 4'-;z.] »-]7j- M~ ~ ~~o-].B... Really? I thought she was a homemaker.

O I R~::: ~1-E Aroso l ~~ ~7-Jq ~~~ ?A!otl cH.sHAi::: Af§5rAI t>tt 0 1Jj, .gcHtgol ~ w~ l[lJ~~
ITILS:. .A.f§5~AI ~~Liq_
This expression cannot be used to describe something that the speaker directly saw or experienced, nor can
it be used to restate or reconfirm what another person has just said.
---------
~I oj-7]21- »-]7]- 7]% ~ 7:j..a.._ ( o)
o]-7]21- »-]7} 7]% ~ ~cf 1rV-i..a..? (x)

: '.g.5tl'e Of712.f7f 7IE~ ~1£ ~e ~~ ¥!71 llfi@Oil

'-(£)L/eCf~.A.-JR?'~ AI-§~* ~§-LICf.
Eunhye personally saw Akira playing the guitar, so
-{£) L /-Ect~.A.-JR?
cannot be used.

Df.3. 7.-j ~z:j~ o-j ..a__

7~~2.1 tJj-.3. »-1. ~z:j~cj-.:LL..a..? ( 0)

o]-.3. »-1, ~z:j~cf-1:!J.i..a..? ( x )

: Df3~Ell ~~ ~g O I Ot/1~ Df3 £:.fEil Cf.A.I ~0-j~ rrH

e '-ctjl£?.?'~ .A.I-§~LICf.
Kylie is reconfirming what she just heard from
Mark, so -Cfj!£?.7 should be used.

104 Korean Grammar ;R 9.1.-.·~ · Intermediate

1 7f 4~ »-]7} ~~~q~ ~~ ~ Sj_o-]..8..?

Lf 1=11, ~ Si o-]..8... {.l~O:Jt& ~ ~.:S:.l=j]J..j o} ~2-l~

;Qt:fl~!J,iit?
to appear Qn a movie or TV show)

7 r 1=11. .=r ~ c:J-1 ..8...

~~3fef

~"§t 7fef
D l~ E.2.fDfOll ~~~ 7~ Cf

2 7f o-J.A1] %~ »-] ~~o]oj] ql.;j~o-JJl..

Lf ClJ..} »-]7} .=Ic-]~~1 %~ »-] ~ 0 ] .=I%17-11 ~q~J..iit?

stir-fried octopus
7f 1=11, .=1. ~ t:i 2.}.:il£_.

~~ .1.q ~o I ~~Iii ~q

~ ~~f7f ~~Ii i ~71Cf

'=,'"XI*'*OI ~~Iii ~q

....
1 '-q~AiR?'~ A~~5HAi c.~~ [H£:~ .!Et~f>~AiiR.

(1) 7f ts:-oJP-i :::= O:j ;; oj] 1::1(/ ~ 0JOI .g.~f..i SL?

q l=Jl, .AJUj-7]- <V_o-j}.i tl] 7j- woJ Q}J=L.

(2) 7f .A]'d-?oJl ?
q t;Jl, t:J-%oj] 7J.!(:l£oj] ~ 7]-JI 1to-Jit.

(3) 7f "5"R
'--' t-l-.AJ-%_Q_
o .£Ic
2 1.- ?
q l;j], Jf-cj _2_llll]-£ ~t:Jloj] 31-ct ~o-Jit.
(4) 7f ~~ ».] ' .::@~~~7} ?
q l;j], tlJ-~Si01Jl.. l:l]-i:l_ ~~ ~ 7}27;j C~7J]-Jl.?
 (
·---- ----- ------ ~---- --- ···-···--·· ---· ---- ------------ -----·· -···· · -··· - --· ··- --- ···---····

(1) Al\:i 1-gj 4~ .A.i~ AI~<>H 1[1::: ~01 LH~E-Liq. (2) LH~ ~QI cy:=: 41cm£ 41 \::!
~Oll 7~~ ~i"OI LH~ 3:!~Liq. (3) f:t~.LA.~7il LH~ ~~.£ ~2~ .A-1'2.1~ 01 2: ~~~

~.:il <liE-Liq. ~.g 'gJ.l .l£ LH~ ~01 ~Oi.A.i .li!~.A.~.:L!.7 ~ PiOI ~~<5H ~.!r. PiOI 9.,l"oi.:L!.
<li~Liq. (4) E!" .A-1'2.1::: 4QgOI'22 ~g-o1 ~.::? <li~ ~~ 3.A.I-l!"OI 'EP.H ~~q'22.A.i

~y
~2~ QI

~
·-.. ......
.:il~~ ~~~LIC~. (5) 71~~:=: 'f% 0 .£ 1Qrv20mmQI ~01 C:j LH~ 3:!£.£

l . .~~~~~=- ~:~~~~:. . .
ilJ1»-1, Oi Al1Al %011 -t:-0 1i'£0 1(1) Lff~q-t:lif.-i.2.?
g5JI Li1, .A.]~ i'£0 1..2..t=j c.}-.Jl.B.. -t:- 0 ] 41cml-} til ~ Oi .B..
o~n
00 41 \1 ~011 (2)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _?

0~7~
00

g5JI ~£ xtrl ~ Jl.

u] n t':j-%] ).1 J.i!..-*).}.:1!.7} i',fo]
~y iT~~ .!i!.y77} 40~0 lli:l ~ 9- ~ :::= 71 ~ ~ 3).1{}-o l '8 ~l
~
------------------------?

o~n
0 0 =z.~q] <if.££ -t:-o] (5)
-----------------------
?

106 Korean Grammar u1 'lise · Intermediate

 That person is our company president.

q :A~ ~o] ;_p.J-\3 op,]i!}y.fl?

13Jt1R o}:A~».] o}y ~~.R?
He's the president? Not the deliveryman?

Akira, it's late, so let's go.

You already want to go? It's just now 11 p.m.

O IR~::: q~ APs£1 ~~ ~.:ll ~I--E AtEtol ;.:!;1-t£1 ~ol2.fAi ~2.f7~Lf ~~ * ~~ rrH~::: -f:t§~ [["
Ar§~LICf. .gcH~£1 ~~ CfAI ~ ttl ~f~Ai ~ol-E APE!-£1 -f:t~OILf L7t:j~ LfEfLH::: -3-:!~LICf. [[f2.fAi
.gcH~O I ~ ~£1 g:g ~-W-011 [[f2.f §EH7f ~2.f~Liq -Li-~ ~§~£1 ~EH !f!Oil '-LIR?' ~ ~~Lief.
This expression is used when the speaker is surprised by or cannot believe what another person has said.
It indicates the speaker's emotion and feeling of surprise or disbelief while repeating the relevant information.
Thus, the form of this expression depends on the type of statement used by the other person. Specifically,
the form -LIR? is added to the appropriate indirect quotation form of the other person 's statement

(1) .gcH~OI ~AigQ$_ ~~~ rrH

When the other person uses a declarative sentence:

~J;;.!CfLIR?
l£j ~CfLIR?
A/V
~~ 7i2.fLIR?
1£1~ 7i 2.fLIR?
- - - - - ------,-- - -- ----- ----
~ qLI R?
A
~qLIR?
 v -(L-) L ctLI.H.?
; Q:jq , Q:j ~ctLIR?
------- -
: -------·---~---- ~---·------:---~---·----··--------------
~ctLI.H.?

Ol~ctLI.H.?

II~E.IOiet II~E.Ii!~LI.H.?
NOlet (ol}i!~LI.H.?
~<§JOict ~<§J Oii!~LIR?

Qj)...~Oiet Qj)...~~ 7i i!~LI.H.?

2:!-~0IC~ ~~~ 7i i!~LI.H.?

(2) {tcH tgo 12.1 := ::;:.2£ 'M~ ~ rrH

When the other person uses an interrogative sentence:

~ et ~J:i!LtLIR?
:em -~/~LtLI.H.?
Q:jet Q:j ~LtLI.H.?
NV .... ........ . .
~et ~~ 7iLtLIR?
DI2H I~~ -(.Q.)2 7iLtLI.H.?
Q:jet Q:j ~ 7iLtLIR?
-LtLI.H.?, .l.l.fqLIR?
A
- 0 LtLI.H.? ~ LtLI.H.?. ~LtLIR?

-LtLIR?, 7 ~LtLI.H.? . 7f.!:::.qLIR?

v
-LLtLIR? Q:j LtLI.H.?. Q:j LqLIR?
_...:_._ ----.-:---
Qj)...fO let Qj)...fLtLI.H.?
2:!-~0 iet ~~olqLIR?
NO IC~
~qLI.H.? 2.j)...f0 let 2.l)...f~LtLIR?

_____ __________
..:........._ .:.__ _ _____Ol~qLI.H.?
_ ______________ :..
2:!-~ 0ICf 2t~OI~LtLIR?

* ~~A~ ~XH~2l ~.!?- '-qLI.£?.?'~ '-.Q.qLIR?' 2.~7f 71-5-o~Ol. ~A~.Q.j ~XH§g '--LtLIR?'~ ·-~qLIR?' 2.~7 ~ 7f-5-~LICf.
For adjectives in the present tense, both -LIL152.? and - £ LILI52.? are acceptable, while for verbs in the present tense, both -LILI52.? and
-'=.L~LI52.? are acceptable.

(3) {JCH'2JO I '~iR5:2£ ~~~ rrH

When the other person uses a propositive sentence:
- -- - --- - - - - - - - -
. 7fAfLI.H.?
Q:jA~LIR?
v
l:::l::>~:i
7fAI ~A~LIR?
-ro
9::!AI ~AfLIR?
--·--··--·----·---- __ ;.___

108 Korean Grammar in/ zts~ · Intermediate

(4) ~cH tgO I ~ ;~·HE~ W~~ [H
When the other person uses an imperative sentence:

7 ~2.~LIR?
.::::Z./.:1
00
Q:j 0 2.~LIR?
v ~" .... ·-' ....·- .............. -;-- ................ -..
7~A I ~2.~LI R?
Q:j AI W2.~LI R?
_____ __
___:. ·-- ···-···--···-- · - - -

7f ,<:.'OJ] »-]7)- -2'\--r!oJl ~{:ls.j~rJliL.

I heard Eunhye won the lottery.

Lf -2'\-.:r!oJl ~{:ls.j ~t:}y.ft? .::.llj] J-)-Acl_o]oj]iL?

She won the lottery? Is that true?

7f ~zt;.J ~o] ~::<~] ~7.] oJ--"iliL?

Do you know when the midterm exams are?

Lf ~::<1] ~7.] 0 )-LfY.fL? LJ1~~EJ1 %5J.-OiiL?

When are the exams? They're tomorrow. You didn't know that?

7f :§:jJ-)-oj] ~7]-"1] 7)- ~o] L.j-_2__1...]77)- .2.~ 5J-] o]~oJl~ oJ] Oi-{!~ ~.A] oJ-.Ai]iL.
The company's electric bill is really high, so please don't use the air conditioner after 5 p.m.

Lf 5J-] 0 ]~oj] oJ]Oi-{!~ ~ .A] ~2.}-Y.ft? .A1'='lrrJlS:. ~uj-L.j- Gj-£:-r-]]Jl.

Don't use the air conditioner after 5 p.m.? But it's really hot in the evening, too .

1 ~Ai-@2.1 ~AH~J!~ J!~7i ~. o 1 2.H ~~

This expression can be used in the form
£¥ ·-qLIR?'~ w~ * ~~ Li q.
-qLIR? not only in the present tense but also in the past and
future tenses.

7f .Ai:::: :1. -"}'if~ % 2.}il...

Lf :1. -"}'if~ .2.-E-t:.ft-lil..? J?-2.1 :i!.} ::8-=JL?J-o}.fl...
= :1. -"}'if~ .2..S.r:ft-1il..?

7f 1;"f ».]7} ~-?:!oJl ~-?:!~<>lil...

Lf 1;"f »-]7} ~-?:!oJI ~-?:!~r:ft-lil..? {1-7.}7] 2Jlil..?
= 1;"f ».]7} ~ -?:!oJl ~-?:)<5}r:fyil..?

7f .AJ\±~oj] 2-Eo] 'T~~<>lil...

Lf .AJtJ~oJI R oJ ~~r:fLJil..? <>lu-JJ.-17} woJ 9-1J.-Gfo}.fl...
= .AJtJ~oj] R 0 ] ~<5}qLjil..?
 2 ::
-~s
=~ ·-qLI'2.J ~EH£ M():j g§ ~:CIO!I ~
expression can also be used mid-sentence in the form -ctL/.
* ~~Lj q

7f %~ ».]7t §:jJ-~ .::L~.!f-~t:H.R.

I heard Yunho quit his job.

q Aa~oJ.R? %~ ».J7t §:J.A~ .::L~.!f-~t:ft..J ~~ *7r ~oJR. ~c.J §:J.AtoJJ.Ai ..2..'9!%~ ~"5t.:il
1it:f.:il ~~:: t:i]il-.
Really? I can't believe Yunho quit his job. He said he wanted to work here a long time.

Tomorrow will be a new year.

Lf ~».i .AH"5H2fl-J .A]{}o] 1J~ ~2.] 7]-2 ~ {[ot.R.
(I can't believe) it's already the new year. It seems that time really flies.

3 ~CH'6f0llll1Ai ~::: g§OI <2J§5:<2J ~~£ .:Z. <2J§5:£1 ~EH2.f f£::: g§ ~~Q£ '-qLIR?'~
~~Liq.
When repeating w hat the other person just said, the same sentence form used by the other person is
also used before -CfL/2?

7f ~ir ».J7t ~RoJI ~o}.g-t:J1.R. (~.,~.i.g)

Minjun said he's returning to Korea. <declarative sentence>
Lf ~».i ~o}.g_qy.R? ~~oJI1\11j.S:. V.~t:f.:il "9Y.?.f0 }il-. (~.Ai.g)
He's already coming back? (Don't you recall that) he said he'd be in England for a year.
<declarative citation>

7f .!pJ\:Jo] ..2.. ~ o]:.:C"5r2fl.R. (~ 'tj.g)

The department head said to work overtime tonight. <imperative sentence>
Lf ..2.. ~ .£ 0 ]:-2--5}2.}-y.R? oJ7.i].S:. "9Y.::t;J] .!E -5}2fl.R? (~ttj.g)
He said to work overtime again tonight? (We) worked overtime last night, and now he is telling us to
do it again? <imperative c itation>

110 Korean Grammar iN Us-e · Intermediate

1 7~ '-11 ~ ~ 0 1..g.qj.£...

q 4~oJ1 ~o1 ..g.qyJl? ..8..~ tg-»-17} :AjW o1.AJ~~1Jl.

LH~ ~o1.g.q 4~0ll ~O I .g.q I R-§- '§t.UI7f ~'Y Ol.g-Qfq

~ t!H~7 ~ ~~~ ~q ~~~ ~q I Al89-'2! 5H£ tg-§OII.A:j O:jAf ~T-7f ru_q.:il
~q

~ ~.A.i.§.~ !i!2.i 7fAt 1 .R7f 30'2! !f:!o l oa-Eq

2 7~ ~~ »-1.9.1 \f:A} ~-T7l- -fl-~~ <?:!cxJ1<?.J. o1c}~).-lJl?

Lt <?:!cxJ1<?.! 0 1crY..8..? J.lJ ~~~ "§:}J-~o] 1fl~1..8... to be apt, prone (to do)

9-~ Ml£1 ';:,tAf ~T-7~ ~~~ <i:!oti<2JOiq <c:!oti<2.!0 iq 1 ~\S ~li!:J~ ~{!Jolq
7JI'ti Ml7~ Of-? {g~6lq {g~6fq I Al:z.t:ilt ~61~ ogJ- Q:j~ 6fCf
E/1[! Mj7f O:jAf ~T-.2.f 0110-J~q

(1) 7~ ~~ »-], ~A~j ~<fji5lJ.fL?

Lf OJJ.il ~"J~Ii-fl-!.2.? -3f\J A~j ~<fl~oj] .2.11~r:i] 7] ~ ~ LfJ-i].fL?

(3) 7~ 97cl »-] ~ .A}i:!J-5} ~ ~ ~0l-.fL.

q _______ ________ ? 9fcl »-] ~ ~.g.~ o:j :A}~o}.fL.

Lf _____ _______ ? LJ1 ~0 1J..j'~ <?.!Ell -ti--¥- ~ w71 oj].fL?

(5) 20,000-%lo1CJI.fL.
7 ~ oi7] ~ ?-]~ ~ ~o]
_ _____ _ _ _____? t:l .!f- l:l]».}-l.:]].fL.
1 7~ ~* ;,.q q~ .2?-0UAi~OII .gq~AiR?
q Lil, gtO~R. Oj~Jll <gi~OjR?

CD ..g.q 1-j.B. (g) ..g.q J2 <5}7-] ~c.}-J2.B.

® ..g.qJI ~~~t:i] ~o}.B_ @ %7-]5:. .2. ~cf~ r!] .A}1lo]oj].B.

2 7~ R~ ~O I XJ:~Ai AECjiA ~O ~R.

q ~H~~ o~~ ~01 HH~~qjl o~rc!Cil ~H~~ ~It! 5HS!AiiR.

CD {to] 1f£o]llll}7-]l-j77} (g) {(O j llllj-~ 78~0 ~ ~~~Ejj
® {fo]llll}:A] ~ rj] ~1lt>}l-j 77} @ {fo] llll}~q ~ oN7] ~ ~ ~~t:i]

3 7~ 01~~011 ~o I ~LiiR
q

CD ~o1 ~qJl.B. (g) ~Oj ~t:}~.Al.B_

® ~o] % ~ ~1{-e>i.B. @ ~o] ~qJl t>}~ t:i].B.

4 7~ fPIOII ~c.~Ai gJ~OiR.

q

CD l:l]E}ll! C7} ~7]oj] ~ ~77]- 1i!J-.Al C6> l:l]E}ll! C7} {j?]oj] ~qJI t>}~q]
® l:l]E}ll! C7} ~7]oj] ~o} 7}7-]Jl @ l:l]E}ll! C7} {f7]oj] ~7] ~ <5}7-jll}

CD 7~ oj 7.~] ~ ~ ~o j ~ !§Llr:f.
q ~o ] ~ 5:jqJI.B.? ~~~o j ~ ~t:i]S:. ~ £]1.B.?
:6: 7~ §1-2-t>}Jl l:l}cf .!I!.c-] ~77]-.B.?
4 l:l}cf .!I!.c-] 7}7-}Jl.B.? {}-7-}7] Qll.B.?
.,.
~ 7~ 41~ .Aj~ o] e>ia:J Jf-qJI t>}~q] ~1]<5] -E-.!f-t>}.Ai].B. .
Lf t;J]. ~3!1 e>i .B..
'7
7~ ~J'6 , 41 ~ ~.±f.~ 7.~] 7} ~
<5Rol= 5:jt..}.B.?
!.; ~ t;)lol= ¥!_ql-j.B.? 7-]\:l-Jtioj] %Jf- »-]7} <5}7].£. ~~~~Bfo}.B..
 ~
7~ o }71 cr »-1, -?W~1 ¥-1 w71 oJ1Jl? { 46 ]'

Akira, what will you do this weekend?

q .::I%~ O:j-fl-7} ido-J.A-1 ~0:] * ~~~E11

-?W011~ ~-if~ 711 <?:J ~ oj-~.A-j % ~77} "8flJl.
I haven't had any time to have any fun lately, so I am thinking of
playing some computer games.

What are you going to eat for dinner?

q ~-=r ~JI} ~01 {{{11[~ -=r-~ Q:j ~77} "8flJl.

.:§:. ~ »-1 £ ~ 0 1 Q:j ~ ell Jl?
I'm planning to have some Korean barbecue (pork) with some
friends. Do you want to eat with us, Hoyeong?

[H .A.f-g.gj-LIq ,
This expression is used to indicate the speaker's vague intention or rough plan that has yet to be finalized
and could therefore still change.

-(0)27}~ ~q

v
~m t>~c~
-(0)277~ 5~q
__________,_ __________
_ ___::......._ ______,________ Q:j ~m t>~q

• r:J-% ~¥E1 .fl..7~ Bfl%77} -&lJA.

I'm thinking of learning yoga from next month.

• .2.'il!ILJ-oi] ~~l=IJoj] {{71} '5}-ec]] ~o] ~~.B..?

I'm thinking about going to the sauna for the first time in a while, so would you like to go together with me?

• ~A~ %~71} '9J.~cjj -%lif0 ] -£2f.Ai =z_lJ rfY 7]~ ~Oi.fl...

I had been considering changing jobs, but I got a raise, so I decided just to stay here.

114 Korean Grammar u1 'lise · Intermediate

 -~- -----

1 01 ±E~:= ~Aig-'2.! 71fsoLil 2.1:=:::o1q ~~g ~ii'~Oil::: A~~* ~~LICl EE~ o 12.W~££
A~~ -"? ~~LICL
This expression can only be used with declarative sentences and not with interrogative, imperative, or
propositive sentences. It also cannot be used in the future tense.

• rj-% ~_!f-Ej *~ ~ '%[77} <5~Jl? (X) rj-% ~_!f-Ej *~ ~ %[77} '5'}J,i]Jl, (X)
rJ-% ~-¥-E1 -"?~ ~ %[77} ~-"lr:f. (x) rJ-% ~-¥-E1 9-~ ~ '%[77t'%[ 7~oj]Jl. (x)
~ t:]-% ~.!f-E1 *~ ~ %[77} is~Jl. ( 0)

2 Ol ±E~~ !f.~§££ A~~ rrH ::: ''2.! -( 0 )2 77~ o~cf. '-:AI ~7Jf o~q· ~ A~gj'LicL ~2.1q ·~
-( 0) 2 77~ o~q· ::: A~~-"? ~~Li q.
When using this expression in a negative sentence, either the form 'r! -(.2.)27Jf ofc.f or - fi:l 'MJJf ofc.f can
be used. The form~ -(.2.)277f ofCf. however, cannot be used.

• ~{l<>ll :::: "§:!-"'~ *

6Jt:J-<>j];,i ~~ ~%77} is~Jl. (x)
~ ~{l<>Jl :::: "§:!-"'~ 6Jt:J-<>ll;,i ~~ '?l ~%77]- is~Jl. (o)
~ ~{l<>ll :::: "§:!-"'~ 6Jt:J-<>l1Ai ~ ~ ~.A] '?{77]- <5~ Jl. ( 0)

DI2.H2.1 711~~ ~~ rrH A~oi-E '-(o)2 7iO!IR', '-( 0 )2-.~ .::il o~cv. '-( 0 )27Jf 0~q· ::: 1::1 1~~?..:! ~A: I'2.!
Cf*Jl~ ~::: j:fO IJ~ ~~ LI C~.
The expressions -(.2.)2 710liR. -(.2.)2-til o fCf, and -(.2.)27Jf o fCf, all of which indicate a future plan, may appear
to be similar, but they actually have the following differences.

- ( 0 )2 7iO!IR
- ~ - .......... --- --· ............... ... ·· -
~
.. . -- .... --·· _; _____ --·---- ·- ·---- ---·· ·· ____ .,__ _____ ________ __ · -·- . . . . · -· • . ..• . .. . .. h•·····"••h ... ···- .......... . ..... .

DI2.H£1711~~ w~ rrH
Refers to a future plan

~-6 .:;:r~JI~~ 711~~ 1::! ~*~~ 711~~

~ rrH W~ rrH W~rrH
Refers to a virtually Refers to a somewhat Refers to a plan that can
definite plan concrete plan still be changed

• fi:1-i= -'?'MOil Oi~~ • fi:1-i= -'?'MOil Oi~~

~ 710liR. ~7Jf <>H R.
I'l l go on a trip this I'm planning to go on a I'm thinking about going
, weekend. , trip this weekend. on a trip this weekend.
_ ____j _ ______________ _______________ ________________ _____ _:_____________________________ ____ ----------- -----~-----------~--------------- ------ -- ---
1 7~ lf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7-joj]Jl?

q ..2..tili_~oj] ~:§:]-~ ~ ~t:;lJ.i ~i ~771- i>llA.

~~c~ 'C!~~ ~~.A.i ~q

~~!;!q .I!.DICI ~~ !i!q

:res~ 5~~ -B-=?-5~~ ~01 EIILI-6~ };:lq

2 7~ .A-1 ~ ~J.} ~011 ~ w7-joj]Jl?

q .7.]\:l- ~We>ll * -5TIJ.i ~itl ~cJl ~ %f77l- i>llA. to be left undone, to be overdue

AN~.A.~~ Al'd ~'MOll ~ oH.A.i ~'E:! ~2.11~ 5~q

Cf% ~§t Al'd ~~IQJIS:. ~ 7~.A.i ~2,1011 7~~

OI.A.~ oHo~ oH.A.i AH 5~~~ ~to~!i!q

'-(£)2m 5~r.F ~ A~c5HAi c~ [H~ ~~5~AiiR.

(1) 7~ -8~o:j~ ~ Oi~ £ :Q 7-joj]Jl? (-5]-2}o]£ 7}c.j-)

q o}-3j ~ _2_ 2 ~.A] ~ t>t-2f01:£ ' i77r t>HSL.

(2) 7~ J.j~oJ 1lY-Ttl ~ W7-joj]Jl? ({1-T- {loj] ~cj 7}c.j-)

q 6 E cjj A ~ ~jl1t<>iJ.l
-------------------------

(3) 7~ {loj]J.i "&.liL7!}.7.] ~ .A]Jl? (o]J.}-5}c.j-)

q l=Jl. -=r cJlJ.i "&.liL -2-7-1.£. ------- - - -- - -

(4) 7~ lf!-AJ-7!}.7.1 oj~Jll ~ 7-joj]Jl? (l:l] ~ 7] ~ E}c.j-)

q .Aj.:jo] ?J-o] ~_Q_L.j 7J}
-----------

(5) 7~ 1f-_2_\:]7J]] E_ ~ ~%.£. -i!-<3!. ~ 1[ 7-joj]Jl? (~{}- ~ .A}t:.})

q ~Re>ll J.-1 %~ -5}1-J 7!} _ _ _ _ __ _ __

116 Korean Grammar in 'ltre · intermediate

 7~ oj ~.A}-oj] 7-J-%±~ o]i}7}- -¥-<3! <iJY77l-?
Why did you apply to work for this company?

q .7.~]7}- ~5:i~ trll-¥-E-1 7}-7-]Jl ~~ i}~ ~ ~

Si.Jl7-}- 7-]-%±<5}-711 ~ S>i ~ y -ct.
I applied because I wanted to realize the dreams I've had ever since
I was little.

7~ OJ=7J».]! oj .AjZ}-oj] 'T~ ~o]oj]Jl?

Yang Gang, why are you calling at this hour?

q ;z-1, ¥12J-~ ~ £~ JI;zl- ~~ £Xi~Y-ct.

I'm, um, calling to ask you a favor.

: =~::: ~1-E .A.~OI ~~~2.1 ~ 6~ 51-E .Q.j.s=_q ~~:JO I ~~~011 <llg~ qE~~ [[jj .A.j§~Liq. O l.!l~

:: c::!~O iq ~g:il~ ~::: ~6.1~<2.! ~01q ~011 ~~ .A.j§5~[Jj <fJ~O iq i:! I-2:16.J~<2J ~%,f0ii.A.-J .A.j§5~\:!:! ~5

:-~~LI Cl
- -s expression indicates that the preceding clause contains the speaker's intention o r purpose for doing the
~..on stated in the following clause. It is mainly used in official situations, such as when giving a speech or
~uflg a report. Thus, it can sound a bit awkward when used in casual conversation or in informal situations.

~q.:il:;q
v
~.j.:ilA:~

· ~a lf !::= J.H£* ~.7.~2.1 ~ ~~ii~.:i!..7.~ ~1Jiil ~~ii~.=il ~~Yet.

The government is working hard to create new jobs.

• -¥--2.\:l7Jll c 2-l .:iiA~ o1%{! ~ .:r-~ ~ ~ Y cr.

I bought this item to give to my parents.

The two countries signed an agreement to maintain good relations.

 ------- -- -- -
~l

1 Ol .R~::: -t:j~~:ilf .¥-~~2.1 ~Opf ~OfO~ ~Lief.

The subject of both the preceding and following clauses must be the same when using this expression.

• Y.:: ~.3115}27.} %;,~o] ~{l15] ~.!f~ ~-;;,yq_ (x)

- Y.:: ~3115}.Jl7-} ~{l15] ~¥~ ~-;;,yq._ (o)
2 '-jl;J;:f' ~Oll~ :ilf7-jQf DlcH~ qEfLH ~ ·-~/~-':ilf '-~-·~ ~01 ~ 4- ~~Lief.
The forms -'UI'XJ.- and -~- for expressing the past and future, respectively, cannot be used together
with - .:L!.:Af.

• Ljj~llj-7.] ::1. ~~ ~~Jl7.} ~{li>] ~~r:f. (x)

41~77]-7.] ::J. ~~ ~41.]!27.} ~{li>] ~"9ict. ( x )
- LJ1~77]-7.] ::1. ~~ ~Ljj.Jl7.} ~{l15] ~"9ict. (o)

3 '-jl;J;:f ofef'£1 ~EH£ ~~ of'21 ~ol-E .A.fE:!"£1 £15:.~ qEfi::\!Lief.

The form -.:L!.:Af ofCf expresses the speaker's intention.

• oj Ai]i}o] 7.]4:f-3cj.2..£. ~.'?. ~g ~ '?;!Jl 'XJ.o-J.Ai ;,~-02J'% ~c.j27.} ~Yet.

This product continues to get good reviews, so we plan to increase production.

Ol .H.~Q£ .!¥-2:1-§.~ '2._1-~ [[H~ ''2._1-'0iq ·~·01 -5-l.!-Oll ~Ol7f'21 ~~Lief.

When used in this form, the negative particles ~and ~cannot be inserted.

• .q-c.j ::: ::J. ~J-}9.} ~j Q{% 15}Jl7.} <j- ~y ct. (X)

.q-c.j;: ::J. _zjJ-}9.} ~]Q{~ 15}27.} *~Yet. (x )
~ .q-c.j;: ::1. _zjJ-}9.} ~]Q[% 'j-15}Jl7.} ~Yet. (o)
~ .q-c.j;: ::1. -Zl""l-9.1- ~lQf% t>J-7.] ?/27.} ~Yr:f. ( o)
I_ -

1 7f :§:jJ-} qy ~ £ g wo1 o}J-17-1Jl?

J-}1{~ ~

q lo]l, A EtJV- ~ ~Jl7-} £ g wo1 o}J-1 ~ ~ :Q-~yq_

AE2.il!:o.~ ~q I~ '2JO I Of,qq

~.21 AJ.I7f ~Oi~ ~ilf>l ~¥5fq ~Q'1Af7f !Lief I ~ilol ~¥-ofq

~* AJ.Il= :All£!011~JIJ :AfCf o~011 ~JIJ ~Oi LfAi g:;~ ofcf 1 ~JIJ :;qq

2 7f ~~011 {[ rrJ1 lf 2 71 ~~ E}e;J.JI WY77}?

Lf J-}7-J\:J g .2.l-1.Jl 7}71 rrR¥011 KTX~ E}Jl7-} WL-1-ct. to receive/entertain guests

.gj-~011 ~ rrH.!:f-2 7 l j:~ EfCf Al{t\3~ 2.AI.Jl 7f71 rrHgOII KTX~ Efq
::J. ~:AI~ w-olllil ~q ~~%!" O:j:Af ~-=?-OIIlil ~q
:All£!011 £.2.1~ tHAi ~\3~~ CH~f>fcf

11 8 Korean Grammar in U1·e- · Intermediate

 (1) 7 ~ Jl~ J-}7-J\:Jo1-!f-<3!~ ~-5R x~-5}.i!. ?i1J-11Jl? (~ J-}~~ 71~ ~711 ~~q)

q ~"r .ll-!flll~ 1=-111 o.t%27-r x.~-6}.i!. Ji1{JYL.f.

(3) 7~ 01 ~ ~ J-1Zl-011 ~~.£. ~~ ~~Jl? (R~ ~ 0 1 <V_o-]J--i% Oif-15!.1:})

q ~~~ ~YL.f.

_ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ 7}1:';].i!. ~YL.f.

(5) 7~ ,<:_<5~011 r+GJ%~Jl? (~~~% -6}1:})

q l:J1. L.f13J%~YL.f.

2 ·-.:u.:A~ 5~cr ~ q:; cH.£~ ~~5~AiiR

AI-§<SHAi

(1) 7~ -¥-<3!011 LJ1~ 01°1=71 ~ -6}aj.i!. ~Y llr? (~R9.J x. ~ .g./\11 011 LJ1-6R 01°1=71'6rr.f)
q .2.~ ,c:. t>£~.2.1 .!I:.OJ ~t-11011 1:ffc5H o!Ofllc5r.llf.r ~.tL.rc:r.

(2) 7~ 211 ~Ro-] ~ ~1J-61 .:g.lf-~Yllr? (~R011 <U~ LJ1-&JlL011 ~-&-6}1:})

q 15R~ _§_ O:l.Al -61 2 ~=~-6RJ--i
'-'- 2. 2t:J 0 1

(3) 7~ .§~ W"01 ~o-]J--i ~~711 »-aj.i!. ~Y771-? (%L.f)

Lf .£%01 ~_g_~ J-}~ ~ ~

(4) 7~ ~<i:l ~011 ~ ~ ?i1 ~'?JY771-? (Qj-=r;-.Q.£. *-& ~ 71-L.f)

q

(5) 7~ .2.~,<:. -¥-<3!~ ~7H-6R ~;.1~~ Y llr? (.i!.15J=9.J *~~ g~ 011 LJ1-6RJ--i ~7fl-6}q)

q S>_...'=-.0
2.-;::::-
 7~ 7--j ~~7} ARo1<V_qJl -o}~T:11 7--j ~~ f;).
~tR iL?
People say that movie is interesting, so do you want to see it?

q %'-O}_R. -=:1. ~ 7-1 <(Jo}s:_ L}s:_ _!i!_ e1 ~ {to1~ o:j Jl..

Sounds good. Even if you hadn't asked, I had been planning to see
it anyway.

Jaya, what are you doing?

q l:lR7} Jlll}l--j 2.}~ ~ ~ 0 1 Cl~ {1-~ql ~ 0 1

o:t...Q..:Jll _R?
-, 2 '-11 •
I was just about to cook some noodles. Do you want to
have some with me?

01 .H.~~ q~ -"~'SOl¥~~ 0~;;:~jl Xil~~ 't:J~£ .::1 -"ll!"OJI' EE ~ ' 7~7JJ-g oJ2.H'Oll Oi't! '§!~ o~2.~jl ~~.&j~
o ~7~ q 2.1.s:. ~ o~jl ~ ~ rrH .A.~gt-LJcL o1 g~~ -5--"~'2..!" -"~~ 4 ~~ LJ cL
This expression is used to express the fact that not only had the speaker been intending to do the very
thing the other person is suggesting, but that he or she was either just about to do it at that very moment or
intended to do so very soon . It can only be used with verbs .

•• • · ·~ •• ···· - ..____';~' · · - --.c=, ,_;p. •• ~~ --~--~ ·-,;'1;;.·~· · ...:..=..• ..o;...--~~- --- ..a:;............_ _
' '

7 ~2.~'2:! ~oJq
v
~ o2.~'2:! ~o J q

7~ ~if .If.-Ajo]2]1.=z.~.R? Whysucha(surprised)face?

q rr1~<5B!.-J ~7ll- ?1 ?1~ ~<?.lt=Jl !.}7-J\3°1 ~Oi.5!..J.:l!.-J ~~<5BJ.-J .=z.~.R.

I was tired and about to take a break, but the company president came in, and I was taken by surprise.

7~ .§. ~ ~1-oj-o]: ~~r:i] L-j_lf- l:l}llll}J.-j ,<:_~oj] ~ J.j;jo] ~Oi.R.

I need to withdraw some money, but I'm so busy that I can't get to the bank.

Lf .=l.~Jl? 7-i]7} 7<]i5- ,<:_<'>~oj] 7]·PJ~ ~<?_lt;j] ~1-o }cf C~7J}Jl?

Really? I was just about to go to the bank, so shall I withdraw some money for you?

1 20 Korean Grammar i;, 'll.s·~ · Intermediate

7~ ~~ »-] %1 i>~JI. ~o-]ii.?
What are you doing, Suyeong?

q 7-Jii] ~ o~.A] a:j"'fl ~o]~~nll ~o] o}1!eJl.R?

I was just about to have some coffee, so would you like to have some with me?

1 '-( 0 )2.~'2! §O iq'Q~ '-( 0 )2.~'2! §OI~q·:: ~0 1 .A.I§-5H.s=. t!!fi"~ Li q. .:J.~:A I '2J '-( 0 )2.~ '2! §Oiq'
:: l::l~£ :AI-5 ~~o~2.~.::il ~q :: A.~~ qEf~ rrH. '-( 0 )2.~'2! §o l~q·:: oti~J¥Ei .:J.%17-11 ~ ~z,r
~ 7f:AI.::il ~~g~ qEf~ ITH .A.I§-~Lic.f.
While both --(£)2112! ~01q and --(£)2.~12! ~O I <ltq are acceptable forms of this expression, -(2.)2.~12! ~01
c.f is used to indicate that the speaker was just about to do the action at that very minute, while -(2.)2.~ 12!
~OI<ltq is used to indicate that the speaker had already been intending to do the action.

CD 7-]~ :J ~~ .A}ajtB ;g.o]oj]ll...

® :J ~ ~ .A}aJtB ;g.o]~o-Jll...
: Ol ~~ (j)g .::1. ~~ 1::1 ~.£ Xl5 A~2.~.:il Cii-E ~~ qEfLH.:il ~.:il. ~ Oli ~Ef.Ei ~~ Af2.~E ~Zj"~ Cif.:il ~<lt
qE ~~ qEf~Li q.
Here, G) means that the speaker was just about to buy the book at that very moment while ® means
that the speaker had been planning to buy the book from before the time of the conversation.

2 Oi't! -?.:!~ o~2.~.::il ~Z/"O~.::il ~~:: cil .:J.ITH q~ .A.fiE:!"O I .:J.-?.:!~ ~0 1 of:Af.::il ;I;il<2.!"~~ rrH ·o ~~·. '.::1.~
:AI ~o f.s=.', '<2..1" .:J.cH.s=.' ~~ .A.I§-5H.A.i cH Et~ ol-2 ~~7f t'i~ Lic.f.
This expression can be used along with phrases such as Of~ . .::J.~:X:I ?;tO ~£. and ~ .::J.2H£ when
responding to someone who has suggested doing something that the speaker had already intended to do.

7 ~ ~o ] 6j.A}W2Jlll..?
q oj-~ ~% 9:j..2..aj tB ;g.o] ~o-Jll...

'li :J2jj.X. ~ ~ 9:J..2..aj tB ;g-o1"illl...

.:::L~?-1 ?.foJ-.s:. ~~ 9:J..2..3JtB ;g.omo-J..a.

3 OI±E~ ~ olc.H .A.I;I;il:: .A.I§-of:AI ?i'~Lic.f.

This expression cannot be used with the future tense.

• ~~Oil ~;@il}cj 7}3JtB ;g.~ ~oj]ll... ( x)

~ ~~"11 ~;@il}cj7}3JtB ;g.omo-J..a. (o) I ~~Oil ~;@il}cj7}3JtB ;g.o]oj]ll... (o)

4 ~~~011 ~ rrH:: '-( 0 )2.~'2! §OII'£.s=. .AI§-~-* ~~ Li ef.

When used at the end of a clause that is followed by another clause in the same sentence, the form
--(£)2.'112! ~011 can also be used .

• lJ17} ;@~ ii}aJ tB ;g.oj] o-jDj y 7} ;@~ ii}1io-Jll...

When I was about to make a phone call to my mother, I got a phone call from her.
 '-(0)2.~.:il5~c.f£~ '-(0)2.~'2! gojc.f ~ c.rg.:i!~ ~~ x~l7~ exl~Liq.
The forms -{2)~.:il 5fC.f and -{.2.)2.~'2.! ~fOICf have the following differences.

:APc t:l~£2.j ~ ~~ 7PJj.g OJ2.HOll AI§~ :AlE- t:l ~£2.l ~ ~~ 7PJj.g DI2.HOll Ai§W-'?
-"? exl~Liq. 'V~ Liq.
~~~ Can be used for actions the speaker will Can be used for actions the speaker will do
do from now or in the near future. from now or in the near future.

'2:! DI2.H2.J ~Oli.S:. AI§W-"? 'V~Li q '2:! DI2.H2.J ~011 ~ AI§~ -"? ~~ Liq.
Can be used for actions the speaker will Cannot be used for actions the speaker will do
do in the distant future. in the distant future.

• Y.:: 4l\1oJI oJ.;:- o:Jti~ ~ 5}aj.I!. i>H..R. • t.f:: Ljj\:!oJI a].;:- o:jt;}l ~ 5}ajJt! {}ojojJ..R.
(o) (x)
---'----- - ---------- - - - - ···-------------··--------------------------- -------------

1 7f t;J-5f-1-j7J} ~ g % ~.A] q, .~.

q _:F~l :A] ?£o}s:_ .g g ~ allfl {1-o]ofl..R..

C-jSf-LilJf ~ -§ 'i§!Cf
~~ofLJ7Jf ~Cflt:JI~~-§ .!i:!.Cf ~ C!I t:JI~~ ~~q

Al:c._l-0 I gj,,2.LJ7Jf -§ Ai-9-E.Cf :AJE- q 7fCf

2 7f <2.f-4f .Aj{}o] q ~ ~ 1:1] :A] ~ ~~W7!}..£L?

q ~o}..ft. Cd' -=z.~s:__ :A] ~ ~~}311fl {1-o]~<>lA.

<2,1'~ AJ:Uo1 q ~ec1J :AlE- ~~ofCf :A JE- ~~fq

~* .UJ. ~in.J ~Ef DfAJ2.i 7fCf ~in.J ~~OJ qAi DfAJCf

~1-il- R2.l~ ttHSf-2.~.:il ofEC1J ?JO I ttHSf-Cf :Ai.£ ~1-il- R2.J~ ttH%1 5:!.Cf

122 Korean Grammar ri1 'l!d·e · Intermediate

 (1) 7~ ~.A~\:J . ..2_~ 4i'-1-~1 ~ ¥-1oJ1Jl? (0101=71o1-q)
q ~ ~~£ :A1~ O[Ofl[~~t:"j_ 7-.;o[01[5l.

(2) 7~ q-2.] _2_<ili~<>l1 Ho1-cJ ~7!}? (~ '8 ~ oj-q)

Lf ~o}. 1-]-£ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __

(3) 7~ f{l_§..o]:, ~#-Elll1<El ~~-&-1-.:il 0 1 7-~1 -H--¥-oR 01=:AJ. (~#-cJ ~ nq)

q ~~OiJl. :A1~

(4) 7~ ~~t:~1.2J1 ti-j~~ ~OiJl? ("€1JA1 ~ E}q)

Lf ti-j-"71- 2.]-J.,-j ~\3= ~Oi Jl .

(5) 7~ 0 1~»-1-&-1-.:il ~0 1 1fll1~~OiJl? (01;._}-&-j-q )

q 1;]1, a}{j 0 1 ~ »-1£ 0 1 ;._~ <5}7]1 ~7-] ~Jl.

2 '-(0)2.~12:! ~O[~q· ~ .A.f*c5H.A.i qg CH~~ .gt~f;~AiiR.

(1) 7~ ~~ <2{1;~ *:A] ~~ ~~t:~1 Oi~ll1 <5j-:A]Jl? (<2{1;~ a1Jf-t:f)

q J8!U"o}Jl. 1-j-£ if~ ~o] .A~F-1;._-1 0.\'1; ~ Dl~~t:"j_ 7-.;o[OJ_Oi5l.

(2) 7~ 0] .g.~~ cf 0 ]oR~ Oi Jl? (~.g.<5j-q)

q o}yJl, ~ %ct;._-1

(3) 7~ ~~ »-] ~:§:}~§..~ 0}.Ai1Jl? (q;:: ~.:rz-<>117]1 %0i.!i!.cf)

q o}yJl, :A1£ %ct;._-1

(4) 7. ~~ lfr ~7~ o]; ~ cf Qjq-.Jl ~OiJl? (-H-:311<>11»-q)

q o}yJl, q * QJ%1;._-1

(5) 7~ l:IJ-~<>11 7-i1~£<>11 ~ ~~Jl? (r:f% l:IJ-~oJl 7}t:.j-)

q ~:A]Jl. ~~:A] ?J-0}£
 Why did you come to Korea?

q ~R ~.:r-.5:. J.}~ ~ ~RW£ Bfl% ~ ~RoJl

~Oiii..
I came to Korea to make some Korean friends and also study
Korean.

7f _g_ ~ f11-T:J..s:_ ~ Bfl ~.Jl 9J OiJl?

Are you learning taekwondo these days?

q l:Jl. .g%£ ~ ~ ~R~ {!~ ::c~.s:. Bfl% ~ "5f!J.i

Bfl ~.Jl 9JOiii..
Yes. I'm learning it to get some exercise and also learn about
traditional Korean culture.

Ol .R.~:=
!f. / ~:AI Ol.g2.J -§-~O i q ~-§- .2.-Ef.~ 5~~~ 51-e 2.l.!:e.~ 7f:AI.:il <U ~ ITH .A.~~Liq Ol .R.~~
~~ rrH::: 'N.!:e. -(o)2 ~ N.!:C. -( 0)2 ~·. 'N.!:e. -( 0 )2 ~ N.!:e. -( 0 )2 ~ oH .A.i'2.1 ~EH~ t'tl"O I .A.~~Liq.
This expression is used to indicate the speaker's intention to do at least two actions or behaviors. It is most
often used in t he forms N.S:. -{.2.)2 -f'l N.S:. -{.2.)2 -f'l or N.S:. -{.2.)2 -f'l N.S:. -{.£)2 -f'l 5H.A.i.

'2Iqq, .:C:::~5~q '21'2'" ~ .:fr.~W ~

v -(0)2 ~ -(0)2 ~
~q, ~.!¥5~q ~~ ~ ~ ~.!¥W ?4
--~ ----

N
=----~--·- ··- --- ··- - - - - -··
• ~5:. ~ ~ ~ .:g..!f-5:. %[ ~ .:£J.i~l 7}-aj.Jl "5~..9...
I'm planning to go to the library to read some b ooks and also study.

• 7]~ ~~.:£ %[ ~ 11:~ 5:. %[ ~ ~%oJl n-oJ..s..

I went to Myeongdong both to relax and do some shopping.

These days, the number of restaurants where you can eat both breakfast and lunch has increased.

124 Korean Grammar i/1 Us·e · Intermediate

 ::>I IE~~ V-( 0 )2 .f3 (oHAi)'£1 ~EH~ AI§~* ~~c-11 OlrrH~ .:I~~ ol-E 0:12-i 7f.AI£1.s:. g.~ 7f.AI
3~ -t:!§loHAi w~ rrH Al-§gj-Licf. .::J.~.AI'2.!" ~~ ,q~~ q:= £I.S:.7f ~q~ -3:!~ ;;;::~~*~~Lief.
' lis expression can also be used in the form V-(£)2 ~ (~H.Ai), but in this case it means that the speaker is
::~oosi ng only one of two or more intentions to do something. This expression allows the other person to infer
:nat the speaker has other intentions even though they are not explicitly stated.

: Ol g:g.g ~oh'= .Af'ENI ~~ '.!!ll 2.1.5~'2!~ ~~XI'2.! ~:::: .Af'EJ".g ~~ '.!!ll 2-I.S:. 2.10ii.S:. Cf.§ Qj.S:.7 f ~:; ~
?~~ *
~gLICf.
Here, the speaker has only stated one reason for exercising, but the hearer can infer that there are other
reasons besides just losing weight.

~
7f ~u j »-], £_~ o~ 2B~o jE ~ <5H.R? •{ 53) 1
1
§§~ 'i!~ Cf to make some spending money
q l.:j], § .§£ ~ ~ 7S~£ '%} ~ ~ ~gj~ ~tq to accumulate experience

i::! f'Ef~ !tiCf to enjoy a cool breeze

0~ 2B~OjE ~ i;~.Jl ~o]Jl .

OfEI::! fO I.S.~ ofef %§-.s:. ~q 1 ~gJ.s:. ~q 1 OfEI::!fOI.§.~ ofef

~ttH.5f.Cf .ag. ~~ol-E ®.s:. ttH.5f.Cf 1 AE2.il~ ~q 1 ~ ttH.5f.Cf
~Oil Xf-9- 7fef l:lf~~ ~ICf I ~.z.t.s:. ~2.l ofef 1 Xf-9- 7fef

2 7f 0 ]Zf lf-JO:j].R?
q ~-AJ- ~ 61~_2_£_ l-1-§-i>H=- 71a:j].R.
Ol~.!f,JOICf ~~I 6J~2.£.. .AI§oi-E ~O I Cf

OI~OiCIOICf 7-l~ I ~.!i;!J~,fQ£.. .AI§oi-E ~OICf

Xi .A~g. ~o ICf
1 '-(o)2 ~ -(o)2 ~·~ A"*c5HAi qg tH~~ ~{:j5~AiiR.

(1) 7~ .::?~ »-l, l!ll~~oJl 7}2;j.Jl <5~..9..? (-=jL~S:. '5}q I ~-=r- ),~~ {!%.5:. A}q)
q 1.:]1, .:pg.£ ~ fi ?.J-lL f..~O.l f.."J%.!2. f..J: fi 7}2;j.Jl <5~..9... ~o] ~~..9..?

(2) 7~ ~77}::Z.] ~o-JAi ~ ~oj]Jl? (J:::~S:. Aj7]q I ~tl -=r-~s:. "5}q)

q 1.:]1, J:::~7} Cj Qj).i ~ o-J 7}Ci.Jl <5ll..9...

(3) 7~ ~1lQj J:::~ %~o-J..9..? (~~7].5:. l:lPfl-t:f I 78S::.s:. -5)-q)

q 1.:]1, ~7.] ~ l::l}~o-]..9...

(4) 7~ ~R ~A~]{!~ g ~.Jl ~o-]..9..? (~A~] ..:g-lf-5:. "5}q I ~Ro-J ..:g-lf-5:. -5)-q)
q 1.:]1, A~j ~_:g-o j 7Cj A~j ~o ]2.}).i ~

~o-]..9...

(5) 7t ~~"5}7] ~ oj] ~ g fJ-o] oj-J.~.fi.? (Zl~-s:. ~q I ~.5:. ..!f-E-.~7-]] -5)-q)

q 1.:]1, woJ oj-J.~Jl.

21£ 1

(1) · ;g~ 77Hq gll!'*lq

... ... .... ... ..... ............. .... ..
(2) · if§~ 0~q

(3) . ~7 ~ '2,!qq

(4)

(5) :

(1) t-6'£ ntt 'i t-snJ-.t?l 'i '5Hf..i 71~% D~f.-1~2 i5Ji-lt:f.

(2) - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - -- -- -- - - -- -- -- -

(3) -------------------------------------------------

(4) - -- - - - - -- -- - - -- -- - - -- -- -- - - -- -- - - - - -- -- -- -- - - -- - -

(5) - - - - - -- - - -- -- - - -- -- -- -- -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -- -- - - - - -

1 26 Korean Grammar u1 'lt•·e · Intermediate

 Jii>J= g ~ 0 1 t-i..!f- ~ JI-itr.t.
q g ~J~Oi1 ~ J2i>J=Oi1 7 t-"i ~ u t7 t <5] ?-8
~ ~ 1l~ ~ c>lOf:AL
I really want to eat some food from back home. During the next
vacation, I'll have to visit home and stuff myself with mom's
cooking.

7~ :3f\:!Oi1 ii!.~-8~ ~ c>l7i -"i ~-5 ~ Et0 1:&:A1Ji_?

Last year, you ran a traffic light and paid a big fine, right?

q l:J1. %<5].!J!-Ej ~ ii!.~-8~ ~ ~ :A1?-l0 l=:Al.fl.

Yeah. From this year I've got to obey traffic signals.

Ol .A.fEtOI :Af71:Af~:i!f Q{~~ 5f7-JLf 0-J't! ~ ~ W 3:!0I2.f::: ~~~ ~ rrH. ~::: .:::J.2.-j~ £1:AI
R~::: ~51{::-

~ LfEf~ rrH A~IDLiq. ~:Af ~:z.t~ 5f7-j Lf ~~~~ 51{::- ~~011~ A~5f!J:j OIITH ::: 5!.~ '-O f/0-JO ~:AI'Qf
~0 1 ~~£ .A.~g)"Liq. '-O f/0-JO ~.~.'£ ~Oj.A.i .A.~5f71~ g)-Lief.
This expression is used whe n the speaker is making a pro mise to on ese lf, making a decis ion to do
something, or simply expressing such an intention. It is also used when thinking or speaking to oneself,
but in such cases the informal form -Of/OJO tXI is used. This expression is also used in the shortened form
-Of/OJO t.fr..

-OUO-JOP~IR

.:::UC-i
7fq 71-Ct:X:IR
00
9:jCf 9:j 0-JO ~:X:I.R
v
7f:X:I ~OI'Ot:X:IR
9:j :X:I 'MOfO~:X:IR
____________ ____ . ···---- ------- _____ :________ ········--_;______________________ _
....:....

7f o-J7.1] '{j ~'2f:= ~~ t:f-"] ~:= t:·l] .Aj~ 7.Ho] ~~o-J .

Yesterday, I saw the movie "The Way Home" again, and it was really good.

q \:[ 0 }-315:. * ~:=t:i] .:1.~/l] 7.H 0 l ~o-J? .:L~ '-1-5:. li!.]-<>]:7.1.

I haven't seen it yet, but is it really that interesting? If so, I'll have to see it, too.
 7~ .:l~~~ 7-Pfl 7-]Z,l-i>j-q7R::- ~~"8-j-7] Oiaj% 7-jO~.
It'll be difficult to get a promotion if you keep coming in late like that.
q LJ1~.!f-Ej ~ ~ qj :§:j.A]-ol] 7-]z{-8"]-7-] ~]-<>}:7-]A.
Starting tomorrow, I won't be late to work under any circumstances.

7~ ).i]o]LJ-on ~ 7]-o~ ~?
Do we absolutely have to attend the seminar?
q -=z.~A, Jf-2.] .Jl!..er\3o] ~.H.~ <5]-.A]Ljll]- ~ 7]-<>}:7-]A.
Of course. Our professor is giving a presentation, so we have to go.

01 IE~ ~ ~= .A.f~O I Lf q:= .A.f~OI OJC.:! '§!~ ~ <SHO~ ~ere ?A!~ LfEf~ rrH.s:. .A.~~Lief. :!!~7~ ~EH
'2.! '-<U/~~O~AI'~ .A.~<S"~~ ~~ '§! ~ <SHO~ <51-ECil <S"~AI ~<Ug~ :r:!Eroi-E L ;gjOI CX}~Lief.
This expression is also used to indicate that the hearer or some other person should perform some act ion
or behavior. Moreover, when the past tense form -'1t/'X;!Oiot;q is used, the expression conveys a sense of
scolding or rebuking the other person for not doing something that should have already been done.

7f .R~ oJ7} ::<]4 o}n}.R. My teeth really hurt these days.

q ::1. 'El. ~21 :7-J.:i!.}oj] 7}oj:::<J.R. Then you'd better go to the dentist promptly.

7f %OJ~ ~~ciJ ~ ~oJ <V_~ A1 ~~ 1!l_r;j y u-]21£ ~::<J~..ll 78~ ~.SJ;j].R.

I wasn't feeling well, and then I stayed up all night to get things done, so now I feel dizzy and am
really tired.

l
_ _
q %OJ ~ ~.2..'B .!f-21"6}::<] ~Jl ?J~~oj:::<].R.
If you weren't feeling well to begin with, you should have rested instead of pushing yourself too hard.

1 7~ %<5~ ~ <5~oF3:Qq.JI "~ Zf~ ~ o ] <XJ.Ol.R?

q '%<5~ ~ ~ if.'f;l.2.£. l:lfl\:J-01~ ~ 7} 0~A]'2}.JI l-~Zf~OlJi..

~~££ t1H'aO:l~~ 7fC.f

'at!H~aq

]!l2.ill:ll~ .!:2.-E .A.I~ ~o 1q

2 7~ ¥ £ \3°1 ~RoJl.2...A] l(! f-71- ~Lli ~ W 71oJl.R?

q Jf-£ \3 ° ] .2_.Aj :: I:i] '8-<?1 -6] :Ai] 7} ~tli ~ t>llO~AlJl.
¥2.'c!OI ~~12AI~ .!r7 f <zlLH~ 5fq
LH~ 2.~0il :~;Fg~ ~..11.7 fq %£.~ 2.~ 'C.!Cil '5~51 ~~~ ~q
.2.-§- .2.~0ii-E ?jq .2.-§- .A. I ~.S:. ~x,t-E:Cil '8<2:!51?jq

128 Korean Grammar in 'Ike- · Intermediate

1 AHc5H7~ Al~£10lAi A~Et~OI q;;:c.~ ~01 ~~~ ~~Liq. Ojtt! q~cz.!AI [5!7I]OIIAi ~2.~Ai
~AiiR.

(1)

t.R~ ~ Ll1 2.17,:! g ~ l i~ -5}2 1! ~.

(2)
...2 ..:5112:=.. :51..
e n~ ' ------- - - -- -- -------- ------

(3)
:51..
' --------------------

(4)
...2..."511..!:=. :51..
e n~ ' ---------------------------

2 q ;; [.SDI]OIIAi <MW~ .H.~~ ~o~ ·-o~/OlO~AIR'~ A~f>HAi cH~~ ~~-o~AiiR .

................................. . _____··················-·-············-····-········ ........ ················-----················-· .... ···-···-·-·-·········--·······--··----·--··--··---·)

Gfb ~77~AI c5H.s:!q ~Ol .s:!q 2~ ~ .s:!Oiq ~£5~q I

_________.!

(1) 7~ ~o] ~ ~ -3:! i{A] ?J,c:>_r:-j] .:::l~T ~ /1] ~A] ?jg 77]-.fL?
q .:::rt!lJs:. ;.]~~.Q.L-]77]- ~7W7-I <>« ~~f-1.2. .

(2) 7~ J.]-7-J-\:J 0 ] ~ :71] ~ 2 "5}J.] Y 77]- -3J ~ ~5:. .2...-f- ~ :711 ~"5}-E -3:! :Q-0]-.fL.
q ~J.}if:to] ~A-j . .:::rt!lJo} o]-tJiJ.]-if:t~S:. u:]-c.]--5}A].fL.

q .!f- J.]-if:t 0]0}7] ~ .2...-f- ---------------· ~ J.}if:t 9£~ ~Jl 3?:ftd--5}Jtj_

<?]-~.fL.

(4) 7~ o]-~ J.]{}o] q !C1~.Q.L.j77]- ~~ 7<1]*"5H01=3!l.o-J.£L.

 1

CD u]-~ i:1 (f) u]-A] alL} ~"Gj]

@ u]-~ -3:! ~~ t:i] @ u}A] aj.Jl c5H=-t;lJ

CD 7J~s:_ ~JI # £ ~7] q.j"6JJAi (f) 7J~ ~ i1"7] q.Ji>RAi § E ~ ~24JI

® 7J~~ i1"_2_24~ §Eo] ~.fl..i>RAi @ 7J~~ i1"_2_24~ §-E 0 l ~.£1..9£7!} 1;!}

3 7~ .£I.A.~ ~{.! qci LI .:::1.'<5' .:::1. .2:I .A.~OU qLI.Jl ~OiR?

q

CD ~A~ %~7!} ~:::"Gll ~if-~ %24?-JAi .=:L'(f cfY7].£ ~oj.£1..

(f) ~A~ %7] 24~ ~ojj ~ \:}~ %24?-JAi .=:L'(f cfl-j7].£ ~~_a
@~A~ %7]24JI ~:::"Gll ~if-~ %C;j?-JAi .=:L'(f cfY7].£ ~oj.£1..
@~A~ %7]Jl {i~ ~~o]] ~if-~ %C;j?-JAi .=:L'(f cfY7].£ ~oj.£1..

4 7~ Ol ~:= .A.I?!Oll -'f:!!~£ ~~ ~OiR?

q ~%o~X I '2l.
------------------------------------------
CD -¥-~~ 9£ 'ill"Gll ~~ ~~yq
(f)-¥-~~~ E.~Jl::Zj- ~~ ~~yq
@ -¥-~~ ~ E.2.]C;j.JI ~~ ~~yq
@ -!f-~~ ~ <5]-Jl {ioj).i ~~ ~~yq

5 CD ::Zi ~oJ] ~).]- A]-~~2} ~~ ~ 9£7!]- i}A] cf.

(f) t:l-% ~-¥-E-1 .£1..7~ ~ l:lftq_j ~7/t 9£ Fj oj].£1...
@ %e:J ~ oj] e:j <5~ ~ ~7/]- ~-Et:i] ~0 1 7]-::: 711 oj lilJ·il.£1..?
@ 0 ]~ .5Ul~oJJ:::= ~7 ~2} ~ 0 ] -¥;-::z]~~ ,!il_t':j ~7/t ifYcf.
6 CD ~B- ).j-3f~ ~ ~ {f7lj-::Z] <5)J ,!il_o}:::z].£1...
(f) q_]AJ-~oj <il._2_1-j7l} "£ ~ uj-~::zj wo}o}:::zJ.
® %OJ <i} i='_2_~ -!f--2.]-o]-::z] WJI :J:lq.jo}:::z].£1...
@ LJi~ Aj-AJ-\3 ~ ~Lf ~ :::"GlJ t:J-~<5] A,pJ-~ <fJojo}:::z].£1...
·.

130
 7f ~RoJl "'i 7} ~ ll!-~ R~ ~ 4-~t>H
9-"'l ~~.R?
Can you recommend any places in Korea worth visiting?

q ~ <?.f{}o J ~rrfl .R? .AJif 7J-%0 12.f"'i B%0 1 Aaw

o}~l:f% ~oj].R.
How about Mt. Seorak? Since it's autumn now, the fall foliage
should be really beautiful.

7f ~jo] od ».]7} '?.}~ g~ oj ~ ~~.R?

How's the food Wei Ming made?

q ~jo] 0d »-]7} .R~ ~ ~t>HJ-i .2.¥ '3!-~<Ji.Aj '?.}

=; -oJ ~'i:f1} ~ :AaW l2:J ~ ll!-~Oi.fl..
Wei Ming is a good cook, so all of it was good, but his Vietnamese
rice wraps are really worth trying.

Ol If.~:= Oi't! APE!"O iq A~O I .-:J.2.i~ ~§~ W n~ll~ 9}7-j q Oi't! ~sO l ~01'2'" ~~ 7 ~5::17~ 91:;~
qE~~ ITHAf§gj"Liq_ ..::::1.2./lAi 5!.~ q::: A ~'E,I"OJI.7JI ?~~ rrH Al§gj"Liq_
This expression is used to indicate t hat somet hing is worth doing. Thus, it is mostly used to recommend
something to someone else.

~ ~~q
-(0)2 ~~q
9:j ~ ~~q
--- --- --····· ................... --- ········· ..
7~q ~ ~~~[.~
v !':. -(0)2 ~~~q ,.,_,. ., [.L
...., I 9:j ~ ~~~q
... '"! .................... - ------······· ............. ······················ ......... ............... ------·-···· ··-... ...
· i 7~q ~ ~W ~O le~
.,· ol2./l 1 ~~ ·':. -(0)2 ~w ~o1q :_ ,.,_,
...,cL
...., 1 9:j ~ ~w ~o1q

• ~9»-]~ ~ ~ tfr~ A}'E[o] y ll}- ~~ ~o] ~~~.!JL~ .!i!.J-i]iL.

Yeongsu is trustworthy, so you can ask him to help you out with difficult tasks.

132 Korean Grammar ,/,, Ure- · In termediate

 • :J_ ~~ .JlA~W 'H-~ 7}:7.]7} ~_Q_y7J} <5"}:7.] r.f:: 711T~OiJl.
That job's not worth the effort, so you probably shouldn't do it.

~ 7 ~oj]/1] .JI<5J=oj] t:Jli>JlA-j ~7H~ tll-~ -3io] ~_Q_~ i>H ~Ai]Jl.

If there's anything about your hometown that is worth telling your friends, please do so.

: R~:: Ef.~ Df%011~~olE.::: ?-:!::: O~LI:A:I~ .:J.iE:!CH.£ f!lf'tt~ rrH ~::: Oi'C! ?-:!~ )..~"0~7 1011 0~~
-=:fl~ rrH;._~ID"LI Cl
-.... s expression is also used to indicate that while the speaker is not completely satisfied with something,
: s still worth doing or paying attention to.

• AJI~% AjlEjoJI 7}tB o}-3j ~Iii"~ ~Jl 7HJ.7-il~o] ~o] ~"§-Yt:f.

If you go to the recycling center, there are a lot of serviceable used appliances.

• oj :£ ~ 10\1 ~oJ]--8- *'r]t:-l] o}-3j£ ~% lil"~A-j ~ 1:1-];:l.o-j.R.

I bought these clothes 10 years ago, but I didn't throw them out because they're still worth wearing.

• t9~ ~oj] ~:: g6j'(lt:i] o}-3j~ Qj% ~~ -5! ~o}.R.

This food was made a few days ago, but it still seems edible.

~
1[ 57 ) •

~~project
Oi ~7l}.fL? ~AI7'1C{ to make (someone) participate
~~<5fi:f to be sincere
Lf ~-9- »-] ~ -"cJ{JcS-~ J-1 4:-~W ~~ l-}'€[o]oj].fL.

Olttl E£~£011 ~* .UI~ ~O:lAI7Iq ~* .UIE- {:j~<'iHAi ?~t;fq I AfWO lq

Olttl O:l~OII EH~££ ():j~~ 7fq EH~ ~~l7f o~q~Ai O:l~~ 7fq 1 ~o1q
c~ -9-~011 -§cHgAI.g££ .fr~~ 7fef -§cHgAI.gg ~-c!O I t'10fAi .fr~-ofq 1~o1q

2 7f AR.£ 7RJ8-~ ~~7} :A~ o] ~q~J-1.fL?

Lf 1.:]1, :AcJW ~ ~Ofl.fL. ~Jti ..!i!.A-j].fL.

AH£ 7H-*~ <i?:l~Pf J.:Ho I<L!q S!.q I ~ttl S!.q

J.:il-9-£7f O~'aq -=?-~tifef I ~ttl 7f S!.q
.:1 6D f.£.go 1~ofef AI-§<5H S!.q I ~ttl AI-§<5HS!.q
1 '-(2.)2 '215~Cf~ ..q·~5HAi q~ CH.2:~ ~~5~AiiR.

(1) 7f Al q3~7} o-JIIJl..ll_? (~Jti ~.'cf)

(2) 7f o-J~.£. o:j~ ~ 7}Jtl. i= ~77}2_? (7} ~q)

q 78.2?-7} Q:)J-}¢i~ s=_;_] cfAl - - -- - - -

(3) 7f o] ~ ~ ~Jti <tj<>j ~77} <5H=--c-J] ojiiJl..ll_? (<tj<>j ~q)

q .Jli.~¢i~ O]Of7]7} EfO}Al - - -- -- -

(4) 7f 7'-1 .:£ ~ '&]] »-1 i>~1,) 2...£. o]A}'5}t:!;j.:ll t>H=--c-J] 7']-E" '5~1Jo] <>jiiJl..ll_? (1[q )

q '5~1,1 o}-?u-J Y7} ~~t;TI;_1 _ _ _ _ _ _

(5) 7f ~ ~ ~\3 ~ &I:Jl~::t;Jl <>llt! g ~ ~ I:Jl ~-5]-Jtl. l ~77}2_? (~q)

q ~Jl7 ]1-} ~l:l ] 7} _ _ _ __ _

(6) 7f Ei]cj]A} 9t=J:: 7}\±~ ;_]-~~ ~ -'fltiTIA1 ~).~ ~ ~';&qJt!;_1 _g_? (.e?cJ ~ ~q)

q l.:il. Aaw ___ _ ___

(7) 7f o] ~~ f-.::r-oJl:Jll ~7] ~ f~77}2_? (~q)

q 9c:3 »-]7]- . ~'t! ~7-1 ~).ilit.

(8) 7f o}o] ~o ] ~~ ~~ ~:§:1-*-4'-~tiTI -?;_ilit. (~q)

q o] ~~ o}o] ~ o] .2.~ ~ 15H=- o]o]:7]2}A1 o}o] ~ o]
- -- - - -

134 Korean Grammar '~' 'lise · Intermediate

J ~3. .UI7~ .:il~Oli.A.i ~.:r'-7~ .gcp~.A.i ~01 ~ '2.!~ ~ ~ ~~5H ~~~.:il gJ-LICL c~ [5!7I]Oli.A.i
~g,t:= 8-0i ~ ~o ~ '- (0)2 '2.!a~cr ~ .A.~5H.A.i cH£:~ .@!-~o-~AiiR.
~--·-··-··-·-··························-·-·-··-·-····-··----··· ·-·---·-··-·--··--··-···--··- ····-·-··-· ··· ·· · · ·· ·- · ··-·- · ··-- ·-····· ···· ·· ······---··-·----,
9:j 0j 5!q
~----·----·--------····---·-·--··--··-··-·-··-·-·--·-------··----·--·-·-·-·-··--··-···--··-·-·-·-·-·-··-··-····-······· ...................................... ____________)

7~ ~~ »-l, Jl<5j:oj]J,.-j ~-=jL7~ _2.~-ci] ;,.-j%oJJ;..-j -=jL?(j~ ~~ *o] Ol t:-17~ 'V_g77~.B..?

4 \:f~~~u}%o] OirrJ1.B..? 't.RQl ~~ ~ ~ 0 ] <V_Oi ;..-J (1)~'3"5-.t 0!'5H.2..

q '\±E}'~ OirrJ1.B..? 5l..:il <;U_s>_~ go] LfAl .Aj~ (2)- - -- - - - -

7~ .=l~~.ft . .=L'EJli:~ ~ ~q oj] 7~Al '0~~% g77~.B..?

q <?_1;..}%-o] ~ rrJ1 .B..? "t.RQl ~~ ~212};,.-j (3) _ _ __ _ %~o] -gfo~.B...

q ~~~o] ~rr]1.B..? ~%o] -gf.:ll 3!-<V_Oi;..-J (4)- - - - - - - - -

.=l~~.B... Al] ~-=jL7~ ~_s>_~J,.l O]OF7]'0~~ ~ g ~O~'OH::-"Gl] ~7]oj] ~~ .AJ~~

01 q cxj].B..?
 I have a fever and (resulting) headache because I caught a cold.

Please take some medicine, and then get some good rest for a few
days.

7~ Q{4f J.l{}o] ~:Ai]c.}.Jl <5}-jj_A].R?

When did you say the appointment was?

q % ~ if .R ~ 2J-1~].R. %.R~ Q{4fo1Y77}

~A] W£~ <51-J-i].f.L.
Next Friday at 2 o'clock. It's an important appointment, so please
don't forget about it.

Ol Jt.~::: ~~ .A~EtOlllll Oi't! ~§~ ~~f>p-jq -E!~~ UH .At§~Liq. '-0~/0i S!AiiR'S!.q~ ~5 ~~lll.
'-{ 0 )J..i l£.'!2q~ ~5 .l¥E~lll ~~ ~ <5~7-jq -E!~~ [H .At§~Liq.
This expression is used to instruct or suggest a course of action to someone. It is stronger than -oVOJ .!i!.Ail
B. and is used w hen a person wants to give advice or make a suggestion a bit more softly than what can be
expressed using the form -{.£)Ail.£?..

7 ~.5:.~ f>~q
Q:I.S:.~ f>~q
v •· ·····
7 ~ J:l ~.s:.~ f)~q
Q:I J:I ~.s:.~ f>~q

• {!7J-<>j] ~ ~~1.-jllj- ~BH ~ -it.£~ "3-}J,i]Jl..

Please stop smoking because it's not good for your health.

• ~'tj Lt] ~ 10;_]<>1] :§:JQ.j-3"}.5:.~ ~;_lq.

So let's have the meeting tomorrow at 10 o'clock.

• Ltl~.!f-E-j ~.:il<>j] :A]Zf-3"}:Al ~.£~ "3-l-J.ilA.

Starting tomorrow, please don't be late to school.

136 Korean Grammar uz ctlse · Inte rmediate

 1
01 .H.~:=: ~ ~~ o 1q ~~~Oil~ AI§~Liq. ~~P I rrH@Oll 01~~ WW rrH~~~Oil '-OUOiAf~
Al§o~.A I cri~ Li q.
This expression is only used in imperative and propositive sentences. Thus, it cannot be preceded by
-0f/ Oj.A:j to express a reason in the same sentence.

• 7]{l o] {l"8jj.J,.i <2.)'% T;!j£~ ~P·il£.. (x)

~ 7]{lo] {l~}Lj77} <2.)'% Qj£~ ~}).il£. . (o)

2 Ol .H.~££ §~ rrH ·-s:.~ o~~~LICf2.~.:il CH'B'W * cu:::cil OlrrH::: ~~Pil o~~q::: 2.I.AI ~ LfE~
~qq
When instructed to do something in this form, the hearer can answer using the similar form -.S:.& o f~§

Lief, meaning that he or she will do the action being requested.

7f 7l~A~ ~ ~ .!i!}oF ~if~ 9 91..2..LJ77} '€11l~l -t'-lf-~}£~ ~r).il.fl...

You have to do well on your final exams to advance to the next grade, so please study hard.

Lf I.:Jl. '€)_{)~] -t'-lf-15}£~ ~})i~LJt:f.

Okay, I will study hard.

7f 1f-Oj ~ 7-} 2 rf7} ~ojj ~g li1J:$_o-]Jl.

~ I!{IOICf to cut one's hand
Lf o:j~ % <?.} Q.}g E_J-j JJ.. ~JJ..~ AJ 7.-j ojj ~.:il~ tlf.SCI to apply ointment
~7f -"'!::2.1Cf to have heart burn
~~ medicine for an upset stomach

\_ *AI£ frequently; often -

~0 1~ :q.sCf7f W>!l ~ 1111~Cf ~ s_...q.::il CZ'l.::il~ {tx~011 ::q~ l:lf£Cf

!fll f 7~ M2.l.::il Of.!!.Cf !fl~~ EAI.::il-6.1A~ XiiAI.:C..fOil ofCf
t:-o I 7 f~.::il of.!!.Cf <2J'O~ 4-AI£ i!:-011 ~q

2 7f ~cJl oJl %5:t ~ ~n ~ 0 11l ¥ 7}DJ %JR .

~i!iiOII ~2.1Cf to be bitten by a bug
Lf ~Jl.~ E.~ tl]LJ77t l:I} 2 Jl. "if:Al ~.5:.~ '8'}-A~Jl. ~q to scratch

~.6G- <51Cf to wear a cast

~2:11011 ~~f::.Cil WOI L:l.!? 7f~Cf CZ'l.::il~ E~ EiiLjlJf l:lf£.::il ?,Cf

(;7~ c5fCf7 f Cf~Ai WOI !p2.m q -f,J.6.~ '5f.::il LfAi ~~ §-V W£ MCf
~~I ():jE~O I 'rJOI ~q .2.-§ xl.si.~ 'E:!.::il LfAi ():j~ §-V ~£ c5fCf
 (1) 7f ~g .2...9...Jl1i ~ -c1] o-]~7-1] i>}l(! *g77]-.R? (oRtg ~ t>~oj] :A1~i>}q)

Lf ~-B-~oJ2.f£ nH-c-t ~~~otl 7-i~t>r£~ t>r'-11.2..

(2) 7f ~~cle>ll :7.~ A1l%V·-l ~1'-WYct. (2[=--:7.}7-Joj] :7.~ All~ct)

Lf -cf%-¥. E1 ~
' - 2i!..
-,

(3) 7f !E 1J9~ i>RAl Aa~ u]~i>R. (~1Ji>}q)

Lf CS{.Q.£.~

(5) 7f oj-n}E ~%-oj] J.}~ ).}'if~ oj l;j.!f- ).jTICi%1Jl. (ojJ.~ i>}q)

q q;:: l:IJ~o] ~.9..1(! - - - - - - - -

2 ·-AI·~ts=.~ c5~cr~ Al-§-f>HAi q:; cH£:~ .lt!~c5~AiiR.

(1) 7f ~oj] ;go] ~ ~ Q}A-j ';it J.]{}oj] n:J-Ei>R.R. (';;!-;g g :.z.}q)

q l{").s~ 7-r7-l OJ:£~ t>r'-1L2..

(2) 7f :A1]7} ~W n:J1 2['--Q.ji>Ro~ "%[ ~o] ~~y77]-? ().}~~ %~ i>}-c.J·)

.._,
Lf .:::z..o J.j7}oj]~
'-'- ,_

(3) 7f .!Jl-7-J\:l. !E ~o-JJ.1 ~1'-WYct. (~ct)

q 41~-¥-El ~ ~ Iil

(4) 7f .R ~ 7ffi 4fo] »-e;J.fl... (~q)

Lf ~~. ~~{} PJj7-]Lf ~ g~ g

(5) 7f ~t!Jl:7.-] .lf!-7-J\:J g li}Lfci 7Ji=.-c1] ~ ~ J.} 7}o~ ~77]-.R? (J.l- 7]-q)
Lf _2_i>jp~- g9 ~.Q.y77]- o]-.!f-~£

138 Korean Grammar ,;, 'la·e · Intermediate

 This grammar point is so difficult to understand.

In that case, why not ask the teacher?

7f 5?. ~ 11-~ "G1l T:l:A}~ o 1 WOil ~ ~~.B...

I bought some clothes, but I don't care for the design.

q .:J.~. q ~ *_Q_£. l:lPf-711-J- ~ ~ ~ "5}:Al .=z.~..a.?

In that case, why don't you exchange them for something else or
get your money back?

Jl .H.~~ q::: A~~Oll7il Oi~Jil 5!-E -3;!01~~q.:L!. T:lf?.W ITH )..j%~Liq. Ol .H.~~ '-£~ 5~q·52.q ~t]
:.i !f.CEj.:L!. Qf~ .R~~Liq.
nis expression is used to suggest that someone do something. It is a much weaker and softer expression
man -.s:.~ afC.f.

.7 ~.XI .:J.c.H.R?
v
::[6f>~.XI.:J.2H.R?

7f ~-1 g 7}::: ~o] 2f.Al ~~lj] 7}oF ~7-] ~ .!2..S~~Jl.

It's my first time to go this way, so I don't really know which way to go.

Lf ~ ~ ~ .!2..§.~ "§J.A] ~ Ef7-] .:Z.ClJA?

If you don't know the way, then why not take a taxi?

7f %r:Jl~:§:}7} 7-Pfl Jl:AJo] t.f.B...

My cell phone frequently gives me trouble.

q 7-}Jfl Jl:AJo] t.fl?1 9-~'il -&-}7-] ~Jl .AR ~.£ l:l}Jfl7-] .:z.elJA?
If it gives you a lot of problems, then why not just get a new one instead of getting it repaired?
 7~ ~ 7 ~ 't}-l.{C\ ~%~] 7j-o): i>J--e'Gjj :7-l-71- q{-~Al ~4;- Aj:zl-771-:A] *~~~or.
I've got to go to Myeongdong to meet a friend , but I don't think I can get there on time due to the traffic.

q ~o ] .Q}Ai -"J..t[i ~ ~~ 1:-j] ~~ ~ ~7\ i>}:A] .:J.i!lj?

\The traflic's) probably clue to the snow, so w'ny n ot postpone your engagement?

1 al iE~::: ~~~Oil o 1~ ~ ~~ rrH ~ ·-o ~/Oi.A.i'~ .A.~5~A' ?i.::il '--( 0 )Lim·~ .A.~~H...1q.
When stating a reason in the preceding clause, - (.£)LI7Jf is used, not -Of/ Oi.A.i.

• I:i %P·i 7ol' !I g ~ 7.] .:Ii!jj.R? ( X )

~ ci~t..J 77r7ol'!I g ~ 7-J.::Ii!Jl.R? (o)

2 :!!~7i IE~~ '-AI .:J.~OiR?'~ Oirt! ?.:!~ 51-E- Jt'!OI C:j q~~ C~I 2/1.::1~/ll 5~AI m£LL~ ~?.!2.1
<c!-E~771§~ .R~5~7iq ~B~ ~ ITH .A.~gj"Ljq,
The past tense form -:XI .:::J.~Oi£.7 is used to express one's disapproval or regret about the fact that
another person did not do something despite it having been the preferable course of action.

• oj-~cij ~..2..1(\ J.i 7-114;:- ~% ~ 7-jojj.R? 'i!.fo] oj-IIl(\ ~ 9J.7.] .:I~<>j.R?

Did you keep working even though you were in pai n? If you were in that much pain, why didn't you get
some rest?
: Ol g~g '['JOI Of-gCil 211 *!XI '['J~Li:E ~Ef77jg of:; ~ LfEfL!l.:il '1!-EfLICf.
This sentence expresses the speaker's feeling of pity about why another person did not take a break
despite being in a lot of pain.

1 7f o:Jil. %91- W ~ J.Hjf-J?!J.-1 ~ ~ 5HJ.-1 L:J.!f- :rrl~i>H.R.

~.J?-OI Cf
q .:=I.~ , ~7lfo12.}.£ % ~ :7-l .:=I. i!llJl? to decorate a house
~fjCf to be bland

O:j~ §-~ 'E:t~ AH.sf-'2'!.A.i '§!~ 5H.A.i L.:J.!?- rrl2-ofCf :g-Jz_f012.f.S:. §- *lc.f
~~ §- :lfl-[):jOt oi-l::Cil ~~~ .A.f2.i ~ .A.I?JOI ~q <cJEi~2£ ~~ "Ofc.f
~01 l.:J.!¥ ~7igCil ~501 ~q ?J:g-OI2.f.S:.-§- ~q

2 7f ~w 9l ~.2..a12 ~~r;n _2_~.5:.. 3:. ~<>i Bi~<>iJl.

q .:=I.21 l-] 77} ~ojjJ.-j % ~~ ~~~£"3"}:7-l .:I;l01Jl?

~Oli.A.i §- '§!~ ~~fq

LH'§I 7f:XI..:il7f0t ~ -tjt5-~0 I q -w2.lc.f -§- .A.-j~2.i.A.-j ~~ .A.fCf
Oj:Ail ~01 ~ ~~E-Cil ~~Oll ~c-jLI C-j <[.!" ~f:Aic.f ~0 1 ~ ~Cf..:il ~f..:il 7f:XI ~q

140 Korean Grammar u1 CZ/.,·e · Inter m ediate

(1) 7 ~ a:j<5]% 7\-l:lJ~ l-J-.:i!.1i,C:.EJ1 <>1r10i1J--1 !-J-~ 711 ~0 \-Jl? (\tJ:1Hi!:-l-1:AJOi1 7J-q )
q »-1-711 TI}~ 7]-7117]-lf£.Q.L-j7lj-l{"Q{Ji-F--1"7-J011l~f-l .2~.2.?

(2) 7~ :A1 ~ l:l17J- ..2..~ \t 0 1'B. ~:AJ-71 71~ 0 1 -5f-%t>RhJJl. (2 °1J:1 q3~ .!:2.-c})
q .::J.i:£:Jl:l17]- _2_~ \t0i1~ ___ _ _ _ _ ___ _ ?

(3) 7~ .2.5\:R1i}Oi1 ~Oi]J,-j ~L-]7!]- il.!f-{:]{:]t>RJl. (..:g--%l_Oi17]-l--j --8-~ 0 12}£ -€ -oj-q)

q .::J.~ ?

(4) 7~ o1J:ti ~ Qj-6.) ~ 1f£o1 ~GjL-j §-§ 0 1.2-:Aj-c}Jl. (.!f-.2.\:l7Jj1 ~~~ ~c.jq)
q .::J.~ ?

(5) 7f ~ROi1-&:A1llt! 0 1 ~~EJ1 o]-~£ ~R~ ~ {f *t>RJl. (~R~7 ~ -€!-Hl-c})

q .::J.~ ?

(1) 7~ o-j A11 ~ <il ~ .£~ q ~ c.J-BR l--jl:l-j 5j, ojJl. (~:A1 AR B-Oi1 71 ~-oj-q)
q 0 l-~711 q ~ 51 oj Jl? ~f-1 7-tlt::!Oilli%-B~f-1 2 ~.01.2.?

(2) 7 ~ ~ Q.]t£ uJ1l:lJ ~2.1 ..:g-717]- ~ ~j-l--j .::J.~~:A1 -&o1tl.!f- 0 \-nfJl. (~~ ~ -€ ~q)
q .::J. cj 'B. %Zl-Oi1 ?

(3) 7~ <iJ 3!" 0 1 'ilf~ EJ1£ lf£0 1 ~ ~r.1 L-] 4;'-0 1 ~ ~0\-Jl. (±-51i} ~q)
q 0~1 .::L?., ?

(4) 7f ~ o]-, 1:]1~ q~ uJ1 ..:g-lf- ~ ~{:]"01 ~ ~ :;io1~~7]- £lJJl. (..:g-lf- ~ ~{:]"01 -oj-q)
q -=z.n:J1 ?

___ _ _ _ _____ ?
 CD "'J-%iiH~ 7]-~]7]- ~~Jl ® ).l-§-iiH~ u]-%oj ~~Jl
@ ).]-§-iiH~ 'o~oj ~~Jl @ "'J-%iiH~ "'l-78°1 ~~Jl

CD ..2..?jo]-Jl ® ~~ %"'lt:f
@ ~~ _2_).i]Jl @% .£OJ=o]oj]Jl

3 7~ O:j~ ~~ ~ ~ AH!f-l"i ~~ ~cl LI L.:j!F- IIIEoH.R

q .:IEi. .g0o12.~~ ~
----------------------------
CD ~ 77]- iiH..Il ® ~:Aj .:Z.CJ1Jl?
@ ~ ~ 9l<ll~ Jl @ ~ C;j Jt! ;go]oj] Jl

4 7~ AH£ 7H*~ ~:2P ~ XHDI ~q~ AiR?

q

CD t;J], ?;a~~ ~iiH..Il ® o]-y..ll, ?;a~ li!.7-j !:Jl

@ t;J], :AHuJ~ ~;z.J s:_ -@-c}Jl @ oj-y..ll, ?;a~ :AH uJ <;rt~ ~ 9l<ll~Jl

5 CD 7]~o]1JiiH"'i ~-'f:loJl 7]-S:.~ ii"r"'il..ll.

® tg-oj ?J-o] Lf"'i ~~ ~ %- ~;z.J .:Z.CJ1Jl?
@ .AJ~-!7]- \:!- *oJl <{:!JI~ :A)-? l:lj- 2:Aj .:Z.CJ1Jl?
@ ~oj ?J-o] oj-~7] rr:jJ.g.ojj <{1-Q[~ 9"']£. ~oj] ~.5:.~ ii"J-"'i]Jl.

6 CD LJ1~-¥-EJ <{]- :A] z,l-ii"]-.5:.~ iil-"'i]Jl.

® ~:Ai] ?J-o ] oj-~~Jl? .:Z.lfJ ~ ;z.J .:z.~~Jl?
@ ~).}%ojj 7j-y77j- .::;z.~~~ ~~ *Oj Ef<ll~Jl.
@ oj *~ 10\1 ~oj] ~ -:£-~r:-j] <i:J;z.J ?£ ~ ~iiH..Il.

142
 7. ~iiLoJ1 _2_2ll{}~oJ1 ~l.oJ1Jl!
o-Jq 7}-"-1 ~ -w ~ ~77}Jl?
It's certainly been a while since you came to school! Shall we go
somewhere to get a bite to eat?

q ~iiLoJ1 q~ 1Il1 Jf-Cl 7} .Al--? 7}1fl_ ~t:J-011

71· ~77}Jl?
How about going to the restaurant we used to frequent when we
were in school?

7• o1 ~o-J~~ o}z;:: _2_211!8 ~ :Q-o}Jl.

This English book seems really old.

You're right. This is a book I used to study when I was a high school
student.

Ol R~~ :i!~7~0il ~~~ 71{! ~<cl' 'r!~.§ ~~o 1q ~-E.!'~ :21-lfoHAi ~W rrH AI§~Liq. '5~XI'2! .::1. ~01 ~7~

Oil~ 'r!~£1<tioq ~AH77~XI~ XI~£1X I cr.;~ .3;1~ ~~Li q. ~A· %tOil AI§~Liq.
This expression is used w hen recollecting a behavior or habitual act that was repeated regularly over a
certain period of time. However, it must refer to something that happened repeatedly in the past but has not
continued until the present. It is used in front of nouns.

v
~---------------------------------------------~-------------------------

• ~{joj]1[1fl ;.}~ ,<: 7<]\:J: "f:-~oj] oj;.}'9J~Jl.

The person who used to live next door moved last weekend.

144 Korean Grammar ;,,_ CZ/se- · Intermediate

 • o] g Q{,<:. 7.~] 7} .:l!. ~~.ii!. trlJ 7.}? ~ lfl 7-J aj]Jl.
This is a song that I used to listen to a lot in high school.

• o}t!-]7.] 7fl]J--j c}l-]J-] lfl LJ1~.ii!.oj] 7.15=- t:fl-].:i!. 'Xl ~ Y cf.

I attend the same university that my father used to attend.

-; ~§-.A.IOll '- \::!'01~ ~EH.'= 22g ·~li~ LfEf~ ITH'.Q.j 02 '-W'It\::!'~ .:g.:::;.,WdiR
See Chapter 22 Expressing Completion, 02 -~/~'2! for information about the - I:! form attached to adjectives.

1 O I.H.~:: :LlmOil ~ A~~ ~A: I '2! A:l-5:: O~A I cri~ ~~ .H.~W rrH.AI§-0~715:. g)-LICl O I ITH~ '(Jlf7~0jl)
Oj2.i \:!', ';;:f~'. '7f-g', 'gJ~· ~ ~*~ LfE~LH~ .H.~:ilf gj-7Jll .AI§-~Lic.f.
This expression is also used to indicate something that was often done in the past but is not anymore.
In such cases, it is used together with expressions of repetition such as Oj2.i ttl. ;q.;:;s., 7f-El-. and ~~-

• 4L2..J7]- 7-}9- 7J-ltl 7]-llJi e>ll cj-J..l 7} _li!.jl -}ioJ.R.

I want to go to that cafe that we used to frequent.
: Ol-3-:!g :ilf7iOII.'= .::1. 7fiiiiOII ;q.;:;s. n-.xi'2J .Aiag .Af-'?- 7f.AI 'Ci.'=Cf.'= 2.JDI7f ~§ Lief.
Here, the expression refers to the cafe that the speakers used to go to often but do not visit anymore.

2 OI.±E~:: :ilf7~0il .AI~:: ~A: I '2! Of~ MLfA:I cri:= ~~ .2.l ~f():j .H.~W rrH .AI§-of7I.S:. g)-Lief.
OIITH~ !I!~ 'A:I8~'. 'A:I8~'. 'Oi;J;:il'. 'O f77f'. 'A:i \:!Oil' ~ Jlf7~£1 ~ .AI~OILf [[H~ LfE~LH ~ ~2f gj-7Jll
.AI§-g)-LI Cf.
This expression is also used to indicate the recollection of something that was started in the past but has
not ended yet. In such cases, it is used together with a word indicating a specific time or day in the past,
such as ;J::I\::.1''§. ;J::I\::.1'-'?-. Qi;l;il. Of77f. and Aitt!OII.

• o}77}7<jl7} o]-J..l!fl i"j llj ~ 1::1-] Xl_o].R?

Did you throw away the coffee I was drinking earlier?
: Ol-3-:!g Of<5.j 7iiii ~ q Df.A.I.AI 'Ci~Cf.'= QIDI~LICL

Here, the expression refers to the fact that the speaker had not finished drinking the coffee.

3 AH 3:!01 OfLI2.f A: I-57JfA:I .AI§-~ %.Jl£1£1 D I ~ LfE~~ ITH.S:. .AI§-g)-Lic.f.

This expression can also be used to indicate that something is not new but rather something that has
been used from a certain time in the past until the present.

• o 1~~ 7-11 ~7]-7]- 'fl!fl *~r:il 7-11 °l-0 le>li7JI ~oJ .R.
These clothes are what my nephew used to wear, and (now) I've given them to my son.

• oj 7-}%7(1-i=- oj-1::1-] 7-17]- 'EfJ..l!fl 7-Jo:Jl.R. This car is what my father used to drive.

4 OI.±E~:: :ilf7~0il ~ \:!12! ~Oi8 ~ ~ . ~*£1A: I cri~ ~Oil ~ .AI§-ofA:I I'~~ Li c.f.
This expression is not used for things that have only occurred once and do not repeat.
 This expression is also used to refer to a behavior or act that has often been repeated from a certain
point in the past.

• .2..~:s:. -'f-c.]7J- .:zJ-9- 7\-;=i 7J-~1oJP·l 1

i'!''J!-.1r.f.
Let's meet at the cafe where we've often met.
: Ol3:!g :i?.f7WEi :AI-577f:AI 7jl4r .:J. 7'fllil011 :Af-9- 7f.:i2 '1!Cf.:::. QJD I ~LI Cf.
Here, the expression means that the speakers have been going to the cafe often from some time in the

past.

'-t:j':il~ :ilP~ .A.1;~:i1~ q EfLH::: '-( 0 )L'::: q.g.:ilf ~::: ~f01 7 f ~t:;L1Cf.
The d ifferences between -\:! and -{.2.)L, which expresses the past tense, are summarized as follows.
-----·----
-t:! - (O)L
·-·· ·-- · ···········
l

.::a.§iA1
OOO
l
J
:i?.l-7iQJ .A. ~-§ ~AH OIOPI~LICf.
Indicates a past fact in the present.
.............'j.
'
i (1) :i!f7i011 ~li£l:AI 'r,tg ~~ LfEf~ [[H (1) :AI-§ ~xH .g~.££ -%!'-§ [[H:i?.l-7i011 ~li.§
l
.A.f§~LICf. 'l!J~ W%1' [[H .A.I§~LICf.
Expresses a past behavior that has Expresses a past behavior that has ended
not yet come to an end. when viewed from the perspective of the
present.

-+ ~ 0~ q 8 ~'XiC~ 3:!-§ QJDI

~Lief. -+ ~-§ Cf ~~q.:::. 3:!-§ QJD I ~LICf.
The speaker has not yet finished The speaker finished reading the b ook
reading the book. yesterday.

(2) :i?.l-7i 011~!&~££ ~ ~-§ :£1lfoH.A.i (2) 8~~ :i!f7i .A.~~ OIQP I~ ~ :£1-g£1 QJol.:::.
~~Li ef. gj_8LICf.
Expresses the recollection of Expresses only the simple past without any
something done repeatedly in the meaning of recollection.
past.

• 1!] ~ 0 1~ ~s:-oJ1 1[ rrll 1£j ;=!

-+ ~*OI~ O:j2.i ~ '2:l'Xi.:::.:AI.:::. 'M-'? gt.:ll 8~o l
g -6101 oJ1Jl. '2:jg ~ 01 '1!Cf.:::..A.~~-§ 'MOt.:il 'XJ8LICf.
-+ ~~011 {! [[ij ~*OI~ O:j2.i - ~ '2:j~cf While it is unknown whether the speaker
.:::. 3:!-§ QJDI ~LICf. ate ddeokbokki many times, we know
The speaker ate ddeokbokki that the speaker has the experience of
many times while living in Korea. eating it (at least) once.
--~-'-··-·--·----·---------------------------------------------·--·---·-·-·----·-·---·-

-- - - - - -- ~----- - - -- -- - -- - - -- - - - -- -

146 Korean Grammar ul/ 'lls.e-· Intermediate

 7~ .:.z)-%7-1- -"H.£ -ll"o-JSi.?
I
~
q 0 1-YSi., 0 1-Hl .Al71- El--"1 ~ 7-j oj1..9...
;:!§~~ AH£ .A~q O ~l:l-iAI7~ E~AICf I 7-jCf
~AH£A~q <cjLIJ ~ 'fJCf I 3?:0 ICf

?!!~ AH£ .A~C~ 2.HH~7~ ~q I 7-jCf

2 7~ O:j 71 'V. ~ --8.g. * 59:o-J.£._?

q .A1* »-1 71- ~~ 71c;$,o-J..9..? ;;\1171- H-1~~1:11 ..9...

7~ 0 lrrt71- ~C;j.Jl ~~ Ell ... ···.

O:J71 'l.!Cf I ~g. ~ .!=i!Cf

O:J71 'l.!Cf I!@-~ .!=i!Cf

O:J71 'l.!Cf I~~ .!=i!Cf

(1) 7~ 0 1 Ai1 1lJ. cJ1 l:l1~ cc}u~ C£1 ~..9..? (;;\Hu1'V_rl1 ~q)
Lf l.:jl, f.IIDI 0 J.7il ~t:."j_ Ec}u}7} ;;\1\J?-0]1 ~t{ ti-]i)'j.71 :':.fL.
(2) 7~ o}o1~El1 7-J\t~~ ?£o1 -"l- ~t{ ~Si.. ({1-=f- o}017r 71-.A1.Jl ~q)
Lf 0rt1oll..9... 7-J\t~~ ~~ ~011..9...

(3) 7~ 01 ¥l§:· 7-a ~ "*.A1..9..? (o-j ~ rrH ;z.rzr ~ ct-)

q 1=ll. :!fl-%010]1..9...

(1) 7~ 01 7'-1 Tii u}A=j£ Q1..9..? (:1.7,:! ;;\117} u}-"1 ct I 7'-1 Tii 01ct)
q .:J..'i f.11lr nrf..!t:;t =rrnl'-fTir -"H£ ~ ~ e.t E~ rl1..9...
(2) 7~ o] -"1Zl-oll lft ~ E_;,i]Jl? (o}017r ~ q I lff01ct)
q l.:jl, ~~ \:[o}-"-1 ~.Jl 'V_o-]Jl.
 Wei Ming, are you cleaning up again?

q ~».] 7} GJ-%1-"1 7-J!I_ ~ <€[~ .!f-1-]77} ~-A] 7} ?jo]

~ ~ .2_"Gl~J!.Jl.
When I opened the window because of the hot weather, (I witnessed
the fact that) a lot of dust came in (the room).

Did you happen to see Kylie?

q 1=]1, o}77} <2.-f~o] ~cf.TI-H"t>}Jl] t..j-7}"Gl~JIA.

Yes, I (personally) saw her leave in a hurry saying she had to meet
someone.

Ol R~:= ~I-E A~O I .Jlj-7~0U ~~ .!:2.7~ q ~7~q ~:= Uz_l 3:!~ .2.1Wo~Oj A:l-5 q::: A~EJ"Olllil ~'§"~ [H
A~g,t-Liq_

This expression is used to express the speaker's recollection that he or she directly saw, heard, or felt some
prior event or action.

.3.C~ 2~ 11 R
A/V
~ [.~ 2~.:L!.R

2jA~Oi q 2.IA~C~ 2~.:L!.R

~~0 1q £t~o Ic.~ 2~.:L!.R

• t.RoJl;.i e:J ~ ~ "6Jl ~ LJ 77~ t.RoJl ~ :Aj ~ -uo1?J~ ctJUl..

After traveling around Korea, (I directly saw that) Korea really has a lot of mountains.

• ~::z~J ~ 7 ~-.s-~Jl :Q-0 1 tr 7 ~ ~~r:i] :§14- »-]7~ g_ '8 ~ :Aj~ ~t>}~crJIJl..

Yesterday, I played basketball with some friends, and (I witnessed the fact that) Heesu can really play well

• ~.li!. ~oJl ~-H.£ ;,~Zl 71~-if-Q.J 71~ '3!-0 1!!Jl ~?J--cictJIJl..

(From direct experience, I know that) the coffee at the new coffee shop in front of the school is really gooc

148 Korean Grammar ,;, U re · Intermediate

1 OJ .H.~:= ~f-E Af~OJ.S:!7~Lf ~::: 3;!01J cHoH Al-§f>PJ rrH~OIJ!i!~ 90Pf 1cz.!~cz.! ~~OIJ::: AI§
f>f:AJ crl~LJCf.
Because this expression refers to something the speaker directly saw or heard, the subject of the
sentence cannot be the speaker. That is, the sentence cannot be in the first person.

• t..f~ "5\1.2.1£. oJ~% 7} t;]2.}.RR. ( x )

- t..f~ 8-H.2.J.£ at~ ~ :n-o-JJi.. (o)

2 OJ .H.~::: ~f-E Af~OJ AH.§liJ'§tllJ .§! Af{IOIJ'2! Al-§"6f.:il OJDJ '§t.:ll ~::: Af{IOIJ ::: Al-§"6f:AJ~~
LJCf.
This expression is only used to state something the speaker learned for the first time, not something
already known .

• ;>.jJ Jl"fbl:..g- 7JoJ 'i'.,ft;]c}.RR. (x)

- AjJ Jl~.}g- 7JoJ '?,fo}Ji.. ( o)
: OlD I ~.:Ll. ~2 .A.~OIE£. '-Ci2.f.:J:ill.'~ ,\.I§~* ~E-LICf.

The fact was previously known by the speaker, so -Ci2.f.:J:ill. cannot be used.

3 Af~Qj f:t~OJLf7Jg, Di-* ~EH ~ LfEf~ rrH::: 1cz.!~ 9~.5:. Ai§W * ~~LJCf. 3cz.!~Qj ~~OIJ:::
'~§Af + Of/~"6fCf + -Ci2.f.:il£'£. .H.~oHO~ g[LJCf.
The first person subject can be used when expressing a person's mood, emotions, or feelings. When the
third person is used, the form A+Of/ Oi5fq must be used.

• l:IJ 7}- .2.1[! %.A~~ .!f.%-t}t;jc}.RR. (x)

- l:IJ7} .2.1[! (A-j~) .!f.%-t}t;]c}.RR. (o)

• ::1.. oJoJ:7] ~ ~Jl o-jo-]t.j 7} 4;:-AJ -t}.Aj-c-jc}.:ilJi.. (x)

- ::1.. oj oJ:7]~ ~.:il o-jo-Jt.j7} 4;:-AJ-"5\JiS\-.A]-c-jc}.:ilJi.. (o)

4 OJ .H.~::: '-Ci~R)'Lf '-C-j2.f'2f ~ ~fOJ7f ~OJ Ai§W * ~ 0 [):j <2{-l.!-C-j ~~"6f-E QjDJ7f ~~LJCf.
"6f:AJ'2! ~~WO JLf tt!WOIJ 2Ef. AI§~-*~::: '-Ci~R)'2f-E ~2.J '-Ci 2.f'::: tt!WOIJ'2! AI§~-*
~~LJCf.
While roughly equivalent in meaning to -Ci2(R) or -Ci2.f. this expression carries a slightly stronger
sense of emphasis. However, while -Ci2(R) can be used with both honorific speech and familiar speech
styles, - Ci2.f can only be used with familiar speech.

• 't:fA} ~7 ~ .A}.:rjq .!i!..t.j 77} 7}-g.~ 4;:-AJ~ ~S:. .A~7jl:-j2.}J1.Ji..

= 't:fA} ~7 ~ .A}.:r1q .!i!_t.j7J} 7}-g.~ 4;:-AJ~ ~S:. .A~7j nj~Ji..
= 't:f;{} ~ 7 ~ .A}.:r1q .!i!..t.j77J- 7}-g. ~ 4;:-AJ~ ~S:. .A~ 7j t;j 2f.
 5 i!P~ Oil ~li.§ <§:!Oil CH5H.A.i::: ·-~/<i.tC12filR' ~ .A.f§~Liq,
To refer to things that completed in the past, -'ll/~C12.f.:i:l.£?. is used.
- - -------- -- - - - - ----

• ~~<">jj £.3)-i>}-y77}- ~oj .2.:ci2f.illl. • ~~<">jj S:..3)-i>}-y77}- ~oj ~t:i2f.illl .

It was snowing when I arrived in Japan. It had snowed when I arrived in Japan.

: ·~o l 2.C-f2.f.:i:l.£?.'-E ~01 2...:il '1!-E £~~ .2:1-WoH.A.i Waf-E ?.:!Oijl. ·~o l ~Ci.2.fjl£?_'-E ~0 1 OlD I ~jl.
~ '§l'.A.I ~~ {J"EH ~ ~lfoH.A.i . ~ 01't:! ?.:!O I .gt$..!§1 ?.:!~ ~I {J"oH .A.i Wof-E ?.:!~Li ef.

The phrase ~01 .2.Ci2.f.:i:l.£?. refers to the recollection of seeing snow falling, while ~01 ~Ci2.f.:i:l.£?.
refers to the recollection of seeing that snow had already fallen, but had stopped at the time of
being observed by the speaker.

o-] 7-~] ~ o]~o].R? ~

I

~7<~1
1 7f '*<;:lo]
"' '-'
q oJ-9- 7-Ru] ~J:r:i2}JI.R. first-birthday party

Oj:Ail ~ ~~ Of~ :AHDI'1!Cf

O-f:Ail 7 f ~ ~~1±1~ ~'M '.il:i! .A.fWO I 'i'ief
0-f:Ail-l..f ~T- Of7 1~~~~ ~~I.A.i ~-~~ 7f S!t.A.i ~7 15fef

2 7f uj-3 ».] ~o].R?

q l;j], Oj-77]- .£J-i :t}ojjJ-i '*-lf-i>j-"G12}JI.R,

£Ai-tK>II.A.i ~!f-5fef
~6~10li.A.i ~~ill- ~[;f[::.f

7-fiii§-Ofi.A.i ~T-2f OIOPiofCf

150 Korean Grammar iN 'lise · Intermediate

0 ~7 12.~ .UI7~ (}jAil ~CZ!<'> I ~~I .UI2.1 ~A~ ~7~ ¥-t~Liq . .:::12-l.::il£~ A~~ .UI.2.~ ~~I .UI2.1
~A~ ~-7-011 CH<5HA1 OI0~7 1<5~.::il ~~Liq. q~ .::IE! ~ .!i!.::il '-C~2.~.:il£!' ~ .A.~<5HA1 CH :2~
.gt~<5~AiiR.

.:X:fO~ o}7}2} »-], o-]7-~1 ;:_ -&11 »-1 \::}-7.} ~ 7 ~ ~q~J-.-jJl?

Of712.f l.:j], \::}-7.} ~-=jL7} o}? (1)qj_0J.f1[ ~glit::je{-2.2.. (l)J_'V_711 ;_~~q)
.:X:fO~ o-]~ L.j-2} l-.}~<{1 -3i {[o}Jl?
Of712.f %0-j .!1!.7-1 ~ ?,J-'V_- ~ r:~1 (2)
(~~ l-.}~Cj -3i :Q-q)
.:X:fO~ 71~ o-jrrJ1Jl? ~Jl?
Of7l2.f o}yJl, 71~ ~if" (3) . (~q)
.:X:fO~ 0
~
A Ol..Q.. <'>~q.Jl
2.2. '--'
"i>RJl?•

Of712.f ~~ ~ ~r:J1Jl . .=z.ejJJ,-j .=I.tt}7.1 71% (4)

(uRJl 'V_q)
.:X:fO ~ J. ;:_ o-] ~ 711 <iJ ~ o-] Jl?
Of712.f "ii}C£}:-6!j \:}-1:lJoJ1 ~o-j~ ~jl:l}7.1 ~ (5) . (<iJJl 'V_q)
.:X:fO~ f- l-.}~o1 .!f-')i~ "ii}Jl 'V_~o-]Jl?
Of7l2.f ~7-j c.Joj1J,l (6) . (o10l=71<5}q)
.:X:fO~ f- l-.}~o1 ~ o-j%~Jl?

Of7l2.f l.:Jl, o}? ~ (7) . (o-]%c.Jq)

.:X:fO~ .=z.~~Jl. f- l-.}~o1 ~~"5}~ ~39, 0-j Jl .

Of7l2.f 7-1.5:. .=z. 5& .Q_ ~ ~39. o-j Jl.

 ~
•[ 66 )t

7~ {]o] ~0}!-~ t:i ovJ %Zi ~ ~ t:i]7} ~o-jl-~

JI!il 01 oj]Jl.
I'm worried because my house is so small that there's no more
room to put anything else.

But it looked really big when I went there last time.

7~ _2_~ ~ J-}:7-J-\::] 7]il-o]% :@_?J:o}7-]1to-]Jl?

Is the (company) president feeling better today?

q o}yJl, 0}77} .!£l.Y7l} _2_~£ ~i§- JE:Ajoj

~ ~_2_l-] 1flcll..fL.
No, when I saw him earlier today, he still didn't look good.

OI.H~~ :21if~ qE~LH::: '-C-j-'£f I::IH-f30 iq it-&~ AiiAI5f7-jq tr.!CH, ~§~ qE~~ ITH Al§5f-E '-{ 0 )LCiiR'
7f ~gt.§ ~EH~ Li cf. [[f2.fAi :i!f71 ~Oll cH~ u~o 1q ~§. 01rt! it-&~ J;iiAI~ llH ~~ ifcHtgJ-2.1 ~:i!f tr.!CH£1
::: -3:! ~ ~~ rrHAl§gtLI c~.
This expression is the combined form of - Ci-, which indicates recollection, and -{.2.)L C11R. whic h indicates
background information and a contradictory or surprising situation. Accordingly, it is used when expressing
something contradictory to what the other person has just said or when expressing t he speaker's feelings of
surprise toward a past event or particular situation.
---------~--~-,

.3.£:!CiiB.
A/V j
~ £:!CiiB.

2.IA~e! CiiB.
5"'10
fAH 2{~ 01£:!CiiB.
- - - - - ' - -- ------- -- - --·--------------·- ..·- - ·- ' - - - - - -·--·- - -- - -· -- -·--- - - -- ·- -·-

152 Korean Grammar '~' Us·e · Intermediate

7 ~ op~ ;,j~o] otzr *l~:A]Jl?
The exam (this time) was really easy, right?

q o}yA, :A-j~ :A]\:!- J-]~.!Jl..q ~ o-jifj ~t;JlA.

No, I actually found it harder than the last exam.

7~ o-jA~]o}3. J,1,]'6}Jl ~J-}'6}iJ_:A]Ji..?

You ate with Mark yesterday, right?

q l=Jl, o}3. J,/,]7} ~R g~ g otzr ~ ~ ~t:JlA.

Yes, Mark can (surprisingly} really eat Korean food.

7~ ;;<.}o]: J,/,]7} ~;..~o];;<,]Ji..?

Is Jaya a student?

q o}yA, ,<: <'>E-%J.ol~t:JlA. ~.lli. <if ,<: <'>Ee>il;,-1 ~'6}~c.}JlA.

No, (apparently} she works at a bank. (I observed that) she works at the bank in front of school.

1 Ol ±E~~ g.g %l.!"Oll M71~ '51-EC-ll OI[[H~ :CP12.I .g~~ Xii.A.I'5~7iLf :C,r71.2.~ ~CH£1~ .g%1-~
Xii.A.I~Liq.
This expression is also used mid-sentence, but in such cases it is used to indicate a past situation or the
fact that the present situation is contrary to what the case was in the past.

• ut3. J,l..]= ~~ J..t~ :Q-ot .!J.l..o]\}-c-j] ~~ ~t.f .!J.l..).-j]Jl.

Mark seemed like a good person, so you should meet him .

• :.J. *o] ;;z.toF J,l..]oj]J-j] <>1%21\::l!OJ] 2Jl ~ -:0:-<>J.R?

That outfit looked good on you, Jaya, so why didn't you buy it?

• <>]:7.-j]= 'i',fo] %1fl-c-j] _2_~ ~ II~<'>H.R.

Yesterday, it was really cold, but It is warm today.

2 i!tJiOll.gj-li.§ <§!Oil CH5H.A.i ~ '-91/exie!CiiR'~ .A.I-§~Liq,

When referring to things that ended in the past, -'X.t/'X;!\:'!Cil.£>. is used.

7~ ~i;Jl J,1. ]7t ~ 7.]1..\J.Jl 'V_7.]Jl?

Is Eunhye faring well?

q t:j], '?il_ut {!oj] :§:jJ..~ %~\}-c-j]Jl.

Yes, I heard she recently changed jobs.
 I
I
.2.1-g~ qE~LH~ '- C.i2fi1 R'.2.f '-t:!Cil£.'~ C.f%i!.f ~~ ~fO I 7f ~~Lief.
The differences between -Ci2.f.:i:!..R and -e!C
il£., both of which express recollection, are as follows.
~----~--~--- ------------------:---- ------------ --------------- ----------------------------------'7--·------------------·-----~------·

-C.i2.fjl£. - t:!CiJ£.
i!.f7i ~£1 .21-g
.A.I§- 71-5 .A.I§- 71-5
Recollection of
Can be used Can be used
a past event

.A.I§-~ * ~~- .A.I§- 71-5

Cannot be used Can be used
i!.f7i£1 ~011 CH5HAi
.gcHtgOI ~ ?.;!i!.f 7f ~ ~:§:} ?.j'?J" 7.Ro] 'il:t"dft? 7f ~ ~:§:} ?.j'?J" 7.Ro J ~~ft?
ttJCH£1~ ~.z.tojq q o}y.fl.., 7.~~ 7.Ru]<V_Gj2.f.:ilil... (x) q o}L.J.fl... 7.l~ 7-RDJ'V.Jdr:iJ.fl... (o)
£!~~~W ITH
-+ '- Ci2.f.:i:!..R' {J"CH'2J"2.12.j{1:i!f ~CH£1e 2.1 -+ {l"CH\!J"2.1 2.1{1:i!f ~CH£1e 2.1{1~ ~~
Expression of an
opinion or thought
{1~ ~~ UH!c J..l§-~ * ~gLI Cf. ?;!~Ci lOl?;!g "- eJ'J!f ~~~ '--(.Q.)LCil'

about a past event

Cannot be used to express an ouO l 2.i~ ~{:10 1 'W I UHg~LI Cf.
opinion contrary to that expressed Can be used to express an opinion
that is contrary to
by another person. contrary to that expressed by
that expressed by
another person. This is possible
another person.
because of the combined meanings
of -el and --(.£)LCil.
---------------------- ----------~------------ - .--• -------········--------~------~-----~------------

~
•[ 67}
1 7f Ejj .:rl_S:. ~ l:lflJf--7 ] 7 } Oi'fl7-1Jl?
Lf 0 }YJl, l:lfl %] ~y77} .A~ Z{.!i!_q <fl"lfl"G]l.R.

EHT:!.S::.~ tJH.sf-717f Oi ~ Cf tlH~ .!:2.LI77f {!!Zj".!:2.Cf 'BCf

~ 5:17 f ~q ~ Oi .!i!.Lillf {!!Zj".!i!.Cf 8" ~ q
~ tJH.sf-7f Ofi.!!!!Cf 1,1Ail£ .!i!.Lillf ~t'.il tt l{!.££ ~ ITH.!i!.Cf Oli.!!!!AI \'~Cf

2 7f ~~ ojjl=lJ2f:-;,.* ~.Q_ 2.-i ~ -%! ojj t:}GJ %0i Jl?

Lf J.:1l, 7-1 W.JIS:. oj]l=lJ-9-;,.* ~.Q.2.1 ..g. J,.}TfJ-~ 0 ] W"lfl"G]l.fL. ~J ()jltg~Af flu shot
or~ night view

~d Oli~-'?-A~ ~.£2.i ~~011 CfL12.Cf Ai og,t.:il.S:. Oll '2t-'?-A~ ~2.2.i .g AfW~O I \'~Cf
OiAil 'cf~.!OII ~2.f7 fCf 'cfHOIIAi g .A.i~ 0F?30I Of-'?- OI%'8Cf
yy AAI7f §1~ ~og,t ~ j;:ICf

154 Korean Grammar iN 'lise · Intermediate

....
1 '-t:!C·UR'~ A~5HAi q~ CH~ -@!"~5~AiiR.
/. ~--~

{1) 7. ~;z.] 7} 2J1 o}~.£ ~oj] <?.!".2..;z.]? (~oJEloJl;,i ~.Jl <V_q)

q 0}77} ~oj] .2..q .!2.Lj77} ~OI'B!Ollf.--j ~jl OJ_"C-"j_1;(1.2..

{2) 7. OJ'7J ».]7} ~{Ji>J -{?-lf-i>}A]Ji.? (12J.j77}Aj -{?-lf-i>}q)

q loj], oJ ~ WoJl.£

(3) 7. Al7] ?}o} <V_~ ;,}~o] HcxJ]Ji.? (~~ ~oj] ;z.}o]: ».]2J ~o] .2..1:})
q ;z.l .£ ~ £2~oJJi..

(4) 7. ~~ »-]7} ojq oj] I,t;z.]Ji.? (o}77} ~-=jLil}.Jl ~o] ~;AJoj] 7}1:})
q

(5) 7. ojA~] {} ~~o] oJ~OlJi.? (~~7] 7} o}2f:- ~q)

q

7f ;z.]\:f 2f:-~oj] u}.3. ».] {joj] 1:f~%;z.JJi.? u}.3. ».] ~ ~ 7}77}%1Ji.?

q o}yi?.., J-~z[.!i:!.q {1)tli"C-"j.1;(1.2.. ;z.J t>}~.£ 1;,]{1-;Aj.£ ~~oJJi..

7. .:Z.ejJJi.? ;z.J t>}~oj] ).i 4jt:';j).-j ~ ~ ~7] ~ *1~01Ji.?

q o}L]Ji., ~-&~o ] ~Jt>R).i ~7]7} {2) _ _ _ _ _ __

7f .:z.'.W_~Ji.. ~ ~ 01rrJlJi.? JJR~t>}ft?

Lf loj], o}2f:- (3)_ _ _ _ __ __
7f D}.3. ».]~ \:J"%J-~i>}.Jl ~0~ ~;z_] Ji.? \:J"%J-~.£ D}.3. ».J j.1'€:J 7]7} 7L1Ji.?

q t;Jl, ;Aj~ (4) _ _ _ _ _ _ __

7. U}.3. ».]7} Ji.c.] ~ ~i>RJi.?

Lf t;J], 0}2f'-(5) _ __ _ _ _ _
\t%J-~i>}.Jl ~ 0 1 ~.Jl7] ~ ~ ~ oj 9-<li ~ r:i] -?]~ ~<V_ t:-] 2}.JlJi..
 1

Q) o1~ ,<:_ :A~l o}o17} oJl ~Oil oq t'l 1(1_ 'fJ c;d o-J iL
~ o1~,<:_ :A~l o}017} oJl~Oil oqt'll(l 'f:}~r11Jl
@ o1~ ,<:_ :A~l o}o17} oJl ~Oil oq t'l Jti 'fJ G12.}~_g_
@ 01~,<:_ :A~l 0}017} oJl~oJl oqtl Jti 'f:} ,<:_ .2_0J01oJ1Jl
2

Q) 4j:J-J-~ ~ 5:_ .A~ 71G1 ~ _9_

@ 4j:J-J-~ ~s:_ ).~ ~ ;:_ -oR_g_ @ ~1-il} Ol r
-, 0 '--'- 2 -=
).lJ21 ?
0 2 = 0\-0l-t\.l,....
2 .M. -,..!:1.

7~ ~~~iF Oll'b'"?.A.~ W~OlR?

q Lil, - - - - - - - - - - -- - -

Q) BJ-o 1 o}n:: Gl~Jl ~ BJ-ol o}n:: ~ r11Jl

@ BJ-01 0} :IT G12.}~_g_ @ BJ-ol o}~~ -ci2.}~

7~ ;.::-j :; Q.J-~ 'CiO I ~ Ol~ ~ ~:::c-11 ~.A.I -rJ;.::I O~LI?

q Oj'@ rrH LH 7~
- - - - -- - - -- - - - - - -
Q) :A}? ~~ g Q_{ol?lfo} ~ 7-}-? ~ _2_c.:j ~g <?fol?lfo}
rrJ~ ;AL = c o o}il} _Q_oJ-ol:A}oL
~ 1"1 2. 2. o o 1..:0 I
1...:1..e. @ 7-}-? ~ c;d~7-1 £ .2_ ~ g <?fol?lfo}

5 Q) 7-1\!-"rOil 7} .!i!_~ -%-'fd Oil ~77}_g_?

~ o}7J} :A~1 7} o}1J_ ~ ~ TI1 ~ tlj 51 o-jil._?
@ Ljj~.ill. rrJ1 7-}-? 7}~ ~ L:JoJl r:fJ-1 7} .!i!_~ -iio-JiL.
@ !J'j-* 0 1 ~ ~RoJ1 1t<Xk ~ rrJ1 7-}-? 12:J~ g~o]Oil iL.

6 Q) Al ~ o-j :A~l ~~71 ~ ~ 12:J G1 2.J-~.

~ J 0l°F71~ ~ ~ o-J n] Y ~l"'i 4j:-AJ-<5}-ci2.}~Jl .
® A~17} o-J :A~l 0}712.} »-1 {J oJl 7}Y 7!} ~»-~ ~<'>J=Oil 7}G12.J-~.
@ {1 -2-J.1oJl -"R .£. ).~ Zl ~ ~ 7]·7119.1 %;;:I o1 3!J1 :@.?£G1 2.J-~_g_.

'56
 7f o}oj 7} ~~ ~ ~o}.fL.
The child hugs a doll.

The child was held by the grandfather.

7f 0}3. ».j7} .g. ~ ~ Oi.fL.

Mark opens the door.

The door opened. I The door is open.

01.R~~ ~01 2.1 ®sOl q := .A.~iM2.1 ~-5 rrH@Oll OI-9-01;J;I7~q 4-017~ ~~ ~ ?A!OI o~LI2.~ q := ~o1q
.A.~W ITHfEOll .:J.'E:i {,1':@0 1~ ~ ITH.A.~§~Liq, Ol .R~ ~ ~!f. -§.A.~Oll '-O I/'51/2.1/71-' ~ ~():j.A.i '2.!;;;Liq,
This expression is used when the subject's action or behavior occurs either because of an action performed
by someone else or because of some other indirect action performed by some person or thing. It is made by
attaching - OI/ol/2.1/7 1- to the verb stem. Note that only some verbs allow this affix.

c -§.A.~
,v..q
+ - 0 l/'51/2.1/71- ---->

+ -01- MO!q
~q + -'51- ~ f51 q
wq + - 2.1- W2.lq
.lj!q + - 71- .!j!7lq
_____ .. __..
, ___ - - - ·---·---------- -------·
..

158 Korean Grammar ,;, 'lf.,·e · Intermediate

-...-.: MOl::: ITI@-.A.!-E C~:i!~ ~~ Liq.
--a 'Tlost common passive verbs are as follows.

Ol 51 2.1 71

~q ~Ol e~ gq '25lq ~q ~ 2.l q ~q R 7l q

:o put to be put to shut to be shut to hang to be hung to cut (off) to be cut
(off)
. .. . . , .....

j ~ilq t:l~1j11 q ~~ q ~~ 51 q ~q ~ 2.l q ~q ~7l q

:change to be to read to be read to listen to be to hold to be held
changed heard
... .. ... . ........ ...

.s!q .s!Oiq ~q ~5l q ~q ~ 2.l q ~q ~7l q

:o see to be to block to be to open to be to pursue to be
seen blocked opened pursued

..uq MOiq .gq .g5lq ~q ~2.l q ~q ~7l q

;:o use/write to be used/ to grab to be to sell to be to tear up to be torn
written grabbed sold
.... ........

.g.:J.q .g7lq 9:jq 9:151q cgJq cgJ 2.I q ~q ~7l q

to lock to be locked to eat to be to push to be to wash to be
eaten pushed/ washed
jostled
------·------- --- -- - - -- - -

" ese single word passive expressions are used in the following forms. The original action form is shown on
:O'le right, and t his is changed to the passive form on the left.

(1)

• ~~ o] :>S~ofl~l {f~<>JJl. (:>S~o] ~~ g {f~<>jJl.)

The criminal was caught by the police. The police caught the criminal.

• '?l 7r .JIOJo]oj]7]] ~7].Jl 'll<>J.fl... (.Jl0J'0] 7t '?j ~ ~.Jl 'lloJ.fl...)

The mouse is being chased by the cat. The cat is chasing the mouse.

Ol ~EH~ 'CJOI ~-'? CU::: -§.A.~::: ·~7 1 q, 9:l5lq lfolq ~71q ~5lq' ~01 exl~ Liq.
Some of the common verbs that take this form of the passive include ~71Cf. '2jolef. ~ICf. ~7 1Cf. and
~oiCf.
 -·--·-··--··-·•·•••••-••••••••••••·--·-··----··--·-·-··-·· ·-··-·· ----- --··- --·-··~~~~·-··r·--···----------····-····------------·------------·-··

(2)

NOI/7~ V + -OI/ol/2.1/71- ,_ (N ~/~ V)

• A111c1-&- g Q{-0 1 ~ Cl.fl...

I can hear loud music. I'm listening to loud music.

• A~1 ~~Jti.:Q':.7} l:l}fl~c>J.fl...

My phone number has changed. I changed my phone number.

01 ~EH£ ~01 ~-"?~~§.A.~~ ·~c! Cf. .!:i!.OICf. l::l~J?-Iq, ~o-lq_l§"clq. ~2.1 q ~71q. ~2.1 q. ~:P I

q, @o!Cf :301 ~~Liq_

Some of the common verbs that take this form of the passive include ~2.1Cf. !1!.0 ICf. ti f-\1-ICf. ~clef. W2.lef.
~2.1Cf. i'P ief. ~ 2.lef. ~PICf. and '201Cf.

(3)

N20I/7~ N1otl V + - OI/ol/2.1/7 1- + -Of/01 ~q (N10ll N2 ~/~ V)

The clock is hanging on the wall. (I) hung the clock on the wall.

• 7}tlJoj :'3\j--'·J ~ oJl ~o:j ~c>J.fl... (:3\j.AJ q.1oJ1 7}tlJ ~ '*~c>j.fl...)

The bag is (placed) on the desk. (I) placed the bag on the desk.

Oi ~EH£ ~01 ~ -"?~~§.A.~~ 'MO!Cf. ~Ole~. ~Ole~. ~2.IC~. ¥ olq' :301 ~~Li q.
Some of the common verbs that take this form of the passive include ~O ief. ~Oief. ~fO I Cf. ~2.1 Cf. and
~cl ef.

1 7~ .R~ 1:f' 2 .31l 0 1 ~ 71 7} W0 }.R?

q 0 1.31l 0 1J..}lf:J-~011 ~1 W0 1 <i-l i>l ~ 1! {[ot.a.
2 -§- ~ ~o I '2..!7 17 ~ Btef Ol ~OI.A.~-§OIIlll 'CJO I ~c l ef
~-=jl-7~ 211 {!£~ R~ef J;:lcl{;! vo l2.f.A.i {!£!-7r a~ef
-§-1'-c!JO I 211 ~ef -§-1'-c!JOI ~OIIlli -~JH~~ HH~'3J~ef

2 7~ A1\:!-Jti011 _<f-cj7} ~0 1 ¥J ~ J..}~ 0 1 Oi-c.] 011 ~Oi .R?

Lf A~1l:IJ- J:!l 011 ~ al ~ Oi.R..

J;:l \:_1-~011 ~2.l7f ~01 ~g Af-t! ~011 ~2.lef

All£ {!- ~ #Ei ~.g ~011 ~O i ef

J;:l \:_1-~011 '2:1--§ ~ ~~lOll ¥clef

160 Korean Grammar ;," 'lise- · Intermediate

 7~ ~o1 o}TI}Jl?
(1)
q 1.:]1, 0 r~ oJ1 ~J~ Bi-" <j-ojlJ-i ~ 0 1 ~..!;'Eri l--i 0}TifJl.

7~ 211 .=2 ~ 711 h{~O 1 ~oi A?

(2) q ~~ oJ1l-i g Q{ ~2.1 7} t;j ..!f- 3.711- - - - - - -
-:g--¥-~ ~ 97} ~ oi Jl.

(3)

{1) 7~ 211 ~oJ1

<j- ~oi7}Jl ~oiJl?
q .g.o1 ~&11 °J,01.Sl. 7-1.:a- ~~7} ~ oi J-i ~ o~ 71t:f2-1Jl ~oiJl.

(2) 7~ oJ:::? »-1 ~~

~ 0
'
no 1
'\..!.- L-

q .Jlo}%]Jl. t:fJ-1 %oi°F~oiJl.

(3) 7~ 7-i 71 ~oJ1 ~~ "'}~~ H l-}~o1oJ1 Jl?
Lf Jl"O"J=oJ17-jJ{l lfL.2_ ~ J- }~ 01 oJ1Jl.
(4) 7~ ~-2- J-1.:Q-S:. 0}1J Ell 211 °1 ~711 il 01 ?
q 7-l~·oJJ l-i _:g-;.~ t>}Jl ~~ ~ ~o}Jl.

(5) 7~ ~ Jtl-oJl ..!f- <3! 01 ~oiJl?

.2..~ <j-~ ~ <j- 7}7-j.Jl Q}l-i <j-
q _2_~ l:l~-£ .g.~ oJ ojJ Jl. oJU:}7} 7-~J -:g--3}j ~ .!I!.o:j ~71]Jl.
 ~
( 70 )!
7~ ..<f-~ 1fr ~Fr ~<)t.Jl cct:A11 ~"'}%f7J}Jl?
When shall we eat with our classmates?

q .A-1 ~ 0 Pf- IT11Y- :@.?i0 }Jl. <2f4f0 1 .Aj till.Al~ ~21

"T-.Ai1Jl.
Anytime's fine with me. Please let me know when the details get
decided.

Why are you having such a hard time writing?

q ~~01 <£}- ~2_ :;! ~O}Jl. ~~17} ~ <{}- ~l~Jl..

I think there's a problem with my pen. It doesn't write well.

Ol .!±.~£ 801 III~:X~ iEJ ~01.2.1 ~~01 c~~ A~'S.2.l ~~ ITH-l'E-Oll OI~01A:I7~q ~01 7 ~ ~~ ~ .:;.:!01 O~LI 2.~

q ~ ~o 1q A~'SrrHiEOli.:J.iC! ~%!-O I ~~ rrH Af§-gLiq. rrls~ ~c:::: '-OI/o l/2.1/7 1-'7 ~ *:AI ?tt::: ~A~I
*OjAi Af§-gLiq.
Similar to the previous passive form in which an affix was added to the verb stem, this expression is also
used when the subject's action or behavior occurs either because of an action performed by someone else
or because of some other indirect action performed by some person or thing. However, note that t his form is
only used with those verbs to which an affix -01/5 1/2.1/71- cannot be attached.

7~Z!OlR
-0~/01Z!01R
.UiZ!OlR
:-············· · · ·············:·· ....
i : 7~A:~R
v ~;;H
.UiA:~R

7f~ 7~ 0liR
DI~H I "}~
JJ.f~ 7~ OIIR
.
-------------------------~
. ·- -- - ·-··- ·-- --·--········--~---------~-

162 Korean Grammar ,;., u . IP . Intermediate

• %1:Jl ~:§:}7j- ~ ?;j~A. JI.AJ-o1 \::1" 3:! ~oJ-Jl.
My cell phone won 't turn on. It seems broken.

• ri31J7j- cj- %Oj-~A1 7j-l:lJ-oj1~~01 A~~c1Jl.

The coffee spilled out , and the bag became stained.

• c1::9NJ-o]1A~17J- ~#E1~ ~TIJI-1):~1:11 °]-{H1~c1 L.J-Y 77J- 7Jj~ <ll~e>lA.

Last night, I went to sleep without turning off the computer, and in the morning, I awoke to find that it had
turned off.

1 ~ §~Oll '-0 ~/0iAICP~ ~ 0 ~ Cj%2~ ~~ ~ EH7 ~ -EJLiq.

When -OfiOiXICf is added to an action verb, it changes as follows.
~----~~~~---- ----~

NOI/7~ v + -0 ~/0iAiq (N ~/:i V)

2 O I.H.~~ '- OI/ol/2.l/7 l- '7f ~AI ~~ -§)..fOil A~ofA I~ R~Oll~ '- OI/ol/2.l/7 l-'7f ~ ~-§)..fOil
.S:. A~oj-E ~Sf.7 f <ll~ Li q.
Note that while this expression is supposed to only be used with verbs to which an affix -0 l/51/2.1171-
does not attach, in recent years its use has grown to include such verbs.

• ~~ ~~ojJl. - ~:§:l-7]- ~~ojJl. I ~oj~ojJl_

The phone call ended.

• -t'-:?Jle>ll ~»-1 ~ ~ojJl_ - -t'-:?Jle>ll ~»-]7]- ~o:J ~ojJl_ I »-i71 ~ojJl_

Letters are written in the notebook.

3 ~.g."'f .!f!Oll ·-of/OiAiq· ~ ..v.~ .gEH2.1~£~ LfE.f~Li q. o l-3:!~ ~E- 87=110ll"'i l:lHU.~ ~.:il
ofAIJ I t:Jf'EtLiq.
The form - OfiOiXICf can be added to adjectives to express a change in state. Please see in the beginning
level for more details about this form .

• o]t..j- ».]7]- :>:j'?{ oj]llllj~ ojJl.

Mina has really become pretty.

· ;;.a~~ -crR-"i BJoJ llR-3:-~~ojJl.

I t idied up the room, and it became clean.
_ _j
·- - - - - -- - - - - - - -···- - - -- -

163
1 7f ~-qj~:§:j-7} <>1~~1 .Jl:AJ-o] xt<>l..R? (7;1'
q ~7.} tl-j ~ o] ~ ~2-l ~Jl.. Q!j~ liquid crystal

~:q ttle~ <c.t ~.sq

~~~<c.!" 7=1Cf
~ Oj~2.~Ai Q!j~~ ~q

2 7f lr-7} .f}-t:q7c}-~ ~<>1.£..?

q ~ .£2~<>1.£... o}~oj] .!il..l-177} ll~ Ai ~~<>1Jl..

~2.~~~7JHCf O~Oil .!i!Lillf 7JHCf

lc!j:gJ:!.~ D lef ~Oil ~f£1- .!i!LI D lef

j:il:~Oil ~.2LI77f 7=1Cf

1 '-0~/0P~ Ir.F ~ A~aHAi q:; cH~ .!tt~c5~AiiR.

(1) 7f o] -:£-oj] ~~o] %~<>1J3... (~ 7.]-i>--c.J-)

Lf J-i] l2f~oj] ~~ :::= l:J] Oj f-19=1~01.2..

(2) 7f 2Jl -=z.~ Jj] ~~ lf.:A3o]oj]J3..? (77Rc.J-)

q %2-J~o] q~ ~~Ol.B..

(3) 7f ~»-]7} t:l.!f- #Yllr ~2-J ~oJ ..2.~ w39.<>1J3... (7lc.J-2.J c.J-)

2 ·-oUOJAir.F~ A~aHAi q:; cH~ .!tt~c5~AiiR.

(1) 7f 2ll 7-JT c.j-J.j % <>1};!}.B.? (J.}-iJ ~ ~ ~q)

q .::?o] »-]7} ~.:g.~q:::= Hf-JOI Oj Dt01fi'l.2..

(2) 7f o:j ;;%7} 1IJ1 o:j~ ~ 7Q-oj ~7l}-J3..? (~o ] '[t<>1J.i oJ-{io] q )
q 7.-j.£ 7}-i!. {i7.]~
------------------
(3) 7f -&~ ~oj] ~~ ~..2..~ ~ .!9:::= ~o] ~7.] J3..? (~ ~ ~ ~ 7.]7]c.j-)
q 41. "5}7.]~ - - -- - -- --

164 Korean Grammar in <lf.)"e • Intermediate

 Is it true that Jaya is in the hospital?

She got in a traffic accident a few days ago and was hospitalized.

Have you gotten along better with your husband lately?

Lf 1=]1, Ai~ o]Of7] ~ BfOj "B ~ojj Ai~ ~

o]<5Hi>}~ ~~OiJl .
Yes, we came to understand each other better after we talked
about a lot of things.

: ;:~~III §~ .H.~~ rrH .A.f§£1 ~C~I Gilt! <§JOI ~01.2.1 £1:AI2~ Blll ~01 <§1011§ rrH .A.f§gJ-Liq.
-- s expression is used to exp ress the passive in cases in which the subject 's will or intention is not
- olved.

-7il £jq
/~q 7~7il £1~01R
-Jil £1~01R
9:jq 9:l7il £1~0lR
... ... ..
/~q
v -7il £!1R 9:jq
... ................ ...... ···-······ ......
7 ~q 7~7il ~ 7~0!1R
-7il £1
2 7~0!1R
9:jq 9:j7il ~ 7~0!1R
----~--.._ _____________________________ ___:. ________ ~---·-·-·············---~----- ------ ----------

• "tR~£ %~ Q.}--"-1 .:Q-\:J.-!f-E-1 -"1%D111!-Jll :!9~<>lA.

I came to Korea to study, and from last year I came to live in Seoul.

Because my friend likes this store, I have come to frequent it often, too.

• r:f% ~71Dl1 ~ 7 ~ 01 .£..!f. JI.15J=~ %0 }7}JI. ~1~ Pr "tRD11\fJll ~ ~ ~1-o}A.

Next semester, all of my friends will go back home, and it looks like I alone will be left in Korea.
 1 01R~ ~ ~;x;H OI~Oi{! ~o1q ~~.§ ~Oil cH<SH.A:f:: :!!Pi ~EH~ '-.7-U £1~0iR'~ Bt'OI AI§~LI
q, '-.7-U £1~0iR':: ~O!Ai '-7-11£!0jR'~ Af§"5f71£ ~Li q.
This expression is often used in the form -711£1?.J.Oj£. to indicate a state or situation that has come to be
true in the present, or that has been decided. It can be shortened to -711 ¥)!0j£. .

. ~ .q .A}~o] ~ ~oJ-.Ai o]l;li ~<>11 ~.A~ .:Z.~.!f-711 ~~e>1Ji..

Our company is financial trouble, so I quit working at the company this month.

2 Ol R~~ J;:f~OliJ-11 ~Oi'd ~~ ~~~oj ;x; j crlJ-11.!:;:!.c~·pjj R~5f.:il {,!~ rrHAl§5f71£ ~Liq. Ol
~7-11 ~Pl! ~p-jq ~~ ITH ~~~.2.£ R~~ ITH~q ~0-g[~ ~ *
This expression is also used when the speaker wants to tell another person something that happened
~~ Lj q,

to him or her in an indirect and gentle manner. Using such forms allows conversat ions with others to
progress more smoothly compared to when more direct expressions are used.

: Ol~.§ ' ~Q.t~ ~CUgLI Cf.'.ti!.Cf ~E.~711 .H~~ ~~Lief.

This form is a gentler way of expressing ~2!"~ ~CUgLICf.

3 Ol R~~ ·~.£f2.1 ~:L!f~ qEf~ ITH£ AI§~Liq.

This expression is also used to express the result of a change.

• ~>g<>!l:: £;7 ~ ~~0 r~ ::t:il 'itA} {)_-=jL2}7.\-9-Ji!.cf.!i!.\..j ~Oj-<5}711 ~~ojJi.,

I used to dislike soccer, but after watching it a lot with my boyfriend, I came to like it.

• {17 ~:L!J- .x.2Jl~<>ll 71-.Ai 7.\-9- <?!*<S}l..J77r x2Jl ~ ~<51-711 ~~e>1.R.

After going to a noraebang to practice karaoke with my friends a lot, I (have come to be able to) sing well.

1 7~ ~RoJl Q]l ~Oi .R?

q .iii.~~;,~ .Q..£ ~"&] J.i ~S}oj] ..2..:7l] ~ 9i cJi .R.

~~12/1 .2.Cf iil~~~ ~6:J.A.i ~~Oil .2.C~

~* .UI7~ OJ!::. ~IAI<>II ~~6~Cf c~ ~!f.Ef !f.~ :2j.A.f<>II.A.i ~6~~
A Is ~.Jl '1!-t= 6~~~ OJ~711 ~q -tJ.:r2.1 .1:.7H~ ~t-c~

2 7~ _!f-AJ.Q..£ 0]).~ ~ 7-joj].R?

q 1=1], \:f~ .?,j.AJ- n:}Jif-oj] 7}/ll ~9iOiJl.. ~.A.f7f~ £lq

to have poor sales

~££ oI.A.~ 7~Cf 'BJtl ~~ rrtlg.OJI 7 ~q

7~/ll~gq ~.A.~7~ ~ v £fi.A.i ~ gq
c~ ~Oil t:!AI~I~ ~ q ~~01 £2.1-ff 1£/~0ll ~q

166 Korean Grammar ut 9-a·e · Intermediate

(1) 7~ 7-1g.!f-E-j ~;z} {f~o-jJl?

q ;z11J~011 ~ 0 1 {[~ ~.::;z-7} o 1 ;.~ 7}J.-1 -!7-r f...J:1ll :!qOJ.01.2..

(2) 7~ o-j ~711 \:f;<.} ~ 7 ~ 1{1-Jfo-jJl?

q ~R011 1:£i;z1 -8:- ~.::;z-~ ~.7~£

(3) 7~ QJ1 ~ ~ 6 ~ ~"§1'91 o-J Jl?

q 0}~ ;<.1 7} i>}c}JL "5}!-~.Ai

(4) 7~ If "r!- »-1 ~ Jlti ~ ;<.}9- i>N=- -3:1 :Q-o}Jl.

q ~R011 Qf"'-1 ~;z} J.}y 7.7} Jlti ~ ;<.}9-

(5) 7~ ~ 01 »-1~ o-J~711 ~o}Jl?

Lf ;<.1\:t '&71011 ~~ ~~ ~ ~o-J.Ai

r··-······-·-- -~ - -~ -~---------~~-------·-·· · ···-············-· ···- ~- --------~~----~----- ----~-~-------------~------- ----- -----------------~- -- ----- -- ------------------------- --J

4!b ¥o7 lq A.~'Ef-o~q ~c~ ~ -o~q S!q

'------------- ----------------------- --------------------------------- - - - - - - - - -- ------ ----------------------------------------------------------- -----

{1~ »-1 ~ ~J.}7} Y.!f-- ~o-jJ.-j {1011"'-1 7}7.7}-& x2-£ (1)~ll1il :!qOJ.7-1°.t "'R ~J.}7} o}%011

~;z1 ~'Xk~Yr:f. ~clV-1 {:l{:l ~i>} ~ -3:1011%o1~ (2)- -- -- -- -- -- -- - - -- - - -- -

 G) ~~ ~~o-j _8_ ® ~:§:}7} ~~ o-j _8_
@ ~:§:]-7} <:d %o-] _g_ @ ~~ * ~~o-j _8_

2 7~ ~ ~ q~OiR?
q Lil, O~~OH I:TjA 8"01 ~lfoHAi q::: A~'EJOll/il _________ _

G) ~~o-j_8_ ® ~~o-j_g_
@ ~aj ~ o-j _g_ @ ~~ ~ ~o}_8_

3 7~ Ai~£ OIA~ 7 ~~q'2:!AiR?

L~ Lil. 0~01~ ~!f. rrHgOll __________

G) ol .A} 7}.5:.~ "5~_8_ ® ol.A} 7}7-11 £1 ~o-j _8_

@ ol.A} ~ ~ ~~o-jJl @ ol.A} 7}e;j ~ ~Ol OilJl

CD t.RC>il 2t.Al ?:l- 01 9:1 ~ l:l}'ftOil %%"-5Hil,o-]Jl.

® ~»-1 7} ~.!¥- ¥ -1-]77} U:l*~ *01 71-c.J-v)?r]Jl.
@ %"&~ 7}.=1!.1i.Al~ ~ol ~o-j;.l .Aj-JfL cJ~ o:j ?:JJl.
@ £2.}-u}Q.j {f%.Ati_g- AJI(! ~ .!i!..=t!. -t:-%ol ~o}il,o-] Jl.

G) %).~ 01 Jlj-.A~ Q:jaj ~~ Jl.

® l:l}iftol ~o-j).l ~ol ~-7-11 £1 ~o-]Jl.
@ ..8_ '8-:§:1-9.] -t:-ol ~~ ?:J .Al -c.J-.Al %~o-]Jl.
@ 7-1~ t.RoJl .g. ~Oil 7-1 g .Q..£ 52.l .:;:;-Oil ;.l1fo }~o-j Jl.

G) 1:!:1 Oil .Al:l-117} ~ 2j ~ o-]Jl.

® ~AJoJl ~ol ~7;] ~o-] Jl.
@ ~).J ~ Oil 7}1:1J ol "*o:j ~o-]Jl.
@ ~).J Aac.J ~ *"5~ Al ~ol '*o:J
Uo-]Jl.

168
 Why is Jinju crying?

q ..2Jlll}7} ~9-~ %~~ ~ Jl .

Her big brother made her (Jinju) cry.

7f ot717r w~ J;I:j-;;t-1-ct.
The baby eats.

The mother makes the baby eat.

Ol R~~ ~£1-9-0.P ~ ,J,.~'SOi q §~. ),.~ ~Oil Ol't! ~(5~ <Wil 5V-Jq Ol't! ~EHOll O l~~ ol-e 3:! ~
2.ID lg)"LI q _~!f. -(5-,1,.~2~ ~g,1,.~ 01-l.i"Oll '- 0 l/ol/2.1/71/~/??--' ~ ~Q:j,J,.i '2_!~ Ll q_
This expression means t hat the subject makes person(s), animal(s), object(s), or other similar t hings d o
something or come to a certain state. This form is made by adding -O I/ol/2.1/71/~/~- to the stems of some
verbs and adjectives.

+ -o 1/ol/2.1/7 1/~/??-- ,J,.~N

.. ·~ ·4-----~~-----~

r:!:jq + -01- r:!:J Oiq

cr,tq + - ol- CC,tolq
~q + - 2.1- ~2.l q
-§:q + -71- -§:7lq
77Hq - .5f.- 77H~q
+
~q + ...
-* - ~??-q

170 Korean Grammar u~ '1'/.~e- · Intcrmediate

--?MOl:: .A.f§.A.f-E Cj%.i!~ ~~Li q.
-~e most common causative verbs are as fo llows.

Ol 2.1 71 ...
0

~q ~ 01 q ~q ~~ i>l q cyq '§t2.l q ~q ; ~7 l q 7JHq ' 7JH~q ~q

to eat ! to feed ; read ! to make to 1to make to laugh : to make to . to wake to be to
! make eat read know : known laugh wake : (some late post-
up ! one) up pone;
to
delay

~q ~01 q ~q ~c51 q ~q · ~2.1 c~ ~q ~7l q :;qq J\H~q 3;!"q 3;!".:;s.q

to die to kill to sit : to seat (a to live to let to to to to to be to
' person) live under- entrust sleep cause low lower
take to sleep

.s:!.q .s:!.OI C~ ~q
to see to show to lie to put to cry to make to take to cause to ride to give
down (some cry off to take a ride
-one) to off
bed

~q ~01 q CfJq CfJi>lq ~q ~ 2.l q ~q ~7 l q .A.-jq Ai l~q

to be to to wear to dress to to make to wash to have to to make
deceived i deceive (make listen heard a person stand; stand
wear) wash to ! (up); to
stop · make
· stop

~q ~01 q Q.jq Q.Ji>lq ?::) q . ~ 2.l q ~q ~7l q Mq ~~~q

to melt ! to (cause become 1 to make to . to make to lose to let a to put to cover
· to) melt ripe; to j ripe; to walk walk a meal; person on; to · a thing
ripen; : boil; to to go wear : with; to
to be · cook starve hungry ' put on
cooked

~q ~01 q wq Wi>lq .gq : .g2.l q bf"q b'"7lq

to boil ! to (cause to be i to hit (the to to let to wash to wash
' to) boil hit; : mark); play play (one's) (some-
to be to guess hair one's)
correct correctly hair

~q ~01 q '2ijq
to stick to stick to be to widen to to turn to to leave
to; be (some- wide turn (some- remain; (behind)
affized to thing) to; thing) to be :
to affi x left
(some- (behind) !
thing)
'------·····---·· ---------··· --------------- ----·-··-·····------ - -- - --------
£1~ .gj~Oll <1!~ ~§ ~ EH£ l::t~1117ll ~ Li q.
Causative expressions are formed in t he following ways. The action, or intransitive, forms of verbs given in
the sentences on the right are changed to the appropriate causative forms in the sentences on the left.

(1)

N20I/7t Nt ~/::i V + -OI/O"I/2.1/7 1/~/~-

• q~]o]oJ »-]7} 7-}o): ~1 ~ -:£-'iJ.OiA. (7-}o): ~]7} * .Jl ~CiA .)
Weiming made Jaya laugh. Jaya is laughing .

• '?:]oJ-7} o}o] ~ g_ 77H~OiA.

The mother woke up the boys. The boys woke up.

• 4'-~ ~] 7} 7-jn:j ~ o}).jajJl %% ~o] .Jl ~CiA.

Suyeong is boiling water to drink coffee. The water is boiling.
----- ----------- -·--------· ----------·--------- - - -

(2) .=s:.
C> C>

• $:~ ~] 7} ~ 7 ~ oflll] iil.~~ ).}~~ g .!i!.oj ~CiA.

Soyeong showed the wedding photos to her friends. Her friends saw the photos.

• ~o] ~] 7} ~.A~ ~ ofl7ll ~g p,fo] ~ ~ 1.-J-cf. (~A~ ~ o] ~% p,fo] ~ CiA. )

Yeongmi makes the students read lots of books. The students read a lot of books.

• i,l-o}l:l-]7.]7)- oJ-o] ~ ofl;zJ] ~';[o ] o):7] ~ ~ Pj-?A~A. (o}o] ~ o] ~oJ-1:1-]7-]Qj

Grandpa lets the children hear (=he tells) a story from a o]o):7] ~ -A}-? ~ CiA.)
long time ago.
The children often listen to
Grandpa's stories.

(3) A~ .=s:.
C>C>

N20I/lt N t ~/~ A + -O I/O" I/2.1/7 1/~/~-

• o}o]~ o] t~J g_ c-j~ ~..~-1.-J-cf. (t~Jo] c-j~ <frl.-j q .)

The children dirtied the room. The room is dirty.

• oJ-tRIJ-7} .Qj7.J-.Qj -fro ]~ ';;t1l~1.-Jt:l-. (.Qj7.}.Qj -fr0] 7} ';;t%1.-J-cf.)

Father lowered the height of the chair. The height of the chair is low.

- 72 Korean Grammar ut 'l/.re · Intermediate

1 ~A~ %011:: TII~:i!~ A~ ~EH7~ ~~ 5101 <U:=c~l @0!011Ai .:r~~ ~Li q.
The passive and causative forms of some verbs are identical, so these verbs must be differentiated by the
contexts in whic h they are used.

• oj ~~ i'J"~ ;,j-~~oj]rj] ~~irYcf.

This book has been read by many people . - Passive

• -jl-~'i:J ~ ~9oJlrll ~ ~ ~~irt..JcJ-.

The teacher made Yeongsu read the book. -Causative

The ocean can be seen from our room. - Passive

I let a friend see a picture of my boyfriend. -Causative

TII~:i!~ A~2.1 ~EH 7~ ~~ 51 %011 I'JOI MOl:: 51~ q-@-1!~ ~~LIC~.

Some of the most commonly used verbs with identical passive and causative forms are given below.

~ 7 ]c}

·<3 ~'III~ qE[~ ITW~ ~~o[AiiR

See Chapter 9 Passive Expressions.

2 A~:i!~ TII~2.l ~EH 7 ~ ~~ ~~OI7~Lf ~ ~ ~AI 'ri~ ~~0112.~5:. A~ ~EH~ ~~<'>P.il f>~.::L!. ~~
([H:: '-0~/~ ~q· ~ ~<E:l Liq.
Regardless of whether the causative and passive forms of a verb are the same, it is possible to make it
unambiguously causative by adding - Of/OJ ;;;;.q.

• 4c.f:::= t:ie~%]~ .I!. 0J=o] ~ ~Xl.~R.

= c.f4:::= t:i ~%]~ J:!.OJ=o] ~ ~7-j ~~.fL.
Lala gave the dirty cat a bath .

• <tJuJ-:::= oj-o]oj]rj] o:j]~ -"r.!f-~ ~XJ.irY!:J-.

= <tJ uJ-:::= oj-o]oj]rj] o:j]~ -"r.!f- ~ ~7-j ~irY!:J-.
The mother had the child wear some pretty shoes.
1 7~ ~OiJ !I:_A E <)}_oj EfOJ ~<Ji ~l:jJJl.
lj!A E ~
q Al~ -'3'-Jl~ lf !I_o}q - !I:_AE<)}_g_ ~Ol~~Jl. Post- it note

~Ojl :Y:AE<;JOI \:'JOI ~Oj '1/Cf A-j~ ~£.~ ~D~Cf lji.A E <;J~ ~O i ef

-'?'6f()j1Ai ~0 I ~.ll '1/Cf 7-j ii.I~ D ~A I.ll {,!OjA-j ~ ~OI.ll '1/Cf

O~OI~OI '6f()jiAi ;: ~Jl '1/Cf ~Df7 ~ 9AI'2"! o~~~~ xH~Cf

to entrust

O~l()ji 7JI IT~~~ ~o i Cf

Ol ~g ~'§)" ~g ~O i ef ~2.1 O ~OIOjl 7il.s=. ~ol ef

'2..!~2. AAI7 ~ ~~ ~'§)" ~fef O l ~ ~~ ::L A~Oji7JI ~7 1 Cf

~
..
)- '

'f)0.
..
-
J

u:'
(4~
.. , · ,_. :::. .

(4) -fl-7-J-%! ~ ~ ----------

J_1_ .2.7.}s:_ ------------

1 74 Korean Grammar ,;, 'll.s·e · Intermediate

 ~
( 76 ) 1

I'm sorry for being late.

How could you make me wait for a whole hour?

7~ 7-}0l= »-]oj]~] ~Pj.Jl ~ j1-0]oj]Jl.

I bought this flower to give to you, Jaya.

q 1"j~o]Jl? OJ7J »-j ~ 7-l ~ Li.!f'- ~~i>}~j ti1Jl.

Really? Yang Gang, you've really made my day.

1 Ol IE~:= <Wt! .A.PsOlllll Oj't] ~~~ f>~~~ .A.Iflct~ QjDI£ ~.A.~ Cl-@-011'-lll f>~cV ~ ~Oj .A.~g[Lict.
A~A~~ ITH ~ 'N10 I/7~ N~/~ V- lll f>~ct'£ .A.~f>~I!. E~~.A.~~ ITH ~ 'N10 I/7 ~ N20lllll V-lll f>~ct'£
.A.~g[Li q.
This expression is used to indicate t hat the subject makes someone else do some behavior. It is formed
by adding - /ll 5fC.t to the verb stem. With intransitive verbs N10I/7t N 2~/~ V-/ll 5fC.t is used, w hile with
transitive verbs N1 0I/7t N20ll/ll V-Jil5fC.t is used.

:rl~lll i;~q
A/V *llll iitq
* lq
... -·· ·········- .......
~- ········ ·--~---- -------·---- -- --- ---·····-·-····---- ------·-·······-------·----·--··-

• .Aj-"~~~p,-j~ ~-"~~ g 1~ %~ 41:1 ~H:lc>lA.

The teacher made the students rest for 10 minutes.

• 0 1-B-]7-1~ ?:§:1011711 ~~~ '?f011.A-j TI1°}~ ~ :7.]:1 ~H:lc>lA.

Juhee's father made her play the piano in front of the guests.

• .ill.*~ ~ ~-"~~Di1711 -i?-A~77}7-] 4i-:Ai] ~

The professor had the students turn in their homework by Friday.
YJ 71] ~H:lc>lA.
2 Ol ±E~~ ~-§A~ q:;on '- lil 5~cp~ .2~ ::1.. A~'M~ Oj~ ~EH 7~ £17il ~q::: QJDI7~ ~Li q. OIIT!I :::
'N10I/7~ Nz~/~ A-lii 5~q·£ A~-§~Liq.
When -711 ofCf is used after adjectives, it indicates that the subject causes another person to be in the
state described by the adjective. In this case, the form N101/7f N 2~/~ A- 7'11 is used.

• o }.3. ~~ ~ ~:I ~ t-i ¥ W0 1<5H).i % .:r-1~~ <5Jlll.

Mark annoyed me (= made me feel annoyed) with all of his questions.

• Jl~ ;<i~ ~i>}'lj 3"~ ~~oj EfO] ).~~<>JJl.

A lot of things have happened recently to make me feel depressed.

3 Ol .H.~~ OjCt"! A~'MO I Oj~ ~!H5 ~ 5f-E ~~ 5~~5~7-jq 51~5~A:I ?J:::q::: .2.I DI.S:. ~~Li q. OI[H '-Jil
5~q'.£1 '5~q·::: '5~~5~q'.£1 2.JO J7~ ~Lief.
This expression can also refer to a person either giving or not giving another person permission to do
something. In this case, the ofCf part of - 711ofCf actually carries the meaning of Oj~fef (permit) .

• <>lo-1'-1 ~ 0}0]7} i>}f-oJl ~ ).j{} %~~ ~ej]l:l]~g_ .!i!.'ll <5Jlll.

The mother lets her child watch TV for one hour a day.

• .!f-.2.~ .':_ 7.~] 7} ~;;:: '1] * Lf7}'l] t>K:J.<>JJl. My parents won 't let me leave the house late at night.

1 Oj~ A~'MOI Ojrt"! ~(5~ 5~A: I l'ilil ~cf-E .2.IDI£ A~W llH ::: ·~ -7il5~q'£ A~~Liq.
When used to indicate the prohibition of some action by somebody, the form ~ - 7'11 ofCf is used.

• till"?»-1:: o}ol ~ ol o}o]~~ :?, 'li t;!;j 7-]] ~1-Jr:.J-. (x )

~ till"? »-1 :: o}ol ~ o1 o}ol~3..~% *
t;!;j7JI i)-1-Jr:f. (o)
Hyesu doesn't let the children eat ice cream.

7-}71 tlJ"ojl 'li %oj.£.7-Jl i;~..fl.. (X)

• <d_ 1..-j :: {):§:}~ LijJ::
*
- <d 1..-j:: {!:§:!-~ LijJ :: 7.]-71 tlJ-"11 %oJ..2..7-ll i;~..fl.. ( 0)
When my big sister is on the phone, she won't let anyone in her room.

2 '-.S:.~ 5~q·q '-lil '2!~q·.s:. '- Jil 5~q·2.~ l::ll ~~ QJD I£ A~~Liq.
Two variants of this expression, -£~ ofCf and - 7'11 rel~Cf. can also be used to express the same
meaning as - 7'11 5fCf.

• j11_4-'c] .':. ~.~-~ ~ "117-Jl ~:?, ~io-J ..2..7-]l -&H1o-J..R.

= j11_4-'c].':. ~.1-~ ~ "117-Jl ~:?, %-Jo-j ..2..£.~-&"j-il_o-j..fl..
The professor had the students read the book (before coming to class).

• ~ttl »-1:: 0 }0 *
17} P r '#"11 l-}-7}7-JI ~o;..a..
*
= ~ ttl »-1:: r l7r P r '#"11 Y.7rs:..~ ~o;..a..
0 0

Gyeongmin prevented her child from going outside alone.

• .':.till »-1:: % *7-11-6}-E .1-}~ol "ll..R.

= .':.till »-1:: % *7-11~£i=- J-}~ololi..R. Eunhye makes me laugh.

176 Korean Grammar u1 'ltre · Intermediate

 • ::J_ ~-%)_~
0}712.} »-17} "'" %cJ1~~ "'}711 ~o-J il...
= :1. ~-%!~ 0}712.} »-17r "'" %cJ1~~ "'r711 ~~o-Jil...
That employee got Akira to buy a new mobile phone.

~Atq ~~Atoll '-OI/o l/2.1/7 1/~/~-· ~ ~OI7~q '-7-ll otCV~():j At§~ ~c:::: -?,:!~ ~AI~ Ct§:ilt
~~ ~tol7r cv-;;;;Lict.
While the causative can be formed by either adding -01/oi/2.1/71/Ef./~- or -711 ofCf to verbs and adjectives,
these forms are different in the following ways.

-0 l/151/2.1/71/~/ff$--

(1) '-0 1/oi/2.1/71/Ef./~-·E ~.!¥ 80i011'2.f A~LICf. (1) '-711 ofCFE- £-§ 8 0i011 A~ 4- ~B'LICf.
o1/ol/2.1/7 1/.!p---, and -~-can only be used with -711 ofCf can be used with all verbs and
some verbs and adjectives. adjectives.

-&~ii}t:f- -&~ii}o1t:f (x) -&~ii}t:f- -&~<5}711<5}t:f (0)

-&~<5}711 ii}t:f ( 0) 'il c.} - 'il711<5}1:.} (0)

'il <51t:j· ( 0)

(2) ~QI ?Oj7f e~ §~ 017i Lf 5HAi ~~~'2.! ~~
~CfE- ~~ LfEf't!JLICf.
This indicates that the subject of the sentence
performs some direct action, such as, the use
of the hands.
(2) ~QI -'?Oi7f W~ 5HAi .:J. AICMOI ~~ of.S:.~ of
E- ~££ -'?Oi7f ~~ tt]jloi-E ~g of't;JLICf.
The subject of the sentence verbally makes
someone else do something; the subject has
no direct physical connection to the action .

.... 'Ejof}f ~ §~OlAi O fO I ~ ~ 7 1-E- ~~~'2.!
~~~Lief.
The mother uses her hands to directly
perform the action of wash ing the child.
... 'Ejo j-E -§~O I A: I 'rJ.:il OfOIOI1711 W~ ofOl Of017f
~E- ~ Wll ~Lief. ~~~££~ofA: I 'Gl
-§Lic.t.
The mother tells the child to wash himself
without physically doing the action herself;
the mother is not directly involved.

10. A~%% qe~';ll o:fl 1 77

1
J.Argqq to feel frustrated;
to be impat ient
\3~.6.'E)Cf to feel embarrassed

gJ-~ Qf~ .A.Il.f~ ~ :XI7V,i :xi~ :2fLfCf

L=l.!¥ !f.Sf~ '[JO I i5H.A.i :Xi~ »;fgLfCf
7H<i'J~<(! ~~ 'CJOI <>H.A.i :Xi~ 'a%1-!:::.~Cf

2 7f 0 )-0 17} % 0 1Q{t>H.Ai Z:J7.jo1o]1R. e>l~~1 -o}li:l f ~771-R?

.g~~ well-balanced
Lf g~ ~ ~.Jlif- ~ ~1 t>P,ilA. =z.~ Zl 7Jt>H~ 7-191R. \§! (to do something) less
7f7710 1Ai up close
E-OI Q{'Bfcf
~-¥}E:illi<E:l~ L=l.!¥ 'CJO I ofef ~~Oil Lf7f.A.1 ~q 1 ~-¥}Eilli<E:l¥ '§ ofef
'§!~It:! I~~ 7f77fOI.A.1 ~ .s:!.Cf I t:OI C
-j LflJUf:XI:XI cr.tef

178 Korean Grammar iN 'll.s·e- · Intermediate

J~3. JJ.I£1 7~~~:12~ -B.:r~:= 0~3. .UI7~ .!.F-<3!~ f>~JII gj-Lim? .!.F-<3!~ ~ f>~JII gj-LIJ7~? q:; .:IE!~
~ '-JII f>~cr~ .A.~a-H.A.i ~~~ .gt~f>~AiiR.

1)

2) ~ :r ~ ,<:_ uj-3. »-1 ~ -------------------------

3) o)-1:1-]7-1 ~ uj-3. »-17)- _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __

e>io-JY~ uj-3. »-17)- _ _ __ _ _ __ __

'1J ,<:_ uj-3. »-17)- _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _

3)
 (1"-' 5) c.j-g [5!7I]Oli.A.i ~gt:: 80i~ ~~~ '-OI/ol/~1/71/~/~-·q '-7il o-~q·~ .A.~iiH.A.i cH:2:~
~{1-o~AiiR.

I
!

Lf .=LcjjJl? .=I.~ ~%{Jojj.A-j A~1!~ 7J]4J ~010~fiJ.OiSL.

- o}jo-joj:)!)o-jil..

2 7~ ~7]7]- q ~~o-] Jl?

q oj-L.]Jl, oj-:3] ~ ~ ~ o-]Jl. ~7] ~ ~i} t:-j

-----------------------

3 7~ .2.7]7]- ~-¥- ~l:i]Ji..

Lf oj Qf~ .2.71~%
-(.Q.),t.i]il..

4 7~ oj-o]7]- Ji.~ 1fol ~.!f. ~ o-]Ji..

Lf .=I.~ ~#Oil L}7j-.A-j

- (.2.Hjil..

5 7~ ~»-l 7r ~.!f. Gj5f-l.A-j ~A~~ Ol tg ~ ~01 ~24Ji..

q -=z.'EJ, ~A~ ~ O l i§ ~ 7-~

- -E-711w39o-JR

6 CD 0]-u-]7-] ~ ::<il7r *
.g..~-6-}71] -6-J-AilJi..
~ ::<ilL.] »-1~ 0r 0l ~ 0l 711 <fJ% Cj- o} 711 i>HJi..
@ ~ ~ »-1~ ~1J ~ ~~ .A-j rr:j-X~ %0l L}.2_711 ~ o-j Ji..
® -3f\1 Oil c.fL.J ~ :§:J.AJ-Oil .Ai ~ :3J-%! ~ ~ t>J-AJ * ~ 71]77]-7-J <?d ~711 i>HiL.

7 CD tlH 7} J1 :rr ~ 2}~ ~ ~o:J ~77]-Ji.?

~ 1!A~\::]oj ~A~~ojJ71l ~~ ~i ~~L.Jcf.
@ oj-o] 7]- o-]C4.A-j ~o]-~ oJ-olOil71l ~~ ~~L.Jc.f.
@ :1. ~:&7} ~-¥- ::<H nl~o-] .A-j 7--j ~ ~:&.!I!.~ % Cj- 7-]]4:f ..£-;i~Li c.f.

180
II~
 (fa),
7f ~~ Q} -?-j).i .Jlu}-?=l. op:ry7!} l=j.!f- ~ ~ -3:1
~0 }. ~tl if-11-.5:. c}).1 <)}.Jl ~.Jl.
Thanks for visiting me while I'm sick. I hurt so much. I want to play
basketball again soon.

q .=Ic-jl-]7!} ~tl 1-j-o}. {!7Ji>llot If ~ ~o1 ~7.1

W* 9)7-1.
That's why you need to get well soon. No matter what you want to
do, you have to be healthy to do it.

7f ~R~ ~ ~-¥-W ).1Zl- 0 1 ¥ ~i>H ).i t=l-¥- ~.Aj

0
1oJ1Jl. .=z.Cljs. ~¥~ 7-l14fi>H 0 1=~-A1Jl?
I'm really worried because I don't have enough time to study
Korean. But I guess I should keep studying.

q .=Ii%1Jl. ~R~~ ~i>l1°t ~RoJ1Ai 1{717}

3f:! <)}l-j 7!}Jl.
You're right. You should learn Korean well to live comfortably in
Korea.

Ol IE~::: {:!~~0 1 ~~~.Q.j .g%[01 OI~OiAI::: C·ll ~ WR~ ~-c!'E:l~ qE~~Li q.

In this expression, the preceding c lause states the condition(s) necessary to realize the situation stated in
the following clause.

-OUOiO~
.. ····-·-····-··- -.___.....·~---

.3.q
A -OUOiO~
~q
.. ······ ·········· -·--··· ......................................
7 ~q
v -OUOiO~
Qjq
7~*o 1q 7~*0j0~
NOiq
.2.1~~o1q .2.l~~ OIOjO~
--·--- ------------------

• 82 Korean Grammar u1 'llse- · Intermed iate

 - T .3.q .3.AI '(>,tO ~O ~
A
I.... .......... ............. .............................. ....... .. .... =Qq
······-···· .... ........................... ...
=QJ;:I t>~o ~o ~

7~AI ~o ~o~
v r;!:jJ;:I ~o ~o~

7 ~-'?0 i q 7 ~-'?7 ~ O~LIOjO~

NOiq Ol/7~ O~LIOjO~
£1~~0 1 q £1~~ 01 O ~LI OjO~

• 2~{!g Ef.:il7}c}7} ;_l:?SQ:Jo]]J-1 ~{!.Q£. {{0 }EfoF~2.] {[ .:::;=: <V_~Ycf.

The only way to get there fast is to take Line 2 and to change to Line 1 at City Hall Station.

• ojl{! '~:F?-~J!l-7}~}ol= :lll4i'--5R;_1 q~ ~7~ w.:::r<V_o-J.B...

The results of the current research must be good if we are to do further research.

Only a person who has majored in math can solve that problem.

1 '-0~/0iOt'~ ~~oH-"1 .H.~o~.Jl {,!~ rrH::: '-J;:I' ~ ~0:1 '-0~/0iO tJ;:I'q ''2.!' ~ ~0:1 '-OUOiOt'2.!'.Q£
-"i"§af71.S:: g,t-Ljq _.:J.2.iq '-OUOiOtJ;:I'::: -9-£ ~WOll-"1 I'iOI -"1-§a~.Jl '-0 ~/010t'2.!' ::: ~.H.go 1q
5!..:ilA10ll-"1 -9-£ _A_i"§g)"Liq.
To emphasize the meaning of -Of/OiOt, either - A: I can be added to form - Of/OiOtA:I, or '2! can be added to
form - Of/OiOt'2!. Note, however, that -O f/OiOtA:I is generally used in casual conversation while -O f/OiOt'2!
is generally used in speeches and reports .

• ~-;;;; ~ pJ-oJ -&-RoJ: ~ g o1woJ-~1-J r:J-.

= ~-;;;;~ pJ-o1 -&-RoJ::A1 ~go] "*oj-~L.Jr:J-.
= 'i"!-;;;; ~ fJ-o 1 -&-RoJ:tr} ~ g o 1w0 r~ L.J r:J-.

2 OI.H.~::: ~~~Oll ~ff.~:L!~ ~~~::: -"i-§o~A I 'Cl~Liq.

The clause following this expression cannot be in a propositive or imperative form.

· ~R :AK'- !i!fol= ~ 71 ~ ~t"r/11 .£!1l-'1..2... (x)

~C11l:l1~ ~

~R ~C11l:l1 ~~ :AK'- !i!fol= ~ 71 ~ ~t"r/11 ~-'1r:J-. (x)

~ ~R ~C11l:l1~~ :AK'- !i!fol= ~71~ ~t"r/11 :<f;1 7191£.. (o)

3 OI.H.~::: ~-c!~ .H.~o~7 1 rrHgOll ~~~011::: :i!f7i~OI ~ .::? gt~ Li q.

Because this expression indicates a conditional statement, the past tense cannot be used in the
following clause .

• :AK'- tr}Lj-oj: .AJ o] %~o-JR . (x)

~ :AK'- tr}Lj-oj: .A<Jo1 ~o-JR . (o)
 4 'OIOiO~jOjo ~· ~ 'O I 2.f0 ~/2.~o~·~. 'OI/7~ O ~LIOi O~·~ 'OI/7~ O~LI 2.f0~·~ 1:J ~f4 ~ -'?- <U~Liq.
The expressions OIOiO~IO:!O~ and Ol2.f0~/2.f0~ can also be used as Ol/7f OfLIOiO~ and Oll 7f OfLI2.fO~.
respectively.

• ~c.J "&.ii!. -&-"~o]<>Jot o] AJ-o] Eoj] 7]-'?,j~-'?- ~~L-Jr:.f-.

= ~2.] -&.ii!. -&-"~o ] c.J-ot o] AJ-o] e oj] 7]-'?,j%[ -'?- ~~ti r:.f-.
You must be a student of our school to join the site.

5 Ol R~:= ~~~OU Oi't! 3:!~ oH.S:. ~~~.Q.j ~21-E O~.!:f- ~§OI ~711 %1~ ~~ ITH A~5~7I.S:.
~Li q. 'O ~.!:f-2.1 - Of/Oi.S:.. -0~/0i ~.Af'.2.~ ~:= 5.':~ A~gj'Li q.
This expression can also be used to indicate the futility of expecting the result described in the following
clause regardless of what action is described in the preceding clause.

• opj!.c.j o]oF7]~oF ~T!:: ~ A] ?J~ -5!oJr:.f-.

= o]-_!f-2.] o]oF7] 8R£ ~-T!:: ~A]?£~ -5!o]r:.f-.
I doubt my friend will listen to me no matter what I say.

• A]if Ai%2.10): 9AJ tlj-3'~7] ~ Ej-7]!:: o-] 2;]~ ;;<joj].fl...

= Ajif Ai%21 ~Aj- 9A] t1]"3'J)7] ~ Ef7]!:: <>jt!;j~ ;;<joj].fl...
It will be difficult to catch a 9 o'clock plane even now.

1 7f ~\3 ~ g ?1°1 .2..~1 <5}2;jli:! e>-1~~1<SRot <SR.R?

Lf .!f-~.!i!.q.£ g ~ 01 3!-<V.<>i°F ~\3 °1 ?1°1Q}.R.
9-<3:!.5:!q£ ~o 1 '3!~q 1-eoao1 uo12.q
~~~ 7 f%l~ -ofq 1 ~~ ~q

-@-~OI.AI ~j! ~ *-lq I 'lllt2.1 ~q

2 :J_ O]_Q_ 1"\.lu:-j _ALe.1-o1 o}..Q... _¢. Olt"\.l l'>?

2'--- ~~ '-'- lo E2 , M~l..o- .

o:jt"\.lg ; :<J..~lol- oJ....Q... .A olt"\.l....,

0~12 2 v n r E e l M~J..tl-.

of.3. AAI-E <2:!.Ail ~~~ 5fq t::I~ q .UiA:j .Ail~5fq I~~~-* ~q

~?jg <2:!.Ail .s:!LH ~q 'C:J.Ai ~ §55fq I~?:!~ .s:!LH ~ * ~q

184 Korean Grammar u1 'll.w! · Intermediate

 {1) 7~ 2Jl tll9- »-1ii}.=il :Q-o1 ~ g ~ ii}-'-11£..? (oJ-%o1 ~q)
q Dr%OI 0-toroF :Q-o 1 ~ g ii}.A1£...

(5) 7~ <jA~1 ~~ .§g ~g 9- ~~£..? (o1Jtl ~ ~-g-g E}q)

q ~45'-~Yt:J-. ~g 9- ~g ~ :Q-~Llt:J-.

2 ·-AI uo~or. ·-AI ~o~or~ A~5HAi q :; CH9:~ ~{:!<5~AiiR.

(1) 7~ ~J~g ~_Q_2;j~ <>1 ~711 -5R0J: £1.A1£..? (~.li!.011 ~6jii}t:]-)

q i5.fli!.Oil fiA-~t5ff.l 0-!0roF ~J~g ~g 9- ~~Yt:J-.

(2) 7~ ..!f-2.] ~.li!. oJ:.:r~o1 o1Jtl t:R~011 -"l ~ ~ g YJ- 9- ~gll}-..9..? (.A]-%lg o}7!1t:J-)
q AE.oj1
).~
'-'-'2
-cRt>~
'-'-
~{Jii1 <?=J'-'-tl
A<)R).l 100 At;l- A Ol ..Q..
2.IM 2

7jyt:J-.

(3) 7~ Wo}q 2.]-rt1_g 12Jc;dr-jy 1fo1 ~ ~ :Q-o}£... (2-}~g 12jq)

q %uR ~ il-.A1 ~ 9- ~ o-]..9...

(4) 7~ o1 g~g o}o1~£ 12jg 9- ~ gll}£..? (oJlq)

q o}o1 ~£ g:jg 9- ~~t:i1 o1:tl_ ~ oJj~£...

(5) 7~ Ll1~ oJ1 ~j-cR £ O:j~ g ~ 7-J.A1£..? (%t:J-)

q t;J]. ii}.A1~ £]~t:i1 ~71 oJ1]i!..011Al %t:J-.=i!. t;R).-1
~~01 011£...
 7~ <tjo}, o1~~1 r:·Ht-I:i1 ~ :Q-o1 7}0]: ~Jl?
Mom, do I really have to go with you in this heat?

If you don't want to go, then you don't have to. I'll go by myself.

7~ *
015!-, 0 1
:Q-A1Jl?
~ IIlJ_a? Al 011~1 <i} ~%2.] ~ ~

Dear, how are these clothes? Wouldn't you agree they're not really
my style?

If you don't like these, then let's go to another store.

Ol .R~ ~ ·~~~2.1 Oj'tj ~01 A~£. ~~£1'2:!'2.1 ~~ qE~~ Liq, 5!~ ~WOiiAi Al'§gj"Liq.
This expression has a meaning of "if the statement (in the preceding clause) is actually true, then ... "
It is generally only used in casual conversation.

- 7i:::
.3.q
A/V -7i:::
~q

MOiq
NOiq (0 1)7-f:::
~~\::JOiq
- -- -...... ..,_,_-
, - ----------- ........... - - -·--·-·------·--·-·---·--·· -
• tlj-llll;;zj ~~ ~ ~7(1- ~\fJ.]t:f.
If you're not busy, then let's meet for a bit.

• ~ ~o] ~~ ~ ..2.~ ~o] ~\:!- 4-Dil <5J-1-i]_9_,

If you've got something to say, then let me know after work today.

• ~~o] Til ~~ o:JQJS:.oj] ::k=f 7CJ~ <5]-t!:j 7]-_9__

If the cherry blossoms are in bloom, then let's go flower viewing in Yeoido.

• .:I J.j-if[o] ~~~,:Y.~~ o:J~ ~ ~-o] 7]-;;z]-.JI -5R.

If he/ she is a close friend, then ask him/her to come along on the trip.

186 Korean Grammar ut 'll.o.·e · Intermediate

O IR~:': ~~~ou ~~~o1q ~~~. 2.l:Aiq '7'~~ qEfLH ~ ·~-·. '-{0)2 ~olcf. '-{ 0 )2.4-:il -ofq'
~ ),,qo~ :Af~A~~ Liq.
This expression on ly sounds natural when the following clause contains an imperative, propositive, or a form
which expresses the speaker's will or conjecture, such as -~-. -(£)2 ~O ICf . or -(£)2.4-JJ.. ofCf.

• Jl<5"J'ojj.S:.~oj-rj~ ~:§:t~t-Jl:f. (x)

- Jl<5"J'oJI .S:.~ol-rJ ~ ~:§:l-<51-).il..ll . ( o)
• tlJ-~<51-rJ~ llR'<fo:j -B~g 71-~oJJl. (o)
• ~H- »-loJI/ll oJal-&- ~ 0 1 A~7jrj~ 'C\;<1]~7-j.S:.~/ll..ll. (o)
• ~~jojocJ ».j7j- ..2..rj ~ *~j-aj.Jl ~L-Jt:f. .z~~ 7jt:faj -?-1-i]Jl. (o)

g:g %l!"Oil ;...1-§-o~ '-7-J :::':ilf g:g2.l -fg0il ;...1-§-o~ '-7-l§R)'~ ~EH~ l:ll~ of:AI~ 2.1o1 ~ Of? ci--§-
Licf.
The meaning of the -7+§ form which occurs mid-sentence is very different from the -7i§ form which occurs
in the sentence-final position.

-7-j :::(R)

(1) ~ 8?..!011.A.f§.~LICf. (1) ~ ~011 .A. f§.~LICf.

Used mid-sentence. Used sentence-final.

(2) ~:c!~ qEf~LICf. (2) WOre .A.~'i!.!" ore Ol~ 'Y~ [[H.A.f§.~LICf.
Expresses a conditional statement. Used to express a reason known only by the
speaker.

7f 2ll ~ g ~ ~oJJl?
-+ .g:g 8 l..f0ll .A.f§.£1~2.0l WOre .A.~o I -9t!"~ q l:IR7l- .:il~7.l ?J-ri.§.Jl.
<2.! ~:c!~ R~of.:il <]JgL!Cf. -+ .g:g2.J ~011 .A.f§.£1~2.0l ~~ QJ::q ue o 1~
Used mid-sentence and expresses the on CHiiH cHcg~ f;f.:il ~gLICf.
speaker's subjective condition. Used at the end of the sentence, here
the speaker is expressing the reason why
he/she is not eating.
·-- -- - - ----·- - ·--------- ·---------
1 7~ _a~ -¥-2..] ~ "6~).i llj~~ ~ {fo}Jl.
Lf .::::Z.t!11Jl? llJ~<5}~ ~ ..2.. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-2-<5};.i1Jl.

gAil~ aH~c5~717~ Oi'Elef I <2:j;J;ii§:AI OIOP I5Iq

~~q I-§- *I~Cf7~ Cf.A.I c5~Cf

2 7~ q~ ;.}ift~ 0 1 ..2..~ .2.<iJ 0 l1 2lJ <if ~'-l-j:Jl <5}~ %]2.}2 W7!}.R?

Lf q~ ;.}ift~ 0 1 %o-J~~~ 0 }n};.i * ~q.Jl ~"5~ .2f:.J.i1.R.

Cf~ .A.~~OI2.~ 2.~0112!1 ~ ~.!:::.q.:il c5~Cf q~ .A.~~OI ~Oj!i!.Cf I O~ll~.A.i ~ ~q

~~7~ ~10~2.Cf ~~7~ ~to~2.Cf I ~2.=1Ai 7-Jrr.l~ A~2.i ~q

oIt! .up~ ~¥~ ~Oi!i!.Cf Dlt! .up~~¥~ ~q I~ :AILH.:il ~q

I :::- ~:~~~:::~~ :~~:: ~: :~:::~1:~~~~q

(3) 1::!1 7~ =r~R · © ~01 ~ ..q0~2.i f,fAiq.
----
I
(4) 0~~ ~A~ ~ ~OiR ·@ ~~Oil ~ 7~ ~J..il£..
'-

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

:. ~ Korean Grammar Ut 'llre · Intermediate

2

7f uj2.]7} o} n:t;J]S..
(1)
q tJicjl~ O~Eli1§. o] <2{% .E.Ai _!rl_).i]Jl.

7f Jl~ ;:_ ?£o]l:l}llll}Jl.

(2)
q - - - - - - - - ~oj] ~lJA]cf.

7f .2..~ ;:_ W ~o] ~~;.-j1)1Ji>HS..

(3)
q .Al ~ S:.~cH S.?

7f .AJT 7]{lo] t.f.2fS..

4)
----------------- ~~ j_~ c Ai
q _!rl_).i]Jl.

5)
 1

CD 5:.~"6~5:. (?) 5:.~"5}~

Q) 5:_~"6~0]: @ S:.~<'>}C;j ~

CD o10J:71<'>}~ (?) 010]:71"6~5:.

Q) o1o]:71i;}~ ~ @ 0 1°]:7]~ EJ1lfri>~

7f ;:I::-j -"?2f g;:il::: ~W Oi 2.f~CiiR

Lf ~O ~R --------------------------------------
CD 9-~~ ~.:g-~ ;.}~o j ~ ~ 9- <V,~ 3:! ~-o}.fi.
(?) 9-~~ ~.:g-~ ;.}~o1cj-S:. ~ 9- '&i ~ 3:! ~o}.fi.
Q) 9-~~ ~.:g-~ ;.}~o10io]: ~ 9- <V_~ 3:! ~o}_B_
@ 9-~~ ~.:g-~ ;.}~o1~ ~ ~ 9- <V_~ 3:! ~o}_B_

7f LH~ Oj~ ~ ~ * ~~m.B.?

Lf

CD *:A1 ~J-o}oj: ~ 9- <V_ ~ ~ oJ1.B.. (?) *:A1 <(l ~ "GJ1 S:. ~ 9- <V_ ~ ~ oj].B..
@ *:A1 ?£~ 1):!-<>11 ~ 9- <V_~ ~ojj.fi. @ *:A1 i>£~ lfr~<>11 ~ 9- <V_~ ~oJ1.fi.

CD ~R ~Ffl-i;}.:il 0 1°1=71~ :;z;}? i>~o]: Wi;}71 ~ ~<'>}711 ~;.Jc.J-.

(?) ~R {1-=t-i;}.:il o1o]:71 ~ :A}? i>~oj: ~l-5}71 ~ ~<'>}711 £j{j ).1.2..
® ~R {1-=t-<'>}.:il 0 1° 1=71 ~ :;z;}? "6~ 0 1= W<'>}71~ ~<'>}711 ~ 7-~oJ1.B...
@ ~R {1-=t-i;}.:il o10J:71 ~ :A}? i>~oj: ~l-5}7] ~ ~<'>}711 ~77} "6~..9...

CD ~ojl:l}lli:I:A1 ?£~ ~ u}3.. ».] ~ {1-7(1- ~\tll}.B..?

(6} ~O jl:l}llli:A1 ?£~ ~ u}3_ »-1 ~ {J-7(} ~LfAi].fi..
@ ~O] l:l}llll:Aj ?l~ ~ U}3.. ».] ~ {1-7(1- ~'tl-Yc.J-.
@ ~o11::l}llli:A1 i>£~ ~ u}3.. ».] ~ {1-7(1- ~\t;.l-cf.

190
 7~ ~~ »-1 ~ .AcJW 0 }~ :111Bt ~ .:;:! ~o}Ji..
Hoyeong really seems to know a lot.

q ~-o}Ji.. ~ ~ 1f:io1 ~i ~ ~lil- o}yt!f uH ~ --8-g.S:.

llll}~ ~ 01 5!}!--j .:L tS .:;:! ~0 1-Jl.
You're right. I think it's because he not only reads a lot of books, but
he also reads the paper every day without fail.

7~ 7J-%l£.£ 01~~ ~ ~7!} ~H=-t=l1 e>l ~7!}Ji.?

I'm thinking about taking a trip to Gangwondo. What do you think
(about such a trip)?

q %-;A1Jl. 7J-%l£~ {1-oj Bt ~ ~1i} o}yt!} tl}r:}£

<lle>l.A-1 01~~~}71011 °}? ~~ :£- 0 ]oj]Jl.
I like it. Gangwondo not only has a lot of mountains, but it also has
beaches, so it's a very good place to travel visit.

OI.R~~ ·~'@~2.1 LH-§12.!"01 o~LI .JJ. ~'@~2.1 LH-§OI 7 ~2.1 7 1:::: ~77~:AI~ cio~O:I'2.~ ::: 2.101 ~ LfE~~ [H .A.~
~Liq. '12.)"'~ {!l~o~O:I '-( 0 )2 ~ O~LI2.F2.1 ~EH~ .A.~gLiq.
This expression is used to indicate that "not only what is stated in the preceding clause, but also what is
stated in the following clause". This expression can also be used without ~ as in -{.£)2 ~ OfLI2.f.

-(.2.)2 ~'2_1- O~LI2.~

.3.q ~~ ~'2! O~LI 2.~

Qj ~~ ¥'2! O~LI2.~
AN
~ ¥'2! o~LI2.~
Qj ~ ¥'2! O ~LI2.~
·····------ '' -···· --------·--·--------- ---------·-''' ~------- -- ····---·--
'
''
--------------- --- ---- --
NOiq
····--- ----------
' ----·--- - - - ------.-------·---.' ------------- - - - - - -- - - --
N
0~~
~-----·------------------------ --------.!..----·· --~------...!-----------

1 92 Korean Grammar ut CZI...·e •Intermediate

 7f 7J\f~oj].Ai tt}';t77}Jl?
Shall we meet at Gangnam Station?

q 7i 7]~ ~ ~ttl- o}y2f .ii?)~-5:. .J0Ji>}L-]77} t:.J-:= <=1].Ai tt}\f.A]t:.J-.

It's not only far away, but the traffic there is really bad, so let's meet somewhere else.

7f 0
J=7J ».]~ tl-j~t:.j- .7.]<5}-~ ~ .7.]-? Efl-]- !i!.}Jl.
It seems you (Yang Gang) takes the subway more than the bus.

q .7.]<5}-~ .':_ J..]{}% 73~i>r711 .7.]7-1 ~ ~ 0 1-Ycr 3l:!t:qi5Jl.Ai .7.]-? o]%il"L-Jt:.J-.

The subway not only runs on a more precise time schedule, but it's also more convenient, so that's why I
uses it.

Why are you eating in such a rush?

q .7.-l~~ttl- oty2f iJ1Js:_ ~o-].Ai llR7r t;J.!f- .:i1.3IJ-Jl.

I'm so hungry because I skipped not only lunch but dinner as well.

1 O l ~~ {:!~~01 ~~~~ LH~OI'i:! ~~~£ ~~~~ LH~~ Mil, {:!~~01 ¥~~~ LH~O I 'i:!
~~~£ ¥~~~ LH~~ MiOt ~Liq.
When using this expression, if the preceding clause is a positive statement, then the following clause
must also be a positive statement, and vice versa.

• Jf-2.] {!,"'. ~.i:i!.C>l] .-l.i 7}711-& ~~ o}y 2.]- o}-'? .-1.]112:J~lR. (x)
- Jf-2.] {! .'?. ~.ill.oj].-l.i 7}711-& ~~ o}y2.]- o}-'? ~%"8llJl. (o)

2 Ol If.~ ~ '-( 0 )2 ~'2! O ~LI2.f' Ef-1011'A/V-7 I77f.AI5fef'. 'A/V-71£ 5fcf. 'Nllf.AI A/V' ~£1 If.~O I
.2.71£ ~LI q_
The expressions NV-7 17Jf;l:l '6fef. NV-71.5:. '6fCf, and N77f;l:l NV are often used in clauses following
-(.2.)2 ~'i:_f OfLI2.f.

• .7-}0F »t: oj] ~ ~~ o}y2.]- ..<.J Zjo] ~7] 71J-.7.l "8JJJl.

= .7-}0F ».] ~ oj]~ ~~ oJ-y2.]- ..<.JZjo] ~7].£ "8JJJl.
= .7-}oF ».] ~ oj] ~ ~~ o}y2.]- ..<.JZj71J-.7.] ~o J-Jl.
1

'ElCf I l::ll.!:t. 't'JOI2.Cf

~101~ JJ.I ~01 717~ ~~ .=~.q 717~ .=~.q I ~i:!!~Cf

Xi~.!:t.-l= ~:XI7 ~ ~~ O~E:f"Cf ~:XI7 ~ O~Ejq I l::lfCf.!:t_ 7J~5fCf

'l'!Aitt Jl::,. "quick" courier service

~~fC.f p recise

XIOt JJ.I
AH£~l! ~A~

~Ail::ll.6

194 Korean Grammar ri1 U ·e-· Intermediate

 (1) 7f .2..~ 211 ~~ ~-2--5BJi..? (7J~oJ ~ ~q 1 IJic.]_s:_ opiq)
Lf ll.lf-01 at -t~ ~DJ: ot-1-let- Di~x or=~ 'i! '.torH {]o]l ~~ 7}e;J.Jl -5BJi...

(2) 7f Al ~~o] 01Ui1Ji..? (g~o] 3!-~q 1 7}z=]S:. »-}q)

q A~ 7}Ji...

(3) 7f 0] *0 1 Alojl7Jl ~ 01%24Ji..? (~ 01%2-]t:f I ~Jtl-5B _!rl_o]q)

q lil.

(4) 7f 211 4-~ »-1 ~ ~ ~Y.Ji..? (A}7] o] oj:7]~ i>}q I A}cJ"S:. ?J-o] i>}q )
Lf 4-~ »-1::::= ~J-'-J
otq.Jl .AlA]
~ n oJ-o}Ji..
\.0 •

(5) 7f o] 7}nJlo]l"'l ~~ ~ -5BJi..? (.!f-~ ~E-llJl ~ o]%W 4- ~q I S:%t>}q)

q lil. 0 l 7}llll ::::=
o:j7]oj]Al ~~~A~ -5BJi...

2 '¥'CJ O~LI2fL~ ·~ ¥'C! O~LI2.V~ ..q~t>HAi c~~ CH:2:~ ~{:if>~AiiR.

(1) 7f Al 7}1'::::= ~7] 7} ?J"AlJi..? (~~ I -5B~)

q .::::L~Ji... ~41~DJ: Ot-1-ler c)H2.1DiiH!C. ~7] 7} ?J-orJi...

(2) 7f .:::r <?4~ .2.¥ ~l:J1~01Ji..? (.!f-.2.\:l I ~F? ~)

q lil. .2.-!f- ~l:J1~01Jl.

(3) 7f *Al~ .!!!.~ ~ ~ ~ 0 r-5BJi..? (~i:J1 1 %-)

q lil. 7}4-~~ ~ 4- ~7] rqj_goj] A~ ~Ji...

(4) 7f 9-~op:q-1-l .::::L'tiA] o] ~~oj] J.}rgo] ?J-~ ~ :Q-o}Ji... (9-~ I lfil<?J)

q o] .Al-cJ...Q..
-,o.._ A}TEtoJ ?J-o}Ji...

(5) 7f 0 }3. »-];:::= ~-"~Cj_7}Ji..? (~-"~ 0 ]t:f I ~01 ~-"~\::1 )

Lf oJ7]s:. -5BJi...
 How was your trip?

q \t»-]7} ~~TI I:l]'Cf7} l:l]77}7-] W0 ] Q}J-i ~~e>l]li!­

~ e>-1 J-i :AHa1~ Si e>-1 .
Not only was it chilly, but it also rained a lot, so I was bored just
stayi ng inside the hotel.

7~ Qlj .::1.~7]] ~~ ~{} %~ ~ ~o}Jl?

Why did it take you so long to pick up the phone?

q %o] ~ !::: I:ll'Cf7} ~7-}7] f-7} ~o}Q.}J-i *

~91-e>lJl.
The water was boiling, and moreover, I had a visitor, so I couldn't
answer it.

Ol3:!~ t!~~2.1 ~o1q ~EHOil.$~~2.1 §:Qolq ~EH7 ~ c-JoH:A~Ai ~Ol 'a~ qE~~ rrHA~~Li q. '-( 0
Lj~ Cilq'~ W~ * ~~Lj q_
This expression indicates t hat t he action or state in the following clause occurs in addition to t hat stated ~
the preceding clause. The form -{2.)L / E [ilq can also be used.

-2 Cilq7~
A
:Q~ CiiCP~
\-----··-············-·---··-·----·-----~---········---- ··-···-···~---········--------

.z! cilcm
~ ~ CiiCP~
v
7 f-E Cil cp ~
~ ~ CiiCP~

~o1q ~CZJc-ncm
~{!!O i q 2t{!l'Z.! cilcm
'-'-----''-·------ ---··· ... - --------·------· ·-----·-·- - · -

1 96 Korean Grammar ;, 'l/.w!-· Intermediate

7f 7-1-it ;,4 %mJ:§:J-~ Oi17}C;j .Jl -oN::-r:-11 ~o1 ~'2J1.fl_?
I'm about to go to Seoul Department Store. Would you like to go, too?

Lf ::2 m]:§:j-~ ,'?_ i):01 l:l1{1- ~Jlq7} ~5:. ~.£.. <j- ~o};,4 7-1 ~ 71£1 <j- 7}.fl_,
Not only are the prices at that department store high, but the quality (of the products) is also not very good,
so I rarely go there.

7f 0}01~ 011711 ~C;j .Jl -oN::-r:-11 ol ~ J-~ 11. 0 1 ~ ~77}.fl_?

I plan to give this to my kids, so which type of fish is good?

q o1 ;,~ 1J.o 1llllj 7} ffi-o1 ~ !::: t;J1-cf7} 1tS:.-!f..t=:.cj~;,4 o}o1 ~o 1 ~ 71 011 ~o}.fl_,
This fish doesn't have many bones, and moreover, it's tender, so kids generally like it.

7f 7-}0~ »-1, .2..~ ffi-o1 llj ~<S~ .!il_O:j.fl_,

Jaya, you look really tired today.

Lf 1.:]1, ol~W011 ~~ * ~ t;J]q .fl._~ ~5:. ffi"0};,4 L:j_!f. ll]~<S~.fl_.

Yeah, on top of not sleeping last night, I've also got so much work to do these days, so I'm really tired.

1 O I.H.~~ -t:j~~J!f *~~2.1 ? OPf ~OfO ~ g[Liq. .:J.2.I.:il -t:j~~J!f *~~2.1 LH.g.OI A.i.£ <§Jt!"~
~ 7f:A:I.:il <1!0-l '.:J.2HA.i'Lf '.:J.2.iLI7Jf'£ ~~oHA.i ~~~ 'M~-* <1!0-10~ grLiq.
This expression requires that the subjects of the preceding and following clauses be the same. Moreover,
both of the clauses must be related and be able to be connected by .:J.2.H)..i or .:J.2.i LI7Jf to state a
conclusion.

• .Aj) 01.{ ~ .3)- ~ c1]c.}7} ~..g.s:. 'itto-J.R. (.:LclP·i) Li.!f-!ff!ff-5H.R.

~ .A1) 01.{~ .3)-~ C1)t:j-7} ~..g.s:. 'itto-JJ..i t.:J-¥-!ff!ff-5H.R.

• .Aj) Ol.{~ .3)-~ c1]c.}7} ~..g.s:. 'itto-J.R. (.:Lc]Lj77}) Li.!f-lf!'lf!'-5H.R.

~ .A1) ti.{ ~ .3)- ~ c1]t:j-7} ~..g.s:. 'itt.2.Y77} t.:J.!f- !ff!ff-5H.R.

2 ~A.f£ A.f.g.~ rrH :: 'Ollq7 f' ~ A.f.g.~ * ~=c~l OlrrH:: -t:!~oi-E ~A.fOll q:= ~A.f7 f Ci oHA:I7~Lf
~I~ IE.fq:: ~~ LfE.P~Li q.
When used with a noun, OiiCf7f is used to indicate the adding of a noun in the following clause to that
mentioned in the first clause, as if making a list. It can also be used to indicate the location in which
something is done or placed .

• .fl.~ ]<j~oj]q7} ~J..} ~77}.7.] 7,37.)J..i ~~oj ~)io-J.R.

These days, I'm so busy due to the combination of housework and company work.

• oj -'8-o]oj]t:j-7} oj ;;J:!} ojuj] ~ ~:f:~ »-1 ~J..] 7] tl}if)"yq.

Please write your name and email address on this paper.
_ __ __ _ J

197
1 7f

q
7}77}-g. o}E.£ lf:lo1 ~~t;l] .2)1
t:H~ ~<?1 oR?.Jo1 %{:!o1 w~
~ t:H~ ~<{]

Ellrt7r ,.
uR?.J77}::Z.1 ::z.r? 7}J.i1.R?

I
Q\~~10
....\llWg
--
large-scale discount store/outlet

7f7Jjg Of§£ 'CJOI CU-EC-li2H '2::! CH~ ~J DH~lJfXI CH~ ~ DH~OI ~:c!OI i'JCf I 7f~S:. .uf.A.-j
Xf-9- 7fef J;:f-9- 7fef
7f77jg ~~ tti.6.7f <lif=C-11 2H '2::! C-li7JfJ;:I 7f.A:j Alo~O I HHfsCf 177H~oH.A.i J;:f-9- Efef
Alo~~Efef

Cf§ ~S:. PJ.gC-JI 2Jl .::J. ~'t! J;:f-9- %JCf

2 7f lfl01 ~ ~ o-j.ft?
q 1;]1, '?l 0 1 Y- ~ E11rt7r 71 ~.£ W0 1 t.f.Ai ~ ~ o-].R.

~OI qq I 71~£ 'CJOI Lf.A.-j ~~q

~7f~V£1Cf ~~~ 'CJOI 9:j~q I lll~ &Of CUOi.A.-1 .1:.2.f7f v £jCf

~OI DIJl~Cf -EO I 'CJOI 2.Cf I ~77fJ;:I ~Oi.A.-j D IJI~Cf

198 Korean Grammar lN 9t~e · Intermediate

(1) 7f .:::?-~ »-17} ~717} W,<?_ :J! :Qo}_fl._, (~:~ 0 1 cxjprn q I J-j~S:. ~2J"-6}q)

q ~o}_g_. ~~01 011~ "{;lrcnr "<r~£ ~~«H ~.:r ~ o1 ~ 0 }"5TI_fl._.

(2) 7f J ~ o1 o]C;]~_g_? (~»-1 7} .:Q-t:f I ~7.}5:. Wt:f)

Lf ~1. - -- -- - - - - -- -- - - o-J C;jif~ _fl._,

(3) 7f LJ1~£0i1 7}-9- 7}J.11_g_? (~ ,<?_ J-}'Ef~ 01 Wt:f I -=g-<fls:_ W01 -6}t:f)
Lf ~1. 7.}-? 7}_fl._,

(4) 7f _g_~ {..~ 0 1 W01 \:tt:f.:L~- "5TI_fl._. (~ 0 1 ~~-61-t:f I e1s:. ..2.~%<?.!- <?.!- ..2.t:f)
Lf ~1. {..~ 0 1 W01 Y-!= :J! :Qo}_fl._,

- - - -- - - - - -- - -- - - ~ 71 7} L-P?- ~ ~ o]_fl._,

(1) 7f ..2. ~ 7-14- »-171- ~sJ ~ \!!t:fli:!J--j_fl._? (1 '; ~ 9:1ir:t I ~s:. ~q)
q ~1. 1%% c5_t "{;lrcnr %.:@-~ tl!Orf-i ~sJ Y1 C;].:L~-_fl._.

(2) 7f ..2. ~ ~.liLOi1 ~:z1 %o]_g_? (~:z1 ~o-J;tq I W ~s:. Wt:f)

Lf l:J1. ~ :z1 %o-J _fl._.

(3) 7f J 9-j.A.~ J-}~.:LI- -BTI_fl._? (q7.}~ 0 l J.11'(!~q I ?}o} .!1!._1-1771- 3J1-6}q)

Lf ~l . {£77} "5TI_g_.

(4) 7f 7.} J-J-ER 7} ~.£ <?.!- ~,<?_ :J! :Qo}_fl._, (10\101 \:j~q I~~ ;_J-ERS:. <?.!- ~q)

Lf ~o}_fl._, - -- - - -- - - - - -- - - -

(5) 7f _fl._~ 0}2l:l}01E ~ -6}.:LI_ <V,o-J _fl._? (J-}.:LI_ -}J,<?_ %~01 <V.r:t I ~5:. ~ _fl._(5-}q)
q 1.:J1, o} 2l:l}OlE ~ -BTI_fl._.
 7~ _AjW 0 1 l-}'E}-~ .2. 2 J.i1R?
So you don't really know who that person is?

q J.;]1, 7--] ~ :1. l-}'E}- 0 1~ S-7.} %2.}R.

Nope. I don't even know his name.

7~ l:l1il~71 l-}.Jl7} J;tq~ if"' ~ Sd_o-]R?

Did you hear the news about the plane accident?

q o}yR, _8_~~1l:j.Y l:l}t1Hy77} <?JE11J! i=f-"'S-7.}

~ l-1TI0 1 ~o-]R.
No, I've been so busy lately that I don't even have time to see the
news on the Internet.

01 IE~:= ·q~ ?.:!:=. ~-EOI.JJ. 7 ~~ 7JgoJ £1~ ?.:!~·2.~~ 2.JDI~ qE~~ rrH .Af%~Lief. 5!.~ ~-o ~ .A~EJ"O I

7ICH6~.AI ~6~7iq Oll.g'0~71 Oi2.~g ~82.1 ~SF~ qE~'2JLICf.

This expression is used to express "not only others but also the most primary one" Generally, it refers to
extreme situations that the speaker either did not expect or could not anticipate .

. .· -· ··r---- --- - - ---··- ------ ~_:;r~j:~

__N
_l ___________~~~----------·------·-- O j ~ ~j: ~

• ~u}~} 7-1 ~ * ~~;,] ::= 7'1~]2..?

(Are you saying that) even you (my own mother) don't believe me?

• G1-& \t»-]oj] 01] ~ ;;':!~} Jl:AJo] Lf tJ-12;];,1 :Aj~ ~~~2...

Even the air conditioner has broken down in this heat. It's unbearable.

• t:j _If- ~ TI ~ ~%~} Cj- Lf.2_::: 7(j q-.£ <J} ~ Jl,

Sometimes something can be so sad that tears don't even flow.

200 Korean Grammar in. 'lts·e · Intermediate

 1 Ol .R~~ ~.£ !f.~~<Z.J .g%,f0ll ..UiO~ ;q<2JA~;;;;LICf. -5-~~<Z.J .g%)-Oll M~ 01-'>l!~ g-§OI ~ LI CL
This expression sounds most natural when used w ith negative statements. It can therefore sound
awkward if used in positive situations.

2 Ol~~ '7Jf:XI'q '5:.'2f l::lf%1-;;:;-"?- <X};;;;LICf. .:J.~:XI'2! '±5::f'~ ·~IQ.,t-2.1 ~'OI2.f~ L7~01 <X};;;,LICf.
The expressions 77f;I:J and .S:. can be substituted for _:::::_j:f. However, it should be noted that _:;:::_:i': f carries the
added nuance of "the worst possible case" .

3 Ol~~ '011:! .A.~~ .!¥~ol-E~~ ~.§.OI.il..:J.~.!=i:!.Cf '§of7~q ~~ ~7Jf:XI!f.~oi-E ~·~ q ErLH

~ .R~<Z.J · ~/~7m '-of.il. ~o1 :xf~ .A.~~LILf.
This expression is often used together with :=/e71'<§, which indicates the negation of not only one thing
but also something else on an even more telling, or serious level.

• ~cj ~ o}:: i5H Q1 o:j ~.g.;;<j\') 7.-j]~.S:..:?:~} * 7} .!;!.1)_o-J..Il.

Our mother has never even traveled to Jeju Island, let alone overseas .

• :3!l g_ ~~71-2-7'1\'1 {!.g..:?:~} *~ rrfl 7} '?£0}..\l.

There are times when I can't even read the newspaper, not to mention books.

4 o1~ ~ ~.A.r2f ~o 1 .A.~or'i:! '-( 0 )2 "?-±5::f ~01.fL'2.I ~ EH£ M~LILf.

When used together with a verb, the form -(.~) 2 ~_:;:::_:i': f ~Oi£. is used .

• q2.j7} L-j.!j!- o}:rr.}J.i ~oji! -"?-.:?:~]· ~o-J..Il .

I can't even stand since my legs hurt very much.

• 7.-JI .:?:7}-2- 5{f~r:-j] S:. 7.-j]7} '?l% -"?-.:?:~} ~ g_ ~.££ o}~ 7'1..11.
Even though my nephew is just a 5-year-old kid, he's so big that I cannot even hold him.

1 7f ~.:? »-]7} o-] q .£ o:j t;~ ~ n-o-J_B_?

q if»-l]Jl, ~.:? »-]7} o-]q .£ o:j ~ ~ n-~:.z] o}L}] ~7l .2.~ Ti1Jl.

~* J.AI7f Oi CJ.~ 0:1~-§- ~q ~* J.AI7f OiCI£ 0:1 ~-§- ~e;~: l OfLH

<EJ:£1 J.AI7 f Oi!::. .2.1,.\.fOUq LI q <EJ:£1 J.AI7f Oi!::. .2.I.A.f011 q Lie:A:I ~~ ~~
*'i:! J.AI7f c~ ~P I OII ~~q.JJ. ofq * 'i:! J.AI7f c~ ~P I OII ~ofe:A:I 'a:A:f ~-=?-
2 7f 1-?~ :Aj.£ l:lfl~'E_ ~:A~~ 9 <U.AJ.R?
Lf :1. :Aj.£ l:lfl-%1J.i ~ »-7] ~71~ ~~ 7l ~~t ~ al-%1.R .

.::1 ~.s:. t!H~.A.ie ~7 le7·J'c5 ~PI I Oi'Elc.f

'r..!-"f. .1.1.17 f ~~~q ~~71'iJ OH<2.! I ~q
OI-§OI'i!'! AH~~ ~ -9- ~q .:J. -§.2.£-E AH~fe71 'iJ %~f I .A.f71~~q

- ·-·· ··-·---·-··-····-··--····-··----·-·-··-·- . . ·-··-····-···--·--·--··....·- .._ ___ ...........- ..............-

, , .....................

~ ~~ -t!£~~:2. o~~ ~ '2J.A.~ ~ %-'?-171 '2J.A.~W .!:F-2'cl

· • · · - · - · - · · - •• ••••• • • n - • - • • - • • • •• - · · • · • - • •-•-•••••••• •••••• - · · - •••••••-•-•••••••••-•••• · - ·• - - · • ·- • • • -••o.•• • ••••••••-•-•-•··• ··•• •••••••• •• •--••••·-· ····-·•-••

(1) 7f ~-r! oJl tS-{1 °l ~ 9 <U ~ 77]-.R?

Lf ~~il.R, :Ai ~ ~-r! oJl tS-~ £1 ~ ~ ;:_ 1-JI-JJ:.j.t <it -5fl ~Oi Ji..

(2) 7f :A}O f ».l, Ji. ~ ~0 j -% llllj-~ ~ ~0 j-Ji..

Lf ~ 0 l-Ji.. Jl15'JoJl 31 ~ 1:-j] :Ai ~ * '€[oj-.!il_J.] t:i2.]-Jl..ll.

(3) 7f 9~o]-, *.5:. <i} ~o]-~Jl .:::I.\:1' ~ ~ ol=?

Lf l.:j ..!f- nj ~-5fl Ai ~o]-~ ~ 97]- 'ai ~Oi..ll.

(4) 7f I:j1 7].2.. ~ o] {!{! {:J Z{-5fl :A]Jl <U ~ ~ ~oJ-Ji..

q ~oJ-Ji. . .:::I.tj1Ai 7H?-;?. o-j~.g- ~ ~oJ-Ji..

(5) 7f \:t'll ~ o] El _g;?. :A]4- if 9 9J.L.J-Ji.?

0 ]-Y Ji., %0 ] ¥ ~'5fl Ai Ei _g ;?_7'-j ~
Lf - - - -- -- .2.:A}'i:!-t:j-Jl '5Jl.fi..

(6) 7f uj-o] ~ ».]7]- :A]\± 9-~oJl Jl15'J.Q._ii!_ ~o]-{(o-] Ji.?

Lf t;j], Z}q~ ii}:A] ?J"_ll ~o]-{(Oi ..ll.

(7) 7f Jl ';~.ii!. rrJl ~~Oi ~ l:lfl..!f-1-i:A]Ji.?

Lf l.:Jl, ii}:A]~ :A]'E-;?. A~ Z{o] <i} L.fJi..

(8) 7f ifoj-l:l-j :A]7} ~-"i] 7]- Rf.Q.A] :A]Ji.?

Lf t;j], .:::ltj1Ai Lf0 ]7} ~ o-jJ.i Q.j-5(-:AJ *~qJl ~ :lli ii}-"i]Ji..

202 Korean Grammar in 'lt...·e · Intermediate

 These days, you seem to have a lot of meetings.

q 1.:]1, ~woJi:!.fA~ ~ W't:J]Jl . ..2.~ 1t} t>llS.. £<i:]o]

J-i] 7~1-j- <V_ o-j ;_~ o-j ~7-j] i>Ro]: ~:A] .2. 2 ):1}. o-]Jl.
Yes, there are a lot because it's the end of the year. Just today alone
(without having to consider any other days) I have three meetings,
so I really don't know what to do.

7~ o:J~ l=lJ-&011-fr~_Q_.£ l:lfl\{o:ji>Jlg 7}~ "&J-~~o ]

u } rl .Jl E..Ol r-J Jl
us-"1 2M~ I .
Regarding going backpacking to Europe during summer vacation,
I heard a lot of students do that.

q t:J1. wor
Jl. 7-1] ~F? ~ 1t} t>lls.. ~ »-1 o:J Ci o
L§ 1
c} t4 ~o-j Jl.
Yes, you're right. Even just among my friends (without having to
consider anyone else), many have done so.

OI .H~~ <i!Oll-"i ~~ ~~~<2.! -"i110iq ~%!011 CH5H

-"i Oll~ ~Oi-"i ~~~ ITH ;_~grLj q, Ol~~ '.Q.j ~~121
5!1-.S:.'. '121 3~Ci2.f.S:.'£j QIDI7f ~~Liq.
Th is expression is used when providing examples to explain a sit uation or statement made previously.
It is equivalent in meaning to t he phrases 21 ~~'(! !il.f.S:. and '2.! ofCi 2.f.S:..

..
· ·· · · · · · -- -~ - - - ~- - - · · ·- - --· .. ..
- -- -· - - · -- -· ·· ·· "· ·- ~-- - ~- - -- ···~ · · -··---~~- ~ ~-- - -~~-~-----~-~--~- - -~--· ··-·· -···- ···- - · ·- -

~ .:r-121 5H.S:.
N
.2. ~ 121 5H.S:.

• ~{! »-] 7} s~ ;Aclw ~{J i5] ~¥i5R= ~ {{o}s. Oi 7-~] !fr <5Jl£ WlOJ-]77}7-1 £J-f8-oJ1J-i ~¥
'5}G1 c.}JL.Il.
It looks like Minseon is really studying hard these days. Yesterday alone (without having to consider any
other days) she studied until 10 at night at the library.
 • iL~,<:_ ~-3j-6}717}o-jaj~_B_. A~128-A~tli-<5Jl£ 2\:J.~ -3j:AJ-~ *-=t--8-}.Jl <V_7-):=iL.
It's hard to find a job these days. Even my sister without the need to consider anyone else hasn't been able
to land a job for two years now.

• ;.~~J:J17} ~o}t-j- mo1 c ~7-1 %2fiL. .ii!.-*J:J1tR <5Jl£ ~ ~oj115~ %)_ :Aj£7} ~0-]iL.
The cost of living is so expensive. My transportation expenses alone (without the need to consider anything
else) cost about 150,000 won a month.

- - - - - -- - - - - - - --

OI.±E~::_ :i!~7~£1.g%)-:i!~ 't.!cH£1~ .g%)-~ .±E~%1" rrH.s=. Aj-g.gj"Li q . <£lOll~ ~.gAl-l!~ LfE~LH ~ '§I"OI
2...:il ·~~ 5H.'I.'£1 ~EH.£ '['iOI Aj-g.g[Liq.
This expression can also be used to express a situation that is opposite to what was the case in the past.
In such cases, a time word is often followed by ~~ <>H.S::., an alternate form of this expression.

• ;z,]\:t~77]-;z.J~ <SHS:. oj *o] ~~~:::-c~] ;z.J~~ ~o}.Ai 'f]g_ 4'-7} ~Oi.fl...

Only last month (without the need to go back further in time), these clothes fit me, but now they're so small
I can't wear them.

• 10\'1 ~~ <SHS:. <tR"'ll o l ~711 £1~ "riff0 l '?J;z.J::: ?J~Oi.fl...

Only 10 years ago (without the need to go back further in time), there weren't this many foreigners in Korea.

1 7f Ji_~ f--=t-1-f Au} E~o1 ~~ -3l :Q-o}_fi_.

Lf W0riL. LH {17 ~ tll- <511.£. 1:Jl 1f ~ t:J- l:lr~OiiL.
.Rg -'r-=?-Lf 6.Df§.gOI '1[Cf LH~~I CH~ q l::lf15!Cf
.Rg ~7 f7f I'JOI ~~cf 2.f'2:!Y I 10"/oLf ~~q
.Rg ():jA:~OI wg ~~o~ ~0 1 ~q :Ail ():j-§-Ac!J I ~Jg ~ 1 Df'2_f ~q

2 7f Ji_ ~ ~ 7 1 ~ '8 01 *ti~01.if.?

Lf W0riL. ~ \:1 ~tll- <511.£. 0 1~711 ~71 ~ '8 ~ -oN::- ;,pg-o1?£01 ~~~~1iL .

.Rg fP I ~01 if.~Oief ~\::!~I 01~711 f:!71 ;'r(§~ 51-e A~O I t'JOI '6i~Cf
j_f7f ~W ~0 1 ~~~cf A:I\:±\!:!Oil %':~ llH I 0 1 ~711 '21 ~~~q
~511 21~~ ~o I ~ q -Q\::1 I 0 1 ~711 2l~l::ll7 f ~01 ~A: I 'Gs~~q

204 Korean Grammar i, Us-e · Intermediate

(1) 7~ -tL71 .2..<€1°1 ~~ r~ {J:zf-oR.A1.JI 'V.~ ~ :Q-otk. U·~%)
q ~o}_B_ . 1--i%Dl <5HE:. -tL717]-l-j-llll}.A1 ~ 711 Til-¥-£ ~::=.7J-j.A1?if0 1-k.

(3) 7~ ~0~ 0 1 J.1{}-01lf£ 01 ~Cl.A1k? (7S:{:)

Lf .=I.~k. -¥ J.1{}-01 \3711 ~t;]k.

(4) 7~o1Jti tl1£ ~:3f% n]-oR7r ?:J-1:f.A1k? (~21 .!f-.2.\:l)

q ~o}_B_, BR? 1':§4-~ "0]-1-j-£ *<51-1t~k.

(5) 7~ o}~~ 1£l.A1 <?£~ ~).~~ 0 1 ~~ ~ .Jl <V_J:Rk. (.Jl~~).~~ A~1 ~7})
q 7-j~ .=z.tt} ~ {[o}_B_, o}~ ~ 01£j~k.

(1) 7~ Q,~01 .g ~ ~ 0 rJ:tiiJ:iloJ1k . (20~ ~)

Lf .=I.c] 711k . ~ ').~D_t <5HE:. _go1 ~ C;j 'V_~ ~ t:l1k.

q %12}jl? - -- - - - - -- - lf.7} 'V. ~ ~ t:l1·..... .

(4) 7~ uR-8::- g ~ ~ ~ c J.1 1-]- }~!}k . (~u]- ~)

q ~ * 1£1 ~~1:11 .A1~,<:_ ~ ~711 ~~~ .B._,

(5) 7~ 0.}7J »-171- 2lJ op~! 711 -tL-¥- ~ 0 <5}.A1k? (~71 ~)

q .=I.C1711k. 7-j ~ ~ {J -o1 -tL-¥-~~ ~t:l1k.
 1

G) 9J7]~7.} ® It} 1:-j] t:f 7}

@ 9J Ej]y77} @ 9J7] n:Jl.g.Oi]

G)¥ .2. \3 s:. ® _!f-.2_\:JO]Lf

@ ¥.2. \3-¥-EJ @ ¥ .2. \37-i ~

3 7~ R~ 0~251--E l§OI U~ 7~ !i!.~R.

q Lil, - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - - -

G) o]Jti ?~7.} t;J] Jtio]L.f oJ:2 ~ ~o-j.R

® o]Jti ? Oi]t:f7} t;J] Jtio]L.f oJ:2 ~ ~oi.R
@ o]Jti ?~ -5HS:. t;J] Jtio]L.f oJ:2 ~ ~o-j.R
@ o]Jti ?Oi] l:l]-5H).i t;J] Jtio]L.f oJ:2 g ~o-j.R

4 7~ 2H2:,1-.lil 2j:10JIA.i ~A:I ?JO ~R?

q 2:,1-.J:il 2j:1~
- - ---------------------------
G) {l{(ojl:l]-tl )!-011 ~ x£ ~lf- i'J"0 }Ai ~¥-6}7] 7} ~ ~71 ~ ii.
® 1]{(ojl:l]»+ 7]-7-].Jl ~ x£ ~lf- f£oJ-;.i ~.!f-5]-7] 7]- ~ ~7-] ~ii.
@ 1]{(oj l:l]-tl EJ]t:f7} ~ x£ t=llf- f£oJ-;.i ~..!f-5]-7]7]- ~ ~71 ~ii.
@ 1]{(ojl:lj».}7] ~ 5]-7.]~ ~ x£ ~ lf- f£oj-).i ~¥5}7]7} ~ ~7-] ~ ii.

5 G) J ;.}'if ~ 7]-~~ oj-yc} l:lH~o ] 7] £ -5Hii..

® ~7]7]- t:f 1.-j-% ~~ otyc} 7] ~£ ~o]-~o-Jii..
® ;z}o]:».]~ .Aj~ o] *~~o]-yc} ~o]-7] 77]-;zj -5Hii..
@ ;zi~~ ~~ o]-y2.} oj-~ 7J};z] * ~o-J;.i l:lH 7l- t-i lf- .JlTij-ii..

6 G) J u]-E ~ 7]-~oj -tlJ:i]t:f7]- %~£ f£o}J,i 7.}? 7}ii..

® 1QA]7} '8-E- 1:-j]t:f7} ~».] £ 4:-%1 .Ai -2\:Jo] <gi~ 71oj].R.
@ OJ=7J ».] ~ -Eo] f£o j <;V_..g. EJ19-7l- ~;.~7-J;.i ~ 7]7]- f£o}.R.
@ ~o] ?J-oj % J:i]c.J-7]- <i':!%£ ~~.Ai A7] ~ E}cj 7]--E ;.J-'i:[o] f£o}.R.

206
 7~ * '%] _2__£ o:j <%' ~ ~ 7-j cxj] Jl?
Are you going to take a trip to Europe?

q 1;]], * ojj
7-j cxj]Jl.
'%] 7 N::- ~ ojj PoojJ ~ 21 A
l ~ 7 ~ 1?}\t

Yes, and on my way to Europe, I plan to stop by Hong Kong to see

a friend.

7~ ~u}, :J-1 -A]i} ~-2-Z>H::- ~o]ojl..fl. . !f-1 ~Jl~ 7-j

~_2_ ~ J.} ~77}Jl?
Mom, I'm on my way out of the office. Is there anything you need
me to pick up (buy)?

q :r'%:1. ~ojJ _2_ ~ ~Oll fr-:rr:JojJ 7}J.1 H% J.} 9-l-.

In that case, stop by the supermarket on the way home and get
some tofu.

Ol IE~ ~ Ol-§of-E. .l!~ g OJI Oi't! q~ ~§~ ~ [[H '"q§gLiq.

This expression is used when t he speaker does an action while in the process of going somewhere.

:: ~011

7~q 7f-E ~011

v
~12-o~q ~12of-E ~011
---------------------~------·- -- - -- - - ···········--· - - - - -- -

• ~-2-i>J-E ~ofl -Aji>}~ o]] J-i ~ca_i>j ~ 7 ~ ~X]:o-J.fL.

I met a friend by chance on the subway on my way home.

• {)011 ~1-.2.. ~ ~ofl 6J~01Vi ¢1J.}-i>}-.:il ~o-J.fL.

I ate at a restaurant on my way home .

• .!jl-AJE£. o:j ~ 7)-E ~ofl ~%£ ~ ~ 7-jcj].fL.

I will also visit Andong on my trip to Busan.

208 Korean Grammar ul/ Vsl!/ · Intermediate

1 01 .H.~~ · :::: ~olq'.£.£C. £li"OI J...f§oi-Ec~l OIU/1:::: Ol§oi-E ~01 <§l~q.:il ~ ~ ~ qE~LH::: ~o
£ ~[q~ <§!~ o~.:il ~:::: %012.1-E ~~Liq.
This expression is also used in the form ::: ~OICf. In such cases, it indicates that the speaker is in the
process of moving from one place to another. Thus, it refers to being in the middle of doing something.

7f <>j l:j 7H=- ~o ]oj]..ll? Are you on your way somewhere?

Lf 41. ~T J?ll-j-cj 7!i=- ~o]o]l..ll. Yes, I'm on the way to meet my friend.

2 ' ::::~%Oil '~ 1:11:::::~ 2.Jo l ~c~l O I.R~~ §J...~2.1 A~IQf ~01 :;q~7jl J...I-§W * ~A I '2.! ' :::: ~Oil'
:::: 4-£ '7~Cf. '.2.Cf . •q7 ~q·2.~ ~~ Ol-§-2.1 2.JOIJ~ ~:::: §J...~2.f ~lJil AA~Liq_
The expression ::: S:.%011has a meaning similar to ::: ~Oil, but there are no restrictions on what verbs
it can be used with. ::: ~Oil, on the other hand, is generally only used with verbs indicating physical
movement, such as 7fef, 2.Cf, and Lf7fef.

• '?J15H=- ~ oj] ~4}Ej 7]- 7J]~ tlj~<>J ..Il. (x)

~ '?J15H=- s:_~oJI ~4}Ej 7]-7J]~ tlj'Xi<>J..Il. (o)
: ' ::: ~ 011'7 f '7fef', '2.Cf'. 'Lf7fef'2f ~g. O l~£1 2IDI7f 'll-E ~)..f2f ~IJII ~OI:AI ~ext~£ ~ ~LICf.

Here, ::: ~Oil cannot be used because the verb is not one of movement, such as 7fef. 2.Cf. or Lf7fCf.

• {! oJI 7H=- s:.~oJI ~ ~~ oJI ~ Xi <>l.R. Co)

{lo]]7}-E- ~oJl ~~~oJl ~Xi<>l..ll. (o)
: ' ::: ~ 011'7f '7fef'. '2.Cf'. 'Lf7fef'2.f ~g. O l~£1 £IDI7f 'lle ~)..f2f ~IJII ~~~ ~f.t§Lief.

Here, ::: ~Oil could be used because the verb is one of movement, such as 7fef. 2.Cf. or Lf7fef.

7f J * ~<>itiJ.i it<>iJl?
Lf ~ OlJ _2:!::: ~ ofl A JAJ"OlJAi it<>i Jl. 7~ 2Hj:~ client (of a business)
~g3 fq to visit

:=1. ~ OiCIA:j Afef ~Oil .2.Cf I .A.I~IOfi.A.i .A.fCf

:=1. ~~ Ojci.A-1 ~qq 7~ 2.H~~~ ~@3f2.i 7fCf I ~<z:! 3 1 ~qq

:=1. 7 f~~ OiCI.A.i .s!Cf 2.,1-ii!.OH.2.Cf I .gJZ!- 7f/il0ll ~2.~.A.i .s!Cf

7f o j-3. »-1, 7-J-6- <>itiOll 7J-!::: ~ 0 l011 Jl?

Lf ~-T-7J- <?J·%li>RJ.i ~~ 7}i:- ~ 0loflJl.

~T-7 f %lf:!5H.A.i g~ 7fef
~OI Oj~OII.A.i ~Of2f.A.i ~~Oil Df%'5 f2.~ 7fCf
~.:il {l.g ~ 01 ~Oj.A.i Bi~l ~2.l 2.i 7fef
 (1) 7~ oj-{loJl oj-o]7]- ~:7.]- "§:}.ll!.oj] 7]-..9..? (~J.j-oj] 7]-q)
q Oj-'-]_9._, Al]7j- ~f..toillrJe- 1 .l0ll t:1]C;jq ~..9...

L IL J t.J=O _ _ _ _ __ __ E. a-] n.l _9._ •

2M~I

(3) 7~ ~o]-, Jlj-~g_ QjJ .:::Z.\'-~1 t!J:o] J.j-~o-]..9..? (~oJl %oJ-_2_q)

q 7]-~] oj] J.-j »-]-~] ~j-J.-j t!J:o] 1J:oJ.

(1) 7~ oj~oj] 7]-Ai]il? (~ '8-6]-cj 7]-L:})

q ~%t>~ lr.!e- 1 .lOIO!I.2. .

(4) 7~ ::z.]~ o] J.]{l-oj] ojt:.] 7]-y? (~.:;z.Qj <?:J.£tg_ ~.:il l-}7]-q)

q

(5) 7~ .fr ~-6]-cj 7]-..9..? (--li:3Jl-5]-cj 7]-q)

q oj-yil,
- - -- - - -- - - - - - - -----------

21 0 Korean Grammar u1 'lise · Intermediale

 What did you do this afternoon?

q ~~-31l ~ ~ 1:}7} ~.:r--8-}Jl ~ 0 1 ~~~Oi B..

I was reading a comic book, but then I went out with a friend.

Hey, Eunhye, it's been a while. What's up?

q 0 1 ui1 ~~ »-1:f7t ;,~ zro 1 1-fJ--1 .:z.\f ~~~Oi.

I was writing an email and then thought (about you), so I just called.

: .:±~~ Oilt! ~~01 :A I~£1:::

%0ii .:J. ~~0 1 %8£17-Jq q~ ~~~ 1::1 ~-11-1 ::: 3:!~ qE~~ [ H.A.I§~Liq.
-::.p r~ '-Cf£ ~Q:j.Ad .A.I§"6VI.S:. ~Lie~.
-- s expression is used to indicate t he speaker's interruption of one action to immediately start doing
~"'!Oth er act ion. - Cf7f can be shortened to the form - Cf .

. .. . ·· -··~~~ ...... .................... ··· ··· .... .

7~q
v l;tjq
----·---··
• ~~ Qjt:J-71- ~~ ~.J~ t.i cr.
I was eating and then answered the phone .

• .:g..!jl- ~ -51-t:J-71- ~c;u-..g.yq_

I was studying and then dozed off.

• :AJ <5l-~ 1.:§:.1i ~ Ej-JL 7l-t:J-71- J-]7-JQ:joj]J-i 2.:§:.-i!~ ~ol-EJ-J-i]Jl.

Take subway line 1, and then change to line 2 at City Hall Station.

• '"'5'1]o]E ~ Ej-t:J-71- 'Bo-];z;JJ-i q~o-J Jl.

I was skating and then fell and hurt myself.
 1 OI.R~~ t!~~Qj ~§Oilll~£l~Ai ~~~Qj ~§01 ~0-jq::: ~.!:fOU5=_ AI§~Liq_
This expression is also used to indicate that the action in the preceding clause continues while the action
in the following clause occurs.

• ~~ :A}-1:}7\- .!f-J-i-& :g.~ J,9.oJ.R.

I was sleeping and had a scary dream.

• 7,;1~ ~ oJ7\-1:}7\- ;Q-:A\-7] ,..~z.j-o] y.;_; -{!~~oJ .

I was walking along and suddenly thought (of you), so I called .

• {1-=jL~J-.:L!. 0]0]:7] ~ ~\-1:}7\- -:£-~oJ.R..

I was talking to my friend and laughed. (= laughed while talking to my friend)

2 O I.R~~ t!~~Jl~ ~~~£1 ~017~ ~0 ~~ ~Liq.

The subject of the preceding and following clauses must be the same.

• (41 7\-)~~ '2il:f7\--{!~7rf±1tt-11:f. (x)

- (417\-) ~ ~ g:jl:}7\- (417\-) -{!~ ~~-;:;ycJ·. (o )
: ·~~f7f ~.gLjct'-E -9-0i/f ·~~f'OIE!..£ -9-0Pf '§2.f;t:~.A.i ~~-* ~.gLict.

The sentence is ungrammatical because the subject of ~~7f ~.gqq is ~:2.f. So it has a different
subject from the preceding clause.

-\) 22g ·~E~ Lt£f~ rrJI'Qj 01 '-W~ct7f'~ §~W,il£

See Chapter 22 Expressing Completion. Section 01 -~/~ Cf7 f.

~
1 7f ~:A~] ~ q ~o-J.fL? •[ 93 )1

Lf o}y.fL, ~:A~] ~ i>lc}7} ~-=j1-oj] ;Jj] ~~7} Q.}J--1 1-f{to-J.fL.

~;J;il~ q ofCf ~;q~ ofCf 1 ~-=i!OfiJil ~:2.t7f .2f.A.i Lf7fq

~~Cf.!i!.Cf ~~ .!i!.Cf I !.=I!f. !f..A.i .!f.l.A.i -5~fOil ~ff.Ei~ ncf
~-§ ~q I L=I.!F ~2.~.A.i ;t:fCf

o~2.1~ cfj:ICf
Cf2.1 ~ Qj:IQ 7118-§ LH2.:17fQ I DITI2:lXICf
~7~-§Qj:IQ :ilf~-§ ??.fef I ~-§ t!jiQ

21 2 Korean Grammar t/t- Use-· Intermediate

(1)
7~ t 17t 2H cf~o-JJl?
0 0

Lf OR-% t5tl:flt Jloj1

0
ul-Ol-o-jJl
;;<:;.).).. •

............. .. ------·· ··········· ..

7~ ~-n ~ <il t:-J12H ~ o-J xto-J Jl?

(2)
Lf ~ o-J Jl.

............... ... ..... .... ......... ·········· ..

7. o-j,A-J1 :1._ .E_2}o~ q .!i!..JI ~o-JJl?

(3)
q otL.JJl, TI1 ~i>TI"'-1 ~o-JJl.

(4)
7. {17 ~ ~;Jo-JJl?
Lf otL.JJl, - - -- - :J._~ ~ e>i1 no-JJl.

(1) 7• "'-1%~e>i1 o-J~~1 7t°F ~Jl? (E}.JI 7tcf)

Lf 7-1 <5}~ 2~~~ ~Jl ltl:flt 1-17cJ~e>i1-"l l~{i.Q..£ ~otE}l-1Jt! ~Jl.

(2) 7. it~ 71 ~ ~ 2H "*~o-JJl? (%f77t ~7lt uJ~o1q)

Lf ~7.1 ~)io-JJl.

(3) 7f o-J t:le>i1 c}-J.4..2.1--J1Jl? (Jl~ ~ <Slcf)

q :rrJ-7t ~ o-J!--j -"t ~o-J Jl.

(4) 7f {1:§1~ ~1 ~ o-Jt:le>i1 n o-JJl? (~iitct)

q li!.Ol .!i!_cj ~7Jj- L.j-71-o-jJl
22 '-' M .

(5) 7f 2H i§.~ cf-"1"'i1Jl? ("'i1cf)

q ~ 0 t<il 7-1 ~o-jl:l-j)io-JJl.

13. .£%% c.tet';!IIIII 213

 1

CD 7}-~).-j 0 7rl-1 77r

@ 7N=- %Zl-oJl @ 7}--::::: l:l}-'EfoJl

' 2

CD c ;::_c}.Jl (6) E.. -::::: £ %oJl

@ E.. -:: ~~oj] @ ~ C4 JI ~N=-t:i]

7~ o~~Oll ~Oli A-1 ~~ ~0-1£?

q O ~LI£, - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - --
CD '£ 2<5}-~).-j J..}- 7}-:A].Jl 7}-).-j :§"1J..}-oj]J.-j ~o].fL
<6> '£2W lillt:ll ;..r 7}-:A] JI 7}-).-j :§"1J..roJl).-1 ~Oi.fL
® '£ 2 <5N=- ~ oj] J..}- 7}-:A].Jl 7}-).-j :§"1J..}-oj]).-j Q:j oj.fL
@ '£ 2 <S"jt £%oJl J..}- 7}-:A].Jl 7}-).-j :§"1J..}-oj]).-j q:j oj.fL

7~ £H£?
A-I~~Oll 0-1~ 711 7 ~0~
q O:IJ IOliA-1 _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _

CD :7.]<5}-~ 7~J..j~ Ef.Jl 7}-c}7}-]4:<2:JoJ]J..-j 4~~.2..£. ~0 rEf~ Qj.fL

0

(6) :7.] <5}-~ 7~~~ Ef.Jl 7}-~ :=

0 ]4:'2:Jojj ).-j 4~~.2_.£_ ~0 rEf~ Qj.fL

@ :7.]<5}-~ 7~~~ Ef.Jl 7jt ~ojj 0 ]4:'2:Jojj).-j 4~~.2_.£_ ~OrEf~ Qj£.

@ :7.] <5}-~ 7~~~ Ef.Jl 7}-7]-::::: ~r:A]J?} oj4:Q:jojj).-j 4~~.2_.£_ ~OrEf~ Qj£.

5 C!-* ~~ ~ ?.:! % ~ iE! ?.:! ~ ~.2.AiiR.

CD £).-j~ojj ).-j :3ll ~ 7}-:A].Jl .2.-2 ~o ]oj].R.
~a:j
(6} ~=jL ~_g~~ 71±- ~oJj -?A ~ J..}- 7}-:Aj.Jl ~Oi.fL.
® :§"1J..roJJJ..-1 ~4¥-El .£. ~<5H=- ~ oJl ~#E17r JJ17.:J l:l-J ~ Oi.fL.
@ o}-LJl 7r o:j ~ oj] J..-j ¥ o}-Q}J..-j ~-&-J-oJl u}-%<5}-~ 7}-i:::- ~o] oj].R.

6 q~ ~~ ~ .!:j:!.~£1 £1om q 2 7il M£.) ?.:!~ ~ 0 AiiR.

CD ~ ~ ~t:.j-7}- l.;j.!f- ~ :rr~).-j %~ 0i .R.

(6) :3ll ~ ~q7}- ~-¥- ~ aj).-j ~7{1- ~~1-lct.
@ A 7j ~ ~ '8oj7.:j).-j ~ ~ ~ q~~ l-l ct.
@ 1ft ~ ~q7}- ~.:r-oJl~l ~21 _g_ ~~ ~<V:-~1-1-cr.

214
 Did you get a lot of sightseeing done today?

q 111, Iij~t>~J,l »-~ ~ 78.5:..£ RfO] ~o}q)l e>i.R.

Yes, I was so tired from going here and there that I could have
collapsed.

It's really raining hard!

q 111. 1-;j.!f- W0 l _Q};,-j <i£0 1~ <j- .!I!.~ 73£<:xll.fl.

Yeah, it's raining so hard that I can hardly see in front of me.

Ol R~::: ~~~£1 ~EH2f t:il::;::~ 1-2~ 1¥-~~£1 ~8~ <SP~Lf ~01 {!l ~ [H ;_~gtLICf. '-{ 0 )2 ~~·

Lf '-( 0 )2 ~~OICf.Q.j ~EH£ BtOI ;_f§gtLICf.

This expression is used to indicate that the action or behavior in the following clause is being done or is
occurring to a degree similar to what is described in the preceding clause. It is mainly used in t he form
-{2.)2 ~5:.£ or -(2.)2 ~£0 1 Cf.

-(0 )2 ~~

~ ~~
A/V -(.£)2 ~~
~ ~~~

• ;~;i ~ oW~ -¥-lEI~ ~ :1J.£..£ '1l~ ~oJ-'5RJl.

I like movies to the extent that I watch about two every day.

• ~~oJl ~ ~ 41~ Ttl9 ~] 7)- ~ ~ ~ ~.£...£ ;:~;]9 ~]7)- Lf ~ ~~ ~ 7-]cxj]Jl?

Did Jisu do something so bad that Minsu, who normally never gets angry, became angry?

• o]Jti J.j~ :=?.. 0 !-? 91.5f-l~i %~A~5:. .2..!f. ~ ~.!C.~ CiA.

This time, the exam was so easy that even a middle school student could have aced it.

21 6 Korean Grammar t/t 'll.i·e · Intermediate

1 7~ J#oJ1l:l}'i:}-o 1 t'jo1 ~<Ji_a? {9;)'
q 1.:]1, J.}'i:}-o1 ~o}~ 78.£.£. t'J-01 ~<Jik.
!:1-J"Olll:l ~Eto 1g~-o 1~q .A.~OI \;;t0~7fq I 'i'JOI ~q
t~H7f 'i'JOI j]_g_q ~2:{Aiq I t!H7~ j]_g_q

.:::1 ~~ Oj2.i 1:! ~mq q 2l~q I Oj2.i \::! ~~q

2 7~ 7--1 7~-=r E_£-=rt@,<:_ ?.a~ /\flo1SJ.A1k?

q 1.:]1, ~ u:J1o}q ~ -¥- t'jo1 -:9:-<JiJ.i l:l~7} 0~ 78£oflk.
7H.:::l.!!.£.:l~g ~~ .AHDI<x,!q ~ rrHo~q Li~ t'JOI ~Oi.A.-t l:lH7 ~ o~_gq

A~g ~0 I ~~ HH~gq Li~ ~2.~).-j ~01-§-717~ ~~q

.2j~ .A.~g ~~~~ ~~ ~~q 0~~ ~HA-t~~ .A.~OI2.~jl {:!J:z.t£1q

(1) 7~ 9-0J »-17} ~ ~ lf£01 o}-ji~Ji.? C::>;a--8_ ~ 7-tc.]q) *

Lf t;J1, "?.ji--J% JR- 1-Ri "?.~ ~o1 oj---8_ ~ ~oJ-Ji..
(2) 7~ ~1- »-17)- 1fo1 lfl0111ll)-~7-1 Ji.? (* <?J-oj-~q)
q t;J1, 7--1£ 1fo1 t!.fo111ll)-~ ~ ~o}Ji..

(1} 7~ 7-19- »-17)- \3~71J.i ~0 1 q~~Ji.? (%~ 0 17-1 -5!:-t>J-q)

q t;J1, ~0 1 q~J.i %"?.~017.1 JR--5i "?.3~011.2..
(2) 7~ J.1~-t?-lf- ~o1 ~~£.? (tJi2.l7)- oj-:rrq)
q t;J1 . -t?-lf- ~ i'-J-0115n J.i ---------------------
(3} 7~ ~'i:! oJ-o1<?Jt:11 ~21--& ~7.~ £ f. ~t;J1Jl! (.2.. ~ J.j-tg ~ o1 ~2-}q)
q t;J1, t=J-¥- -'87115RJ.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
 7~ Jf-.2.}! A~ 7fl ~ 7.~~ 3.l;j]Jl!
Wow! That dog is really big!

Yeah , it's as big as a calf.

How did the glass window break? Did someone get in a fight?

No. Someone threw a rock the size of a fist into it.

Ol .R~~ .3.7lq *· Y.2.1 .2.1 DI ~ s.t::: ~AI-OII ~OI.A.i Ollt! 3;101 .:::1. ~.A.~2.~ i::!l.lll~~ ITH~~ .3.7 IOIJ~q

~~ ~.£~~ qE~~ ITH .A.~~Lic.L 'N'2.!" fi~q· EE::: 'N'2.!" ~ N'.2.1 ~EH£ '[liOI .A.~~LI CL
Used w ith nouns denoting a size, number, or amount, this expression indicates that the noun under discussion
is approximately the same in size, amount, or degree as the noun. It is usually used in the form N't! ofq or
N't! ~ N.

--~---···----~· '"~---·-·--·-----·-··.----···~------~·· ·------

N
-9-~ '2.!" fi~q
-------~-----------------~------··--------------:__ ____________________________ _
o .JI-8"J=oj] ~1.:: {jS:. 7<.] ~ ~.Jl 9) ~ ~ 3.7] ~ "3fiA.
My house back home is just as big as the one I'm living in now.

o o}_lf-cj 3?:lti xS:. ~ ~ ~ x~ 'il;tOiA. ~7] ~ "6~.5:. ..<f-cj {lo] 7-~]~ 3?:lt>~.B...
No matter how comfortable a place may be, nowhere beats home. It may be small, but our house is the
coziest.

o ~cf')! ~~ %J'~ _Q_j 7]7} ~».~ A_lf-1[~ "8{J 'l} 15}1-l].fi.!

My 15-year-old little brother is already as tall as my 20-year-old big brother!

2 • 8 Korean Grammar u1 'lise · Intermediate

 'N'2.! 5~q· ~ t!-§~Q.£ MO l ~ li~~O I ~OI ~~C~I ~3;!::: C.f%:il~ ~~Liq.
There are many idiomatic expressions that use N~ i;fef. A few are given below.
• -%!-go] 9j2.22.j ~ ~.fl.

(My) salary is the size of a rattail. (= meager, very small)

• ~~o] -?9:1~ ii~.fl.

(Someone's) face is the size of a fist. (~~01 ~Cfe £1DI)

• -l!l-j::2.J7} 40J-).i .2.7] j::c.J~ i;~Jl.

(Someone's) voice is as small as a mosquito's sound.

• t.:j_!f. ~CfAi 71-@-0j .=g.~~ ~iJ_ojJl.

(I) was so surprised that my heart shrank to the size of a bean. (= be terrified; be scared stiff)

• ~~ ~ oj-~7} 'ait:.J-.
No younger brother is wiser than his older brother.

• 7Joj-:<.] 3.7 ] ~ ~ 9J
A rat as big as a puppy.

• ~o] ~57:7~~ ~Jl.

(Someone's) eyes are the size of buttonholes. (= small)

• oj:: ~~~ ~ %.:1!.7] ~ {f~e>1Jl.

(Someone) caught a fish the size of a grown man's forearm. (= very big)

• <~Jo l :f. '8 ::.<.J~ ii~Jl.

The room is as big as an athletic field.

1 7f Al J.}:i!}~ :Aa~ 3.1=jj.R! I

~ I

q Jf-2-J-! J.}:tq-7} ~12f~ "8-}Li]A. CU:Aie71St the thumb

.A.f.l!}E ~~ 3.Cf .A.fj!f7f "?I;!{

t:tH* ~~01 ~~ ~q ~~OI-9-~

~cH~:2:1-E 3.7l7f ~~ ~q W.cH~:2:f7f ~fi:l~7 f~

2 7f 2)1 oj ;.~ ~ 7}-.R?

q _<f-t.J "5~~ opf:-ol Y ~ ~ ~~o] ~71 ~.R . .=I.~ J.4 ~ 7}.R.

.sf-2.15~~ Of-9-D-iLI I -9-<2..!01 gtq I '2I 7fef

A~Oillli-E ~I ~OI gtq I '2I ~q
A~ Oil lli-E ~LH I Oj~fi: l7 f gtq I £1~ Oj~g '2I 7fef
q;; ~EJ:;;; !i!.:il [!i!7I]OII.Ad <§tgt:_: 80i~ ~0~ ''2.!' c5~q·~ A~5HAi CH~ ~{::!c5~AiiR.
,
1 •
.. ---- - --- --- -- --- --- -------- --

\____ -- -
~~7~c
- -
-------- -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

- --
E~
- - - - ----
~~.1J.2.I
-- - - -
~ Oj~ W~ l
----- -------------------------------------------------------- ./

7~ -¥- '3:! ~ ~j]_ <;U <>1 Jl?

(1) Lf ;(j{t~ ~j]_ <;V_o-]Jl. t-J%"'1~£0J t;_t ;(j {t~-cl]
<(!- _!rl_ 0 ]l;j]Jl.

7~ ~-9- »-]-:::= ~.:g-~ "@o] ~o}Jl?

(2) q o}L-] Jl, ~.:g-o] _ _ _ __ _ __ {{7]7}
<>1 C;j %1 Jl.

7~ o}~/(]7} \fJ-] ~ ~}cj 7}? 7}J-i]Jl?

(3) q l;]l, A-]\l- 9-WOi]s:. 7}J-=jJ--j _ _ _ _ _ _ __
~j]_7] ~ {fo} _2_jio-]Jl.

7~ .:LCl]S:. ~o ] %J-~_!r!_q ~Jtl o-j ~ :Q-;(]Jl?

(4) q .:LCl]J--j ~~-¥-E-1 - - -- - - - - - %-"~ 0 l
~L}j]_ ~F&·o}£...

7~ o-J7-i] ~?OiV-l 78W -c Q.)-o-]7} L-J-"Efxtl:Jl £...

(5) q A-iS:. ~<>1£... Q.j-o-]7} L-]-E}L-j-J--j
~~ ~~l:Jl£...

220 Korean Grammar iN 'lt.w~ · Intermediate

 How much money should we pay?

q ZfA} Q:j ~ 1il% ~~ ~ 1:! ~o}_9_ .

Each person should pay an amount equal to how much
he or she ate.

7~ ..2.. ~ ~01 ~~ ~77}_9_?

Shall we see a movie today?

Sorry. These days, I don't have enough free time to see a movie.

O I.R~~ {:!~~.2.1 ~@-:ilf .gEH7 f -¥-~~:ilf t~l;:gt~ .R~W rrH J.-j%~LICf. ~J.-f2.f ~01 J.-i%W rrH::: {:!~~

:i2f -¥.~~ ~Af.Q.j ~~7f t! l ;:gt~ qEf~LICf.

This expression is used to indicate that the action or state described in the preceding clause is similar or
equivalent to that stated in the following clause. When used with nouns, it indicates that the nouns in the
preceding and following clauses are similar in degree.

-( 0) L /';::./ (2.) 2 ~E

3.Cf e ~s
A -(O)L ~E
~q ~~~a

~ ~a
1£1 ~ ~a

v
~ ~a
Dl2.1j -(o)2 ~a
1£1 ~ ~a
------ - - - - - - - - · -- ···-····--···· .

N
"=-====~·--~ -~---· -----
 To the extent that you pay for it, you should receive good service.

• 7-1 ¥-1<>11 ~~ J-}-'€(5:. ~ ~ * ~ ~ ~ 3_7]] ~1t511 ?J-i].B...

Please speak loud enough that the person behind can hear you, too.

• J-}-'if~ ~ .!il..~ o}-~ ~ J-j4;'-<5~~q.Jl ~~ ~1-J r:.}-.

It is said that people mature to the extent that they've experienced sorrow.

• t..j-5:. i@ ~ ~~ ~ ~~1-]77]- :zp-jt>}-7-] o}-J-i].B..,

Don't worry because I can do (it) just as well as my older brother.

~
1 7f ::L ~:§:}7} W"oJ ~~ e>l.R? •[ 99 ) 1

q 1;]1, ~%0] '€! ~ ~ *e>l.R,

.:1 ~~m I(JOI ~q ~O J Lfql~q

o1~1 cHoH.Ai uo1 ~cf cf-E .AfWOlllll ~a- ~~oH ~ 4- ~q I ~q

OJ~ .UJ7f Of%.uj.£ ~q ~~o I Oll!!!!q I of%.UI.S:. ~q

2 7f oj-%o] 7]7} 3..A].R?

q Li1, o}l:lj .A] ~ 7]7} ~.R,

ol-§-ol 7l7f .3.q o flfiA:I I :t l7f .3.q

~0 1 Oll!!!!q ~Of I Oll!!!!q
3-"c:!lO I :S 7 ~ ~fq ~I :S7~ ~fCf

222 Korean Grammar iN 9.1.-'e · Intermediate

1 '-(O)L/:::/(0)2 '2!E-'~ .AI-§5H.A"l q* CH:2:~ ~~<5~AiiR.

(1) 7~ o]~ J.j~ ~:ilj-7}- e>i~ Al R"6Jl1l. (<€1{]<5] .:g..!f-<5}-t:f)

q ~~J-51 J:l.tliJ~
o-r\,;.. O~;L
"'"o ~.Q.
o ' - :A-1~
o 2
l:l}..Q... ~~j_fL
ce .

(2) 7~ ~~ ~:ilj-7}- f g_Aj Z:j:A.Jojoj]ll. (~~ g_ c.}-<5}-t:f)

q ~~ ~:ilj-7} ~g_ ~~lll.

(3) 7~ o-jc.j7}- ?:[o] o}-E.Ai]ll? (~g_ 9 ~q)

q 1;]1, o}-Tij-J.-j ~c.J ~-%loJl 7}- *l=~e>ill.

(4) 7~ 2J1 Gj <i.l- CAi]il? (~q)

q Al~ 1fo] ~J.-j ~if~~ ~e>io]: £111l.

(5) 7~ ~u}-~% 7}-Aj~ £]11l? (7}-Aj.Jl-iicf)

q ?J-o 1 ~_2_ 1-j 77} 7}-7;).5:. ~ 1-j ct.

2 [.!i!.7I]Oli.Ai ~~~ 8<>i~ ~o~ c~ cH:2:~ ~~<5~AiiR.

( ----- -----------··· ---······· ······---···-··········---···· ···---···-····· --·-····· ·-···--··--·- ···---····· ····---·-·- ·····---·-··- ···-··--···

G» <5~<(} ~ o~7lc~ .UI -=:1.~ .Ai~ qo1

L-------------------------------------------- -----------------------~--------------------------¥ --~

(1) 7~ A}-oj: ».] ~~~ :AJ~ <5}-~Aj il?

Lf 1;]1, tto_r _l;fOJ% :@ -3! ~0}-il.

(2) 7~ ll~oj]~ L-}-o]oj]l:l]i>~ J.-1 ~o] ~ !: J.}~~o]!f£~ -3! ~o}-_g__

q _2cj ;;zJ].B... -A.]~~ J.}~~ o] £1o-jo]: ~ Jill-c;J]ll.

(3) 7~ _Q_J.j-7"}- ~ e>i rrjj.B..?

q

(4) 7f 0J7J- ».]7}- ~l:lfl ~ ?J-o] IiJ%11l?

Lf 1;]], ?J-o1nJ ? ~ -3! ~o 1-.B...

(5) 7~ Al ~ o]-3!o] c-j -wor .!i!o] ~t:i] :§:19 ».] ~ e>i~ 7Jl c-j ~o}-ll?
q o]-3!£ ~o}- .!i!O:]ll. Al ~ o]~~ 1[ClJ1l.

14. ~.S:.~ 1-lEt~ ttl! 223

 CD i!:-% 01 Lf.TI.:A]- ~ i!:-%0 1 ~ ~B-
@ i!:-%01 Lf ~ t:i] I:f7]- @ i!:-%01 ~ ~~- o]-ycj-

CD .=L;3!J~ o:Jc-llfl ~iOiJ.-j Qj~Jl:Al-~Tiil.._

~ .=L;3]j~ o:Jc-llfl ~OiJ.-j Q1%£0d' 01oJlil...
@ .=L ;3]j ~ o:Jc-llfl ~OiJ.-j Q1% ~.£ ~Oiil...
@ .=L :3!l ~ o:Jc-llfl ~OiJ.-j Qj~aj~ ~ 0 1oJ]il...

3 7f ~4- JJ.I7 ~ q LI::: .2:1}..~::: Sf-cl .2:IJ,.~!;!q ~80 1 ii.Atl U:AIR?

Lf ~p I :::R ~80 I
---------------------
CD ~1L!.2.]~ ~t:i]il.. ~ ~]X!. 2.] 7-j :::: ~~ Ol _g_
@ ~ 1L!. 2.] ~B- ?£ ~ t:i1 _g_ ® ~1L!.2.J oJJ1:11 ~TI;.-1 ~ ~ t:i]il..
4 7f :A-j o~qgJ,.i::: ~0 1 ~~ HH~~ ~ f}O ~R

Lf wo ~R
------------------------------------
CD ~o}%717]- ~ ~ OioF ~o ] ~cj-il.. ~ ~o}%7]7]- ~ ~ :Aj.££ ~o1 ~cj-il..
@ ~0}%717]- ~ := l)!-oj] ~o1 ~cj-il.. @ ~o}%7] 7]- ~ ~ Ei]'-1 77]- ~o1 ~cj-il..

CD ~':3 »-1~ ~~ 0 1 O:Jl~ ~B- u]- g »-].£ .Jl-8:- -3l .:Q-o]-il...

® -E-~ ?Jo1 ~ ~B- ~~ J.-j1:11~~ ~.2..1l ~ ~~YI:f.
@ ~~ ~ ~% 'i1B- 1:1~7]- oj-II}J.-j ~2.] ~-%loJ] 7]-0F~Olil...
@ J.j-~~ ~ _lif.:~ oj-~ ~B- -'-j~~H~q.Jl t>}-Et:i1 :Aj~ .=Lc]1il..?

CD J.]-~o1 ~o]-7}-2 :Aj.£.£ 1:1)-<g-o] t'£o1 ~Jl ~Oiil...

~ o1Jti J.j~ ~ o]-9- ~-'fclJ.-1 %~-'-~.£ 1f: :Aj.£)10iil...
@ :A-j .nu1t:j ~:§:}7]- ;;{Tiu1~<Jl J.-jl:IH 7J- oj-~ :Aj.£.£ -:£:-~Oiil...
@ uj-3. »-]~ ~R~~ ~"6jjJ.-j ~R J.j-~o1 2.}Jl -'-~z{~ -1J£0:J1il...

:.2-
 May we look at that newspaper over at the entrance to the subway?

q .J.~Jl, .!f-liY77} .!i!..Jl i!~ J-}%}-~ o}.!j!-1..} 7}7.1

7}.5:. ~Jl.
Sure. It's free, so anybody who wants to read it can take a copy.

7~ Q{4.f ;_]{}0 ] 7-]~~r;j] 0 1-.!f-£ <?1- ~~Jl?

It's past the appointed time. Has nobody come (yet)?

q 1=]1, 0 1-.!f-£ <?.}2{-;.i 7-1 ~7.} 7] -c.}Cl.Jl <JJ.~~Jl.

Nope, nobody's here yet. I'm waiting by myself.

'0~¥· ::: ~~C>I Oi't! -3:!~ ~~Ci~AI ?i".JJ.. ~~ ITH .A.I-§"61-E -3:!~ .A.~E!"Oiq .A.I 2~ 7~2.1~ rrH .A.I'§-gJLiq.
.A.I-§£1::: ~.A.fOll rr~2.~.A.i g-g-Oji.A.i .£12.J DI 7~ ~2.~A I :::c·JI .A.~Et~ 7 ~2.1~ rrH::: 'O ~Ef.q' EE::: ·o ~Ef,.s=.'~ 'C;tOI ~
q q_ 'O~Ef.Lf::: 'Oi't! .A.I-E!"OI~AI ~t!"OI ~cf::: ~OI.JJ.. 'O~Ef,.s=.' ::: ·~ .A.I-Et.s=. ~q·::: ~01 ~ Li q. 'O~Ef._s=.'
::: ~~~Oll .!¥~ .R~O I ~Li q.
The word Of¥ is used to express the not choosing of any specific thing in the sense of "any" (e.g., anything,
anyone). Depending on the particle that follows it, it can either refer to people or things. To refer to people,
t he word O f~Lf is used to indicate "anyone" or "anybody", while Of~.S:. is used to indicate "no one" or
"nobody". Note that a negative expression must follow the use of Of.!f!..S:..

o~¥ c~1 q 1 o~¥ ~o1q o~¥ c~1.s=. 1 o~Ef. ~.s=.

.g±
_ _ ···-:---·-o_
~.!f:_c~_l~ q _l _
o~~ ~_Ol_IA_:lL-~-----:-···---
o~_
.!¥_c~I.A.i.s=. 1 O~.l¥ ~Oli.A.i.s=.
~{:! l
~
O~.l¥71 q, O~Ef.-3;!0iq l
:

226 Korean Grammar u1 'lise · Intermediate

 • on:~ ~ 7Jliq}LiltB ot.!f-"Y- ~o-]~4- ~-;':;t-1-cf.
Anyone can enter this place as long as you pay the admission fee.

• 0 t.!f-.£ % ~;;z] *-oPe -:£.£S_ 7}J21{o-]Jl.

I want to go to a place where nobody knows me.

• ot.!f-~ "Y- J..}J21{~ ~ ~ ~c.J-li!t.

Choose any book that you want to buy.

1 'Of!f.+(OI)q'.Q.I ·q·~ ·~.::;:r-tq, Ojcj+q, !f-<3i+Oiq, ~Xil+q'2.f ~0 1 .Q.jgcH~.A.f2.f ~7711 MC§j 4-

~XII2! 'O f!f.+.!:e.'.Q.j ·.s=.·~ .Q.jgcH ~.A.f2.f ~7711 MOl~ Oi6!Jgj"L!Cf.
While the Lf of Offi!+(OI}Lf is also used with interrogative pronouns, such as in 'r-T'+Lf, OiCI+Lf, !f.'3:!+0ILf,
and '2jJ;ii+Lf. it sounds awkward to use the .S:. of Of!f..S:. with interrogative pronouns in the same w ay.

2 'Of!f.+(ol)q' cf-gOll~ 3~ ~%J'OI 2.jl. 'Of!f.+.!:e.' qg011~ !f.~ ~%J'O I ~Lief.

A positive expression must come after Of!f.+(OI)Lf. while a negative expression must come after Of!f.+.S:..

7f ¥-1 Q:j ~ CJ1.R?

q xl:: o}.!j!-7-]t..j- ~~o}.R. (o)
A~:: o}.!j!..')!.S:. Q:jJ21,\A] ?:.fo}.R. ( o)

1 7f *7}oj] ~~.£ o:j~ ~ 7}.Jl1i~.fl..?

q ~%~ xo] ~ o}Jf- t:i]t-f .JIR?:J-o}.fl...

-~PIOII DiLL~ O:j~~ 7fef ±~~ ~o I'2:! of¥ Cil I t!!flcf

i=-=?-ofJI ~~ .!i!.Cf .no1c1 ~£~~ rol-E AfEtOI'2:! of!f. 1~cr
!f.<):!~ DfAICf Al-j?:!~ 3;!01'2:! Of!f7i I ~~q

2 7f o:j 7]oj]J.~ ~l:lfl ~ ~% 4=- <V.-::: x 0 1 <V. ~.fl..?

q o] ~%oj] J.~-::= o}Jf- t:i]J.-1.£ ~l:lfl ~ ~Jf-~ ~ ~Llt:f.

Ol ?:!~Oli.A:J-E Of¥ CiiAi I ~,'ltH~ III.Sf.Cf

LH'§!-"?-~~Cil -"?-~~ rrH77f:A:I Qj~-"?- '1!-E ~ -"?-~~ rrH7Jf:A:I-E Of!f.?.:! I Qjcf

Cf2.j ~ Cf~ECi l ~-"?- 'l.!E ~
CIIBIIIIw-
1 'O~£f-+q'~ AI%15HAi q~ [H:2.~ @{:1"5~AiiR.

(1) 7f ~.7.~] ~0}5!.]1?1 ~7/}.fL?

Lf .2.~011~ ;.Jzi-oJ :;,gj_?J.Q.l-j77} or~ Ul!Lt .2-J..i].fL.

(2) 7f ? ~ -6lj~.£ £~77}.fL?

Lf r:.} ~jill:! 1-J 77} ?J..i1.fL.

(3) 7f ¥-1 Q:j ~ ell _g_?

Lf ~t.A] 0}
'U5 ..Q_ ..Q..A
'L-0
l 0 12-fl?'l
--, L.!. :;,gJ_~o}.fL.

(4) 7f *).}71 ).}%<5H::- l:lJ~ ~ .!r--:r-011:711 %o-].!r!.J?i £jj.fL?

Lf .2..!f- ~ o}l-j77} %o-].!r!.J..i1.fL.

(5) 7f ~o}, o:J 71 <V_~ g~ Q:]OiS:. £11.fL?

Lf g, o:] 71~ ¥Jllll~t:Jo]l-j 77} Q:j a-] s:. £11.

(1) 7f 7}l:lJ ~011 .!f-]7]- ~a-] <V_~o-].fL?

Lf or~';!!i:. ~ ~ ~ 1-J r:.r.

(2) 7f i:J l:J1c.J\:l , .2.~ .7.~]7]- ~AJ Z}- ).j-o]01] ~}.g.;.}~ ~~o-].fL?
Lf 0 }1-J, ~ ~~~t:iJ.

(3) 7f lf 2 ° ]0 ]:7] ~t:Jl .=7_ ~;zjj DJ~o:j.f?_?

Lf oj o j o]:7] ~ l::lj~o] l-j 77]- ~ 1:11 - -- - - - ~]-..7.] o}J..i] .fL.

(4) 7f 211 _g_ ~ {1 011 ~ <U a-] _g_?

Lf '?4°} ~ 011 t:fc.J ~ q~;.i

(5) 7f ~A!- ~ i>R.fL?

Lf .A] if l:lB7} ~ o}:rr}J..-j ----- - - * Q:j~o-].fL.
228 Korean Grammar ut 9/se · Intermediate
 Akira, it's really been a long time.

q .=:J..c] t:J1.R. .2..2l]~0 10i1.R. ~r_q .2..'ili~Oi1 ~)±~

~1 :7-}L.f ~ {} u}J-1Tt!J--1 °1°~71W77}.R?
You're right. Long time, no see. Since it's been so long, why don 't
we go and catch up over some tea or something.

7~ <tju}, tl-T-"5"}.Jl ~.Jl %~1.R.

Mom, I'm off to play with my friend.

Stop playing and read a book or something.

Ol .H.~~ Oj~ ~0 1 ~l-t!2.1 ~.s=. O~Lijl ~~A'E:1J:I~ ?J.AI~ t!!fi::: ~.s=.2.1 ~~-t!~~~ LIE~~ [H .A.I§gj"Liq.
~2.ljl ~~5~7il-t!~5~jl {4:: ~01 ~~ rrH. o~!f.7~LI -t!~oH.s=. t!!fi:~ [H .A.I§5PI.s=. gtLjq_
This expression is used to indicate that although something is not really one's first choice, it is fine as the
second-best option. This expression is also used when the speaker wants to express a view that anything is
fine because he/she does not have any particular preference in mind.

~.2:~q
N ! (ol)q
~ O IL~
__
.............. __)__ -· . .. ..---·-..--.. - - - -

• W ~:s:_ ~:=r:i] -8-~ o]l-f W77}?

We've got nothing to do, so how about taking a walk?

• ~o] lf ~<5}y77} 7}nj]2.}1EJ] t:JHl<:>il o}oJ]Ci7}~1-f o}~o~~Jl..

I'm low on money, so I think I'll have to drink an Americana or something rather than a cafe latte .

• .2..:; .2..~<:>11 l-]{1.- <V_.Q.~ ~l-J-%ofl4- :q;_]q,

If you've got time this afternoon, let's go somewhere like lnsadong.
 1 Al{! c.f%0\l~ '0\lq·~ A\%<S~o~ o~.:il. ~~ c.f%0\\~ '(o\)q·~ '0\\Lf ~ ~L ~~ A.\-%t~!I.. ~~
L\q.
When attached to nouns indicating a particular time, OfiLt must be used, while both (01)4 and OfiLt can be
attached to nouns indicating a place.

• ..2..~oj] ~ ±.:a-l:l }~y77} ojn:j- /l.NoJlt.f 'fr';;fJ..] t:f.

• oj~ ~ t:j _!f. o1 l-] 77} 7}77}-& ~~oj] t.f t:J-L1..2../l.}. = o] ~ ~ L-j.!f!- o1 l-] 77]- 7}77}-& ~~o ] t.f t:j-uj..2../l.}.

2 '(OI)Lf' C.i-%0\1~ ~m~OI ~ * ~~ Liq. .:J..2.I.:il.!i!.~ ~~f~OILf ~~~.£.£ ~L]-0 ~ :A~<c!A~~

L]q
The past tense cannot be used after (ol)q. M oreover, sentences that end in the imperative or propositive
form sound the most natural with this expression.

3 Ol .H.~~ Qj:AILf QjS:.~ LfE~LH ~ ±E~O I £]-0~ :A~<c!A~~Liq_

This expression should b e used together with an expression indicating one's intention or will .

• (/l.~ ~) oj t>.!Jo] t.f '6\J.R. (x ) ~ (/l.-j ~) oj ~o]t.f ~cJI.R. (o )

(/l.-j ~) ojt>.~J o] t.f -&-}2 -iio-J.R. (x) - (/l.~ ~) oj ~ o ] L} -&-}2;]2 ~H.R. (o)

'(OI)Lf'~ q :.; il~ ftO I t'~~ 2.1017~ <ll~ ~~2.I:Ai l'iS:.~ ~Qjo~.A.I7 II::l~'EJ'Liq.
The expression (ol)q can carry a number o f different meanings as described b elow. It is important to learn
them well to avoid confusion.

(1) ~ o1.g2.1cH.g ~ Lf~o~7~Lf .:J..%0\1 ~rt! ~~ ~~gJ-~ LfE~'gj rrHA\%~Liq

Used to enumerate or express a choice between two or more things.

• /l.~ ~ ~o] 'V_.Q ~ :3!j o]t.f CD .A}i::- 3l_ g 'loJ-~t-J t:J-.

I like to buy books or COs when I have money.

(2) .:J.. ~OI Oll.g£1~ ~5:.~ 'S CX,t7~Lf ~-Z{.!i!,q t'i:.;~ LfEf'gj ITH.A.~gj-Liq.
Used to indicate that the amount of something is more than expected .

• l:lfl 7} 2li}J..i wg 3.:r~ o ] t.f 12j ~o-J.R .

I was hungry and ate (as many as) three bowls of rice.

(3) ~~~2.1 ~5:. O~LI.:il. '2!~A~:A I ~ l'i:AI'2! .W=ti~ ~5:.2.1 j:~~~~ ~ LfEf'gj ITH .A.~gj-Liq.
Used to indicate that while something may not be the best choice, it is satisfactory as the second-best
option.

• -?-a] {]{J~r:i] ~ ~Lf %J..]t:f.

We're bored, so let's go to see a movie or something.

230 Korean Grammar iN <1!.1·e · Inte rmediate

1 7f *~ <?Jt:J1 ¥-] i>}A1? -~
Lf .=z.LJ {folY. A}A}. ~cH~ )
bindaetteok (mung-been cake)

~~OICf :g I ~qq

~~ofc.f DVD I S!Cf

1::1J7f2.Cf ~CH~ I '2!~01 r;!:jef

2 7f 1:fj-O1 ~ ~ t:11 <>j ~ 7J1 W7!}?

Lf 1:fj-o] ~.£_~ 2.}~ o14- Q:jA}.

'EJ"OI'iltef 'EJ"OI 'il12.'i!l 2.f'i!J I r;!:jef

7~lll7f 'il:J_Cf 7~ lll7 f 'il12.'i!l ~I Of.AICf
Ail-9-£011 7Ji::- 1::1 l ~!P I R7f 'il:J_Cf Ail9£0li 7Ji::-1::1J~!PIR7f 'ilt£'i!l ~I 7fef

,---------------···-·-····-------------------- ··-----------------·------------------··------------·-·--- -
f!b ~~ <i?3.2J ~*OI qg ~~ ~-=?-
\...______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(1) 7f W~ 0] ~~t:j] ~ i>}A] ?

Lf W ~ o] ~..2..1(! ~~OI L{" 7-]cj 7t-i=- 71] <>JrrJl?

(2) 7f A1~ A]{}o] c}- £1 ~~1:]] ¥-j * ~ gll}il..?

q 1:1fl7} ~.£. ~ Jl~ l:Jl A}c}- ~ g77}il..?

(3) 7f ..2.. i@ ~oj] ~

.=z.Cjj il..? .=z. ~
* i>}711 *
E-j ~ t>]-aj Jl 91 ~ t:1] ~
A1 j l ~o ]
* E-j 7]- Jl:AJ- 1-} tJi xt <>] il...
..!t C1 ~Cjj il..?
Lf

(4) 7f ~4- ».]i>j-Jl CJi ~ 7-j]~ oj] t:lji>~A~ Q.Ji=-"5~ °F "%[ Jffit:1] ~Ai] ~1-}A]il..?

Lf opti ~~ A]{}o] ~..2..Lj77} ~\t"'lt:f.

(5) 7f ~4-ol=, ..2.. ~ 2_ ~D}7} ~oj] ~711 % ~ ~o}.

Lf .=I.Cjjil..? 7-1.5:. ..2.. ~ 2. ..2..i@~oj] ~\t77]- 91 ~ t:1] ~ ~l;j]il...
 7~ \:fit! o 1 ~ § ~ :A}9- -5R..R?
Does your husband buy you a lot of gifts?

q o}L-]Jl, ~~<)}.Jl ~ Jt)_s:_ ~§ ~ ~o} ~ .¢:Jo1

~Oi J-i .AJoj"* ~ -i'- 0 1ct£ ~o} .!I!.~ ~~OiJl.
No. I haven't received a single gift since we got married. It would be
nice to get even a rose sometime.

7~ lf ;-: <?J ~t:-1] 0 }{llf-E] {1% "91L-J ?

What brings you to call me in the morning?

Lf 7-12.1 -5R 0 l= ~ -8-~ <?:I 0 1 A~ Ji ~ t11 ~ -%l ~ 0 1.£-f-

* L-j-.g.q], J~ L-] 77} t;j c}-5:. 2}J-i % S:.Q}zt-1 .
An urgent matter came up, but none of the employees can come in.
So I want (even) you to come in and help out.

'(01)2.~.s=.·::: Oj2.i 7~:AI80i1Ai .::J.-3:!01 7~~ org011 ~:A I ::: \?l 0 Lf .::J.iC!CH£ .f!!'fJ::: -?.:!~ -t:!~W rrH;,.~~Li ef.
''2.!0 12.~£'. '!f.Ei 2.~£'. '( 0 )£2.~5:.', 'Oil/ii/~E:il2.~£', '0112.~5:.', 'OjiJ,.-j2.~£', '5~~2.~£'xi ~ ~),.~2.~ gj"7Jll A~~

4- <;]~Lief.
The expression (OI)2.f.S:. is used to indicate the speaker's choosing of something that will suffice even thougr
it is not the best option among t he available choices. It can be used in combination w ith a number o'
particles, such as in '2!0I2.f.S:.. ~Ej2.f.S:.. (.£).£2.f.S:.. O!l7li/~Eil2.f.S:.. Oll2.f.S:.. O!IAi2.f.S:.. and a f-"22.f£ .

~:2:~2.~5:.
N ( 0 I) 2.~.s=.
~ 0 12.~£

• ~Oj lo"j lf- ~o-j J-4 %-.Jlj,j-2}.£ tl- qj .A}o~~o-j_R,

My house is so far away I think I'll have to buy a used car (or something).

• .:::L~:lj] *!.A] ?:.f.TI. ~~ oj-t(! o-j ~Jj] t>Rit? o:j 7] ?)-oj-J-4 ~7(!-o] c}.£ % *1-"ilit.
How can you work all the time and never take a rest? Please have a seat here and rest (even for) a little while

• ~{lo] -%-¥-tl-ct.TI. t>R~.:l!.. ..2.. ~ 5:. ~oj-l:l-j~o-Jit. LJ1~-¥-E1 2f.£ ~{J oj oHo~~o-J it.
I said I was going to study hard, but I played around again today. I'll have to work hard from tomorrow.

232 Korean Grammar in 'lt,·e · Intermediate

'(01)2.~5:.':: 'Oj L', '0~~·. ·~~:!'. '?2'. ·~· ~:i!~ gj"l}jj A.~-6~~ OJ't! ~~2.~5:_ D~~m.AJ~:; qE~'tljLJq.
When (01}2.f.S:. is used together with Oj!::=., Of~. ~~. ~2. or.!;=--=?-, the expression means that something is t he
case no matter the circumstances or situation .

• oj~ *o]2}..S:. J-}~<5'f·i::- J-}'i:[J!j- W7Jl] ~~ 9 ~qt;J'! .A~!:: .AJ:tfo] 'ijioJ.fl...

If I can be together with the person I love, then the location doesn't matter.

• o}.!f- ~0]2.)-..S:. w..2..l-J77r Aj]~ qj"Ef ~ tH E!J-i]SL.

It doesn't matter what you say, I'm begging you to p lease respond.

• CZJ9 ~~!:: .!f-2 ~ 01cj-..S:. ~ 9 ~!:: J-}'i:fo loJISL . .::J.2-] 1.-]77} ~Jl W'~ 5!!-i].fl...
Yeongsu is someone who can do any job no matter what. That's why you should trust him (with this job).

I intend to talk to whoever I reach first. It doesn't matter who (that person is).

~.Q.j Oll~~ ~~ 'OjL ~~·. 'Oj't! ~t. 'Oj't! ~·. '-9:-?~.AI' 2!f, o~~7~.AIOI 71 rrH~Oll .gttOI ~q:: .Q.j

Oj~LJq.
The examples above mean "no matter what place", "no matter w hat one says", "no matter what the task",
and "no matter who", respectively, and thus they all basically mean "the same (result) regardless of ..."

tll..2.=-11
on i2 , tr ...u..,
I>?

~~:; ~ rrH A.~-61-E '(ol)q'2.~ '(01)2.~_s:_·:: q~:c.~ ~~ j:~O I 7 ~ '1!~ LJq.

The expressions (ol)q and (01}2.f.S:.. both used for expressing a choice, are different in the following respects.

~1~2.1 3:!01 gj,£~ LfDi:XIo'= 2.~ ~7 1 [[Hg011 :1 c~ ~~2.1 3;!0 I gj,71 [[HgOJJ .:::1. C~££ ~g 3:!-§ ~~~ [[H
Olio'= Oj'tj 3;!~ ~~i>H.S:. t!j{'JCfE QjOJ ~LJ Cf. .A.I§~Li q. ~. O~Oll !::..'= 3:!011 CH~ .A.-j~-§ L/£f~ ~

This means that if the best choice is not available, .A.I§ot.'= 3:!~Li q.
then all the other options are basically the same, This is used w hen choosing the next best option
so any of the available options are fine. when the best choice is not available. As such, it is
used w hen ranking the available options.

~ :XI5 7~ Qj.:il ~g ~~ ~01 gj,£~ 2.f~O I§ -+ ~0 1 gj,£~ .:::1. C~££ Qj.:il ~g 3;!01 2.f~O I 2.fo'=
q~ 3;!01§ {.J't!-OI gj,~ .:J.'c)' 2.f~-§ Qj~Cfo'= QjOJ~LJq. ~OjJ 2.f~.S:. gj,.:il.:J. C~OjJ Qj.:il ~g
QjOJ~LICf. 3;!01 \£lOI2.f~ '2.f~.S:. gj,£~ \£lOI2.f.S:. Qj-§2.H.'2.f.:il
This means that if the item the speaker ~~ * <1!§LJq .
most wants to eat-rice-is not available, then This means that if rice is not available, then the
noodles or something else will be fine. Thus, speaker w ants to eat noodles as his/ her second
the speaker is simply stating an intention to choice. If, by chance, noodles are also not
eat noodles. available, then the speaker could say 2.f~.S:. gj,
£~ \£lOI2.f.S:. QJ-§2.11 to indicate a third choice.
- - - - ____ , ____ __ ______
. , --·- - · -..--..-
1 7f ~~ 7fl<?j~Oil J..}'f:f0 ] W0 ] Q}o~ w"'ill~] ~ ~J#Oil <Cl_~o] ca ~J..-j
Z:J Aa o 1OilR.
Lf .::J.~. <Cl~-8 J..}if:folc}.£ ~ _2_2-}.Jl "5'}J,i]R.

LH~ 7H~ 61 0ll .A.~OI 'i'JO I 210t ~ 'E!)Cil ~ ~~.tOll

'i:!~0!'2.!"£1 Cf

.5f-2.1 01-§0I DH~ ~711 ~S?.Cf ~Oll ~71 1 ~Oi~ rrH-E t:!£f I i5f2.fj! i5fef
~~ £~011 lll~ ~ i£-Ecil LH~.s=. o~ oHot c5fef ~~ .A.!Lf I Lfefj! i5fef

o 1'2.!-0H.A.i 7iiii I .A.fef

~i5f 7f£ I .!i!.LHCf

(1) 7f 0 ]Jti ~ §--E ~ q »-i t!-Jti-"1 A~~l:l] 7} .2.7-}2.}~t:i].!f-.2.\37J1l W~ E. C1 7] 7]-

~%i>H £.. (~ ::_ ~ ~-T-)

Lf -=r.'EJ. 'i% CJ.t7-J=rotl111er~ ~ t::.l~ct.JI i>H ..!t-"il£..

(2) 7f ~<Cl¢i ::_ .2.-f- ~Jl -g <{j_¢i ~ ~7-]-~ 7]- 'Xl ~ t:i]£.. (%<Cl¢i 7-J-~)
Lf ~ 4- ~7-]£. . .:Lif:j 9--"il£..

(3) 7f Aj W _2_'ili~e>ll ~xt ~ ~l 0~ 7] ~ -"lZl-01 ~e>1-"1 AjW oj-~.!f-1£.. (~-"r)

Lf ~ 4- ~7-] £.. q g e>ll ~Y-li:! i>J-li:!-"1 o~ 1] i>H£..

(4) 7f Al ~ ~l:lJ ~ )..~ oj-Jl 2.}J-1l:lfl 7r -¥- 2 ~ 77]- o-jJ-1 C J-i]£., (~~)
Lf .:l~ £ 7-}0~ ll-] 7]- /~JAd A'fl~l ~~ ~ ~ 77]- c J.:j ..!t-"il£..

(5) 7f 9-q;J »-]7]- J..]{!- 0] ~ o-J -"1 J:8 t:i] ~ * 7]-~qj £., (7]-77}-& t:i])
Lf .:L 'El' l:fl9%J..ll:f.

234 Korean Grammar ,;1 'll.\·e · Intermediate

,--
I
--- -- ----- --- ---- --- ---
o~.3.7 ~ -'?~011 f>~i! ~ ~ ~2.1 -e;..i
---------- ----- ----- ---------------------------------~

I (j) ():j:X~ ~-Tf> ~i! Cii OIEf>~71 <Z:l ~;y JJ.If>~i! ~£~ }i!71 @ ~-=?-~011 7 ~ 71

L.~ ~i~ ~-~-~H -~~~~~~ @ ~OII.A.i ~ifEf7ii'E:lf>~71

AIO~ D}3. »-], 9-~<>11 .!f-1 <'>}.::1!. ~o-)Jl?

o~3 e:j .7.} ~FfLo}.::l!. ~1o]E<">}.::l!. ~o-JJl.
AIO~ e:j .7.} ~.:;z-7} l:l}1l1lt:}.::i!. <'>}\:! ~ WcJ1Jl?
0~3 e:j .7.j- ~-=;z-7} l:l}lll:lt:}.::i!. <'>}\:! {1)0J'IJ" U.jiS~.Jl ~~X -'€-~.2..

AIO~ ~~ Jf7} <;rt.£.1(! o-J~/'11 WcJ1Jl?

0 ~3 -=z.~ (2)_ _ _ _ __ __ _ __

AIO~ .J\§f"::, 7 ~7] 7} <;rt.£.l(!Jl?

0~3 -=z. ~ (3)
- - - -- - - - - - - - -- - -
AIO~ ~Q.)=oj11:l17}- ..2..1(! o-J~/'11 W 7-Jo:J1Jl?

0~3 -=z. ~ -=z.'<:}= (4)

---- - - - - - - - - -- --
 7~ 0] .A~ ff ~ J?-'3!.Q_~ »-1°]: ~Y 7!}?
What should I use to fill out this paperwork?

You can use whatever you want , such as a ballpoint pen or pencil.

7~ :3ljo] l=]J?- 1:1 ]».}~ 01~7-Jl <5}.7.] .£..? .:Z.CljS:. .A}c}

%7!}.£..?
What if the book is too expensive? Should I just buy it for you?

q 1.:11, 1:1 ] #-~.A] #-~.A] ~ .£..~ :3lj o]y 7!} ~ .A}c}

?.Ail.£...
Yes, I need the book regardless of whether it's expensive or cheap,
so please get it for me.

OlE.~:: (}j L -?.;!01 Ol{,l-2.1<§l~ q~~ [HE£::: CH '8£17~ q {,1-~£1 ::: Ef. 7 ~:AI
{:j~ £1()-j.s=. O ~Ef. ~~0 17 ~ ~::: ~

%0li.A.i (}jL o~L~ {:j ~oH.s=. {,1-~0I ~7~q -'t!!-N::;~ qE~~ [ H.A.~~LICl.' ::: :::·Q.£ ~Oj.A.-j .A.~~-"?

~~ LICl.
This expression is used when expressing that any of the stated choices are fine. In this case, there need to
be at least two choices given. They can be either a simple listing of two or more choices, or t hey can be two
opposing or contrad ictory opt ions. Th is expression can also be shortened to :: ::.

tg,t-oi::::AI ~o i ::::AI
N (oi):=:AI
. . 7~III ::::AI -9-A ::::A I
---- - - --····-- · --···-------- - ·---·----·- - · ------- ---- - - - ---· - --- -
• i!:-o] ..2..~7.j l:l]7} ..2.. ~7.] 41~ -%~~ oJF'-al:J1.£ ~i5,!]~ i;lyt:.j-_
Regardless of whether it rains or snows, tomorrow's performance wi ll continue as planned.

236 Korean Grammar ubCZ/se · Intermediate

 • 0].7.~] ~~ ~ ~ UJI !:.A] ~j-E.A] _2__!f- ~~*~~ if_,
I can now eat all kinds of Korean food, whether spicy or salty.

• .7.~] \:}"3[1_~ II:1~0j!:.A] ?~Oj !:.Aj l-j{}~ 1-j-~ ~~~ :Q-1-j-c.J-.

My husband goes hiking whenever he has time, no matter if it's the weekend or a weekday.

1 01 R~~ cH~£1::: ?-:!~ ~~oP I ~ltHAi · ::::x:1 '2! ::::x:l'. · ::::x:1 ~::::x:r. · ::::x:1~ :=:x:l'2f ~~
~6jQ.£ Af.g.of/ ].S:. -ru-LICf.
To emphasize the contrast between two choices, the forms :=::q 'CJ -§;1:1, :=:;~:1 WeAl. and :=:;~:1

~ :=:;~:1 are also used.

• l.:j]7} 7}~.7.] ~~.7.] L.J-:: _,~.J-~~.2.. Lj 77} u}%rt].£ i>H.

It doesn't matter to me whether you go or not, so do as you wish.

• :1. J,.}'ifo] 7]7} 3.~.7.] 'll' 3.~.7.] ~1(\- ~·Jt! ~Lf ~1-i]Jl.

Regardless of whether he is tall or short, just meet him.

2 o]cH~ LfEfLH::: ·-~-'.c.f g7Jll Ml2:! ~iC:! g;go] ~Lief.

This expression cannot be used with-~- . which indicates a future event.

• 41~~ ~7 ~ tt!L.J-~~.7.] ~~ ~~~.7.] ~ rjoj]Jl. ( x )

- 41~~ ~7~ tt!L.J-~.7.] ~~~ ::.7.1 ~7-l oJ]Jl. (o)

1 7~ \:f.A} ~-=(- Jf-.£\37J]] c;g {!%.£. .!f-17} *g77}Jl?

Lf %AJ g J-H§-.Al ~g J-H§-.Al ~}J.i] Jl.
~ ~;q investment in stocks

'em ~.:r ¥-£'c=J7Jlls.~ ~~£ ~7f ~q ~~ .."-fCfi~.A.fCf

~ 2..2.2.'112'! Ol~ ~'g;JOI %Cf g~Oll Oll~ 5fC.f I~ ~A~ 5fCf
.Jl~~I.A:j ~-=?-7~ .2.-ECil.!¥9;!~ 5f'2'! ~q N.A.i~Ef~Oll ~2.~7fCf I ~~~ -=?-~5fCf

2 7f -A} 0 ~ »-] ~}Jl. ~~l 0 ] 0d »-17} .Aj-1?- »-}? ~r:i] <Ji~ J-11 ~}.Al Jl?

Lf ~ell 7-}.2f':- »-}q-L..J77l- »-}? ~.Al W ~.Al 1!78 »-:;z] D}J.i]Jl.

;qo~ .UI 5f.Jl.<f.II OI~ .UI7f ;~:p;r JJ.f~q ~2.H ;~:f-'? JJ.f~Lim w~q 1 wq 1 ~~ ~~ wq
~2.1 O~I E £§ ~~ AA? 5[2.'l.Jl 5f;1:] 'CJCf LfOI7f ~12'! AA? 5f7ll £.1LIJ7f A]5g 5fC.f I
'§!'q I 7fDJ"51 .!f-1 .!i!.Cf
!i!:g'c=J7Jii.A.i 'M~5f~ Ai .ff ~~~Of~ Cf ¥-:g'c=J7Jii.A.i :2:~ LH ~ EiiLI7Jf q ~q I ~ ~q I
~~q Al:c!OI £.112'! .:::J.'cl' .Xil~5fef
 (1) 7~ Oi;::_ Y-et g6j~ ~~CJ-i1ii_? (~R g6j I 2-1~ g6j)

q <5£~ %1--~0I~f.l 2.1~ %1--~ol~f.l c} ~ ~~ ~_R.

(2) 7~/\117} lil<?J~ l:l}~10J1 Q{~~ ~ u1!f-1£ ~77}_R? (~~"3"}c} I ~71 "3"}c})
q ?jo 1 l:l}llll ~ Q{-3; ~ u}%Lil.£. "3"}Ai1_R.

Lf ..2.. ~ ~ Y¥ ry~"3"}Ll77} - - - - -- - - - - -- - --878 ),I..A1

u}Ai1_R.

- - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - ~ 7-}01:: ~ ~ ~ oJ1_R.

- -- - - - - - -- - - - "3"]-Al1_R.

(1) 7~ ~2-1 ~ 0 1 ~ ~Oi"'-i .::Lc1::I:i1 °1~ ~ 1lfl~R ~ 4- ~~_R? (~ 0 1 ~q I 7}7{)-c})

Lf ?1°1 J-}1l_:=I:·J1 ~ 0 1 ~f.ll~77J-~f.l ~ Bfl ~5fl ct;jo]:A1_R.

(3) 7 ~ A1 ~ *~ ~ ~77} W77} .::il~ %0 1oJ1_R. (i}~ ~ 7}cf I ~ 7}c})

Lf .::1{1 ~~ 1;]1 .g./\i1L.l 77} ~ ).~ Zf-6fl1-l ~~ 5H_

(4) 7~ 4-~ »-1 :: t>J-1-J- -e- ~ 2.].£. ~~ ~ := ~ ~o}_R. (~oJ1 1-}~ 0 1 ~cf I ~c})
Lf .::LC1~1_R. --878 ~ ~ M-E:1 2}.::il_R.

(5) 7~ '?Jo}l-1:=10J1 A1:§:1 ~ o1l:lJ-5fl7} ~~ _R? (t.i-7}t:f I 2%"3"1 ~c})

Lf .::LCJ1 . 2~ l-1 1IC1 ~Ll77} 5fl2f.

238 Korean Grammar in 'lise · Intermed iate

 7~ o}3. ».]. ~{J rr:fl AE]]0]3. ~ ~77}.R?
Mark, shall we have steak for dinner?

q _2_~ ~ ~o] ~~Ell AE]] 0 ]3. I:l1110il ~r:Ji~ ~

~_9_~ ~rr:fl.R?
I'm broke today, so how about we have hamburgers instead of
steak?

It's uncomfortable wearing glasses because of the heat.

q
In that case, wear your contact lenses instead of your glasses.

Ol R~~ {:!~~Qj ~6~ q::: ~~~ CH}:11~~ LfE~LH 7~Lf <ftQj ~~Oil .g~of-E. q::: 3:!~ .5!-g~~
LfE~~Li q. 'Oil'~ ~~o~.:il ' ~ cHH~ .A.I§oH£ ~Liq.
This expression indicates that the action in the preceding clause can either be replaced by another action or
that another action can compensate for the action in the preceding clause. The particle ou can be deleted, in
which case the form becomes ~ cH~.

ft cH~Oil
A - ( 0 )L CH~Oil
Bt~ cH~Oil
. .
- 4-·--- --------------·-·-·- -- · - -···- -- ···----······ - · · - - - ·--·-···-···----
7 ~~ cH~Oil
v
~ ~ cH~Oll

7~III cH~Oll
N
~~ cH~Oll
- -- --
7~ 017}1:1.{,<: .Aj~ tl]».}l;j]Jl.
This bag is really expensive.

q tlJ»-rZl -o};x.J~ tlJJfr 1:JHlofl %{1oJ ~~}.a.

It is expensive, but (wouldn't you agree) the quality is good.
 7f o}=r_ ~1. 7<~]7} ~-3(-o-J 4i'-7<~] ~ S:.~77}Jl?
Mark, would you like me to help you with your Korean homework?

Lf :Aj~o]Jl? ~~ 4-~ ~]7} 7<~]4i'-7<~]~ 5:..2ff ~ qj1} 7<i]7} 7.-jldj ~ 1t7-1]Jl.

Really? Well, if you (Sujin) help me with my homework, I'll buy dinner in return .

7f ~Til E:_l-]~o-JJl?
Would you like some coffee?

q ~Til~ o}l-] ~ {J-0 ] <?J-.2fl-1Jl. ~Til t:ll11 ~~~ ?l-]~o-JJl?

I won't be able to sleep if I drink coffee. Can I get some green tea instead?

01.±±.~::: Jif7~0il ~~-§-Oil cHoHAi~' ~ cH~Oil'£ )..!§~Lief.

This expression is used in the same form, :: CH~Oll. even when referring to something done in the past.

• <>1;;<:11:::: {lojl).i .fl..cj'1! LJ1{l tiJ·oj] L-f-7}).1 2161 ~ '91<>l.fl... (x )

~ <>J;;<:1J:::: {loJl).i .RC1tl--e· LJ111 "1-toJl L-J-7}).-1 2161 ~ '91<:>1.fl... co)

1 7f J. ~ l:lRCt:f2 i>}E-1 y l:l}-f-1!o-JA? .~

Ai-OI2S. size
Lf o}y..fL, ~;: J.}o]?:7} ~o-jJ.-jl:l}l( ~ t:ll11<>11
~D f§..g smartphone

~~
'llo-j..fL. 7115 function

~ I:J~q~ ofCiLII:Jf.:!f!-q gt-E .A.fOI3.7f \ll01.A.i I:Jf.:!f!-q I ~ofq

MP3~ Hq~ ofc-JLI )..fq ~ofE..gou MP3 7I-50I ~01.A.i MP3~ .A.fq 1
~Df.§..g~ .A.fq
7~~:ilf ~i?:!Oll -clef~ ofC-JLI ~q .2.Cf tJI7f .2.f.A.i §:§?:lOll 7fef I \if-i§tfOJI Itef .2.q

2 7f <(! y, ..2. ~ ~ L]-17} z-jldj ~ ~l:l ] W7Jl.

Lf -=z.~cH? -=:L'tJl.o]]7} Z-1ldJ ~ ~l:l ] i>H=- t:ll11 1l7iZ];: L]-1 7} W7Jl.

.2.~g LH7f :AN~ fri:J iofq :AN~ fri:Jiofq 1 ~7-l:A I-E LH7f o-fq
LH'§I ~.2.f .H.-E LH7f OlloH-ofq ~.2.f .H.~ OlloH-ofq 1 ~~g LH7f .A.fq
.if'ElOll ():j~y [H Ali£ H LH 7f0ll 2.~ ~2.~ -"?-Cf 7fDil2.~ ~2.~ -"?-Cf I LH7f .if'ElOli.A.i Oll~ 7 I 'EJ~
A.f .2.Cf

2. .:.() Korean Grammar ut 'lise · I ntermediate

(1) 7t £.AJ- ~ <it 7}.7.l.Jl ~~Ell ~ ~~1 ii}.AlJl.? £.AJ- ~ .J!f ~ o-JoFii}L.fJl.?
q y"J.J"% 71-~.Je- 'Q{I--JOil J.-j ~ ~ ii}J.:jS:. ~Jl..

(2) 7t cJ1 ~.:w_~ ~<f;Jii}Ttl ~-3Jw 7-Jo:Jl.R?

q Ol·LiJl., l:J1~-9:l.Oil ~~il};:;j.Jl i;~Jl..

(3) 7f .Aa-9- »-1 :§:lJ.}~ ~-B- 0 1 W0r"-1 "*~o-J.R.

Lf o}L-] Oil.R, ~ o1 t'£0P·-1 il ~ ~ .R.

(4) 7t o1 ~ol ~J-il7} Jt!-t:ill-11~1=%[77}-Jl.?

q ol ~~ .:u!.%01 <i} *O}J.-j *£1-2"5}717} iJ ~ ~

~orJl. .

(5) 7t o}~ ~~~Ell ~-9:leil 7}.7.1 .::Icj1Jl.?

q wol o}~.Al '?£.2..1-]77}- ~ Q:jJI ~OiV-1 ~ ~
7-] o:Jl.R.

~*7~ O~l::liAIOIPil Qf~~ ?,;!

(1) OjiJiLI£1 ~±~ .!I.2j- C2.171£ ~q. §§~ ~2.~ -'?-7 1£ ol~q.
(2) ~.¥f.Ei lll ~ A I{!~ ~017 1£ ~q. ~~~ ~.¥f.Ei£ l:lt-¥-J -'?-71£ ot~q.
(3) *2:t :il~OIIAi A~ ~71£ ~q. 7~~:ilt ~Cil~c011 ~0 1 7t7 1 £ ot~q.
(4) ~~£1 ~¥~ .!I.2t-'?71£ ~q. l:liJt!" g.~~ At 4-71£ ot~q.
~---· -----·--·- ----

(2)

(3)

(4)
 1

<D ? -t_ ~o1L-f

@ ? -::_ ~0111:}7}

<D Jl ~ ~ ~ t:-J1S:. ~ Jl~-8"}.7.1 ?j.=tL

@ Jl ~ "8-H::- t:-J1 q @ Jl~~ ~li}- o}yc}

3 7~ J-1-gjS:. ~';d~C-JI ~ ~ 7-JOliR?

6J~ ~ l:l~c~ ~2.i
q D-j2.1£
----------------- ~ ql3j~77~ t>HR

<D 0}lf- t:-j]Y- ~ o-j~ ~-5:.

@ 0}lf- t:-j]c}5:. @ o-j~ -:3::-01:: .7.1

4 7~ -t]~ l:lf-i!:qc-jLII:l~1¥0iR?
q O~LIR, -t]~ A~OI:A:7~ ~01-"i
-----------------------------
<D l:l~ :Aj.£.£. ~~o-jJl ~ l:lp(-.7.] ?j.=tL ~~o-jJl
® l:l}V ~ t:JHle>11 ~~o-J.B. @ l:l~? ~o-jJ.i ~~o-jJl

5 <D 01J8 ~Woj]~ o:J*7} ~ <V_.Q.Lj77} o:J~ 0 1Lf WJ-11:}.

~ o1J8 ~We>11~ o:j*7} ~ <V_.Q.Lj77} o:j~o1LJ- ~o-JJl.
@ o1J8 ~We>11 ~ o:j*7} ~ <V_.Q.Lj 77} o:j~o1LJ- :Q77}Jl?
@ o1J8 ~We>11~ o:J*7} ~ <V_.Q.Lj 77} o:J~o1L-f :Q77} <5RJl.
6 <D ~g Q:j~-§-.7.1 01£]~-§-.7.1 o1-3i ~ Gj EJ.i1Jl.
~ L}] ~~ S:.J.i :t:l-011 7}~-§-.7.1 ~~ .!i!.~-§-.7.1 ~ ~oJ1Jl.
® 7:11 %;.~~ ~~o1 -§- ?wo1-§- J-1{1-lil- 4~ %{!-% 7}Jl.
@ 017:-J1 t.R~~ ~}-§-.7.1 PJj-§-.7.1 .2.-¥ Q:]g? <ll~l ~~o-J.B..

',

242
 How long did it take you to graduate after entering university?

q ~"§:} ~ c}y c}7} o}n}.A-j 1\1 ~ 91 ~71 trJ1~011

<iJ "§:}TI A15 \:)_ l?}oj] ~~ ~ "91 o-j Jl.
I took a year off due to illness, so I graduated five years after
enrolling.

7f -A-J%011-Ai KTX~ E}y 77} 3-A1{}· 1?}oj] .!p-Je>11

.5:.~-6"}1:-j 2fJI..Jl.
I took the KTX from Seoul and arrived in Susan in three hours.

q KTX7} -AjW llll}2l=J1Jl!

The KTX is really fast!

Ol .H.~ := Oj~ ~0 1 ~(}jqjl q.A-j ~D~{!.Q.j .AI{!OI 3:::: ¥1EE q:= ~0 1 ~Oi'a~ qE~~ UH.A~g)'Liq
§ Oil ~~ ~~~2.1 -§:QOI ~li.!§ ~EH 7~ .AI{!~££ <§! 0~7 ~ :X:I';Uq:: ~~ qE~LH :: '-( 0 )L :X:I'
.:I~P I UH

5~jl ~0 1 .A~.g.g)'Li q. '-'2.!0il' <itOil:: gj~ 71~ qE~LH :: ::;::::x: ~7 ~ ~LI Cl

This expression is used to indicate that something occurred a certain amount of time after a previous event
occurred. Accordingly, the preceding clause normally includes the phrase - (2.)L AI, which indicates that
the action described in the clause has been completed in a certain amount of time. A number denoting an
amount of time is used in front of -C2!0U.

'2.!011
2\::! '2.!0il
Ail ~ '2.!011

• {] ~ ~71 A1.:3f~ 7-1 3\:l_ ll_}ofl rf .A1)io.J.£t.

The house was finished (being built) three years after it was started.

• o]-o17r {fo1 := 7-1 3~ ll..l-ol1r.fA1~o.Jit.

The child woke up again 30 minutes after falling to sleep.

2!.L Korean Grammar u1 Cff...·tp · Intermediate

 • ~u]- Jt..l-oll 't_~oj] rfl-] .2..11,o-j.R?
How long has it been since you last came to Korea?

' 2..!"0il'2f t:~l~5f7il AAOI~ '-§'2..!"'Jlf ·~Oil'~ q.g.:v_f ~~ xfOI7f ~~Lief.

The expressions §-CZ! and ~Oil are used in ways similar to ez!OU. Their differences are as follows.

'Oi~ ~[H OiiJ.:i qe ~[H 77 f:AI .A.Ii'.!'Ql Wt! ~0 1 ~Oi'cl :AI ~o f .!flOil Ef. · ~ o f.:U£1 .A.Ii'.!'O I :AI'cl .!fl0il'2.f
~0 1'~ £1DI~Liq . qE ~01 ~Oi'ct'~ LfEf't!JLICf. ~ £1 DI~Liq.

Refers to a span of time from one Refers to an event happening a Refers to a point in time
specific point to another. certain time after the occurrence after some previous event
of a previous event. or time.

• ?Jj ~ ~~7 1 J.-1-3)-~ :A1 3J.-1:fr • 3J.-1:fr~oJI-3!l~ ~i~

-+ ~~ q ~~~:AI '21 ~~~:AI ~-? Jtl-oJ1 ?Jl ~ c} ~i ':d. o1 il... 71aJ1il...
~.JI8:A I3.A.Ii'.!'OI2.f.E .A.Ii'.!'£1 ~01 -+ ~~ 3Aii'.!'OI ~2.~.A.-j q ~i ~q~ -+ :AI-5!:f.Ei 3.A.Ii'.!'OI :AILf'2:! ~
8~ LfEf't!jLfq. QJDI~Liq. ~ ~i~ 7j2.f.E QlDI~ LI Cf.
It simply means that the person It means the person finished It means the person
read the book for 3 hours. We the book in 3 hours. will read the book three
do not know whether the person hours from now.
finished reading the book.

1 7f %-~.Jl!. rrJ1 {I 7 ~ ~ u t ~Oil ~\:!- 7-~ cxj]_fL? t ~ I

q 7-j ~ {J \:! 1fr0il t:J-;_] ~\:!- )! ~ 0 }A.

%£f.lil [H :tl~ ~of rc.!'Oil rc.!'LfCf ~ \::1 I CfAI '2!LfCf

5H2.IQ:j~~ ~of '2!0il Cft.=I2.Cf .2. \::1 I CfL12.Cf
~O f rc.!'OJII:ll7f 2.Cf E!' '§I l:ll7f 2.Cf

2 7f ~~ »-]7} 0}7] ~ 'i-"s:tt:J-~l--J_fL?

Lf l:JJ. 1i.g_~ ;zj 2\:! lfrOil 0}7] ~ 'i:s:(IiJA.
O f7 l ~'i!!''1!:Cf ~~E!' :AI2\::l I Of71~ 'i!!'Cf
-Q;g~ Cf\:! :A I 57H~ I .::J.rc.!'-'¥-Cf
 (1) 7f %01 q;.1 Lf_2._2 <Xl_o-]..9.? (~ ;.1{})
Lf 1;]1, ~ f-lf_t 0 JOil t:fA1 Lf_2._1;]1 _g_.

(2) 7f %t>R ~ .3.2.jAu}~<>i1 ~ 0 1 _2._L.j7!} 7-a~ i=-0 }..9.. (51(!)

Lf ~o}.fL. .3. 2.j A u}Aoj1 ~0 1 _2._ L.j 7!} 71if:-O1 i=-O}.fL.

(3) 7f % e:j ~ ~ ~~ tJ17} 1£'£0 1 _2._.A1.B.? (100\:!)

Lf 1;]1, ~2£. ~£'£~ OJ=~ tJ17} _2._2 <Xl_t:Jl.fL.

(4) 7f .A-j 7}9-7} AH g Jt!- g ~~.B.! (3\:!)

q 1ol1. An g Jt!- g ~ ~ ~:11 Jt!- g o 1 o t::r ~til _g_.

(5) 7f 0
J=7J- »-17} _2._~ ~ ~.Jll.oj1 ~o] .fL? (5~)
q 1;]1, ~.Jll.<>11 ~o-j _g_.

(1) 7f %t:Jl ~~7} s=. 27-J- xto].B.? (2:7.1t:f I 3~)

Lf 1;]1, 2-;_J f.l 3°,! 0 JOil q;.1 27-J-0 1 ):to].fL.

(2) 7f )-H£ 1-f-..g. ~u}E~g A}~2 oJ1 Q,~ ;.}tgo1 pJ-t:Jl.B.. (oJ1<2f% A1~-5}c.} I 9A1{})
q 1;]1, .A-j 5:. ~ ~ o-j _g_. 10~ t@ 0 1Lf oJ1<2f% ~t:Jl.B..

(3) 7f J ~~7} J~~1 :AHD1<Xl_o-].B.? (JE~ ~71 A1~-5}t:f I 30if:)

q 1;]1, J t?.]1 A-j un ~~t:Jl.B..

(4) 7f 9-~ »-17} r:t% ~<>11 ~~g tlt:Jl.B.. (\f.A} {1-?-Q]- A}-=f1 t:f I 10\:!)
q .A-jS:. ~ ~ o-J.B..

(5) 7f u}o1~ »-17} ~:A11 £1 ~~t:Jl.B.? (~~<>11 Cf:l~-5}t:f I 5~)

q

2~6 Korean Grammar ,;, 'Il.1·c · Intermediate

 What should we do with these vegetables?

Lf ~Al "Cf%<>1 7}:7-l..JI ~;7;JJLoj1 ~Ol ~.Ai1.fl .

.AJl c1 c ~ ~~ ~011 ~ 71 oj1.fl.
(First) tidy them up and then put them in the refrigerator.
(We'll) make the salad a bit later.

7f J= J »-1.
0 7
:7.1~ %1 t>R.fl?
Yang Gang, what are you up to?

q ~~ ~ '8fl 7}:7-l..JI ~Jl <U Oi.fl.

I washed my clothes, and (now) I'm hanging them out to dry.

Ol .H.~~ {:!~~2.1 ~-~-g:~ ~ ~011 ::I~:!!~ l:lf§2£ i>HAi ~~~2.1 ~~~ ol-E 3:!~ LfEf~LICf. ~~011

Ai ~~01 AI-§Ofl::t:j '-Of/Oi Q~·~ ~OjAi ~iOI ~~LICf. frAi~ ~'Ol-E O I.R~~ ~Afof~'2.! AI-§W * ~:;
LICf.
This expression indicates the doing of the action in the following clause based on the result of completing
the action in the preceding clause. It is often used in conversational speech and is sometimes shortened
to -Of/Oi st.:il. Because it indicates the order of two or more actions, this expression can only be used with
verbs.

---------~ - .... -~~- ..... - '

Af 7fAI.:il
v
~Oi 7fAI~
'
--·-····-··----·-··-·····-------·-------- '
---·--------··-···--·-·-·-·-·-·······-· ----
• .§~ ~c.J .£0}- 7}--A].Jl -A}%.:7.~ .A}-.Jl ~e>i.B...
I want to quickly save up some money and (then) buy a car.

. ';-u~ rrJ1 A~]7}- ~e>iP·l ~lff~ ~~ 7}--A].Jl ~7-]].B...

When we go hiking, I'll make some gimbap at home and to take along with us .

• ~l-o}-!il-A]7Jj].Al ~.A]~~~ 7}--A].Jl §.§~ ?il,~.B...

Grandpa called over all his grandsons and (then) gave them some spending money.
 1 01 n.~:: .!FIOil ~Oild ~o1q ~EHOil cH~ 0 1~~ qEf'gj rrH .A.~oPI.S:. ~Lief. olrrH~ ~~.A.fof~
.A.~~ 9- ~~LICl
This expression is also used to indicate the speaker's reason for a certain action or state of affairs. In this
case, it (this expression) can be used with adjectives.

• ~o}E~ J..}.JI1i ~ ti1tJ14 7}::<1.Jl * J..}5!.!<>j..ll_

I want to buy a smartphone, but (because) they're expensive, I can't.

• ::<1\:ft;JioJI l:l1 till -§-7}7\- ~c1 %2.]- 7}::<1.JI ;,~ ~tl1 7r ~c1 ~ <>J..Il.

Compared to last year, the cost of goods has gone up, and (therefore) my cost of living has greatly
increased .

.:Z.2.iq -e.A.i~ qEfLH~ '- Of/Oi 7fA:I~'2.f Ol~~ qEfLH~ '-Of/ Oi 7 fA:I~·~ C~.i!f ~:: j:f017f
~~Lief.
However, the form of -Of/Of 7fA:Ij]_ that expresses order and the form of -Of/Of 7fA:IjJ_ that expresses a
reason are different in the following respects.

The propositive and imperative forms can be used The propositive and imperative forms cannot
in the following clauses. be used in the following clauses.

• ;,j%% ~>'-Jtill 7}::<1.JI ~~.£ .!t\!JJ..1 ct. (o) • -'2% cj-J;j 7\-:A1.Jl ~ .!(d<>J1 7}kJ1Jl. (X)
• 1!@ ~ ~7-J-"5}j 7}::<1.JI ~~.£ .!i!_lJJ..I·i1.R. ( 0) • .e% cj-J;j 7\-:A1.Jl ~-%!<>11 :Q-J..1ct. (x)
• J..j@ ~ ~>'-J-5\l 7\-:A1Jl ~.£ .!2.~77\-..ll? (o) • -'2% cj-J;j 7}7.1.Jl ~ .!(d<>J1 :Q"771·Jl? (X)
• -e-~ cj-J;j 7}:A1Jl ~-%!<>11 n-<>1..11. (o)
*
'-Of/Of 7fA:Ij]_' 'iiOU~.A.fO.J .A.f§~ '?JgLICf. '-Of/Of 7fA:Ij]_' 'iiotl ~.A.f2.f ~~.A.~ 2~ .A.f§-g{
Only verbs can come before - Of/Of 7fA:Iji. * '?JgLICf.
Both verbs and adjectives can come before
-Of/Of 7fA:Iji.
• ~c] ~c} 7\-:A1Jl {j <>j] ~-'Bl * 7]-..ll. (o)
• J..j@ ~ p,fo] J..} 7}7-].Jl ~o ] .2.7.}2.]-..ll. (o)

2 Ol R~:: -e.A.i~ qEfLH~ R~<2J '- Of/Oi.A.i'2.f l:lf-¥-J.A.i .A.~~ 9- ~~Lief.

This expression can be replaced with the form - Of/ Of.A.-j, which indicates the order of actions or events.

3 Ol n.~ :: .A. I.Ail~ qEfLH~ ·-~/~-'Oiq '-~-· ~J:!.f ~OI.A.~ofAI ~ru-Lief.

This expression cannot be used with the tense expressions -91/'ll- and -~- -
• ~7 ~ ~')± 7}7.1.Jl :r]n:1 ~ oj-1:J,<>J..Il. (x)
~ 7~ ~t..f~ 7}7.1.Jl :r]nj~ o]-1:J,<>J..Il. (x)
- ~7~ ~t..f-7]-:A]Jl:r-]nj~ o}1:J,<>j..ll_ (o)

2i-8 Korean Grammar ul 'ltfe · Intermediate

1 7~ ~ 7 ~ oJ1~1 c}.A1 <?:1 ~i>}t:J12Jl?
Lf t:11, ~ 7 ~ oJ1~1 <?1~'8fl 71-Al.:il <2.)=~ .A1Zf~ ~ o1.fP-t:J1.:I2 i>]Jl. A I~ DIEf-Cf
to postpone; to delay

~.F?-~011711 ~s,r-o~q I QJ'4;- A.ll.!% ~ oI~Cf

~o I '2!~Cf I t!~Olllll ~ ""?Cf
£_~OJ~ '§!{Jc51 ~.!:f!c5fCf I ~~ £1NOll ~~c5fq

2 7f ~~ ~»-17} ~_Q_J?1 ~ i>HJl?

q WoJ1 Lf7l- 71-AlJl .=z.~ ~ .=z.t:J1Jl.
wantonly; without discretion

'@AAI7f~q ~-tOll Lf7fCf I .:J.~-§- .:J.2.1Cf

7lgOI ~q t!~ '2!LfCf I ~o I 'i!'J£~ .!i!.Cf
.i!f:A~ 'CJOI A.fq I ~:Af Q,f Q:Jq

(1) 7f 7'-lni ~~ oj-~7!]-il..? (A]-q)

q ~oJ-Jl. :A1171- 7'171 l(!Qj~oj]J-.-j f.-r lP-I.:il %7-l]Jl.

(3) 7~ ~ <511 »-1 2} »-}~ 01 _fl_? ( :: <511 ».] ~ I{}Y-q)

q t:j], .=L cJ1 J-.-j "'r# -o]-t:1.Jl i>HJl.
(4) 7f 0 1~~~ Ollffl-11%):7!]-il..? ({J-q)
Lf ~ 0 1 ~ ~ "'1cf.

(5) 7f -§-~ ~Ol"'-l 01-cloJl ~ 7-~oj1Jl? (-§-~ i'£0 1£2-q)

q oj] ~ ~~ ~ ~ oj]Jl.

(6) 7~ ~~]o ] od ».], .!f-<)!~ M.Jl <V_01Jl? ({j-7']-7] ~:: .A~Z{o] Y-r:f)
q 4-{-;l oj] o]]£ -oj-j]_ <U 01 _fl_.
 7~ <?Jo}, :i!f~ ~ 'V.~.fl?
Mom, is there any fruit?

q g' ~:AJ.Jlo]] <V..Q.y77} 7J1tllt:f7} ~~.

Yeah, (it's) in the refrigerator, so get some (out) and eat it.

Are you going to the bank?

q t:Jl. ~~ ~ ~l-o}r:f7} i>l*l:lJ ~ ~aj.Jl i>Hil.

Yeah, I plan to withdraw some money and (then) pay for my room
and board.

OJ .H~~ ~~~.Q.J ~§~ i>~.:il 8 .!f!Oll :I ~Jl~ 7~:A J.:il ~~~.2.1 ~§~ '6!-E ~~ LfE~~LJ q. OJITH~
~~~.Q.j ~~OJ M'd ~Oil :A~2.J ~ ¥o74Ai ~~~.2.1 ~§~ gLJ i:L OJ .H~ ~ '-0 ~/0i q'£ ~04.A.i A~~*
~~LJq,
This expression indicates that the action in the following clause is done based on the result of first
completing the action in the preceding clause. Moreover, it also indicates that the speaker performed the
second action in a different location than that of the first action. The shortened form -Of/OiCf can also be
used.

.A.~q
v ~q
.. ..
----------------------~------------·-···----------------~------·-------- - -------------------- ------------
• <>jAil J-].7ol-oj]J--j ~'f ~ J-}-t:f7}- ~~~Yt:J-.
Yesterday, I bought dumplings at the market and then ate them (somewhere else).

• J!j-7-~ ~<>jt:f7}- ~.il!. :{17 ~ oji:!J ~o] ~~<>l.B...

I made some sweets and then (later, at a different place) ate them with my friends from school.

• ~uJ ot-. ..!f-~oj]J--j ~~~% 7)-;z;Jt:f ~~?

Yeoungmi, would you mind bringing (and then giving me) a tray from the kitchen?

250 Korean Grammar r/t 'll.1·e · Intermediate

 '-O f/Ojq7 f' ~ i!.f7~ ~0 1Lf DI2.H~~ .A.I§~ * ~.:;Li ef.
-Ofl0lef7f cannot be used in the past and future tenses.

• 'S-2 g ~ ~ _¥.7-J-~t:j-7} ~oj].A-] ~ ~o-JR. (x)

'S-2 g~ ~ _;;_;~,h5}3!,!t:j-7} ~ oj] .A-] ~~o-j.B.._ (x)
- 'S-2 g~% _¥.7-J-<SJlt:j-7} {joJJ.Ai ~~o-].B.._ (o)

Ol If.~~ q::: .A.f~Olllll .!¥~~ [ H.A.I§~ [H~ '-Of/Oj q -"?Cf'7 f £1 ~ C~I Ol ~ ~ '- Of/Oj -"?q'of.:il
~EH~~ l::l l ~ofA:II2! 2.1DI7f q~ -"?2.15HO ~ g,t-Ljq_
The form -OfiOJCf ?Cf is used when making a request to someone, but note that this form is different in
meaning than - OfiOi ? Cf. which looks similar.

g~ U}3. ~1. l(!.Q_j1:} ojj 7}-:: ~ojj 7jnj -§- g~ Oj-3. ».]. :A]{f~ 't} 7} 7;j ~::r:i] 7jnj ~

.A}t:.j- ~2Jl.B..? ~ -§- .A} 9-.Ai].B.._

-+ O l~-§ §g -§~017f LH~ Of3.E Jt!2@011.A.-f 7-flll~ -+ Ol~-§ Of.3Jf ~ LHA:j -§~Of!Jll 7-flll~ .A.f 9E
.A.f.A.i -§~011711 ~q 9E ~tf~LI Cf. ~~~Lief.
Eunyeong intends to give Mark money to go Eunyeong is asking Mark to buy her a cup of
to the convenience store and buy some coffee coffee with his own money.
to bring back to her.

1 7f {1-T ;.~ ~ ~Ell ~-ToJl lll .If-~ g {!%<s} a:j.TI. <5RJl?

q {1-T-7} ~o}-B-~ ~Cll ~ CDoJ] ~ g ~q7} ~77}- <5RJl.
health food

~.:r ~~~C-fl ~.::r-011/ll ~.::r-7f ~f5 l-E ~2.H~ CDOH ~5fef I ?et-
Ojl:tJOI'§"~ Ci l ¥ 2'S7Jll C!~~~ Afq I E.2.1Cf
~c!! ~~~'2JC-fl ~c!!OII7il Rg i?-~51-E: ~'§f-§- Afef I ? Cf
2 7~ ~;;<~] .=1.~ ~ -=z.~~I'Jl q .=1.5:!~£.?

q 1.:11. .=1. ~ ~ q .=L2:lt:f ~.liL011 :& ~ £..

-=::1~~ -=:12.Jt:!CiJ Cf -=:12.jef -=::1~~ q -=:12.lef I ~.li!Oll LHCf
.:il7j~ *-I::!CiJ Cf Q:jef .:i27l~ *Cf I~~ 7~A-J ~~5~.:il ~OI Q:jq
{:"!~'cJJ)jj.A:J ;qo ~ .Uj.Q.j ~£1-~.2.~ ~Oi.!i!Ait:!Cii AjO~ .UI2.J ~~.2.~ ~q I -t:!~'cJJ}jl ~2.~ E.2.1Cf
Cf ~O~.!i!Cf

(1) 7~ 1<-j 7.]~ ;_j;>;Joj] 7]--Ct:-J] %1 ¥12)-~ -5:! <V,o-]£.? (Jlj-9:)_ ~ % ;_j-q)
q J~, ::i!fDJ:~% f..rt:nr "?-A~l£..

(2} 7~ J :§:jAJ-.C .!f-~ :§:j)-j-7.]£.? (if-'flojj;_-j 7)-l:lJ~ ?'?J<'>)-cf)

q l.:jl, ~oJ-.B..

(3) 7~ _2_ ~ 7.-j~ ::_ ~ l2:j ~77)-? (*~~ojjA-j Aj?]cf)

q o-1 _Q_77)-.B.?
...,2 .

(4) 7~ ~o)-, ~ .£2} c ~77)-.B.? (~;>;JJlojj;_-j ot~H ~ JJ1Ljjq)

q ~
o »-lo-j
;A ~.
T-

(5) 7~ oj Jlj-9:)_% Q:j~.£ :xjj.B.? (.!JL~ojj;_-j ~q)

q J~, -%=-::. 7-]l-]77)-Q:j~.

(6) 7~ *~ »-1!: ~%% 7.)-"T'- ~ ~ o-j.B_? (~Dj-7)- ~~cf)

q oj-L.J£., 1<~] 7)- ;_jZ}o] ~.£. <gi..Q..l-]77)-
"T'-A-Jj£..

(7) 7~ J <=:3:§:1- ~~.B.? ({1-=f-oj];;zJ] DVD~ ~2-]q)

q l.:j], ~o-J.B..

(8) 7~ o)-l:l-]7.]7)- \=]-Aj ~ 7.)-"T'- 7)-A-j].B.? (t- %J27] ~ ~c)·)

252 Korean Grammar u1 'll.i·e · Intermediate

 7f _2_ ~ .211 ~~ ~ ~ 1ie>-1Jl?
Why didn't you wear your glasses today?

q o}~~1 ~~ ~ ~F,J- ~~1 %D1 ~JIA1 ~o-j

~ 2-1 Jl =z_ ~ Y-~e>-1 Jl.
I placed my glasses on my desk this morning and then just left,
leaving them behind.

7f o-];,11 9~ ~ il}r.j-7} ~~1 ?]7} LfAl o}.2f:-

"irl .E.. o:! t"\J Jl
ti2 M~I .

Yesterday, I was swimming and got a cramp, and it really hurt.

q =z- c1 y 77} s_ ~ ~ wu:j1 ~ ~ ~ tlj s_ ~ ~ <5}JIA1

<'>H°F ~ Jl.
That's why you have to do warm up exercises (first) and then
exercise.

Ol .H.~ :::~~~£! ~Efm ~Ai ~Oiq.JJ. ~~~£! ~~01 ~Oi'a~ qE~~ ITH Af§~Li q. ~~~~ $-~~
.9.1~Efl A~O I OJI~ Al~~<c) ~~ t!l-117~ CXJ~Liq. OI.H.~ ::: ~N6~.:il'2! AI§~ -9- CXJ~ Li q.
This expression is used to indicate that first action comp leted before the subsequent action started.
Moreover, there is a before-and-after relationship between t he actions in the preceding and follov• .,g
clauses. This expression can only be used with verbs.

- .:ilA1

- .JJ.Ai

• 7j-;;zj]ojj).~ ~~ 4jJI)."i %~ ~ <(}- 7j-7-]Jl L.J-%<:1Jl.

At the store, I only paid money and (then) left without taking what I had bought.
 • 7-i ::= o}-{lo}-q ~7d g -o}-JI.Ai ~.iiLoj] %Yt:.J-.
Every morning, I go running (first) and then come to school.

• -3J1g ~i JI-Ai ~7~J1}£~g '9:\!0i.fL.

I read a book and (after that) had a discussion with some friends.

1 0] .H.~;:: .A.]Ail~ LtE~LH ::::_ ·-~.!/'X;!-'OILt '-~-' :3:1!~ ~0 1 .A.f%o~:X I ~~Li q

This expression cannot be used with the tense-indicating expressions - 91./9).- or-~-.

• ~.A}Jt} "9!i..JI).-j "811 <>1~<>1£.. (x)

'?_)).}Jt} 15}~.Jl).-j "811 oj7.12;J .Jl iiH.R. (X)
- ~.A}Jt} ii}.Jl).-j "811 <>1~<>1£.. ( 0)

2 -2.A.i~ LtE~LH::::_ '-.:il'Lt '-.:il Lt.A.f$. 1::l ~fl ~-"?- ~~LJq.

Both the phrases -.:iJ. and -.:iJ. Lf.A.i can be used to indicate the order of events .

• ~ ~ ~.Jl).-j ~"'J:I ~ ~<>1.fl...

= ~ ~ '€~.Jl ~"'J!I ~ ~<>1.fl...
= ~~ '€~.Jl LfAl ~"'J!I~ ~<>1£..

1 7f ~7-i] ~oj] Lf~ 71 ~1Jl? tml

4 I

q 13jl:lfl ~ ~.TI..A1 Lf~ 71 ~] Jl. home delivery

~ou Lt7fq ~tlH~ ~q I Lt7fq

N.A.i'~Efi?=JOll ~2.f7fq Dl~t!"~ -T~5fq I ~2.f7 fq
O I.A.~5 fq Ol~ 2,1"7 17f ~qq I OI.A.~ 5fq

2 7f ~1!~0] woJ *5:t!;J]Jl.

{!~~
q .Afl ~7]7} 5:.] .TI..A1 Ef0 ] %5:to-J Jl. lease by deposit

~~~o I 'i';to I .2Eq .A.H 2,1"717f £1cr I 'i'JO I .2.Ecr

E!"~~o I t'JO I ~cf ~~ 'ctA:f ~~ .A.RJq I t'JOI ~q
():j;q ~-T2.f .A.fOIJf Ci ~O fA:I q ~ ~ .ut.Sf.cr 1 ci ~f:Aicr

25L Korean Grammar u1 Uw"' · Intermediate

(1) 7~ .:Z. .Aj-~~~j ~:A~j ~AJ nl] <?Jg _5l_~oj.fl..? (AJ\:f-?-oJJ ujj<?Jg ~q)
q 7-ll..;t-4-011011°~~ ~~..f.-i tlj-£ ~g .5!.~-;:;yq_

(2) 7~ o-j:A~] i!J-oj offio].fl..? (oj-llUJ-7]- Al ~ ~q)

q 1:]1, .:z. cJ1 J.-j ~ -%)_7l}A j !J'1 o-j 7]-11. o-j .fl...

(3) 7~ ~-=j1-~~] ~ ~'-]7!} u]<'dt>J-A].fl..? (~ ~q)

q t:ll, ~:§:1 ~ w-o l 99, o-j .fl...

(4) 7~ {f7]oJl <'d ~2-Ja:j~ %-.fl..~ 711 ¥-1a:Jl.fl..? (<5J.AJ -e.g ~q)
q g~ g ~o-Jol= .£ll.fl...

(5) 7~ ~~ ».]7]- Aji} ~Jl <V_o-j.fl..? (qy~ :§:j.A~ .:Z.~f-q)

q 1:]1, q ~ ~vJg ~Jl <V.t:H..a.

(6) 7~ ~oj- ».], i!J-oj i)~o-j .!i!.Oi.fl... (2f-7l& ~ g ~q)

q ~.::r- ~oJl ql.;j2.j-.A-j .:z.cJ1.fl...

(7) 7~ ~:A~] ~.AJ-W 7-]a:j].fl..? (<?J g TtiAl ~~q)

q

(8) 7~ ~A~l %Tf:i l:lH'-Jo:J~ g ~o-]..a? (t:H~.ill.~ ~~<5-J-c.J-)

q
 1
I<\ .7-l~
'L.!.I-2 l OL~ u}3.. u}"L-l-t'\.1 " ~ .7-l ~ 10L~
\...!.} 1....:.cD L:.M"-'I....i:L 161 ,_;.1 2 '-'- .£o}
o '-'- u}"L-l-t'\.1"
'-'-M - I..n.

@ ~-=r-~ 10\1°] 7-]L]-.A1 ~-)1-ojJl @ ~ 7 ~ 10\1 ~li} -o~s:_ li})±~Jl

<D ~~~JI. ~
1.61
A\..!~
·l ?'CL E _ l:ll- 0 D=l _A-l
c - L:. 'I

@ ~~~-~ ~oJl @ ~~~JI. Lf.A1

7~ o ~3. JJ.I, ~:2l~~ .A.~2.~.:il f>HR?

q Lil, _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ ~7'~011/ll ~~.£ ~ 7~0jiR.

<D %~~~ .A}.A1 (g) %~~~ .A}JI..A1

@ %~~ ~ .A}cf7} @ %~~ ~ J-} 7}7-]JI.

7~ -*~ JJ.I:::::: :A-j~~ ~~ 'CiOI o~ :::::: -3;! ~O ~R.

q Li l. uo1 o~.:il ~0-JR. §~ 'riO I ----------------------------
G) £o}7<JoF c1 -c {).2..~ o].A}o}C;j.JI. -o~Jl
@ .2...2..L]77} c1 -c {1.2..~ o ]J.}o}C;j.JI. -o~Jl
@ £o} 7}7-]JI. c1 -c {).2..~ o]J-}o}C;j.JI. o~Jl
@ .2..2..~ l:l}'i:foJl c1 -c {).2..~ o]J-}o]-C;j.JI. -o~Jl

<D J.1~oJ] .A1 ~ ~ J.} 7}7-]JI. ~~OiJl.

(g) l£j.J*o] ~ li} ~cf7} ~.:;z.~:i!} Q:j~oJJl.
@ t:§%oJ]k] ~ ~ itO!
7}7-]JI. {joj] ~OiJl.
@ nj-o~ J-] 6)-~ 7-] 2.A]{} ~oj] c} ~)1-oJJl.

6 q :; % £1DI 7 ~ q::: @~~ !I 2AiiR.

<D ±7}Q.] J~ ~ JC;j 9-C;j.JI. -o~ Jl.
@ J~ ~ JC;jJ-1 ±7}oJ17ll 9-C;j.JI. -o~Jl.
® J~ ~ JC;j cf ±7}oJ17ll ?C;j.JI. -o~Jl.
@ J~ ~ Jaj 7}7-]JI. ±7}oJ1 7ll ?'212 -o~ Jl.

256
 Do you two know each other?

Lf 1:]1, 7.1 gojj~ f~:A] %51-~J:i] ~l{Jl.!!Y

~ ~~_ii7_ %~oj~o-JJl.
Yeah, at first, I didn't know who it was, but after meeting, we
discovered we were schoolmates in elementary school.

7f ~] o]ud ~1. ..2..~ 7}l:lJ ~ 7}:A].Jl ~o-]Jl?

Wei Ming, didn't you bring your bag today?

Lf :Aji>}~ ojj -%=-.Jl ~ 5;i o-j Jl. ;;z]i>}~ ojjA-j ~ 2-J Jl

.!ty 7}l:lJo] ~E-]2-j-.TI.Jl.
I left it on the subway. I got off the subway and found that I didn't
have my bag with me.

Ol R~~ Oirt! ~-501q ~01 ~Ojq71 ~011:::: §x,t:::cil .:1 ~01 ~018 "*-Oll OiiC! ~~ AH§lll ~lll £17iq
~~~~ ITH ~~ OI~Oll {!F-!"~'2.! ~:1!~ ~Xl~ ITH .A..I§g[LICL ' - j l !:2.LI'::: ' - j l !:2.LI77f'~ .A..I§iiH.S:. ~Li q.
This expression is used to indicate that the speaker learned something new, discovered some new piece of
information, or found out something was contrary to what was previously thought after some action or event
occurred. The form -.:il !i!LjlJf can also be used for -.:il !i!LI.

-jl.!i!LI
· ·· ··=· · · .,.,..,.,..
. . . .. · · ·· "="" •··· J
..,...,.,.
u

v - .::il .!i!LI

• "11~~ {!-q.:i!. iiRJ-i 5: ~ i(o-J.fL. -=rteJ."r:i] 5: ~ A}.:il.!i!.Y -3}-1fl "'J-%o]~o-J..9...

I bought some clothes because they (said they) were having a sale. But once I bought them, I discovered
they were last year's merchandise.

• l:l];:ii}7j] ""~7-lAi All ~~'?..l ~ '?£.:i!. ~~o-J.fL. -=r'C}Ej] ~.:il.!i!.Y %""~.2.J ~~o]~oJ.fL.
I put the shoes on because they looked just like mine. But when I did, I discovered that they were my little
sister's shoes.

258 Korean Grammar ut cthe . Intermediate

 • ttiA~ E}Jl.!i!.Y71H l}l:J1 BJ-~J=~ 7H=- -5:!0]~0iiL.
I got on the bus to find that it was going in the opposite direction.

'-.JJ.S!.L]' <ii"Oll::: -§.A.~'2.! .g.::?- CU;:;;L]Cf. ·~g.A.~'q '~.A.f+O]cp~ 2.~ ~iC! @~0] ~Li ef.
Only verbs can come before - ::il !:i!LI . If an adjective or noun + o ICf precedes - ::il !:i!LI, then the sentence is
grammatically incorrect.

• ~ 0 ] 'irt~ ujj:: %51-:=t:i] ~ 0 ] 'af.:Jl .!i!.Y GJ Qj{i-t:.f:: ).Ez.J-0 ] ~'XJ.Oi.R. (x)

- ~o] <;rt ~ ujJ:: %Xl::: "']] ~o] "p,foj-A].:il .S!.y t:-j Qj{i-q:: ).Ezro] ~'Xi oj.ll_ (o)

: ''[';tCf'-E §~A.fOIE'..£ '-O f/OiJ.:I Cf'~ ~Oj § A.f£ l::lff-lA.i MjOf ~Lief.
Because I'JCf is an adjective, it must first be changed into a verb by adding -Of/OiJ.:ICf before it can be
used with - ::il !:i!LI.

• llHJf-7} ~7] ~on:: llHJf-~Qj ).E~o] .!f-c:~~Oi.ll .

.:I.'\:J.t:iJllHJf- 0 ].:i1. .li!.Y llHJf- ~Q1 {J-o] ).Ez.J-~if"Al 'i'J"cJ-:: ~~ ~:;tJJ ~'Xl.Oi.ll. (x )
- .:I.'\:J.t:1JllHJf-7} ~.:il .s!.y llHJf-~Qj {J-0 ] ).Ez.J-'i't% if"Al 'i'J"t:f:: ~~ ~:;tJl ~'XJ.Oi.R. (o)
: '~H.Sf.O ICf'-E §A.f7f OfLIE'..£ '~H-5f-7f £1Cf'£ l::lff-lOt g)"LICf.
Because ~H.Sf.O!Cf is not a verb, it must first be changed into the form ~H-5f-7f £1Cf before it can be used
here.

1 7f 211 o:j<5~ 7}l:IJ~ 11:"L}7} q;_] ~e>-l.R?

q 7}BJ~ M-}.:illi!.Y o:J~<j-LB~ ~ <j- ~stc-Jc}JI..a.

():j~ 7 fl2t~ ~fef7f qA.] ~q

.6.-'f.l ]Ef~- ~~q7f q.A.] ~q

Qf~ %!Cf7 f l:lff;l_Cf

~~fC.f to take time off from school

q g_;.g actually
.Af~ a business enterprise

:g~l Of.!!.Cf annoying; troublesome

-\'?2f0fq I {J{Jof.:il 2l"ii!{!f~O I .:I.'Elq

.A.f~~ .A.I~fq I ~j:l Of.g ~OI L.:J.!¥ t'Jq
.s:.AI£ OI.A.f-ofq 1.A. ITI~.:il ~~01 ~q
 (1) ~~ J.171Jl Lf"'i ~0 1 .2-:A}t(!- ~~ ~711 ~:d,ciS.

-t ~ 1-.\ ~ f..F'I[il ~L.j It-OI .£f.Rt~cr.Jl.2.. .

(2) J:t1-"oJ1 Ef.Jl Lf-J.i :Al{J-01 ~!::=~~~~ciS .

....

(4) 7}/11oJ1J.i L}.2.Jl L}J.i ~-"~.§ ~ ~ ~,<::~~~~ciS.

....
(5) 3(!:A1~ q »-Jl Lf"'i 41%01 t:J¥ -lf-7.1%}1:.}!::= -"~Zf 0 l ~:d. ciS.

....

(1) 7~ :Al \:J:-~ oJ1 ~ ~nj-7} 0}Y1;]1S. (wl:f)

q 1;]1, .:::Z. ~~ {loJ1 -f-.J:!. ~L.j ~2.] {ll!} <?.! ci%2.] ~ ~ :Q-o}J.i Lf~ ~£
l:l }f). ci s.

(2) 7~ ~Ejlj!.Q.£. ~~~ * ~.Q.1tciS? (~q)

q 1;]1, .:::Z.'CiJ:11 ~~0 1 ~~l!} 1:.}2 Gj2fJIJi_.

(3) 7~ g~ 3!"01211 °l ~7111fl:A1S? (~q)

q ~-5-~ ~ ~~!::=~:11 0
- - - - - - - - ~~ l :d, ciS.
(4) 7~ S~ -&~i>~J.i ~J.}oJl q yy 77)- 3(!i>~S? (-&~ ~ "'l~i>}L})
q o}ys, -&~i>}~ :!= ~ ~ ~~~ t:11 - - - - - - -------- - - ---
AEcJl-"~ ?J-0 1 ~l;]lS.
(5) 7~ "§:}.ii!.~ ~<i:Jil}y77} "*":A1S? (~~il}q)
q oj-yS , "§:}.ii!. q~ rrJl!= ~2.] ~~il}Jl1i:d_!=~:·J1 ~-AJ- ___________
Lf"'l "§:}.ii!.oJl LfYJl1ici:A11;]1S.

260 Korean Grammar u1U•·e · Intermediate

 ~
•[ 120)

This place (house) is a mess.

Lf ~:A} 1fq .!J!y {] ;l:j~ ~ ~ ~ "0}:7]1 £HJl.

Once I started living alone, I started not cleaning up as much.

7~ :A}ot »-1~ 0J 7J »-1~ ~ o-j"O}:A1 ?£51o-]Jl?

Jaya, don't you dislike Yang Gang?

Lf _j.1 gem ~ o-] ~~~1 ufl~ ~01 ~-Q}q .!J!y OJ7J

»-1~ ~ ~ ~ 01.!I!_ 01'Cl2-f.TI.Jl.
I didn't like him at first, but after working together with him, I have
come to see his strong points.

·-q !2.LI ' ~ -§.A~ ¥-lOll * 0J OJC

t'! ~ c;~ O I~.!¥Ei 711~3~~ :i!.~~Oli.A.i ).H£g Af{j~ ~Pil £Pi Lf ~:i!.~~.Q.£
OJ't! ~EH7~ £1~ ~ ITH A~g[Li q, ·- q !2.LI'Ol1Ai '-CF~ 'OJ 't! ~ c;~ 711~31-E £g.Oll'~ LfE~LH ~ ·-q7~'
7 ~ ~OJ:= -3:!0IO:j '-!2.LI'~ '!2.q'oll '~?20 ILf ~:i!.F2.1 2.1 0 1 ~ 7~{! '-( 0 )LI77~'7~ *~ ~0 1 ~OJ:= -3:!~ LIC~.

IT~2.~.A.i Ol ±f.~ ~ '-em !2.LI77F ~ ~ '- q !2.LI77F££ ~ *

<ll ~ Li q.
This expression is used to indicate that the speaker learned something new after doing some action or
behavior continuously from some time in the past, or that a certain sit uat ion has occurred as a resu lt of
that behavior. The - Cf of -Cf !i!LI is the shortened form of -cflf, which refers to something occurring in the
middle of a continuous action, and -~LI is the shortened form of the combination of the verb ~q and -{2.
Lillf, which refers to a discovery or result. Thus, the forms -Cf7f ~LI]Jf and - Cf ~LI]Jf can also be used to
express the same meaning.

[!' qc~ !2.Ll

-q !2.LI
9:j C~ !2. Ll

• ;l:p(- ~ q .!i!.Y o]Ajl u~..g. ~5:. ~ ~Jl] :!9~o-J.f?...

After eating (it) frequently, I'm now able to eat spicy food well.

• ..2..'ili~oj] ~'d ~.:;z.tt o]o]:7]3}q .!J!.y o-jL-).H 12).]7)- ~~c-12f.:L!Jl.

I kept talking to my friend, whom I hadn't met in a long time, and before we knew it, it was after • 2 o cloc
 • 7ClA~j {I :I_ g uw~ ~ q7} ~t-jll} :A}~A'flJjj 7(jA~jojj J:j1 '6~ ~ ~Jjj ~'Xio-]Jl.
After reading an economics newspap er every d ay (for a while), I naturally came to be knowledgeable about
economics.

·-q .!=2.LI' ~011 §~Arq 'OICPr 2~ {:1~~0 1 ~~~2.1 O l~q ~~01 @ ~ LrEr~ LICL
When an adjective or O!Cf comes before -q .!i!.LI, the preced ing clause indicates t he reason or cause of the
event or action in the following clause.

• ::::1. ~o] ~'f ~il..'6]-t:.j- _lil_Lj P l- ~.Aj~ 9 'iji~~il...

Given the fact that it was by nature an important issue, I couldn't make the decision by myself.

• cH~<'S ~ ~l-j-2.]-.Qj cJ1.H.0 ]t:.f_lil_y ?cJ~i5H::-J.]-~~ 0 ] t;'J"~ 9~01] \li~il...

Because a president is the representative of a country, it is unavoidable that he or she will be heavily
guarded by a lot of people.

1:!12~1)
on JL.,l 0?
2 1....u....

'-.::il.!=2.LI'2.r ·-q .!=2.LI'::: cr-g.llr ~~ ~OliAi ~:f0 17 r 'BLICf.

The d ifferences between - J2 .!i!.LI and - q .!i!.LI are as follows.

(1) ~~0 1 ~8 Cf§ (1) ~~ 5f2 :ili{:JOII-"i

This occurs after an action is com pleted. This occurs while an action is taking place.

• ~;,~';32111~~ %t:.J-_lil_y o]15~7]­

-+ {:j~'ci 21 ~~~ Cf ~.g * Oil OI5H7 f £12:tCf2 £]~t:.f.

~~L!Cf. -+ {:j~ 'ci QJ ~~~ ~ ~ :ili{:JOII-"i OIW f £1~Cf2

Means that the speaker understood the ~~ LI Cf.
teacher's explanation after hearing it Means that the speaker understood the
completely. teacher's expla nation while listening to it.

(2) ow~ ~~ Oj2.i ~ tre :ili{:JOII-"i

This refers to a time after perform ing an action once. This refers to a time during the process of
performing an action multiple times.

-+ E)'~ '2.!'8 * Oil ~f.[.g A ~'t) ~~ ~Jil £!~Cf.l=

~~ L!Cf. -+ Oj2.j ~ '2.!'Lf2 :ill{:jOII-"i ::::1. -"fW~ -" ~ f711
Means that the speaker realized that the £12:tCf2 ~~ LI Cf.
person was a good person after meeting with Means that the speaker came to love the
him or her once. person after meeting him or her a number of
times.

262 Korean Grammar r'JI 'll.··~ · Intermediate

 (3) ~~~ou-e AH~g A~~ ~/ll .xp~q oJ{!Oll ~.zm (3) ~~~Oll A~g A~~ ~}jJ .xjJ~Lf ~$:l.2.£

t! 3:!~ ~~Cf-e L/1§01 ~LIQ. ~'ti {tEJm .xj~Cf-E L/I§OJ ~LJQ.

The following clause contains new or The following clause contains newly learned
unexpected information learned by the speaker. information or information about the state of
affairs resulting from the preceding action.

-+ Of71~ ~PI {!Olle .!f.7ig% '§l<]leciJ '2!jl LfAi -+ Of71~ ljJ~ 'ZJOf -9-e ~~ ~ ~i!f D-j2.J7f
~:z{!i!.Cf .!f.f;IJ;:J
?Jg 3;!~ ~}jJ.XJ~cf-E 2.jOJ~LJCf. '2! ~~Cf-E 2.jDJ~LJQ.
This means that the speaker thought the This means that the speaker's lower
baby would be heavy before holding it, but back became bad (sore) as a result of
learned that wasn't the case after actually continuously holding the baby.
holding the baby.
-------·-·--··--------------------- ----------·----

1 7f Ol1 ~011 ~ ~Tij ~ ~ * o}J.1A1 ~~~il..?

Lf 1.:11, <5}A1 ~ ~~ uflo}q ~Tij ~ o}J.1-cf .!i!.y 0 17-11 ~ ~~ 0 1 ~~il...

7illlii ~ -§i?: DfAICf ~'§ rrHofq 7inl~ of.A.Ic.f 1 oi:Aile ErBol £Jq
5jl~ J.I.J2.J- ~~ cz.t ~-ofq ~IE ~1:11~ ~01 ofc.f 1 ~~H;~;:Icf
~ !i!.e ~~ ~OiofCf 'cl"Af ~T-2.f J;:f~ ~PI~ !i!2.i qqq I ~fof7il £lc.f

2 7f ).J--6.] 0 1 -11~ -%-!f-<5}J.11.:11il...

q u~~ {l:g ~ ~q .!i!.Yll} ).J-6.Jo1 ?jo}~ ~ {[o}il...

{l-6101 ~w 3-¥ofc.f OH~ ~~ ~q I {l-6101 £'/OfJ;:ICf

~~~w~~q oH~ g~~ ofef 1 ~~ ~ ~7il .s:.1q
R% -c!~OI *Of !i!Oic.f R% 'ai:IH~ CZ! n1~q I -c!~O I ~OfJ;:ICf
q* -'~Et~~ ~2t ~~ ~ ~.£ Oi't! ~:cP~ ~717il £1~~LP7~? .:J.~~ ~ '-c.~ .!i!LI'~ -'~i>H-'i
g.g~ ~~f>~AiiR.

tlJ~ %<?1 ;z}oF »-] ~ o-ju-jy7} _9__2-]%[ IIJ1o}q

(1)
X9.l- ~-cp::t- Ji!..L.j _g__ 2-] %»-]7} l?,J-0 1 ~ ~ Oi _g__ _

_ ________ <tROi 1l_ ~ 0 1

(3)

(4)

264 Korean Grammar iN <lise · Intermediate

 ~
( 122)1
7f ;<j~ ~%"ifYrf. Jf-~ ~~A7} -R-~~J ~
~0-]Jl.
I'm very sorry. (Our) Alex broke the glass window.

q 38!ftto}Jl. o}o1 ~ o1 ~q .!i!_~ _g_~~J~ ~ 4'-S:..

9J7-1Jl.
It's okay. Glass windows are apt to be broken once boys start
playing around for a while.

7f 7-117} 0 1 ~2- 7.-1 g "5~ 5!.~ 71 2-}l--J ~w * 91~7-1

£ 2 ~~Yrf.
This is my first time to try this, so I don't know if I can do it well.

Lf ~ ~ -5}-c} .!i!_~ -=§-BJ BJ~ ~ ~J11 ~ 71 Y77} tl-!f-

Z:j ;<j-6}7-1 u};,i1Jl.
Don't worry because you'lllearn how to do it once you start working
for a while.

Ol ±I~~ {j~~£1 ~15 ~ lll~f>f'i:! Li-3011 ¥~~£1 ~~_f7f ~{Jq~ 3:!~ LfEf~ [[H --'f§gj"LICf. '- Cf7f
.!=2.'i:!'Q£ MJI!I. gj"LICL
This expression indicates that if the act ion or behavior in the previous clause continues, then over time the
result in the following clause will occur. It is also w ritten in the form -Cf7f !:i:!.\:1.

~~~--~ ....-....----...-..

1 iEEf>fCf iEEofCf.!i:!.'i:!
v
~q ~Cf.!i:!.'i:!
'-----'----·-----···--···-······--··············-····-·----··-··-··--·

7f u j-3. »-1:: {l ej-~ ~ {)- ~"61-1.;]1.11.

Mark, you're so good at doing things around the house.

q ~ .;::-0]1!--1 ~7-1- {ft:.l- .!i!..~ 7-f~£. Jlc.].S::. -6]-.Jl ~~ "61-111 ~:: 3i :Q-01-Jl.
I think I naturally just started cooking and cleaning up my place after living by abroad by myse~ ' ex E

while.
 7~ 7}~2.] ~1 ()-}_ll~ ~<'>H 7-1 717} oje;j.g..;:! :Q-o}_9_.
It seems difficult to get to know Kylie.

q o}yoj1_9_. ::z}? o1o}71<'>}q .!i!_Jtl. ~<'>H~ 9- <V,~ 7-]oj1_9_.

No, you can get to know her better it you keep talking to her often.

7~ ojA~1 ~~ ~-=(-()}_ll3_Jl1 ~}i':jl--j 71~01 ~ ~ 0 }_9._.

I'm in a bad mood because I had a big fight with a close friend yesterday.

Lf :Q-01 7-1Lf1t:f .!i!.Jtl. ~}% u]1S:. <V_:;z1_g_. ()}7.1 ~ ~2.] :§:l-t>H()}J-~1_9._.

Of course you're going to fight when you're together a lot. But you should make up soon.

·-q .!i!.'i:!' <itOll~ :cm~o J q o1 2.H ~o1 ~

Neither the past nor future tense can come before -q
* ~.ii.. ~~~Ofi!I.
!i!~.
:cp-J .AIJ\il7 ~ ~ * ~t::iLJ q.
and the past tense is not allowed in the following
clause either.

• :1. ~fi 7114.'- li'}):l:t:f .!I!..qj -wo}~ 71oJ1.R. (x)

:1. ~ 7 ~ 7114.'- '?}L.f~t:f .!I!..qj -wo}~ 7-JoJI.R. (x)
:1.~7~ 7114.'-li'l"L.ft:f.!r!_J?:!.-wo}~oj.R. (x)
~ :1. ~ti 7114.'- li'l"L.ft:f .!I!..qj -wot~ 7-loJI.R. (o)
L

1 7~ Oi ~:71] <)}~ ~RW~ 7-}~A~~] W? 'V,~77}Jl?

q ~R ;..pg-~~ o]oF7] ~ ~o] <)}q .!i!.~ 7-}~A~~] if? 'V_~ ~oj]Jl .

~~'§t~ ;q~6~7i l o-~q ~~ .A.r~-§-i!f- o 1o~7 1~ 'riO I oref 1 :Ar~6~7il ~ * ~q

~21" ~~~ c-J ~f;l7il o-rq ~~ ~~ PJO I .A.i"TIOi.A.i Oi~2.1 Cf I ~7-l%17-: ICf

2 7r 0
J7J »-]7} "'Efl:lH~ L:j lf- TI{o] :rr.]? ~ ~ ~o}Jl.

q .=I.~:7j] ~l:lH ~ TI{o] :rr.].q..q .!i!.~ ;cJ.7Jo] 1-j-llll}{lltJlr:j] Z:j7-jo jl;j]Jl. ?.!.6§£~~
instant food

'a~H~ I'.tol II.J~q 1 ~:Yo I Lfl!ur:AICf

7jl~ 'E:I"Oll ~711 7-:ref ljj~ ~711 7-:fef I Oi{JOll ~~ ~OiLf717 f gj-§-cf
ljj~ ~6'E!E.6.1~'2l '£!Cf I ~O I PJOI ;u;jq

266 Korean Grammar t"N Zt.w~ · Intermedia te

 (1) 7~ o-jA~1 7} 7-1~ JA1 }.~~ 0 1 :d1=11Z? '5J~ tti 24J-l ~W u1~-BHZ. (l:l)-1:11:17-]1 :A1Lljq)
q ~~o}z. t~r.!!!.fil f.l4fc:t .l:i.OJ. '5J~~~ 9-s:. ~:A1Z.

(2) 7~ ~oJ1 ~:A} ~.Q.~ {1{1<5}7-1 ?1°1-Z? (i:J{¥-E-17-11~ ~ <'>}q)

q ;.1{}0 1 ~~7-11 7J-.e:A1 %2.J-Z.

(3) 7~ V1Z}o11.-f ~2-j ~t:i1 ~7!}7-1 ~~~ :J1011Z? (~~<51 ~q)

q 1=11, }.~Zf~ ?:jcj~ 9- ~~Al ~o}.£...

(4) 7~ .2Jl ~~ ~~ ~o-J-BH.£..7 (~~ ~~ li!.q)

q Y-5:. ~ nj .7.-j}.i .:Z.Cll.£...

(5) 7~ -;~ 0 1 ~ ~~5:. 0 1 :§:l;.l-oJ1;.l 7-l14f ~<'>J-.e ?>:! 0 1 ~~:A]£.?(~~ ~{1<5] <5)-q)
q .:z.~z. q~ 7]:§:171- ~ }.~~ {JL1L.f.

2 ·-q !i!li!:! ' ~ .A.~~H.A.i q~ CH:2:~ ~~<'>~Aii.R.

(1) 7~ ;.]Zl- 0 1 W"0 l ~~71!-l ~%-WYL.f. (:§:1~<5)-q)

q ~~o}.£.. . ~.Qlti!"t:t J:i.OJ. ;.j{}oj ~~~ 9-5:. ~:A]£..

(2) 7~ .£..~ ~ ~;_l 3::"5 7-]7-]Jl n.J~~?;:! :Q-o}.£... (~~ }.~tt~ .2..cljc5}q)
q 7-17-]Jl llj~~ n:Jj.S:. ~:A]£..

(3) 7f oj-~5:. ~R~ ~ ~ ~.Q.~ oJt>H-6}7]7} ~ ~ ~ .£... (7-ll4f ~ ~ <€iL.f)

q 0 l<'>H<'>l-717l- ~-%1~ rjoj].£...

(4) 7~ 7]-i!!:-o] ~ 1IJl ~ ~ ~7-11 <'>HZ? (.Xcljl=lJoj] 7}!-l .Xclj ~ .lf- 2 q )

q 7]-i!!:-o1 i=-o}/9Z.

(5) 7~ ~R -lf-~ ?l-0 1 ~Jl1i~Z. (~RoJ1 ;.l 7-ll4:f 1[q)

q :Aj-~A~l-jj{E-:§:1-5:. ~7-]1 ~ rjoj).£...
 -C-ll-1

7~ ~"611 JA]7} _xt~VJ~ ~<V:"Lll..R.

I heard Eunhye received a Nobel Prize.

q .:I~..R? e>i51~ n:J1-¥-~ ~i>}~l1 x 1~~F·J77}.AJ

~<V:"~..R.
Really? She's always been so smart and clever ever since she was
a child, and now she's gotten a Nobel Prize.

It seems Akira has changed.

q l;j], ~o}Jl. o}7]c} JA]7} %~<5~.A] ~l1 o}-? ~~

"6~ 11e>i Ji_.
You're right. Akira became famous, and (because of that he)
became really arrogant.

01 .R~::: .!!.1-/Wll Oi't! cH~~ -E!~-op~q ?3-gJ~ ?,:!:il~ ~ 0 1~2.1 ~.£~ LH§~ ~~ rrH Al§of-ECil. -E!~
LH~ol olif ~::: -'t!<2.1o1£101 ~AH Oi't! ~~7~ {!!:uq::: ?.:!~ .R~~Liq. o1 .R~::: ·-ciLI~·~ ~w
*~~Liq.
This expression is used when the speaker wants to refer to something directly seen or experienced in the
past when describing how that thing has subsequently changed. The seen or experienced content is stated
as t he reason or cause for the changed state of affairs being presently witnessed. The form -c~ LI'2! is an
alternate form of this expression.

- r.:-jLI
Oll~~q Oll ~~ C-j Ll
A/V -C-jLI
~¥-o~q ~.!;f.o~C-J LI

O~OIOiq O~OI CiLI

(ol)r.:-jLI
2t{!!Oiq 2t{!!OICiLI
- -- - - - · - · ····- - - -··-----···-··

• 0 r7JrrlPJ!·El ojJllll tolY llH~7r ~~Oi.R.

Always pretty since childhood, she became an actress.

268 Korean Grammar i" 'll.•·e · Intermediate

 • '81' ~17} cf0 1e>iE ~ -&-}t:iLJ \:t'tliiH~l:J1.fL.
Dongsu went on a diet and (as a result) became thin .

• iZH ~ ~17} .a;; .§0 1 'it}_q.Jl ii}"GJYlfr 4-"§:fOl~£ :K {} 1:! 7{[0 }.fL.
Jaehyeon said he's been broke recently, and (as a result) couldn't go on the school trip.

r--
1

I
1 Ol R~::: :i!P~Oil ?3gjii~():j ~711@ AI{,!~::: .gEH7~ ~AH2~ CH~~~~ qE~~ rrH£ .A.~-gfLiq.
This expression is also used to indicate a contrast between what one experienced or knew to be the case
in the past and the current state of affairs.

• _2_~oJI:: ~ J;j Lj AN °1 ~ Lj 77]- ~~]-t;l].fl...

It was hot in the afternoon, but now it's chilly in the evening.

• u]-3. ».]7]- ~~oJ1:: p£o] tlj-!!!l_t:--]Lj .fl..~~ ',; ~7]-"5\j~ £OJ=o ]oJI.fl...
Mark was so busy at the beginning of the month, but now he seems a bit more free .

• ~o]-o]7r -3f'C!oJI:: o:j"3,JJ ~ p£o] qy c--] y~ .fl..~~ 18- liJ.toJ1 t.f7rA1 ~ ?lot.fl...
(My) daughter did a lot of traveling last year, but these days she doesn't leave the house at all.

2 Ol R~::: 7 1~~.££ -9-~£ 1<2J~OI ~-'? ~.Jl2 · 3<2J~'2! ~-'? <;}~Liq

This expression can only be used when the subject is in the 2nd or 3rd person, not the 1st person.

• 4] 7} ~1]<3"] *.!f-<3"]·t:--]L-j 1'; g_ ~o-J.fl... (x)

- ~~7r ~1J<51 *.!f-<5J-c-Jy 1'8 ~ ~o-J.R.. (o )

.:J.2.iq ;:q~ ~ ~-E!-.2:~oHAi ~~ rrH ~ 1<2J~ -9-~£ '-CiLI'~ ~-'? <Xl~Liq.

However, it is possible to use -CiLI with a 1st person subject when the speaker refers to himself or
herself in an objective manner.

• (4]7]-) nj ~ ~.!f.Ej n]~<3"]-t:--] L-j _2_ ~ ~ ~5:. t.f.Jl o]-n}.fl...

I haven't felt good for the last few days, and now I have come down with a fever.

• (4] 7]-) ~~ ~ IIJl:: A]-'Ef~ o];; ~ ~ 7] Q:j<5]-t:--] L-j .fl..~~ * 71 Q:j ~ *<5r3!.!o-J.fl...
I remembered people's names very well when I was young, but now I can't remember them.

3 '-C1LI'2.1 ~~~:!!~ ~~~2.1 -9-~7~ ~O fO~ ii~.Jl. -9-.Aii£ ~OfO~ -gfLiq .

Both the subject and topic of discussion of the preceding and following clauses -Ci Ll must be the same.

• '§'<;- »-]7]- x2H~ <5]-t:--]L-j Aj-'E[~o ] ~~;; ~o-J.fl... (x)

: {::j~~i'.t ~~~2.l -9-0ilf A.i£ 'g2.f ~~ gg~Liq.

The subjects of the preceding and following clauses are different, and thus the sentence is
grammatically incorrect.

• '§'~ »-]7]- !:r.2}] ~ <3"]-t:--]Lj l:IH ~o] '.d:o-J.fl... (x)

: {::j~~iJ.t ~~~2.j-9-;J;il7f A.i£ 'g2.f ~~ g~Liq.

The topics of the preceding and following clauses are different, and thus the sentence is
grammatically incorrect.
L--
 4 OI .H.~£1 ~~~Oll~ DI~H AI::X::il7f ~*~~Li ef.
The future tense cannot be used in following clauses this expression.

• 2f2f »-1:: v z~l '?1 -:;o~}GJ t.1 ).11111 ~J22.l ~97} ~ 7-l otl..a.. ( x)
~ 2.}2.} »-]:: 7?z~l '?1-:;o~}c-jy ).11711~JlQ.] ~97} £1~012... (o)

5 Ol .H.~~ :C.f710ll 01't! ~§O ILf ~~~ t!'~ -?.:!~ .2:llfof0j WW rrH~ Af§5fECil, OI[[H~ 01't!
~§~~~%fOil t:Jf~ ~10101 q~ A~OILf ~@OI ~01'BLicf.
This expression is used when recalling an action or state of affairs directly witnessed in the past, with the
succeeding action or state of affairs occurring directly following the first.

• ~'?!o]::_: \:f.A} ~-=]1-~Ej]% Ljjl:-jy ~.Q.S!.. Lf7} B15'&01.B...

Soyeon got mad at her boyfriend and then (soon after) went outside .

• %"'~ ~ ~Oil %01..2..G]y 7J.A}7] %7] .AJ-3f1ll01.B...

My little brother/sister came into the house and then suddenly started crying.

'-c.-jLI'7 f cH~£1 £1DI~ rrH~ '--( 0 )L/~Cil'2.f t:Jff:l ~-"? '1!:AII2! q~:c.f ~~ ~OliAi ~fOI7f 'XJ~Licf.
When used to indicate contrast, -CiLI can be used in place of -(S2.)L/l=Cil. but note the following differences.
-------------------:·----- -- --- - - - - - - -- -
. ------------------~----------------------------······;··----------------~-------~-------

-(o)Lf~c-u -C-j LI

2f7f2.f 2f7i ~EH cH~ • oj5'3,~ rrJl ~~ »-]::

Contrast of Two Past ~211:: ~"91-1:::-J;]] ;;- ~ X

Situations ;\J~ * ~012.. .

CH~~~ Jlf7i2.f ~XH ~EH CH~ • oJ5'&-& rrJl ::7J7J-~.J:::J;]J oj~ ~ rrJl:: 7]7J- -3)-c-j y
Type of Contrast of a Past and .Aj~ ~ ~ 7 ~ -'5'-ojj.Ai Alj .A]~~~-=]~-~ -'5'-oj].Ai
Contrast Present Situation ~ 3.Li].B.., Alj ~ 3. J;j].B.. .

~;;H2.f ~;;H ~EH cH~ • ~~»-1::~211 ::

Contrast of Two ~'6}-1:::-Cij ;;- ~ ;\J ~ X

Present Situations *{'~.B...

__________ __________________________ _________________________ -------------------- ----------------------------- ---
_:_ ..:._ ----

2/C Korean Grammar in 'Use · Intermediate

 • ~~ 11-]7} 4\:loJl:: • ~~ 11-]7} 4\:loJl::
-t:1 · ~~~ ~Oi
Preceding and
~};I
nj o}~~ * 3:J.::GJJ njo}~~ * 7.Jc1y
Following Clauses (~~ 11-]7\-) 7.]i}~ (~~ ».]7}) 7.]i}~
Have the Same Subject
~;l;JJl. ~;l;JJl.
~Of
Subject
{:1 . ~~~ ~Oj7f
~2.f.S:.~.
• ~ ~ 11-j-1::- njo}~~
Preceding and
Following Clauses can
* 7.] :: c~j 4-~ »-1-1::- X

njo}~ ~ ~ ;l;J.B...
Have Different Subjects
- - - --·-- -

1 1!.5f- »-17r Q.]-AJ- ~;;z,}o1t::i7r :£1~t:H.a..

~~_Of7JICf~
7f

Lf op§ n:Jl-¥- EJ nlH! e>11 -tf{} 0 1 Nt:l Y I X~oiQ to save (money)

~;;z,r-o 1 t::i7r £1~~.a.. \_ ~¥Sfa~

£1{!- Ci:XfOIL:J7f .!r.ICf Oi'§ [(H£f.Ei nH {JOII-tf~OI ~q I Ci:XfOIL:J7f !qq

~~Afef ~.:1:.011 ~ Oflljj!. :Xi~5fef I~~ Afef

~~ '2_foH 10kgO ILf .UICf 7-114;- fiHAE¥E.'2! 9:jef I fj:Xf71 ~OI t'iOI .UICf

2 7f 7-1-i}.:£ ~o 1 w-o1 9.f<)1L.J-£.?

q o}-y£., _2._~ e>11~ w-o 11I[<)1 t:-l y _2._~7}- :£1li:!A-1 {!!u-or::& ~£..
:AlE.~ ~0 1 t'iOIQloiCf .2.~011-E t'iOI QloiCf I .2.~7f !q~.A.i ~fsiO~q

R§.S:. Of017 f ~~ ~~ -M <2! 9:JCf Oi~~ 'B! -M <21 9:JCf I -8-~ii!.OII ~Oi7~.A.WE-I ~ 9:JCf
o~.s:. ::::r 7f~7f ~717f t'ief ~1*011-E ~7 17 f "Clef I~~~ Cf.g.!;f.Ei ~717f 'CJOI ~Oj~q
 (1) 7~ <?:[2-j ».]7} 7,:}7J-<'>R~ ~ .:Q-A]Jl? (S. '(i}t>}q)
q l;jl, oH<?J %%-5~~~ 7,:}7J-<'>R~ ~ .:Q-o}Jl,

(2) 7~ ~~ ».]7} o]Jti :rr£_~E ~ Wlll :£]9JqA]Jl? (~{Jil] x?gii}q)

(3) 7~ ~u} ~01].!1!1-] ~~ ».] ~ <=§oj 1IY2Jo] i![o] ~9Jr.1 2f.:L!.Jl. (<=§oj ~~01] qL.]q)
q o}{lu}q 1IY2Jo] i![o] i="o}}tl-}li!}Jl,

(5) 7~ n:]~~Al o}o]7} i}l:lJ- ~o] ~ 'Jil;j]Jl. (~ "']Zl- ~q)

q S. '(i}:AJ-01].A1 :rrj~~~ R_OJ=o]01]Jl.

2 c~~ .A.~Et~~ ~'g:i!~ ~J:H2.1 £~01 Oi~lil ~2H~~LI77~? '-c~LI ' ~ .A.I-§c5H.A.~ g~~ ~{:j5~
AiiR.

~1~5~71 ~: ~~~olJJ.. q.A.i:

( 1 )~~
~~~01 ~~cf. ~~~01 ~<>W~~q.

~ ~~~: ~~5~.Jl q.A.i :

(2) 7)\ld<l R2.1~ ~ ~~c~. R2.1 ~ ~~711 x.1~q.

~
.2.1~ ~~~ 5~.Jl q.A.i:
(3) ~101~
~~~O I.JJ.. !t~~ .A.~E[OI xl~q.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - ---- -------- - - -

(4)Df'l<) 4 CH 2:f.:ii!~ ~~()~.Jl

~2.~C ;gQj"~ ~Q~()~7il £1~q.
q;,.-j:

(1) 0 61J"IIf1!- ~f.~-5!-l! f-;iot!.Je ~0~160! ~~~ ~f.~-6~2 L!-f-i.Je ~0~1601 IJ'51PJ10i_Sl.
(2)

13)

(4)

Korean Grammar u1 '/f...·e Intermediate

 7~ ~ "511 »-1, ~~ 0 1 <j- ~ 0 } ~OiJl.
Eunhye, you don't look good.

I worked late for a few days straight and fell ill as a result.

Aren 't you sleepy, Jaya?

No, I drank some coffee earlier, so (because of that) now I'm fine.

Ol .H.~ ~ ~H= )..~EJ"O I 01~ ~:;~ ~LH7~q 01~ ~~ ~ !FJOll :1 ~:1!~£ 01~ <§jO I ~~g~ qE~tg! ITH

;..l§g,t"Liq. :L!~7~ 0ll A~-t!o l ~.:;.~ -3:!o 1q w~ -3:! ~ :2.1lfo~Oi oloPI5H= -3:!~Lic~.
This expression is used to indicate that something happened as a result of something the speaker did or
said previously.

[ -91/~C-JLI

v -91/~C-JLI

7~ i:}-7] ~ ~ ojrrJ1.B.?
How's your cold?

Lf ~ l£j ~r:-]1.-J ~ ~o]-~oJJl.

I took some medicine, and (because of that) it got a little better.

7~ 'tRoJ7]- fio] .AJ-<tiA cJ~ ~l.:J].fL.

Your Korean has gotten a lot more natural sounding.

Lf 2°]-~Jl, 'tR c2fu~ Y~c5] ~t:ll.-J .7.]-<tl~c]~~{)_ ~~}.fL.

Thank you . It seems to have gotten better because I watched Korean dramas nonstop.
 7f LJl ~ ~ 1' -¥-1 .
O:j -A} ~.::r-.5:. .2. ~on 2_1-f_g_?
Junsu, will your girlfriend come to the get-together tomorrow?

Lf o}yiL, O:j-A} ~.::r-011 7-11 ~0 1 7}-A}.Jl ~t:1L-J {iq.JI -6"}Ej 2}JliL.

No, I invited her to go, but she said she didn't want to .

1 O I .R~~ ~~~2.1 ~8~ ~ ~ ~~~2.1 ~~~~of.til £1~~ rrH~ .A.I§~ -"?- ~~ LI Cf. '-( 0 )LI77F
£5:. t::!f.W ~-"?- ~~LICf.
This expression can also be used to indicate the speaker's discovery of what is expressed in the following
clause after doing t he action stated in the preceding clause. In this case, the expression - (.2.)LI7Jf can
also be used to indicate the same meaning .

• ~.£!-1l oJ1 neiL] ,q~oj '?l~Ol ..ll..

= ~.£!-1loJ1 7r LJ77J- ;,t~oj '?l~Ol ..ll..

I went to the department store and (found that) there were a lot of people.

• ..::L~~ ~t.f ~~:iy 0 t-T ~~tHf:-o j17_oj..ll._

= ..::L-lf:.~ li'}t.f .!i!.Lj 77}- o]-9- ~~t\- -lf:.oj17_oj..ll._
I met that person, and (I discovered that) he/she was very kind.

2 ·-~/~C1Li' <£!0ll2 ~ -5.A.f2.1 ~ 8 ~ ~ .A.f'E;t~ _1:;:1_* 1<2._!~<2._! 'Lf'~LICf.

When an act ion is described in t he preceding clause, the person who performs the action must be Lf.
that is, the 1st person.

• (l..jj7]-) _2_2Jl.:j-'t}ojj :I_ '8 ~ "9:Y,Gjy 7j-lf:.oj AJ-5!Jl "8"R..Il..

• (l..Jl7t) 1\:! %~ t.RoJI 1f~Gj y 0 1~1 t.R "'~~oJ1 Q.j~<'>H..Il. .

.::J.2.iLf q :::_ .A.f'EtOI ~~ ?.:!~ Cf.A.I <2..!~oH.A.i ~~ rrH ~ .??Oi7f 3<2..!~££ M~ -"?-~ ~~ LI Cf.
However, when the preceding clause is relating what someone else said, the subject of the clause can be
in the 3rd person.

27L Korean Grammar u1 'lise · Intermediate

3 -bj~~Oli3<2J~ -9-0lS:. .2::: ~~5:. ~:::c-11 OlrrH::: ~1-E .A.~~OI q~ .A.~~£1 ~§OI -'tt~.'§ ?.;! ~
.2llfo~O:j ~51-E ?.;!~Lie~. OlrrH::: -bj~~:c.~ ~~~£1 -9-0l7f .A.i £ C~20:j -bj~~£1 ~§Oil cH~

~~01 ~~~Oil .2::: ~~7 f £li'~Liq.

There are cases when the subject of the preceding clause is in the 3rd person. In such cases, the
speaker is recollecting the, completed action or behavior of someone else. In addition, the subjects of
the preceding and following clauses are different, with the following clause typically describing a reaction
to the action or behavior described in the preceding clause.

• o};;r]c} »-]7} Iljo}X.~ J:l_c-jL] ;,p~g~o] ~if"?~ J:l.-;';L]t:.J·.

Akira played the piano, so (in response) the people (crowd) applauded .

• ;,}'€[~o] *~c-J L] 7j]o]:f!. »-] ~"'€o] ~7fl~olil...

Everyone laughed, so (as a result) Keiko's face turned red.

• ~~ »-]7} ~~cj-Jl ~c-jL] 4-~ »-]7} % ~olil...

Jeongho said he'd be late, so (upon hearing that) Sujin got angry.

'-CiLI'Qf '-'11:/~L:JLI'::: £1DI7f tJI::::::5f:A:I'2.! C~:C.f ~~ ~Oii.A.i j:f017f 't;'"Liq_

While -C-jLI and -'Xl/'X..!CiLI are similar in meaning, they are different in the following respects.
------ ----··-·------------
-C-!LI

2 · 3<2J:§ -9-e>Pf -ELICf. 1<z.)'§ -9-0Pf E-Ll Cf.

(1<z.):§ -9-e>P f Xf~~ ~B£foHAi w~ rrH (CD Aii3Xf7f Xf~OU/ll ~Oj\:!" ~~ W~ ~~ CfJ,.I
e 1<z.J:§~ 7rol 'r.!§~ rrH-E 3'r.!:§ 7ro
~ 3'r.!:§ -9-0i2l ~~01 .gtSc..'§:! ~Oil cH~ 'i:!§ OI
The 2nd and the 3rd person subjects
(The 1st person subject possible *~~Oil ~ rrH-E 3'r.!:§ -9-0i 7ro)
<2.!~ when the speaker is objectively The 1st person subject
Person of reflecting on oneself) (CD The 3rd person possible when the
the Subject speaker is relating what someone else said to
someone;
~ T he 3rd person possible when the follow ing
clause expresses the speaker's reaction to the
completed action of that 3rd person)

-9-0i
~}:: I
Subject
The subjects of the preceding and The subjects of the preceding and following
Agreement
following clauses must be the same. clauses can be different.
between
Clauses

~..q ~J,.f, ~§J,.f. ~J,.f q 7ro~LICf. ~J,.~ 7ro~LICf.

Parts of Verbs, adjectives, and nouns can be Only verbs can be used.
Speech used.
 G) :i!f7i011~Oi'cl ~Oil CH~ ~:il)­ G) :il)-7-1011 ~Oi'cl ~Oil CH~ ~:ilf

result of a past occurrence result of a past occurrence

® :i:!.f7i2.f ~J.:H2.f£! ~EH ~cH

contrast between past and discovery of a fact or state of affairs after

present situations performing an action
£1!ll
Meaning @ Oi't! ~o1 ~Oi'cl ~ i:Jf£ q-E ~o1
OIOi.A.i ~Oi'a.
occurrence of something
immediately following the
conclusion of some other
occurrence

1 7~ .:il~J=e>l1 n-t:t _2_11,qJ?i);~.fL? .~.

q 1.:11, _2_cfl{}q}e>l1:U"GlY JI~J=o1 '?1°1 ~ct~t:lc}JI.fL.

j:rg,toJI ~q 2.q 2.2.H-LfDJOil7fCf I jl~OI 'rJO I '§2.~q

~'§fOil ~fOII.A.i -"i~77f.AI iR!~ 5-fjl 7fCf 5.A.I.:U -§<2._1- g~~ 5-fq I 6iC'.I7f !.:Iff. Of.!!.Cf
~~ JJ.IOil7il &-§!o l~ -t!~5fq &-§101~ -t!~5fCf I~~ JJ.I7f ~~ ~Of5fl::.f

2 7f /(1~ »-1x _2_~e>l1 ~ 0 1 ~~ S!.c] 7}1-]-.fL?

q o}y.fL, ;<j~ »-1 ~E11 ~ 0 1 ~~ 5!./<}.:il "9l"GlY Q}4foj ~t:H.fL.

2.~0il ~o I ~£f .!i!C'.i 7 fq ~OI ~£~ .ti!Af I Qj'~O I ~q

LH~ .A-jiDILfOil §-616-fCf AiiDILfOil §6.15-fq I gj-§-~q

2.~ 4-~~toU 2.Cf ~OI7f.Af I .Af71-E 7f71 ~q

276 Korean Grammar in 'lise · Intermediate

1 ~l1~ ~ ~ g~~ <c!~i>H.k-1 ·-~.U~c-jLI ' ~ .k~i>H.k-1 f! g~o£ '2JCAiiR .
, - - - O OoO - oo--o 0 - O o O O o o O OO o oooo-. - - - O · o O OOO o oooo - ooo - - OOO oooooOO o oooo oooo oo - - o o o . o o oo o • oooooooooo . o o 0 0 o o - o o o O O o oOOOO · ·- o

(1) 7 ~~~ t:!liiLi>H ¥tOiR. --------- · @ ~~ ~ ~ <§tO ~!i=!.~C-j2.~11 R.

(2) ~7~ .2.2.Hl!-'2l<>U 'rl'M':OiR. 0
------@ <2jE-j~OI C-j ~OiR.
(3) tg{~ 7117 ~ 711011 ~OiR. ·© O~LH 7~ :9:~ ~q.

(4) 2.1 ~~ ~q, ·@ go1 '2C>:l ~~OiR.

\ . _ o-00000000 0 - -. . . . OOOOOooooo OO _ ........_ o

(2)

(3)

(4)

2 ·-~/~ C-j LI '~ .k~5H.k-J c~~ CH~ ~{:1 5~AiiR.

(1) 7~ l:l~ o}~ ~ ~ o-jrr]jJl? (Q_fg_ Q:jq)

q O.f% ~OJ.'(;:j~ ~ L-}o}*OiJl.

(2) 7~ 2lJ 0 ] ~711 PJ011 ~ 0 1 'aiOiJl? (~ ~ 5-g Lflq)

q ~oj 'ail.:JlJl.

(3) 7~ ~{J Q:j.2..Cl <(}7}J.i]Jl? ( 0 }~ g ~ll11£lr.f)

q o}-3] l:l~7} <(l.JI:!l}Jl,

(4) 7~ 2lJ J.-j ~ 011 7}J.-j 0 ]-.!f--3!..£ <(!- J.j1(o-]Jl? (J.-j ~ 011 7}q)
q ~ 01 q VfX!E-J2.J-.Jl.Jl.

(5) 7~ .2. ~ 2lJ :A1ztg '5"}11,o-jJl? (o-j-Ai1 ~711 :7.]-q)

q o}~oJ1 ~{{g {to-]Jl.

(6) 7~ o-j-Ai1:::= 7] ~o 1 <(!- ~o} .!i!_o1 ~J;j1 .2. ~ ~ e>ittllJl? (~ :Aj-q)

q 71 ~oj ~o}*OiJl.
 7~ ~o}, °FjH:::= {JoJ Jl. ~ ~J.i]Jl!
Mom, I hate vegetables. Give me some ham!

q o]~~l Jt!~ g i>}'C.J-7H=- 7']7} 3.7-] ug 7-Jol=.

g~ g -§-.=ilf- ~o-Jol= 7']7} 3.7-].
You won't grow any taller if you keep eating such an unbalanced
diet. You'll only grow tall if you eat well-balanced meals.

I only had one drink, so it's okay to drive, right?

q @ ~ o}J.].=il ..g.~i>}'C.J-7H=- -e~ LfJl.

_2_ ~ ~ ~J.j E}j l 7}J.i]Jl.
Drinking and (then subsequently) driving is no trivial matter.
Today, you should take a taxi.

Ol R~~ -t:!~~2.1 ~-§Oiq .gEHJ~ ]jl~£1~ :1 ~.J!I-£ DI2.HOll ~AI l'i~ <§JOI <§j0jq7~q ~ ~~ .gEH7 ~
~ ?.'!~~ ~~ rrH ;..f§~Liq. -t:!'@~£1 <§JOI OIDI O I ~.!¥E~ oH2..:ll <V:= 3;!012.~~ 'OI~Pil. :1~711. Ai~7ll'
21- ~~ ~01 A~~ ~Liq. ~j:!:oP~q ~Jl~ rrH £li'OI ;..I§~Liq.
This expression is used to express the speaker's view that if the action in the preceding clause continues,
then an adverse result or state of affairs will occur in the future. If t he action in the preceding clause has
continued from some time in the past, then the phrases 0/~711. .:J.~7l/. and :A:i~/1/ are often also used. This
expression is usually used to warn or admonish another person.

~ cpf-E
-§cpf-E

278 Korean Grammar u1 'lt~·e · Intermediate

7~ ~ ~~~ \t»-17} 1-l-9- ~l:J1 Jl.
It's been so cold for a month now.

q 0 1 ~7-l1 \t»-17} ~rt7H=- {:}-71 :@7-~0 1 ~ ~ \t 71 oJ1iL.

If the cold weather continues at this rate, the number of people who catch colds will increase.

7~ ~.V'1 »-17} 01 ~s:. L}% 9-oJ1 o}~LlliL.

Minseo said he would do this job too next week.

q =z. ?§7-l1 ~ ~ u1frt7H::- l.-J%oJ1~§1 0}7-]1 ~ ~JYHiL.

If he keeps putting work off like that, I think he'll come to regret it later.

7~ .2..~ ~ :§:j-{:loJ17},Z1 7}1:1Jo12J- {l~~ i{~Jl.

Today I went to the department store and bought a bag and some shoes.

q ~ ~:§:j-{:l oJ1 ~q. %~ Jl? A1il-7-1~ ;7}C ~ Rf01 »-q7H::- ~.:g-.5:_ _2.7.}2.}7-]1~7-1 .5:_ %2fJl.
You went to the department store again? If you keep using your (credit) card as much as you have been,
your salary might not be enough (to cover the bill).

1 '-cv~-e·~ ~A:I g~-~ ~%!-Oil ~Liq_ [[f2.f;,i -6-~~<2.! ~%!-Oil M'2:! Oi6ll~Li ef.
The expression -Cf7fe is used in negative circumstances. Accordingly, it sounds awkward when used in
positive sentences .

• -=:L~7JJ -=g-Jf-<'>}ct7}::: ;.J~ o1l ~z=Jw 7-1 oJlJl. (x)

- -=:L~;>J] -=g-__!f--<'>}cf7~ ;,j~ oJl ~oj~ 7-jo]]Jl. (o)

2 '-ef7 1-e' ~ 7~~<21 2.IDI7f 9.-PI rr~-@Oil ~~~Oil ::: o1 2.H~ ~~ol-E W<c! '-( 0 )2 7i0ll£.. -( 0 )2
'E!)Cil£. -( 0 )2 A:I5:. ~2.f£. -~Oi£' :301~Lief.
Because -i:V fe has a hypothetical meaning, the following clause ends in a phrase indicating
supposition or conjecture, such as - (£)2 7iOIIB.. -(£)2 ~Cil£.. -(£)2X IS:. ~2.f£., or -~01£..

• -=:L'li ~__Q_£ ~~<'>}t:j-7}::: ;,}.:il7} X{oJ Jl. (x)

~ -=:Ltli ~.Q£ ~~<'>}t:j-7~ ;,}.:il7} ~ ~-c-1]Jl. (o)

3 ~AH ~~ DI2.H2.1~~ 7f~oHAi w~ ~ rr~. ~ ·~;,1-t:j~~QI ~OI ~7 1 7il £1'2:!'£1 £1DI£ w~ [~

::: '-CX}:/~ef7i-e'Q£ ~Lief.
When speaking hypothetically about the present or something that is going to happen in the future, as in
"If something was to occur... ", then the form -~.U'X1Cf7 te should be used.

• LJ1 ~ ~JE~ OJ.7.]cf7~ ~A}ojj).-j ~~.Aj£ %2fJl. (x)

~ LJ1~ ~JE~ OJ~t:.}7~ ~ ).}ojjkj ~~.Aj£ %2fJl. ( 0)
 ·-q !:2.LI'. '- Cf !:2.'i:!', '-Cf7!-E':: {:j~~2.1 ~~0 1 ~~~£1 ::: -3:1:: ~.AI'2..!" crg:v..~ ~:: ~~0 1 7~ ~~LIQ.
Even though the expressions - Cf .!i!.LI, - Cf .5:!.~. and - Cf7f-E are similar in that the action of the preced in~
clause is repetitive or continuous, they are different in the following respects .
. -----------------;---·------- ---------···-:------

~ §O I 7ll~1§. ~§01 7ll ~1§. ~§OI 7ll~1§.

{:j~~ Continuation of action Continuation of action Continuation of action

Preceding • uw~ ~~'5}r::f .!2.1..-J • ufl ~ ~~1)-}t:.j- .!2. It! • .::L ~ 711 ~13'--% '?J-<)j-c]-
Clause ~'5}711 .s;.1 ~01.R . ~}711 ~ rloJI.R. 7r:: cJl~oJ1
~ 7-JoJ1.R.
* 7r711
CD AH~g AK;l ~~ CD AH~g AK;l ~~ Lf~ ~i:!t
Discovery of something new Discovery of something new Negative result
• ~.!f.<)}q .!2.1..-J 61J.} J.]:{!o1 • 11"'5-t>flJ.l ~.!f.-5}cj· .!2.1:! • .:2~711 4-17<1?:[Jl ~'5]­
;;<1~ t:l cj-.Jlil.. 0
61J.} J.lzto1 7<1~~ tiJl7r c]-7}:::: %oJ1~ ~o] J-~
'i'J'OrJl. ~ 7-JoJ1.R.
~~~~ (2) ~g~i:!t/Lt~~i:!t
<2> ~g ~ :1!}/Lt~ ~i:!t
LH~ Positive or negative result
Content of : • ;;<j-9. L} .!2.il· c.t y
~ w Positive or negative result

Following ~ o1 _!2.01c.; cj-.Jlil... • ;;<j-9. ~L}q .!2.1:! w~

Clause <w:: ~j!j-) ~ 0 1 .!2. ~ rloJI.R.

• 4-17<1 '?{Jl ~1)1-t:f .!2.1...] cw:: ~j!j-)

%oJ1 ~ ~o1 .A~~01.R. • tlj-.!!!1.711 € B11)}q .!2. It!

(t..J-~ ~j!j-) llllj-§.t!.j:::: 71111% rloJ1.R.
(L}~ ~j!j-)

i:!t7i ~g ~xH AI:Ail CD ~AH (~~~~ ~i:!t) CD ~xH (~~~~ ~i:!t)

(OIDI OI-'F-Oi~ ~i:!t) Present (general result) Present (general result)
Past or present tense (result • ;;<J-9. ~t:t71-i::- .:~nr ~
• .2.1 ~oJ1 ifc.t .!2. ~ Jl<5J g
already completed)
~~~~ 61° 1 -"~Zf'cl' tiJl7r Bf0 r.R. tifl.7.1711 £ll..B...
• ufl~ ~711 7<]-t:f .!2.1...] ~~
AIXi I <2> 012/f ~ @ Dl21f ~
o] £1 ~01.R.
Tense of (011 ~£1-E ~:ilf) (011~£1 -E ~:ilf)
Following • uH ~ ~711 7<}r::f .!2.1..-J ~~ Future conjecture Future conjecture
Clause ~01 Y. :: 711 ~%01.R. (expected result) (expected result)
• .2.1~oJ1 ifc.t .!2.It! Jl-&-J • .:2~711 ;;<J-.'r- ~cf7J-i::­
:;61°1 "'~ ZJ-~ 1Ifl7r @g_ ~7J- ~ "8H.7.1 711~
7-j oJ1.R. 7-j oj].R.
---------- - --·- ------------ - -

280 Korean Grammar lN 'ltw• · Intermediate

1 7f ~OJ »-17}- _8_ ~ ~1 ~ ~ wo1 ~ :: ~ ~o}-_8_.

Lf .:1.~~1 ~1~~ W0 ] ~ ti-74::- ~T~ 0 1 q rril-]- B-J"M lill"Ci1..8...

:ul;;;~ 'i'JOI LHq

*~ AIL!Oil A:P?- ~q *~ AIL!Oil A:P?- ~q I~{:!~~ 'rd~ * ~q
R§ crol0j§.c5f!::.2.f 7~2.1 '2.1- 9:jq '2.1- 9:jq I ~-§-Oi.A.~ !::!:2.iA:Iq

2 7f ..8..~ 7CJ:Ai]7}- l:J.!f- ~ ~1;]]..8...

Lf oj~~1 7:114f 7CJ:Ai]7}- ~ ~t:f74:- ?J-61-B-}-7]7}- ~'a~OI q ~OjXj Lf7~ ~
customers leave (to lose busi:::'V
ci ~ ~ Oi~ .A] .£ %2.}-..8...

R§ ~;J;iilf L.:j~ '2.1- ~q '2.1- ~q 1 ?l~i5f717 f c.1 ~-§-OiA: I cr

~Ail7f

Ol ~g.g. L.:j~~~~5fq ~~~c5fq I ~'a-§-OI q \§!OiA:~ Lf7fq

R§ ~o I L.:l~ 'rJCf ~o 1Btcr 1 .2.-!:i=--§- £lA~ .::J.'2.1-.!:f.cr

(1) 7f l:l17}- 78~ ?Jo1 ..2..1;]1..9...

Lf Ol~fill::lll~ 0j01 .2.."Cf7fJ;;. "&"1'7}- \t.A1.£ %2fii..

(2) 7f o}-~011.£ 2fft!g ~~Oi..G...

Lf _ _ _ _ _ __ _ __ _ {1 7Jg t>R 7.1 ~1 ~ 7-~ oJ1..G...

(3) 7f c.jA}- hl-17}- ..2..~.£ ~.ii1.oj1 ~ ~Oi..G...

Lf

(4) 7f Ji.~ %~ hl-17}- ofl~ £g oJ-A1 ~ -3! ~o}-..9...

Lf ~.I!.% (5~ 0 1~:Al .£ %2fJi..

---------------------------- ~~"6}-71 ~ ~ 1@1~1..9...

 :::!.."~711 7il 0~% 0,!01 c5r"C{-"7fJe t:)1~g ~~"5}71
(1)
~ ~ 7'joj1.R.

- - - - - - - - - ~ oJ1 .g.-A~17}
(2)

(3) - - -- - - - - - - - ~1<?:foJ1

(4) ------------------------- *:§:1-li.£

2E.:2 Korean Grammar ri1 'lb.·e · Intermed iate

 7f .A}'if~ 0 1 Ef 0 1 %.Acl~Y-Jl?
Did a lot of people agree (with you)?

Lf l;j1, 10q3 % 9q3°1 %.AcJ~_QJ. .j77} 71~ q

%.AcJ ~ J-~01Li1.ft.
Yes, 9 out of 10 people agreed, so you could say almost everyone
did.

Did you live a long time in Seoul?

Lf l;j1, 20\1 °1.AJ if~_.2._y77} .A~ %o1 .:JI<5J ~

J-~oloflit.
Yeah, I lived there for over 20 years, so it's practically my home.

01 .R~~ AI{J ~ .:1~:x: 1 ::: 'ri":X:I'2! Wof::: Af~OI O:l2.i 7f:X:I ~~~ j!2.=1~ ~ ~~~££ ~~ ~.rr~££
.:1~ ~.!LO I 71Lf .::J.2.i~ ~:C.f2.f::: :!:££ Af§ru-Lief. '-2f/:i!f Df~!"7f:X: I ef'2.f::: 2.1DI~Lief.
This expression is used when the speaker, after considering a number of possible situations, concludes that
somet hing could be considered more or less t he same as t he topic or subject t hat has been mentioned. ~
has the same meaning as the expression -2f/21- Of~!lf;J;ICf.

I:J 1
-::!- 1!)0ief
~q ~ ~ ~ O I Cf
- - --- -- ··· · - - -
{! ~ O i ef
- ( 0 )L ~O i ef
~q ~ ~ ~ O i ef
v ... ... ... .... ... ... ........
7f::: ~Oief
~ ::: ~Oief
···----·····---· ·--- - ···-·· - - - -·-· · · -- - - -- -
 ~£:! ~01q .!:F-.E.Oiq .!:F-.E.~t:! ~01q
:em Ol~t:! ~01q ~gJ'o jq ~gJ'O I ~t:! ~o1q
NOjq .. ··· - ... .... ··- .. ·• · .

!f..E.Ojq !f..E.~ ~01q

~.AH ~~o1q
~gJ'o jq ~gJ' ~ ~01q

These shoes are more expensive than other brands.

L~ %~Jrf .A-j l:l]A ~ J.~Zf15~~ l:l]»-}.A] ?:.f~ J.~o]oJl.fL.

But when you consider the quality and service, then they're not (considered) expensive.

7~ ~J.~~o] .:?~o:J~~~ ?J-0]7~1-fA?

Do a lot of the students go on the school trip?

q +~ ~Ji!. ~).~ 95%7~ 7~l-j77]- ~2-j cf 7H::- ).~o]oj].fL.

95% of the students at our school go, so you could say almost all of them do.

7~ <>j :.<:~J .Al ~ ~.A~~~ Zf.A~ ~<>j .B.?

Did everyone pay their share at dinner last night?

q o~l-J.B., .!pJ\:)o] 200,000~ L}j.A].Jl +~~ lO,OOO~~Jt} ~<>1A.

No, the department manager paid 200,000 won, and we each paid 10,000 won.
7~ .:Z.'E) .!pJ\:JlJ]].A-j cf L}j{l ).~o]l:j]A.
In that case, it's just like the department manager paid for all of it.

1 7~ 0
1*-0 1 .!f:ltQl 30~ -%!.<?.1~1 "'i1~t>H.A-J 5~ -%!.oJ1ito-JJl.
q .=l~ J: ~ ~.Qj .:g-~}.£ ~ .A~o1t:J1A.

Ol ~01 ~2./130'2! ~~Cil Ail~iiH.A.i 5'2! ~OII.A.~q ~ 7i2.l ~Xi;f£ -},l:q

~gg 10%~011 '2! ~~ECii ~7~ 2Q%q .2..£q ~E-O I 2..S.A I 'G.~'-q
%.:il ~ff.Ei~ 10'2! ~011 -}.1:-EC-JI -*2.1tt l7~ C:i 'rjOI ~q %.:il ~ff.E:m "-H~ff.E-J.!i!q ci tt i.u~f

2 7f 7~7712-] o:j "6~ ~ 7-r? 7}J.i1Jl?

q ~ \1oJ1~ Jti .Aj.S:. 7}1-]77} ~.Qj <?J- 7} ~ J.~o1oJlA.

7 ~77 12.1 O:j~~ A~-'? 7fq <§! '.::!011 ~ \:! ~£ 7~LI77f 7-j2.j
'2! 7fq
7-j iii~ '[~O I D ~.A. I q <§1-"?~011 ~ -B ~£ Of.A.ILI7Jf 7-j2.j '2! D~.A.Iq

7~:1!f .2.1 6J~ A~-'? 5fq Ai 8~g q~ \:!. OI\:J ~g. Ail\:! ~.2.LI7Jf ~-'?~011 ~ \:! 5~Q

284 Korean Grammar iN ~·e · Intcm1ediate

 (1) 7t o]Jtj_ o:j<S-] ,<?_ ~;.}oj]J-i 4f~l:l]2.} ~}.}l:l ] ~ LJ1 ~LJ1.fL. (~~ .!f-Ji.ojq)
q .=:J..cl].fL? .=z.~ o]Jti o:j<S-],<?_ fi.Qj !f.~OJ I-1!0il.:(1.2..

(2) 7t ;.i % -l1-78 ,<?_ ?Joj "6}il_o].fL? (~~::::= q 7} ~q)

q AJE-1 f-<>1 l:l-JA.~ Et.IL -l1-1 ~ ~~Y77r
(3) 7t ~ji.J,i::: q ~)io-J.fL? (~Lj-q)
q ojJ-~j uj-.!f- 2-j~ -6}~ £jy77]- q

(4) 7t o]Jti »-7] ;.j~ ~ ~ ~q~;_i.fL? ;.j~oj %XJ:3)l.l;j].fL. (..2.27-j ?Jq)

q »-7] ;.j~ ,<?_ ~ ~:=c~] W-6}7] ;.j~ ~ 7:- ~J-i ~~~] Ad-31 ,<?_

~~101~ uj-3. »-l, oj-~ "Q:j~o-J.fL?

ot3. ~~ uj-il_~y77]- (1)0J" DJ,% 1-1!0IOil.2..
~~101~ oj-~ojj l:lj-l:ll:lil_o"].fL?

ot3. loJl. s_ '(5"6}cf7} ~Y77r J-j;jo] ?Jo]l(o-J.fL.

~~101~ ;i '(5 ~ :A}? "6}J-i].fL?
Dt3. ~-?~Oil 5~6Jti -6}y77]- ~~ uH~ (2)
- - - - -- - -
~~10 1~ %, 0 ]Jtioj] ~ 7] ;.j~ o-J'fl:A] ?J1to-J.fL?
~-lL ~ LJ1lf !t 0 ] 50~ 0 ]"6~ W1tLJ1.fL.
Dt3. .=:J..cl].fL? .=z.~ Al ::: Aj ~ ~ (3) . Al::: 60~ ~ W1t~ ;::.fL.
~~10 1 ~ .=:J..~icl] :lljjojA.Jil ,<?_ ~ <(t- "6};.jy. ~.fL. ~~ ~oj uj-3. ».] :lljjoj A.~oj .fl._~
:74]4;:- <?Jci] 0 ]E 7} <(t- !r.Jo-J ~q.JI -6}t:ic}.JI.fL.
ot3. ~ ~-?~Oil 3o~ Ad ::c.~ "6}ti77r (4)
- - - -- - - - -- ---
~~101~ Dj-3. ».j::: ~lf-~ -6}}-j :::~.fL!
 1

G) ~ A~1 ~ ~»-17r ~frl Y (f) ~A~1 ~ ~»-171- W<Xtt:l y

@ ~A~1 ~ ~»-]7]- ~{Jl .!:2_L-j @ ~ A~1 ~ ~»-17r ~{<X,t g_ E11Y

G) A~1l:lJ01 'V___0_l(j_ ~)!)_~Ji. (f) A~1 l:lJ__0_£_ 1:J1 ~ ~ »- Jl 'V_ Ol Ji.

@ A~1l:lJ~ trf.£ ~~ 7-l1~ 0 1e>i1Ji. @ A~1l:lJ~ ~~ 7-jl..-j- uj-{}7]-7.1oJ1Ji.

3 7f .g~5~~ 711 L-j.!:f. Oj2.~.<f4R ~71~77~ _lti_~R

q .!:r..::rq :kigOll~ q .::IcHR _______ _ .:?-1~~ 710liR

G)7-11-4:;:- -&-~<'>1-Jl .!:2_ y 7-11-4:;:- -&-{! <'>]-ct .!:2_li:!

(f)
® 7-11-4:;:- -&-~-oR 59:-r:l Y @ 7-11-4:;:- -&-~ il]-ct .!:2_ y 77]-

4
7f .2.~ 2H 2<E:l0ll ~711 .2.~0iR?
q §££ 7~~ CfjA~ ~ ~Jl X{~Cil
----------- ~CH£ 7~ ~ CfjA

G) tJl A~ ~cfl(j_ (f)tJlA~ Ej-Jl.!:2_L-j

® 1:1-jA ~ EJ-t:lY~ @ tJl A ~ Ej- ~rl L-j

<D OlA~1 ~%e>i1 7rt:lY "'Fi:J-01.Aj~ W:"<lt~Ji..

uR-&- g ~ g_ :.z.J-9 ~ct .!:2_1(! ~~-oR~~il...
(f)
® ::t:it! »-171- ~e>i1 ~ ~*ElY .B.~~ %~*~ct.
@ .=I. ~711 ~<5]-l:j-7]--2 ~J-]-oj1.Al i}l:lJ ~ ~<51-711 ~ 71 oJ1Ji..

7f 2.1~~~ '2._1-q~ lllfoH.A.i ~,ta l ~o~c1.s:. ~ q2.~R

Lf

286
 7~ 0}77} .g.;z.} .5!..~~-ci] *
I sent a text earlier. Didn't you get it?
~.2..1J,e>i.fl?

q ~~ ~ 0 ]Sie>i .fl. ~~ ~011~ *qj~~

7Jl *7-l !:.fl.
I was in class. I turn my cell phone off when I'm in class.

Dear, take a lunchbox with you.

q £J-] ~ ~ ~:Ail »-1- *~Ol.fl? _5>_ ~ ~ ~ ~ e>i xtY-

S!.t;J]Jl. ~ 1£] ~ /l].fl . .Jlo}-%l.fl.
When did you prepare a lunchbox? You must have gotten up early
today. I'll have it for lunch. Thank you.

01.R~:= Ol't! ~§~ ~'cl! .!f.l ::1. ~EH ~ ~14;- ~:AIW rrH ~:= OIDI OI~Ol~ ~EH ~ ~~~ -'i?-:AI<5~.:Ll:A~ ~ rrH
Aj§~Ljq_

This expression is used to indicate either the continuation of a state after doing an action or the maintaining
of a previous state of being.

_]
N ~q
v -OUOl ~q
~~ q ~~ Oj ~q
=~-----··---------------------------------------------------·---·· ------ --
• 'ihl-]7}t::+~l-J77} 7.i] 7} :§:1Qj1l<>11 o]c.] 7}l-i 01] ~3[1_~ ~ Oi ~~JLllA.
Since the weather's hot, I'll go to the conference room in advance and turn on the air conditioner.

• ~.:;toj];;tj]J-i ~,<:_ .::1~ ~ ~Oil ~ <>i ~~Oi..B...

I hung the painting I received from my friend on the wall.

• Oi7-i]Li.!f- nJ-t!:-i>Jll-i 1i~7.] ~ '?J- i5Jl *'Jl ~CiA.

Yesterday, I was so tired I went to bed without washing the dishes.

288 Korean Grammar r'I! 'lis·e · Intermediate

 - - -- --------~----

1 Ol .R~ ~OU '-0~/0f.£ A I~~ <c!~ OiDI(Oll: -~/~Oi£. -0 ~/0i£. -O UOiAi g m 2.'2:1 '-0~/0i
!q'.£ ~<2.,1'~ * <x!~ Liq.
When this expression is followed by a connective ending that begins in -Of/Oj, such as -'U/~OJR - Of/Ol
R, and -Of/OjAi, it can be shortened to -Of/Oj Xf.

• ~ \!JAH7} ~o1 l.fAi ~:I~ <;>:lo-] *~o-J.fL.

= g ~ \!JAH7} p,J-o1l.fAi ~g ~ <;':1 o-J ?:(o-J.R.
• i?'~ ~ oJ1<2f'8Jl "*o}Ai ~~ 7}A1 ?:.fo}s:. ~.fL.
= i?'~ ~ oJ1Q.)''8Jl .xf).i ~~ 7}A1 ?:.fo}s:. ~.fL.

2 sA~ ·~cfQj ~ ?~ ·~o~ ~q'.£ '6~/\l ?i.:il '~O ~Ef.q(~<EJW: !q-Ef.q)'.£ AI§~Li q.
In the case of the verb ~q, the verb ~O f~Cf (abbreviated form: xf~Cf) is used instead of ~Of ~q.

• :>:J'd'~~ o}.!f-J;HY. .xf¥~ o-JW/'11 ~rt.J?

• ~qj ~"11 "l1 ~ }J~~ "*o}_!f.~*l.Jct.

·-~/~-·.i!~ '-0~/0i ~q·~ Cj%.i!~ ~ ::: j: ~OI7~ <x!~ Liq.

The differences between -'It/~- and - Of/Oj ~q are as follows.

-~;~q - OUOi ~q
....... _....____ _,.._~.,.,...... ··--·-··· ·---------- .... ------ ---- .................... ------ ---:·"·--···· ... ·------···-···-··-------···- ---·- --· ___........... ..
_. .....~ ................
OJ ~~ ~ CfE Cil .2i;.~O I 'X..!€/LICf. .:J. ~~01 Ol~ OJ~ ~~01 ~Lf.:il. .:J. ~EH7f 711~ ~:A I.!r.i.JI 'X..!i3'LICf.
OU£ 711~ ~:A I.!r.ie:AI <zJ- .!r.le:AI ~ ~€/Lief. * The resulting state of an action after it has been
The focus is on the performance of an action. completed is maintained.
It is impossible to know whether the result of the
action continued following its completion.
1 7f o.p~Jll i>BR? 1':X l§ ~ {f-=r~ ~ ~@}-~e>iR.

Lf 1' :X l§ ~ ~ Oi ~Jl Y-~r:.J-j]_Jl? ~2-1 ~ 011 7} 2tJ.i]Jl.

7 f~~nq

jl7 1~ ~:gj]_OJI ~ q

2 7f ~u}, Lf7}l-i ~o}s:. ~Jl?

Lf l.:j]l::lJ~ A~tl~Y? l::lJ~ A~tl i>ll ~Jl ~0}01=7.1.

Lf7fJ..i~Cf L:ll tg,t-~ ~2.lofCf I ~q

~2:Utt i~.!:2.Cf ~Ail~ q ofCf I ~2.iltt l~~ .!:2.Cf
Cfe ~~ 7liLH .!:2.Cf

(1) 7f o}{)Oi] ~y 77} ~:AJ{J_ o] 2:AJ )±Jtlc:i ]Jl. (27-]r:.j-)

Lf cj J-} »-]7)- L.f{} J-j-ojoj] u}.::=L ».]7)- 21-1 -f-OJ.Oi.2_,

(2) 7f oj7-] ~ 7'-] ~oj]Ji..? (E.j-q)

Lf C J-j2 1{.Q..r;:j_ C J.-l1Ji... Al] 7} l:lJ i}- - - -- - 7'-j ~ oj] Ji...

(3) 7f e:J~. 2_ -T ~ ~»-i L.f{} 7-] oj]Ji..? (?S~-z>]-q)

Lf 1.:]1, l:lJ ~ Lf7)-cj-2 ~ ~c:i] .=L\:f Lf7)- Bi 510iii..

(4) 7f 2Jl o] ~ Jll ~o] ? %lR? (nq)

Lf Ai]7)- Ql~·W rrJl ~ lJl:lJ ~ - - -- - - - .=z_2J1 Ji...

(5) 7f e:J ~. lij o] 2Jl 0 ] ~Jj] :A] :A1 ~<'>Bii.? (.=Lcj r:.j-)
Lf Oj-77} ~oj] o}o] ~o ] lij oj] .=z_~ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .=z_2J1Ji...

290 Korean Grammar iR 'lise · Intermediate

 7. 7c}-~ ~ ~ ~ 77}it?
Shall I close the window?

No, you can just leave it open because it's hot.

7. 7-}-%:7-~ o-]~ 711 ito-Jit?

How did you manage to buy a car?

q .::J..%~ ~ i>~oJ1 7.~~'311 ~ ~_9.__£ ito-Jit.

I bought it with the money I had been saving in the bank.

1 Ol R~ ~ 01't'! ~a ~ ~ .!fl.£1 .gEHq ~:ilf7 f .:J.CH.£ ~:AI !r.l7il ~q~ ~Q..£. <fiOli.A.i I: IH.g '-O f/01 ~q·
2f t:JI~~ 2.I D I~ 7 f~ LICf. ~.A.f'2I <fiOll ~.::?~~Lief.
This expression refers to the continuation of a particular state of being following the completion of an
action. Thus it is similar in meaning to the abovementioned -{)VOl ~q. Only verbs can come before this
expression.

-------· ----------------------------------~·------------

~m ~q
v ~01 ~q

• J.ii£}- ~l-oll ~iL~ -3!. 0] pjo)-J.i 15J.AJ ;g-7t %'-lt:f.

There are a lot of important things in the drawer, so I always keep it locked .

• %~~~ ~~Jt!~~ ~ Oi ~ 9-~ ~ ~o-]J:Ji~o-].R.

I lost my pocket book in which I had written down the phone numbers of my schoolmates.

• 7,~ .Ai]%1 ~ *o] o-]t:Joj].R?

Where did you park the car?
2 01 R~~ c~:= <§!~ f?l:llo~71 ~loH 01rt! ~§~ \:!:A~ o~7~q ~ .gEH.s;. <ll~ rrH ;..~~LI CL
This expression is used to indicate either doing an action in advance to prepare for some other event or
action or the fact that something is already in such a state.

• ..2..~ ~ '?J.7.Jo] ?Jo}l-i ~{I ~ ~ 1-];fro] ~~7.]£ %c.}.fL. o]cj ~~ ~ oj f-aj.Jl t>R.fL.
Today, I have a lot to do, so I might not have time to eat lunch. I plan to eat lunch early (in advance).

• ~.IE~ n:J11J*"O"}:A] ~..9..aj~ <t!~ ~ W0 l ~ f-1-i].fL.

If you don't want to make any mistakes when giving your presentation, then practice a lot in advance.

·-a ~/01 ~cf~ ·-o ~/01 ~q'.2J- 7~2.11:1 1:;::-opJI M~Liq. .::z.2.H;..i 01 ~~;..is;. l:l~f-1 JJ.i.s=. ~ .g-Efol ~~
?3!?-7~ '[l~Liq. .::Z.iE!Cil '-0~/01 ~cp~ '-0 ~/01 ~q·.s!q ~~-'§!~sOl ~/\l£1~ AI?!O I ~ ?3!?-7~
Bt~Liq .::z.2HAi 01rt! ~~ .s!BoP~q :A~~w UH ·-a~/01 ~cp~ c-J 'ClOI M~ Liq.
The expression -Of/01 -9-Cf is used in almost the same way as - Of/01 ~q , and therefore in many cases the
two expressions can be used interchangeably. However, compared with - Of/01 1fCf, - Of/01 -9-Cf is more often
used to indicate that a relatively long time has passed since a particular state of being came about. Thus,
-Of/01 -9-Cf is used more often in cases describing the storage or saving of something.
• o:j7]:::: 3:~ Aj t:Jl %:c\% .!i!.~"6fl ~ :£-'?JLJt:.f.
This is where we store items from the Joseon Dynasty.

• o] ~ ~ \§.7-c:f.Jloj] ~aj .!f-.JI ~.R~ !Ijjo}q 7Jjl..Jl Mi.R.

(I) freeze (and keep) garlic in the freezer to be used when necessary.

1 7f ~ ~ ~lE .f?B1 q ~ c:>i.R?

q l:Jl, ~lE ~ § ~ o1~ .21%1 .!f-~..2_1...]7!} .cpj<5}7-1 o}J-i1.R.

~.H. LH~ Dl2.1.2.1~q

~R~ .A-J.W:;~ 012.1 ~q

~ A:fli:;~ Di2.i£~q

2 7f ~~011 7}~ oj-Aj-51 ~oj1Ai o:j~ 5j ~ ~2{-~Ai.R?

q l:Jl, .=Li!ljAi Oj-Aj-51 »-1lf-.2.\37J111{].A}c}.£ %[ 9- ~7]1

I{)_A}~~ o 1~ _:g-_!f- "8fl .!f-al JUl. to stay {overnight)

~.Af2.f.S:. ~ * ~7il ~.AF.J~ o12.1 ~.!:f!oiCf

~*iifA:I Bt7il ~g g~ Dl2.1 'MCf
£2.17JI ~~ -t!~ ~?j~ 012.1~l:lliifCf

292 Korean Grammar u1 CZue-· Intermediate

(1) 7~ ~.!!!_, .2_ ~ 77}1{}~ OJ~~ ~Jl 7}of "&"li::-t;J1 J.i1'12f~Oi£.?

q 1;]1, ~ii~H Jf.OJ.£1.477~ ~Jl 7}J.i1.R.

(2) 7~ {Jl:l1),i, -?~~1 tl]1E\:f~ ~J 7li::-t:i1 .:§:.~~ oj1Q{~Lf£.?

q 1;]1, ;,1ti1 .:§:.~.£ - - - -- - - - - -

(3) 7~ Lll~ :§:]Q.]~1 ~-6:1-&-1-~ ~~~1:711 q ~S:f~Oi.R?

q Li1, ~-?~ {l~1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ t:j-~-6:j-5~ ~ oj1£..

(4) 7~ ~~~1 %1-.AJ ~7~ oJ1.2.-&-j-;.11;]1£..

q 1;]1, £.:; ~cJ~o1 {Jt>R74;,l _ _ _ _ _ _ ?:[~~ :AJ-T ~ Oil:l-jt:q1;]1£..

(1) 7~ t:J-% tg~1 ~t:q ),/,171- 7~.i!f ~7J11 t.R~1 .g.t:ll.R. (.:r-&-1-t:J-)
q .:::Z.~.R? .:::Z.if:! ~t:q ),1,1 7~o1 DJ% ~ ~ o1t:q -=ttJH .!f-OjOflJ!Oi.2..

(2) 7~ 2}~~01 .2-~ t:j-~;,-j_R? (;,j-q)

q .:::Z.~.R? .:::z.if:! 7]-~ 01 .2_271 {1 ~1 Bf01 - - - -- - -

(3) 7 ~ %-.R~%~~ 0 1 lf£~t;J1 Oi W/11-&-J-:7.1£.? (~71t:f)

q .:::Z.'tJ , .:§:.~ ~1;,-j :A1ti1 ~ %<(} .:§:.~ .!!!_~~~1 _ _ _ _ _ __

(5) 7~ 1l~~1 lf-.2.\:l7Jj1 E.~~~~ ite>i.R? ('T:I.-&-1-t:J-)

q 1;]1, :7.1\:!"9-011 %.:D.:~~1 ~~ {1~1 lf-.2.\l 9:]~1
s:.:3fw ~ 011£..
 -(..2..) L ~H£.

7f T' 2 Cj 'W,<:'_ ~ ~o-]Jl?

Did something bad happen?

q 0}712.} »-17} Wotq ~0 1 ~TI ~~ .A-ioJ1711 ~~

~ o-J J-i ~Po 0 1 1-fJl.
I'm frustrated because Akira calls me every night drunk.

It looks like Akira likes you, Jaya.

Why are your clothes so wet?

Lf *~ ~ ~ Cj 7}.A1Jl Q}J-i :£ ~ Cf:l ~ ~~ *~ ~

il~J-i .:::L~Jl.
I didn't bring my swimsuit, so I went swimming with my clothes on.

Ol R~:= ~~~£1 Oi'tl {tEHq ~8 ~ ~ {tEHOU.A.i ~~~£1 ~§OI OI~Oi~~ qE~tg! ITH .A.~~Liq_

'-{ 0 )L j:H£' 'itOll ~AH~Oiq D I 2H~O I 2.AI ?i~Liq. ~.A.f '.£'~ ~S:/'5~.il '-{O)L j:H' ~EH~ .A.~W *
<XI~LICf.
This expression is used to indicate that the action in the following clause is performed while in the state, or
under the circumstances, described in the preceding c lause. The present and future tenses are not used
before - (£)L xH£. This expression can also be shortened to -(£)L J:H by omitting the particle£.

-(O) L j:H.£

nq
v -(.£) L j:H.£
Qjq
· · · · - - - - - -- -

294 Korean Grammar;, 'tl.re · Intermed iate

 • & 0 1l=1¥ ~cr"-1 ~ 7-JJL ~ ~ ~o-j ~~ 7.11.£. % ~ 11J ~ q o}1j_~ LJI:f.
I was so thirsty that I drank an entire bottle of water with the refrigerator door open.

• Al :::: <ll7cJ ~ ;: 7.11.£. <ll7cJ ~ ~:::: 7cJ-iL7 } 7 ffi ~ o-j .B...

I sometimes start looking around for my glasses while I have them on.

• ~~ )).1:::: -!f.TICl-8:- ~ 7-114r Jl7R ~ ~J 7.11 o1o~71 ~ '9!1o-J.B...

Eunyeong, seeming embarrassed, kept talking with her head down.

1 '-{ 0 }L ~H£' ~011~ '7~Cfq '2.Cf §-.A.~ .A.f§o~XI ~~Li ef.

The verbs 7fCf and 2.Cf are not used before -(.2)L J;H£.

• ~.li!.oJI {} ~.£ ~.!jl-~e>lit. (x)

- ~.li!.oJI 7}J-i ~.!jl-~e>lit. ( 0)

2 ~ ~§-0 1 ~~o l ~OlB ~EHOII.A.i ~OjLKJ~ ol-E ~§-011~ .A.f§o~XI ~~Lief.

This expression is not used to describe situations that are naturally expected after the preceding action
occurs.

• 7}~ !§: g ~ ~u 2ftBg ~~<>lit. (x)

- 7r~ !§: g ~.:il ettB g ~~<>l£.. co)
: 2.f~~ ~0171 !i!-I5H.A.i e 'a~ol ~ 7M of71 [HgOJI .A.~of~ Oi~~LI Cf.
Because it is obvious that heat is required to cook noodles, here the use of -(.2) L J;H£ sounds
awkward.

3 Ol .H.~~ '-OUOl ~~ ~H£'q '-0 ~/0i ;'§ ~H£'£1 ~EH£5:. i'i'OI .A.f§g[Lief.
This expression is also often used in the forms -Of/0-j ~g J;H£ and -Of/0-j ~ J;H£.

• :I~ ~..g.~~.£ it2.J ~ '6J!J-i ~~oJl \!P·H7r 1Jot7Jl !.fit.

= :I g .
~op~ ..g. ~H.£ £. 2.j ~ oUJ-i ~~oj] ~J.H7} {Jo};.tJ] !.f£..
= :I g ~o} ~ ~.£ £.2.j ~ '6jjJ-i ~~oj] ~J-H 7} {Jo};.tj] !.f£..
The house reeked of cooking because I cooked with the door closed.
 '--0~/0i ~q· ~~ '--0~/0i ¥q'2.j- '-( 0 ) L :kH~·::: Oirt! ~~OI ~J:I£1::: 3:!~ ~J:I'2.! Cf*:i!~ ~~ j:~j7 ~
<L!GLiq.
While - Of/Oll!fef. -Of/Ol !f.ef. and -(£)L ~H£ all refer to the continuation of a state or action, they have the
following differences.
------------
- (O)L :kH~

,. (1) Ol't:! ~§O I ~E..§ 3:!011 ~~01 ~§Lief. (1) ~.2.1 ~EH 7 f ~AI£1e 3:!011 ~~0 1 ~§Lief.
The focus of meaning is on the fact that the The focus of meaning is on the fact that the
action was completed . resulting state is maintained.

• 7ol-~ ~ '?i!e>i ¥.:il .:g-.!jL~;;yr:}.

~ ~~ Oje ~§o l ~s.£Jjl ~go1 ~2.~ ~e ~ ~go 1 ~2.~ ~e ~EHOII ~~~ !f.j]_ ~§Lief.
~Eijlf ~:AI£1-E Cil ~~OI ~§Lief. Focus on the fact that the window is in a
Focus on the fact that the action of opening state of being open.
the window was first completed, and then
that state continued.

(2) C£l2j ~~01 ~E_£jjl 'cl ¥.J .:J. ~EH7f ~;q~Lief. (2) ~21 ~EH7f ~AI.§ ~EH~ Lf£fLjjE!.£ ~.Q.j ~~
[[f2.fAi Ol't:! ~~ ~fC.f7 f 'C! ~EHOII ~~ Ol~~LICf. ~fef7f 'C! ~EH£. AI§~ 4- ~§Lief.
The previous action is completed, and the The previous state is simply maintained, and
resulting state is subsequently maintained. therefore the expression of incomplete actions
Thus, it sounds awkward when used to describe or states is possible.
actions that are not completed before doing
something else.

~ jl71~ ~~IC.f7f 'C! ~~OlE!.£ Ol~~Lief. ~ ef ~AI '[J.§ jl71~ ~~ere 2joi~Lief.
The meat was not fully cooked, so this This sentence means the meat w as eaten
sentence is awkward. while it was not fully cooked.

(3) <>let! ~~I ~E..§ ~~IAi ~7lliflgotl (3) <>let! bf~OI ~:A I£1-E ~EHOIIAi efe ~~ ~ lifl
<>let! bf~OI ~:AI£1-E ~EHe ~I ?J§Lief. AI§~ 4- ~§Li ef.
Because it expresses the completion of an This can be used to express the continuation
action, it cannot be used to express the of a certain emotional state while doing
continuation of one's emotional state. another action.

(4) ~~Af2.f Al§~f~ Ol~~Lief. (4) ~~Af2.f AI§~ 4- ~§Lief.

This should not be used with verbs that indicate This can be used with verbs that indicate the
the wearing of things on the body. wearing of things on the body.

296 Korean Grammar uz 9./se · Intermediate

1 7f 7]{Io] {1"5}1;j]Jl.

Lf ~~~Oil 7cf~ g ~~ "* ~ ~.£ *Glti frO I ~~£1 q eyes become bloodshot
.'II'.~XIl f Lfef to break out in a (skin) rash
~710i1 ~'8 ~ {to}Jl.

7I~OI~5fc.f Oj~~Oll §~ ~Oj ~q I ~IC:iLI-f:t7 IOJI ~2.1Cf

~01 ~:gq Oj;l:il ~Slj.§.;m~~ 771Cf I*~~ ~CiLI ~OI %~£1q

~~I %17 f '[Jo I ~q aj~ -58 rri-25H.Ai ~~ A:ISFA:I ?.tc.f I ~ciLI.!11!9-A: I7f qq

2 7f t_ROiP·l ~;::: ~ JI} -£ g u}{J rrlJ Aj:r-Jot ~

oj]~o] <V_~Jl?
jl}H~ ~2.1q to t urn one's head (to the side)
Lf .:il7fl ~ ~~_Q_.£ ~1(! ~fl -£ g u}A:Jot :!91Jl.

OJ-E~.i!l- ~ D~ ITH .:i:l7H~ ~2.£ -§-2.1Cf I~ Df.A~O f £1Cf

Cf-E .A~ ~Oil ~ ITH -tJ~~ -tJCf I ~LHOll ~Oj7f'2:! '2! £1Cf
6j.A~ ~ ITH ~~ %JOJI ~q I OIOf71~ 5f'2:! '2! £1Cf

'-(.£)L jH£'~ .A.~5H.A.-l c~:; cH£:~ ~~c5~AiiR.

(1) 7f <?i~Lf"'l o]oF7]if77}Jl? ('f:lq I o]oF7]o}q)

Lf o}LJ.fl.., '@_~.Q.Lj77} :J.\3' o~ 7-fl.£ OI O~lltib'il9. .

(2) 7f .2..~ "§}j]]_Oi] \fl:lJo] 'ii :£1~cf~"'-1.fl..? (21-"'f-~ <iJq I 4-<fl ~ ~q)
Lf l:Jl, :J. ~ "'l .2.-¥- 0 }-? ~3{::1 ~~.fl...

(3) 7f ~~ 1lBR7} 7] ~o] Lfllll} .!l!Oi.fl... (-?niLJOil -2-~ ~q I o]OF7l ~ ~ q)

q l:j]7} :J.~A].

(4) 7f ~u}, l:lR7} o}li}Jl. (Jl}<?J ~ 0-!Al ?J-q I ~q)

q :J.t[i7} .!1!-ct.

(5) 7f :1. ~~7} lf-"'-1~~.fl..? (.!f- -2-.Q.£ ~~~ 7}c.]q I~~ .!:i!q)
Lf l:Jl, :J_~ ).l - - - - - - -- -- - -- - - - -
 7~ ;;z}ol= ~17} q_t~ g~o J Aaw 3!-<Vl;jJiL.
The food you (Jaya) made is really good.

q _g_ cj ~ oj] »- Oi <V ~ til.£ ~ r:l y g ~ 0 13!-<V711

~ e>iiL.
I made it according to my cookbook, an·d it turned out welL

Which team won the soccer match yesterday?

Just as expected, our team won.

Ol .H.~~ {:!~~£1 ~~:ilf ~~OI ~~~£1 ~8~ ~q::_ £1DI£ ~)..f2.f grJJll )..~g,fLI Cf. ~)..f2.f grJJll AA~

liH::_ ·~0112. :::_ ~)..f£1 S,::i!~ ~0 1' EE::_ ·~011 2.:::_ ~)..f£1 5.:~ [Cf2.f)..f2.j £1D I£ )..~g,fLICf.
This expression indicates the doing of the following action in the same manner as, or in accordance with ,
the preceding action. In these cases, it is used toget her with verbs. It can also be used with nouns to mean
"just as" or "in accordance with" the preceding noun.

-(O)L CH£
v
~i ::: CH£
-----------~----------------"-----------------------------------~----------------------------;------------------------------------------~-------------------
~;..i cH£
N
~ zj-r.H£

293 Korean Grammar ut 'lue · Intermediate

 • 7-]i} J-~Z{o] Y- ~ qj.£. -=z.~ g ~Jti -=z.aj .!i!..-"i]il...
Please draw a picture based on whatever comes to mind.

• ~o-jy7} 7-]\:t ?~Oil ~4j.~ qj.£. ~A~] ~~{loj] 7}-"l -"fl 3. g ;,} 9-1t~.R.
Just as she promised last weekend, yesterday Mom went to the department store and bought me some
new clothes.

• O:j7] oj] ~~ g~ ~ o}%t:J1.£. .2..!f-l;!:j~5:. ~Ycf.

You can eat any of the food here as much as you like.

1 oI .H~:= .!:2.~ -§.A.~q ~.A.~2.f gr7Jli.A.~~LICf. .:J.2.iq ~-§.A.~ ·~<5~cf. ·~q's>.f ·-j l {,!Cfq'£1~Sf­
::: gr7Jli .A.~~ 4- ~~Lief.
This expression is normally used together with verbs and nouns. But - .::il ~q can be combined with the
adjectives ll!ofc.f and ~q .

• ii}Jl -i,]..g. J:j]_ii!_ .2.:: ~ ~ q ~ * 'V-2..1(! %-~o-Jll...

I wish I could do anything I want.

• 41~:=_ Jt!~ qj£ 3:~ ~o-]£ £!lll...

Tomorrow you can wear anything you want.

• ~_g. 1:~5!_ ~.7.c)if}J-i1ll...

Decide whatever you want.

2 '-( 0 )L/::: CH£' ~011::::: !f.~ .H~OI ~

Negative expressions cannot come before -(.2.}L/eCH£.
* ~~Liq

• Ai:= ~-=jl-7\- <'>]-;{1 %f-i::-~£ Wo-Jll... (x)

- •Ai:::: ~-=jl-7} 151--\::-qj£ Wo-Jll... (o)

3 ' ::=: cH£'::: ~~~£1-§6J"O I OI~Oixl ::: ~.A.I *-~~£1-§6J"OI '§!Oiq::=: -?.:!~ qE~~ rrH .A.~<5f71
.S:. gjLICf.
This expression is also used to indicate that the following action occurs or is done immediately upon the
occurrence of the preceding action.

• EcJ"~oJVi %0 }..2..-\::-qj£ ~'1{£cj3!).,;yq-.

I will contact you as soon as I return from France.

• tQ "11 £-3}15}-\::-J:j]_ii!_ 0 1D11~~ .!1:!.41 ~J-171 l:I}~Ljr:J-.

Please send an email upon your arrival in New York.

• o1'i}15}A1lil- ::1. ~~ :g-41{::- qj£ A-1 % £.2}?J-i1ll...

I'm sorry (to bother you), but please lend me a hand once you finish doing that.
 .gEH~ qE~LH~ '-(o)L jH£'2/- '-(o)L/~ cH£'~ c~~ ~::_ jf<lj7~ <U~Liq.
The differences betw een -(.£)L j:H£ and -(.Q.) L /2: CH£, both of which express states of being, are as
follows.

-(O)L jfl~

Ol\9 ~~ ~;;:1~7-JLf J::l~£12: ~fE!i7f t;!!ofJ::I '(J~ 'Oi\9 ~101 ~~o-f2:£'b~~~ol'~ ~ LfEf'o)JLICf.
LfEf'o)JLICf. This expresses the fact that an action is done in
This expresses the fact that an action has stopped exactly the same way as another action.
or that a certain state continues.
• l.Jl7r ~;..J- ~ 21 J-i.w-;; 12.J~ t:Jl.£ ~~ 0 ]
J-i.w-;; ~;..J- ~ oJI %a! ~..g. ~H ~ 2 ~ ~<>I.a.. 12.J 15Jl ?Ai]R .
I left the documents on my desk when I left Please tidy up the documents just like I did on
work. my desk.
--- ------··---------·------~

1 7f 0 1 B-<>1 ~g % 7} 2 :7;] ?-"-11..9...

Lf 5:i5- o-]e;jJf-t..J77} ~7} ~g i>H= til.£ rr}2.f<5B .!i!.-"-11..9...

Oj 80i ~~-§ 7f~ ?Cf ~3- Oi2:l~Lillf L/Pf ~~o-IQ I III'2.foH !i!Cf
01~~ gxil-§ ~Oi ?Cf L/Pf gxi~ ~q I III'2.f ~Oi .!i!.Cf
~7H~ o-fe ~~ -§ ~2.~ ?Cf Lf£ ~ ~5fJ::I'21 LH7 f 5fq 1 oH .!i!.Cf

2 7f .A1\:t~oJ1 J-1 ~tl- li.£~E ~ ~ ~'& 4- ~o-]Ji..?

Lf l;j1, 7-l1~ Gl.£ ~ ~t;;!J£]Jl ~~1-Jt:f.

lll~ 1 ~ ~~£Jjl cuq

2.~ \;{JJ.j7f ~.£ '2! ~C·JI I::I I~717 f XiiAil.fOll £~fq ou~ I 10AIOll £~~ ~o ICf
Ol 717-11£1 AI-§~~~ <§1'2.~ ? Cf ~'i!'JAiOll CU-E ~'i!'l I Al§5f\:!:! £jq

~""~ Ko
..=.'-'"..... rean Grammar iR CZise . Intermediate
(1) 7f Jt}:§:.oJ:, 7}7-j]oj] c}l.;j~y? (.A]7].Ajc})

Lf l:Jl, f-171~J "Q{~ c} .A~o-]Jl.

(2) 7f ~~ g 7N=- x 0 l~~t:il ~ ~1-o1-n-<>1? C~.::r-71- ~t>H -?c})

Lf g' ~0 l-71-y 77} <>1 'fl 7.] ?J-~<>1 .

(3) 7f <>1~. ~l:ll.1£1 ~ ~ ~ ~<>1Jl? (Jlc.]~oJVi .!i!_c})

Lf l:Jl. ~~~t:i] 9f~~7-j .2..§.5]_o-]Jl.

(4) 7f .5:.7-}7] ~ -3]{"1 ~<>1 .!i!_y77} o-jliJIJl? (7}2~ -?c})

Lf lf£0 1<>124% ~ ~.J-~r;J]11-A~~oj i>}y 77} ~s:]Gjc}.:L!..Jl.

(5) 7f oj.£JI;~ lj'~ ~~ ~Y77}? (.A}i£foj ~"'i)i>}c})

Lf .2_.£
'--
~..Q..
2.
cf %[A Olby c}•
I.Ml=l

(1) 7f ~~ c} »-~ B-J5:!c}.:i!.. .!f-..2.~7Jj] ~~~);le>iJl? (.Al-il)

Lf l:Jl, :r]?!~~ %[771- i>}cf7l- .=!_"<f ~~J"Q{~ ~~C);le>iJl.

(3) 7f .Ai.W.~ o-]qoJ] -¥~~7.] .2..§.5],o-]Jl. 01-.!f-2.] ~o}s:. ~ .!i!_o:jJl. (Jtl.:§:.)

Lf ~Jl~ .Ai.W.~ ~ ?J-_Q_~~ 782.] ~ t>H.Ai .!i!_~t>l-s:.~ t>l-J-i lJl.

(4) 7f -c}% -?oJl 7}7].£ ~ ~:AJo] ~7]~<>1Jl? (c:xJJAc3)

Lf o}yJl, ~:AJ~ ~{lye}.

(5) 7f <?Ju]- ~oj] J-H.£ .Aj-3]-~ .A}<ij ~ ~5:].:1!.. ~e>iJl? (-A~Zf)

Lf o}yJl, ~~ s:jl:j]Jl.
 o;j
~ o:j
o~· ~ 0
o;jrlr ~~
0 ::!( ;:1
~ 0~
i<K ru1 -ocB- r1'Y '&
~ '"<~ w 1f.l ru1 Jflo r1
- ~
~w Lr :(:o 7i0w 0~
K Qi!= 0~ aj ~:n
o\ o\J 0
;'KI
-;:r J\J ojo J)J ;torn R"R" o;j o:
~ 0~ iJJl";jO R~ '"<
-=<t:J -=<t:J
-~ IU\JU !U\JU • •10 ~'&
of Lr r1 r1
_j
o~ nr ~ ,.J-

of ():j ~~ 0 0
r4
-=r pi PI H
" " 3:
,.J- ~ o:j -::!(
'Kj-
~
Oi~
'81U (IIU
........ 5"5" -=< 0 0 0
UiD •IO
LH
@@) Lr
i\~
~@) ~
_j
@@) ~~ ~
~~
@ @) ~
~lo u ~'N
• •10 ~
OIIU 0 oi C'-· 0~ OIIU o;j a~· ~
r::-< i51 ~ 0~ i1T uD :z o~·
o<t-'KRJU o;j" o;j ~ -
0 ~J 0
~
JIJ ruj Dfo =L.J ~ ~
~ ~ J\J ~ 0 ..... K 'i\-<
u~
0~ = _j Ol '8~ Ill~ o\IU
[}j •K 1]J MD
£!~1 ;t(K ~ ~lo 3]1
~
........ rulru
-<~ OIJ OIIU iiO K~ 0-' ~ R:IS !U\IU 'QIU
ruj
~110 LiD -=r OI!U :n~ ~ '0 ojru
0~ ~
=
~IIU OlD ........
L..l =L.J li!U ~
K
;jQ Ol r::-< rio o ~ .Jl•io K~ ru1 =ru1
!E ~ 0
Bill JIJ "'
K iiO uo 0~ JIJ
ru1 ru1 o-<- ,.J- 0 ,.J- p=
I •K
JJ D aj o:j ru1 cK K
cK Kr LH ~ u= o;:: ojJ ru1 r1
r.r OIJ OIIU
D~J 0
i:i'IO OlD
0 liiU
\10'0 0 Lr
~ KIO
~ ~IJ :(:o ~~
J J ojJ
';K JY!o •10 ,..J,.,~
~~
~~ rrjo 'D.J 'K
OlD ;Ko r~< JIJ JIJ rH JJ r1 J~ r::-<
0 '0 ~~ 'Or W:.l 0
~~ 0
r<
1fJ 'D.J ;j(J 00 ~ ~IU ;j(J K~J
0~ 0 ;j(J 1(
;j(J P-:1 J\J o\J li-
JIJ o \ o!J L!J
r1 iJJ iJJ olo ojo R"R 0~ Qll ~ r\
KlfU
ow
0~
'=<~=~ -=<t:J
JIJ
~ R.Jflo
KlfU
oW ori
'liJU 'liJU KlfU
ow ~ JIJ
~~ 'K IU\!U IU\IU
KlfU
ow ~~ ~ 3)0 •K.~ ll ! l!J 'KD
0
- r1 r-l ........ nro ,.J- ,.J-
0 0 OlD .J\fU K~ ~iK R .<_\ D j".J 0~
~
u "'
(5 PI pi "'
JJ
(IIU (IJU
KIO
~ ~ :r " "
5"5"
KIO
OlD ~ :r
,.J-
0
~
0 Lr oj rzo 0 jo ~ 7K r< 0~

@ 8 0 8 0 u 80 Lr 80 co 8@0@) 8@0@)
(
(
;s ..... N M "'=" ~ It) CD :I N
0
(")
 7~ ~] o ]uj ».] 1f:A~ ~ 7-~ :?.~] z=jo ] e>-lrrlJ Jl?
Wei Ming, what does your boyfriend look like?

q ;;l;~j \:[:A~ ~ 7-~ 7] 7~ 3...Jl ~~ H~ ltl 0 l<>llJl.

My boyfriend is tall and a little on the chubby side.

1~ o}7Jct »-1~ ;Q- ~ Jfr ~ ;z ~ 6!J t~ J i>R.A-J ~R~g

"Gi ~i>~~ 51 ;Q-o}Jl.
I think Akira speaks Korean better than his classmates.

q ~o}Jl. 0} 7]2.} ».]~ ~R ~=( ~o] i':i'o}J,-j

.=L~:AJ q ~ ~ ~ "&;.~~~q ~R~g
~i>~ ltl~ ~ {fo}Jl.
You're right. I don't know if it's because he has a lot of Korean
friends, but his Korean seems better than most of the other foreign
students.

OI.H~:= Oirt! Al{,l~ 8~~.£.£ '§!o~7 l!i!q::: cH~~I£ Oirt! ~Oil 7~IC~7iq ~~q::: -?;!~ .H~~ U/l A~
gtLiq . Oj710liAi 'Jtf:= 'Oj2.i .!:f* %011OjL ~~Oil ~-gr·~ 2.JD io~7 1 rrHgOll 'CH~~~~£.£ .:J.~cf ::: ~01 ~
~ Liq.
This expression is used to state a characteristic in a non-decisive way, that is, that something is more a
certain way t han another or is closer to one characteristic than another. Here, l,lJ refers to belonging to one
category out of a number of possible categories, and thus it means "generally so".

-(O)L / ::: ~OI C~ l

3,[.~ e- ~o1q
A -(O)L ~01q
-Q"C~ ~:= ~o 1 q

A ~q Al-E ~o 1 q
v :::: ~01q
~q ~:::: ~o1q

• Jf-2.] %t;]]~ q ~ ;;c.j ~oj]l:I]"6JJJ.i ~~0 ] ~-E-~ ~~t-14.

The home prices in our neighborhood are on the cheap side compared to other areas.

304 Korean Grammar ,;, CZt.ve- · lntennediate

 • :A-j;: o}~~q;: :A-j~oj] cl ?,J-o] Q:] ;: ~o]oj]Jl.
I tend to (be among those who) eat more in the evening than in the morning.

• :A-j :{17;: o-j~ rrjj;: t ~o]~;:nl] 7-]"S-.': .:1~71] 7'-] ~ 0 ]7-] ~t:j].B...
That friend was one of the bigger kids when (we were) small, but now he doesn't look that big.

·----- -~------ - - - - - - --

1 OlE~~ <ftOll ~Af7f ~ rr~::: .!:2.~ ~A~ -*6.1o!-E !j!Aflf <1!0iOF ~Lief.
When a verb precedes this expression, an adverb that modifies the verb is normally necessary.

7f ::.15ll »-1 ~.AJ-.AJ-1:[~::_ ~-6.Jg 7-J-9- <SH.fl..?

q 1.:]], ~9-~ 011 ~ Jti~ ,<='_ ~ t-]-L.j77]- 7-J-9- t-H=- Jt!.017.1.fl...

2 !j!~Q£ ~ rr~::: ·~ -(O)L/::: .Jt!OICf'Lf '-(O) L/::: .Jt!OI OfLICf'£ .H.~~Lief.

The negative forms of this expression are~ - (£)L/-E .l2:'jOiq and -(£)L/E ll!OI OfLicf.

• A~:: \"£01 ~ 9:1-1::- 3l:'[o1 011.fl...

= Ai:: i?J"o1 9:1-1::- 3l:'[ o1 oj-t..joJ1.fl...
3 ' ~/::: .Jt!Oief'::: ~7f .!i!.f.S:. ~~of~~~~ .g~OILf A~~ rrH::: A~ofJ;:i \?~~Li ef.
The expression -g/-E ~o1q is not used when the characteristic or quality is an obvious or objectively
verifiable fact or state of affairs.

• 41 %"~,<='_
717]-185cm'?.l3l:'!o1oJ1.fl... (x)
~ t.J1 %"~ ,<='_ 717]- 185cm91.fl... (o)

. A~:: ~p~o1 o]-\:! 't!_o1011.fl... ( x )

~ 7.~:::: q,1.~01 oj-t..joJ1.fl... ( 0)

4 Ol .H.~~ £1DI.g ~f7~.2.f ~:AHI2_!- A~of~ DI2.H .H.~~ A~"Of;;:l '[i~Lief.

This expression is only used with reference to the present or past, not the future.

• A~:: :D:~ g AJ-9- i>H=- 3l:'\~ 7191.fl../3l:'\015)l.~.fl... (x)

~ Ai:::: :D:~ g AJ-9- t"l-1=- 't[ o1 ~~.fl... ( o)
A~ :::: :i';: ~ ~ AJ-9- t"l-1=- 't!_ o1oJ1.fl... ( 0)

5 ~f7~ £1 ~ ~ AI~O I Lf ofLf£1 Af-c!~ .H.~W rrH::: '-( 0 )L ~Oief'~ A~5~0F ~Lief. .:J.2.iLf ~f7~
2.f.S:. ~f7~0ll ~~ 71{! J;:l4i-.'§ ~ OI7~Lf ~-E!~~ ~011::: ' ::: ~OI'X;!Cf' ~ AkiOF ~Li ef.
When used to describe a particular event or point of time in the past, the form -(£)L .l2:'jO iq is used.
However, in the case of past events which continued for a particular period of time or which occur
regularly, the form - -E .l2:'jOICf must be used .

• .2.. ~ ,<='_ q-:= n:Jl.!il_t:.j- ~~ ~~\:!- 't!.o1oJ:.

• .2.. ~ '£2 .A1{}011:: ~o1 ~ ~~ 't!.o1oJ:.
: O l~g '2~'0I2.f-E ~~ .A. I~OI 'XPI [[Hg()jl '- (£ )L ll!Oiq'£. Mjot Af'C!.6.~§-Liq.
Here, -(£)L .l2:'j01Cf must be used because the word 2~ indicates a specific time.
 • t.f~ o-]5'1~ trjJ.:g-..!f-~ ~t>N= Jt!o]~oJiL.

• '?l!~oJl~ .Jl7] ~ 7.1-f C!1-E Jt!o]~oJiL.

: Ol~g 'Oi~~ [QI'2.f-E .A.I~OI ~..!71-E of::X:I'2! ::X:I4;;-0 ILf §t!2.1 £1ol7f ~,171 liHgOJI' ::: 12:'!0 I ~Cf'£ .UjO ~ g[LICf.
Here, even though Oi~~ liH indicates a time in the past, ::= BOI~Cf must be used because there is a
meaning of a regularly occurring experience.

1 7~ ~R .A}-'if~ ,<:>_ ;;z.J:Di ~ lf[o] u}-.A];<]Ji.?

q l;Jl, ~7.l-01Jl:lJt>RJ.i ;;z.J:Di ~ woJ u}-.Al ~ ~o]e>1]Ji..

2 7~ ;<]\:!-~77}-;<] {:-~til-~ ~~ ~ .£j~~Ji.?

Lf 0 l-YJi., ~?,:j~ 1:!011 l:l] t>RJ.i ~Jil-7}­

?{)ofef to push ahead
~~7-j] ~;zJ ~ ?£,<: ~~Yl:f.

A: l\:!"~llfA: I ~~o-~'2! ~.g ~ £1~L.f .!:c.~~ 3:!0il t:JioH.A.i '§1:i!l-7 ~ .:::J.~lll ~::x:I-E ?JL.f
R-§S:. i'JOII:lf!!!!Cf R-§Oii-E ~\30 1 ~£ ~Oi.A.i ::X:I\:!"~Oilt:J ioH.A.i
.:::J.~lllt:J~!!!!::x: l ?Jc.f

~2.1 7 f~ -GJOii.A.i ~-E 3:1~ ~o foH.A.i 2.16Jg

::X:f-'? ofA:I ?JL.f

306 Korean Grammar in u,.e<.Intermediate

 (1) 7~ ~* »-]:= <?__17]7} w-.':. -3! {[o}.fL. (~ ~Oi9-c.J-)

Lf l=Jl, ~* ».] := .!f-<3! 0] ~ -¥-~ ~ '5}~ "}.i ~014Je ~.Dict"f..i {1 =f ~ o] -wo}-6~.fL.

(2) 7f ~.§:1 ».] o~,<:_ 31{<?__11:-j]£ ~~ ~-5H=- -3! ~o}.fL. (~~ ~<3"}q)
q l=Jl, q~ o}o] ~ .!i!q Oi ~ ~ o] ~o}-5}J.-j].fL,

(4) 7~ ?~ g~~:A}9-~e>i.fL?(%2Jl~ g~~:A}9-~q)

q ~%~ -3! ~ ~o}i>\J.Ai
------------------------------
(5) 7~ *{! ».] = \t%).~0] e>i ~1:-j]£ :7-}9- ».}%].fL? ('i:t%).~0] ?:J\:!-0] {l<3"}q)
q :7-}9- »-14lll ~.fL.

2 '-(O}L/~ lt10ICF;; .kl%fiK.k1 q~ CK:2.~ ~{:!c5~AiiR.

(1) 7~ o] .:g.~~ o]-6~<3"}7] 7} Oi~%liL? (Oiifl:A] ?J-q)

q o}L-J.fL, .=1.~71] 01~f.l 0J~ ~OICf"f..i 0 ]"6~W * ~Oi.fL.

(2) 7~ *{! ».]7} !E. ;g-7]oj] ~')1q~J.i.fL? (~7J-5}q)

q .=z_~t:Jl.fL. '5}:7-]~ *{! ».] = i}l:lJ 1..-f% 71 oj].fL.

(3) 7~ 0~~ l:l}llll} .!i!_O] ::r:11 "'r~oJl::% ~ * ~Oi.fL? (~7}<3"}cf)

q l=Jl, .=L2jj£ 9-~oJl =% Dl ?-1
2. '-'
lllll-2Jl
2.
Y-
78.::t:~ "6~iL.

(4) 7f *{! ».] ~ -%~ ~~ <?__1- ~o}-5}J.-j] .fL? ({jo] i'J"c.J-)

q l=Jl, ..:;:!_~
0 0 ~
0:1 .._ * !i!}iL .

(5) 7f '?t<?.lr:ll£ .A}.!f-{loj] ~ ~ ~ *2.-J.-j].fL? (.A}.!f-11°1 Oi%c.J-)

q l=Jl, <5J-.AJ ~ ~ 7-:J "*o}o]: ~.fL.
 7~ .:z.}o]: »l !@~.£ _2_~ 7-1u~ ~~~Jl?
Jaya, why did you wear a skirt today?

Lf ~-6- ap-j ACl%l 1i!.0 1Jl 4{~.AiJl. .=:1.%~ 1:1}.7.1

~ ~~riy ;,p~r ~ 0 1 .:z.1~ \t.A}£ ~~c}.::ilJl.
I wanted to look a little more ladylike. After wearing only jeans
recently, people started mistaking me for a guy.

7~ OJ7J »-1~ %<5~ ~-%l_~ ¥-lo:J1Jl?

Yang Gang, what's your New Year's wish?

Lf %<SW~ "t.R J-}~~:1!} "t.R~£ .:z.}~ A~JU

01°1=71 ~ %[ ~ 91~1 ~'i1 -%=-~~Jl.
This year, I want to become able to talk fluently in Korean with
Koreans.

'A'Ejc.f:::: ~.A.~Oll *Ol.A.i 'Cfi2.1 ~.A.~2.f ~:: LltJOiq o.A.7f ~q·:::: ~~ qE~~ rrH .A.~g)"LI Cf.

The phrase .6~ ct is attached to a noun and means having a feeling or quality just like the noun .

.A.P~J" .A. 'E1 q

N
l::l ~~~q

• o}o]~ ~1~ cij::-<} ~-=jl-~ ~if~ .Aj-l:!JA~t:}~ ~o]l:l}c.}.!i!.~ifYt:i-.

Michael looked at his girlfriend in a loving manner.

• .::J..~Jll i>H=- 3:!~ t1}~~~ ~%'?JYcJ-.

This kind of behavior is silly.

• :Ail ~ 7 ~ ~A~jl-} 7)4f<>jjl:J1 <5H ::-<}2JA~Jll ~l--<5Hit.

My friend always speaks proudly of his fam ily.

308 Korean Grammar ,;, 'll...e · Intermediate

 'A~Cf'2.f l::ll~i>f711 MOl::: W£ '§Cf'7f ~:::c11 Ol-"f- R~~ q.g:l!f ~~ ~fOilf ~~Lief.
The phrase ~q has a meaning similar to that of .6.!;jq. Their differences are summarized below.

-~.A.f.2.f ~.g .!::.7~ 01 Lf ~7f ~cfe ~~ '.:::J.2.i ~ ~~~ ~0 1 7f;J;IJl ~ere £1ol~
LfEf~ [~ .A.I§~Lict. LfEfL~Uj ~.!;f. ~~0 1 gj.e ~.A.f011'2! ~Li ct.
.Q.ID I
Used to indicate that something has the Used to indicate a sufficient amount of a
same feeling or quality as the preceding certain qual ity and is only used with some
noun. nouns w ithout final consonants.

J.j-2J"A'%Jt:j-, l:lj-.!i!_6'%Jt:j-, O:jJ-cj.6_'%Jt:j-,

on
Z:j?:cJ.6_'%Jt:J-. 7.}2c]·6'%jq ~

::J_ %~~ ?:cj~- --81:1jA'%j-;iyt:j-_ %~~ ~w .-s l:I J~li'-1ct.

::J_
That cave really looks mysterious. That cave is really mysterious.

-+ ·~1::11~ ~j:~~ .!i!.<2Jct'e £1DI~Lict. -+ ';zJW£ ~l::l l afct'e £ID I ~ Lict.

It means that the cave "appears It means that the cave is "really

_ .:...._
mysterious".
______________________________________________________
mysterious".

1 7f LB~ ~~ ~ .!i!.c-1 Zl-t:f~J.-1..9..?

q 1.:]1, <5JAJ ~~ ~ .!J:I..c-1 7}~ zp~J 0 1 N°1 ~lV-1 Oj~~~

LB ~s:. ~w * <V_~::z1 Z:J-A.:P --Cl%1..9...

Best Leading Actress Award

~~ 12:!~~ .!i!2.i 7 rl2:! {.!:go I t'JO I £H.A.i LH~.S:. ~ 4-

'll~A I 2:j~Oiq

OJ'C:JOIJ ():j~~~~ ~q '2:!-71 ~-E ~~ '2:!-lil !q01.A.i ~~ .f:,l-~0 Jq

B4- J.AI7 f {:!J~ IIfEI~ .2.~0li.A.i o[q .2.~ 0li.A.i ofLI77f ~~ !f-@OICf

2 7f 1l_9- hl-1 lf--.2_ \3 ~ u:j2=_~~_Q_£ o-pt]_ Oi ::Z~ ~O}i>}J-11Ji.?

&~\;Jq pleasant

Lf ~if 0 1 ~Ac-1-& Oi ::Z~ ~O}i>}J-11Ji.. \:1'4~\;J q

capricious, unpredictable

~4- J.AI !f-2.'S-§ D4~5:1.f:t2.£ 01't"! o:tA:~ ~Ofof.A.I q

~:2:1 WE- 01't:! 'etA:~ ~01-ofq I 'ctA:fE ~q

-{:i~OIIi!:!~

01't:!~.A.f.:il ~Cf ~-a- 01e 1!=;!oJe- ~ .A.f.:il ~q

 (1) 7f 4J9:Io1 ~F?- ).~9:l~E11 ~Ttl~~~ i;)-~ :'§:-g7l)-Jl?

Lf ~»-i1Jl, t;J.Jf- ..\f.-"c:tl::.~f-1 ~,<: ~~ i;)-~ 1io1 f~ 1i ~o)-Jl.

(3) 7f Jl~ :A1 l:IB ~7l- ~71 ~ ~i;J-i=. ~ ~:A1Jl?

Lf l;jl, ~~~ ?;j--c-JL-j ~71 7)- -c-J - - - - - - - --

q ~o)-Jl. ~i}
------------------- 1i ~o)-Jl.

(6) 7f oP§-o1 .& '(;~).~o1:A1 Jl?

Lf l;j1, i;)-:A1 ~ ~l--5-J-i=. 1i ,<: o)-? ___________________ ~~ ~~ trJl 7)-

<Xl ~Jl.

(7) 7f q:j:§j »-1 ~ <SJ.AJ 0 1~-c}:A1~q -5HJ.i h(~L-J-Jl.

Lf ~oJ-Jl. ~uj-L-j- :Af £ ~7)- ~ trJl7)- -g{o)-Jl.

(8) 7f :Ai S:.:A)-717)- o)-? l:l1»-1· ~o 1 l;j1 Jl.

Lf ~cl o)-ti1:A17)- o)-7J1J.1 ~ 7-j2.)-J.i :AiS:. ~:A1717)-

(9) 7f 2Jl .:z. .I!. E ~ <?} <iJ .2. C;j .:iL -5H?
q 0 1 :Ai1~ i}"8"Jlo1 :A1L-]-J.i ~o:jJ.i Jl.

3' 0 Korean Grammar ;H 'li.•·e · inte rmediate

 7~ _2_~ 7-i ~97r 2R 7-i \1711 ~ 71 ~ *~r.ft?
Why isn't that player competing well today?

Lf -=:L~/11 R. _2_~ ~71 £~ ~ J-11 7-11 ~~ 5;-7 ~9

IJ7-1 7} ?J-l;j]Jl.
I know. His play today is unlike that of a world-class soccer player.

7~ ~u}, o] * o-]n:flR? 7-i~EJ] o-J%2;]R?

Mom, how are these clothes? Do they look good on me?

Lf * o] -=z_J1] lf-1 Y? ~;_~ ~ ~J.~ IJ/11 ~ ~ ~o-j o):;;z.].

~ Ei ~~~ *_9_£. ~o}~o-J .
What's that you're wearing? Students should wear something fitting
for students. Put on something a little more modest.

''8Cf ~ ~Af<>\\ ~Oj J ~J-.p~ :X\L\ ~ ~~O\q ~0\ <ll.q~ ~ ;; qE~'§ [[H J-.I%~L\q. ~ . Ojrt\ ~0\ -?:\2.H
7 ~.A\~ <L!OlO ~ ~:X~~;; 7~:X\~ <L!q~ ~0 1 ~Lj q_
The expression gq is attached to nouns and used t o indicate t hat som et hing has the qualities or
characteristics of the noun. Specifically, t his expression refers to having the qualities t hat are typically
expected in the particular noun.
~=~----~----------~=~~~------~

'a:X~
N gq
),.~~
---······-····-·················"----~------------------------------------------··-····-··---------------------------------~----

• "611~ ll-1 ~ o:j7-}t:f& 1:117} i5}l-j-s=. 'il:i~.:;! ~o}Jl.

Hyejin doesn't seem to have any womanly qualities at all.

• %).~oJ1 711.:::I~7]1 ~~ ~~ i5~ .:;! ~ :AJ~ ~ lff:Al ~~ -&-~%0 1°1=.

Speaking so harshly to your little brother like that is not becoming (behavior) of a big brother.

• .:::l:§:jJ.}oJ1 ~ ~Llj j,j.JIQj :§:JJ.}"'ifrll ?~~¢1-%).~ 0 1 ~ 0 1 ~~Y-cf.

That company has a lot of outstanding employees, which is typical of a top domestic corporation.
 - - - - -- - - - - --

''gq'!r_f 'A~q·~ C~~f ~~ j:fOJ7f <X}~LJq.

The differences between <gq and ~~q can be summarized as follows.
-----------------~-------- ---------~-----------------------~-----~--- - --=----------------------- ----- --- -- -~-~~~----~

gq

'£[9.j ~Af7f .AIL10~ ol-2 ~OILf J\f~. 9.JDI~ 'il9.J ~Af7f 7f.AI.::il 'X..!l= ~130I Lf Wl~ 7f.AI.::il
£1DI 7f.AI.::il 9,!Cfe 9.joi~LICf. 'X..!l= ~5':~'E/ !i!.'2JCfl= 9.jDI~ LI Cf.
Meaning Something has all the qualities and Something appears to have the qualities
characteristics that the preceding noun and characteristics of the preceding noun.
should have.

:g.1o.q 7lt!" ~Af ¥-lOll Al§oH.<r_ J\f~~~-§-LICf. ~Af %0ll ·~~~q·q ·~~~Cf'j':~ 'E/ :g.1,q

Can be used after nouns denoting places 71-t!" ~A f ¥-lOll Al§of~ W.!l~LI Cf.
and institutions. Sounds awkward when used after nouns
denoting places and institutions, such as
~~~q and §{~~q.

on
Examples

• <>1:: :=. <>1 -et:.J-q.~oF -&-H_fl_ . ( o) • Jf-c.j o}o] ~ 01-e-::: cj q.~_fl_. ( o)

• ;zl o}o]~ <>1-ecJ-%]_fl_, (x) • ;zl o-j :': :=_ <>1 -e-:::cjq.~_fl_ . (X)
-+ OieOI Oie££Ai 7 f.A~O~ ol-E ~O ILf J\f~. -+ OieOI 7f.AI.::il 'X..!l= ~130ILf .Af~~ 7f.AI.::il
9.JDI~ .AI\::!Cfl= 9.JD IOI9£. OfOIOllllll= AI§ 'X..!l= ~j':~'E/ !2.'2JCfe £1DIOI9£. OieOlllll
Example ~-'?- 'ilt-§-LICf. AI§~-'?- 'ilt-§-LICf.
Sentence Because this refers to having the exact Because this refers to having qualities
qualities required of an adult, <gq or characteristics like something else,
cannot be used to describe someone Oie~~q cannot be used to describe
who is not an adult, such as a child . an actual adult.

1 7f ~ \:f;z}7} ~%1:1J] -i'"O}Jl? .~.

q 1.:]1, AjW ~l-}~711 ~%~}7-] ~Jl.

::1. 'cf.Af7f I ~q ~w ~Af 1 ~-§ofCf

.Ai ~.£Af7f 1 ~-6-ofCf 2.-E ~~ ~§7 f 1 ~ j':i2.lofCf

eo@ 1 ~.g-~~~7-ll ~-§ofCf

31 2 Korean Grammar ~~~ 'lt.·e · I ntermediate

2 7~ .Ai ~97} <'>H=- q~ 737]S:.. ~Oi.R?
~4:c ~ team (of association)
q t:Jl, .Ai ~1'~ 737]S:.. ~<'>}.Jl J::4;r '€} OI~Cf to lead
'l,IQ1 villain, bad guy ro le
c.Jt:1 1ff~l '€1 ~ ~ 0 ]~t:i2.f.JI.R.
:i!I§51Cf to torment, to harass

J:i {:!*7 ~ ti-E c.t-E ~71£ .!i!c.j- J:i -t:!*E ~71£ ~~.:il ~4;- ~ 2.JC-j I ~~~ OJ~q
Ai t:tH~7 ~ Lt.2.-E c.t-E E.2.~0 ~£ .!i!q J:i ttH~ Q,tQl ~g. ?17JJ:~ I ~<2.!~ ~~tiE- ?171~ ~~q
J:i 7iUJ§QiJ)..i 7iUJ~ 0 ~}..1 .!i!q

q~ [!:2.7I]Oll.k1 ~W~ 801~ ~i:l.~ ' Etq'~ A~<5HA1 g~~ ~{15~AiiR.

[ · - 1~~ ~ A~m == -- ~~f mJ A~ -~{J =~I ~A~i~~~J

(1) 7~ o}712.f »-17} ~R~~ ~<5}.A1.R?

q t:Jl. ~"1-5-}7] t:}j:§:joj]-"i 1%% ~l f..~"Stf11 AJ~ ~R~~ ~<5]--E~.R!

(3) 7~W0rl:l-J.A17Jll-"i ~:A~EjojJAi ~0 r71-1f<>i.R?

q Li1, Jf-2.] woJ-l:l-J:A1~ ~q~:A~oj].Ai %{1-"1 ».1-Jf-q
%0]-7}1f~yq_

(4) 7~ ;:_ ~ ».] ~ o-j Jtl \:[:A~ ~0 }<51-J-.i]Jl?

q Jl~e>i1~ o:j:A} :Q-;: 2-].2.~ 7}~ \:[7.}7} ill0}-"i .Ai~

J-~Z} \:f:A]-7]- ~o}Jl.

(5) 7~ ~t:H~~ ~ o-j u: 5:1~~1.5:.. ~~"6]-t:j]Jl.

q t:J1, 01..:g::cB~~ %~~ _____ _ _____ :iP·J-01 ~ ~ 1-]-.R.

(6) 7~ ..2.~-¥-EJ ~<'>l-7ll -8 ~~ -"J--%l7J~9~Yl:J-.

q ..2. ~ .Jf-Ej -2--¥- ~ J.1~~_<:?_ y - - - - - - - - - - - .2.~ ~ ~ 11 ill

~-BB ?-"1711:11-'ft'-ll:J-.
 1

CD ~o l 7.}--? 2.}.R ~ ~o] ~9.1 0 2-}.R

@ ~o] 7.}--? 52.~ ~~e>i.R @ ~o] ~ ~.£ 52.7.] '?J"o}_9_

CD l:l}_lil__lil_q t:~~ ~ l:l}_lil__lil_q ~~

@ l:l}_lil__lil_q *~ @ l:l}_lil_j.-J~ _lil_o]~

3 7f Xi ~gOii.A.i ~.A.~oH ~01R?

Lf Lil, - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - - - - -

CD _g_ ~ ~ -6.1 ~I:Jl.£ .2. ~ g -6.1 °l 32-~ t:~ c}JlJl

~ _g_ ~ ~ -6.1 ~lftlll .2. ~ g -6.1 °l 32-~ r=j cfJlJl
@ _g_ ~ ~ -6.1 ~A 'fl/jj .£ ~ g -6.1 O j 32-~ t:-j cfj]_Jl
@ _g_ ~ ~ -6.1 ~ 0 l cf.£ .2. ~ g -6.1 °l 32-~ t:~ cfj]_Jl

4 7f o~~ J,q~ £~ X~~ D~.A.=!R?

Lf Lil. X~~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ 7ffi ~01 O~JI~R

CD u}~ J(!o]c}l--j ~u}J-] ~ ~o]c}l--j

@ 0 u}J-] ~ J(!o]c}l--j @ u}J-]7.] ?J-~ J(!ojc}J--j

CD 7<i] %"'~~i§ 7'71]7} 80kg~ J(!o]oj].R.

~ ::z-j~ 7'-j:rr.J ~ 7.}--? u}J-]i:- 3(1~ 7]cxj]Jl.
@ 7.-j ~ &_ -g ~;,~ n:Jj ~ 'g ~ ~<5}-E ~ 0 j ~ e>iJl.
@52. ~~ q~ ~_lil_q ~i} ~~ ~o-]1-f-E J(!o]oj].R.

CD A
az=Jo] ~~~c.-J-& J-}'Ef~ Aa~ {Jo-J.R.
~ uj~ »-]7} l:ljJtl- ~ ~ ~ ~ Al ~i} lJ!-1:fAc-j%jJl.
® *oj c}J-~ Oi"'a ~c-J-& ~~ 0 1 Lf~ 5: ~ J-}.JI1ie>iJl.
@ 7<i] ~ ?-~ 7.}7] 7~~ oj] I:Jlt>H ~J-;_J- 7-}~ Aifj/j] ~t>HJl.
....... _____ .. .. .. -
~--- ~---.. -

314
 How was your trip to Tokyo? Was it interesting?

Lf l;j1, .:::1~ 7.1~ .£j!!_Q.j ~7}7} ~o}Lf- l:l1tJ.-7.l

~i!}ll. ~7}7} tJ1»+y 77}~Tid~ u}g l:Jl.£
* <5RJ.i 0
r~-%1Jl.
Yes, but I can't tell you how expensive things were there. The prices
were so high that unfortunately I couldn't shop like I had wanted to.

Why do you look so surprised?

L~ ~ ~ ~i.:il CV,~ t:-11 :q;z.}71.go1 ~i:.';jJ.i ~o}Lf­

~2.l- 'L-
2 M,_
7.1 ..!i!.::~
e '-f .
'LJl
I was reading a book, and the door opened suddenly and really
surprised me.

Ol .H.~~ .:J. .g~o1q .gEH ~~~ :Y~%1- rriJ A~g]Li q. ~Af~.££~ A~%1- * ~jl, -§A~s>.~ ~~Af<>ll

2~A~~LICl
This expression is used to emphasize the degree of a particular situation or state of affairs. It can only be
used in declarative sentences and can be used with both verbs and adjectives .

.r-:v - ?jDfLf~=~:~XI-,-----~~f Oll~~q

Oli~ !::J:I
~ ~!::J:I

A
-Qq
~!f!o~q
v
~q

3· 6 Korean Grammar ut 'ltre · Intermediate

 • ~ '{) )}.]7t o-J 51 ~ IIJl ~ 7 ~ <>il;;rJl ~n}L.}- '?17]7H'J~~:>:<l %etA.
Hoyeong was very popular among his friends when he was growing up.

• ~2.] 0 t 0 ]7t71£0 ] £lt:--1L-J ~ntL.}- ~~ '?1- ~ "!:::::Al.£*Y"cf.

I can't describe how disobedient our son became as soon as he turned seven.

• SJo-jtlji[J_ 7Jot:AJ ~ S:i} ~<>11 ~~o-JA. 7Jot:AJ ~ qA] ~kltA'i ~n}L.}- 7] ~:7-l %etA.
I found my lost puppy a little while ago. I'm so happy to have found my puppy again.

1 oi.H.~oH-5-Am ~ ~~ ·~~ol', ·~·. ''fiol'. ·~·:1!~ ~::: ~..s:.~ qE~LH:::: ~A~.s>.~ g)'JJll .u.m ~LICl
When used with a verb, this expression must be used together with a degree adverb such as 'il:!{:Jol, ~.
\'jOI, or~ -
• :A}o~ »-]7} ~o}Lj- ~lf-'b"H':-7-J %2-}.R. (x)
- :A}o~ »-]7} ~ o }Lj- ~ 1)<5] ~lf-'b"H':-7.] %2-}.R. ( o)

: Oi:;.!.g ''il:!{:Jol'7f ~2'i:!

~Lief.
~¥~ ~ .Aill 0!-E-J;:i ~ * ~Cfo'= 2JDIO I~ ~.S:.~ LfEfLHo'= ¥-"f2.f g)-7Jil J.AjO ~

Here, without the adverb 'il:!{:Jol, the sentence means that the speaker does not know the amount of
time that Jaya studied. Thus a degree adverb is necessary.

2 o~:A:I~ 'MI-§OI qq·, '.2:~7~ qq·, 'b"-5-o~q·~~'El ~1-E A~~£1 L 7~o 1 q 7lg~ ~~ rrH:::: ~..s:.~

qE~LH:::: ~A~ A~o~:A:I fi'O~..S:. ~ Li q_

However, it is unnecessary to use a degree adverb when expressing the speaker's feelings or attitude
toward something, such as with the expressions J;J;f-§0 1 qq, ~Pf qq, and ?:t~ofef.

You can 't imagine how upset I was because of the traffic jam.
• ::1. ~% .!i!.2 ~o}LJ- 1f%~-i::-:A] %2-}.R_
I can't tell you how much I was touched after seeing that movie.

3 :1!~7~£1 ~%,1-o l q ~EHOll cHoHAi ~~ rrH:::: '-cx.t/~ :::::A:I-§-2.~£.'~ A~~Liq_

When used to refer to past situations or states of affairs, the form -91:/~o'=J;:I -§-2.fB. is used .
• o-].A~J :::: tl}tgo] ?J-o] ~<>i.Ai ~u}Lj- ?~-i::-7-] %'fr<>i .R. (x)
- <>i.A~J :::: t~}tgoj pjoj ~<>i"i ~o}t.f ?5':i-i::-:A] %2-}.R. (o)
- - -- - - - - - -- --
1 7f ~9- »-17r ..8..~011 ..:g-J:f-~ ~{]-&-1 -&-re ~ {[:A1..8..?
Lf l=ll, ..8..~011 ~ 01-lf ~{]-&-1 ..:g-J:f--&-H::-:Al ~t!fJl.
{.!* AAI7 f R§-OJI ~!f.~ '§1~<5J<5fef R§-OIJ I '§1~<5J ~!f-<5fCf

Lf.2.n AAI2: 2l~ A.~~CiJ oHg ~~ ~ r;!:jCf oHg~~~~r;tjq

:XJ5 ~OJ 'rJOJ ~Jq R§-OIJ ~A.~ oHA.1 ~oJ I 'rJOJ Qf<5JCf

2 7f 01 15~ ~ ~77} -&-H::-EJ1~ Qf-8-0 1 Oi rr}1..8..?

q ~Q.}--8-~ 7cJ;7.1 7} ~ol-1-f o}~q-8:-:Al ~t!fJl. ~ 7} 5!.5:.~ <5"}).11..8...
Q:j~ ~77f <5f2:CiJ ~Q,f~ ~Q,f~.g ~j:llf I of-§.gq I ~ 7f .s!Cf
1t.~~ ~llf <5f2:CiJ~cHgA.J~ ~cHgA.J~.g ~?:!OJ I A.l.f.:il 'Clef I~ 7f .s!Cf
~2.J2:,fi!f *<i?d~ ~ ~7Jf l5f2:CiJ f:l .ill*'cJQj *'i?;j f:l.lll.-*''cl2.l -*<i?dOJ I :xHoJ~Cf I ~ ~Oi .s!Cf

318 Korean Grammar ;, 'lise · Intermediate

1 ·~o~q -(O)L/:::AI ~q· ~ A~~BHAi q~ CH:2~ ~~o~AiiR.

(1 ) 7~ ~»-17} "P£0] .!f-lfl7<l.B..? (~»-17} .!f-lfjq)

q l:Jl, 7-J-u}~olcP·-1 Lfll-llr ~DrLf !f."G!st-7-1 %cr.2..

(2) 7.7<19 »-1 ~ .Aj .z:j 01 01 rr]1.B..? (~.f.Jl ~ <'Jii}q)

q 7<1 9 »-1~ .Aj?::j ~

(3) 7. 7<}%7.}7} ~~ql QjJ 7<lii}~~ Ef.Jl rfL.]J.il.B..? (7<] ii}~ol ll:J.ii}.J1llll}2q)
q *~-2- .AlZl-011 ~

(4) 7~ J ~~ ~~;.l %Sit:.}~kl .fi.? (<ij7<} -'T-~-E-o] ~J-ii}q)

q l:Jl, .Aj-<'Jii}-E- .A}'it01 ~Oil ~ Pj J.-j

(5) 7~ "'5--;;-01 ~ l:lfl~rf7} ~7l~rf~J.-j.fi.? (~;;<~ M~ -3!01 01~1:})

q l:JL

(1) 7~ £]-;;-~ ~7-J- {(q 01 A~l %OW~ql-'T-9£oj]Bl7} ?£oj ~q~.A-j.fi.? (?£ol .2..1:})
q t:JL 7<J\:f .:r9£011Bl7r ~nrl-f 0JOI .9;!:-'e-7-1 %cr.2..

(2) 7~ 7<-j o}o]~ ~ o}-'T- 01<Bcil.£ ~;.l ~ ~ 7<]7]\:jl.fi.. (~J.-j ~ ~ A]7ll:f)

q t;J], %7.]%1 °}0 1~~ Ell
---------------------------
(3) 7• ~u}, <tl~.£ 'idol ~711 ~ o-jQ.}.A-j ~%<5RJl. (Z::j:Aj ~ ?£ol ii}q)
q l:Jl7} ~ 71177]-7<1 Cj- ~ o-jQ.j-J.-j - - - - - - - - - - - - -

(4) 7~\:[7<} ~-=f-011 711 7-J-ul~ ~ 100%01Lf ~~q~J.-j.fi.? (~'(!} ~ il}q)

q t;Jl, . ~%01 q ~ ~.£~o-jJl_

(5) 7•l-H7} u~ q »-1 Bl'B -3! ~ ~D}7} o}11_l-]? (:§:}7} f'jol 1-]-q)
q g Jt!ljA-jI
--------------------------
Jtll-]77]- ~~ ~%-o}q.JI ilR.
 7f o:J .!t, :£ ~ 3:. ;.}ap:n
Dear, are you planning to buy any more clothes?

q %~Oil ~~o-J;z] ;z] i>£_2_3]~ 3- ~ ;z}? 1[ ?14te>il

~t>lA.
If I am to keep up with fashion trends, then I have no choice but to
buy clothes often.

7f :@-78.2..~ .g.;z1]7} ~~ c-j {JZf<5R;zl.TI. ~o-Jl--j

~~Ole>i]Jl.
Environmental pollution is getting worse, and it's a big problem.

Lf W0 } Jl. :@-78 ~ .!t~ i>}A 1 i>£_2_ ttl <if_2_.£_ <?] IT ~

~uJW ?14te>il ~~ ~oflA.
Right. If we don't protect the environment, mankind will be unable
to avoid extinction.

Ol .R~ ::: Olrt! ~~OI £1~~ [H q::: ~Sij£1 Oj.AIJ ~ ~01 .:1.~'2!~ iiHO t ~q7~q Oj2.i 7~.AI ~:&2..£ !i!V,i
.:IiE! :~filf7~ q.2.::: ~01 '8~6~q::: ~ ~ qE~~ ([H .A.~gj-LICf.
This expression is used in situations in which there is no other choice for the subject but to do the preceding
action (in the case of a verb) or to be in the preceding state (in the case of an adjective).

-( 0 )2 *~ton ~q

O!illllq
A/V

7f ~~..2...5.!.. 4jaj.Jl.B..? Are you planning to pay with cash?

q o] 7]-;<j]oj].A-1 ::= ~%7rc71- '?.} ~q.JL '0]-1-]771- ~~.Q_.£ ~ ~~oj] ~t.i].fL.

This store apparently doesn't take credit cards, so I have no choice but to pay with cash.

7f o:].!i!., .2.~5:. OF-2-W ;;z.Joj].fL? Dear, are you going to work late tonight, too?

Lf .AJ/']-~oj .2._!f. Of2 ~ '5']-1-]771- Lf.S::. Of2 ~ W ~~oj] ~Gl.fL.

All of my superiors work late, so I have no choice but to work late, too.

320 Korean Grammar ,;., 9/.~·e · Intermediate

 7~ .7.]4- »-] o}o]7} .Aj~ ~o}.A]_R? Is Jisu's kid really bright?
Lf _!f-.2.7} c} :!j :!jo}l..-]77]- o}o]s=_ :!j :!;W?~oJl ~.AlA.
(Her) parents are bright, so she couldn't help being bright herself.

1 7~ ..2_~u:}2.} .A-1~ ~p,j-7} 1)2-o] ~l.:]].fL.

Lf {] {J oJ] J. ~7-j] W0 l ~ ~.QJ-1 1)2-o 1~ ~ 9-l:lfoJl ~.A]Jl.

~{;IOU .:::1.~ 7-l l i'£0 I Q:J9,!..2.LI '3!"0 I 'iltq

~o I ~'§1" gJ~q ~~ D I ~Cp~ ~77j't!Oll 5~LIJ7~ gj~q

~'§1"~5~q 'r:!{;l~ g :£IA~IAl 'i:!~~ ~7 1£ ~ '§O I LIJ7~ ~5~q

2 7~ 9-'tJ. »-]7} 211 .A-1 ~7-Jj ~~~ J.,l2f- 2 .A].fL?

Lf {)-.AJ-71 %oR WoJl %~~ 7}7-Jl ~;,i ;,i .!f- ~ 9-l:ltoJl ~~ ~<xllA.

"*-'C! JJ.I7~ 211 A:j~Jll -§1~~ AlEf,s.q ~A:~71 ~oH '§tOll ~2:!"~ 7 ~7-ll £HAl AlEf,s.q
j:H±~o I 211 0 l'&7il 'i'JO I ~5:;!:q R§-ll l~ 1::117~ .2.-E t:I~'EJOil ¥~01 ~Ol:A~Al .2.s.Cf

?! i![-g"'c:JOI 211 {J~ W2.~jl 5~q ~A:~7 1 O~OI7f Ofll~Al §OI \'JO I 'l§!R5 fLIJ7 ~ {J~ '\§!"q

(1) 7~ -t{~ o] ~o] 1.-f-l:l]ii... (-t{~ o] 1.-f-r:f)

Lf ~ g~ ~ ~o ] ~~.2_1..-] 77} ' -k%01I{ Jr.Cl~l ~f.I .Si..

(2) 7f *"q3 »-1 ::= \:[;zj-%o] £-!f. ~oJ-oH=- ~ ~oJ-..fl... (\:f.::z.J-%o] ~o}r:f)

Lf ;,d~ 0 J ~f.Jl ~ t:t<S"}Y 77]- --------------------~----------

(3) 7~ 211 % 7]r.}-2.].::z.] ~.Jl <5J-J-J-l:j] 7} ~ .::z.-1 ~~~ <S"}y ? (LB 7} ~ .Ai ~~ ~ o}r.}-)
Lf ~ J-}'ft 0 l ~Sf" ~ ~ o}l-] 77}
--------------------------------
(4) 7~ 2!1 ~ ~ 711 ~~~ i>H..fl..? (~~o]-c})
q {f.A]-7] 1.-f-0 ] ~ %oi ~Y 7!}
------------------------
(5) 7~ .A] ~ »-19.1 ..!¥-~ ~ ~ ~ oi~c} ~J-i ..fl..? (71 ~<5"]-r.}-)

q t.i.!f. l:lj-llll}J.,i .A]~ »-19.1 ..!¥-~~

-------------------------
 ~
•[150)
7~ 7-}°F »l ~~ »-1~ %- 0 }-&-}Jl :U.A1Ji..?
Jaya, you like Hoyeong, right?

q l=JL o}:J-1~ Jl~W %717} ~Oi-"i .A1i5-~ tl}2.}~

71 ~ W ~ 0 1ofl..fl.
Yes, but I don't have the courage to declare my love, so for now I
can only watch (him) from afar.

7~ ..2-~ ~~ ~ 8-"1zt0 1Y- ~~rl1 ~.Aa~ -3! ~ ~Jl

-"1zt~ ~JY. ~ ~Ol~l..fl.
Today's meeting lasted a whole eight hours with nothing getting
decided. We did nothing but waste time.

You're right. So do we have to hold another meeting tomorrow?

Ol ±E~~ 01't! ~-§-Oiq .gEH'2! <li~ q:::_ -?.;!~ ~g ~ qE~~ [ HAf-§g)"Liq. O:P IOliAi ·~· ~ '.2.~'2.1 2.IDI
~Liq,
This expression is used when there is only one available course of action or state of being. In such cases,
~ has t he same meaning as .2.<5.1 (solely, merely, only).

-(0)2 ~01q

Oll 1111 q Oll~~ ~01q

~q ~~~ ~0 1 q
A/V
Oll ~ ~0 1 q

-:--- --..._... _____ _______ ______

.. .. ...._, ____ _ _~ ~_~01q
....

~~01q ~~~~01q
NOiq
~{:!j'EJOiq
_ ; . . _ _ _ _ .. ______ ~{:!j'EJ ~ ~01q
- -- - ..·--

• .A]-6-~ 0 r.!f- ~5:. ~r.:i!. {i;z] ?iOtA. {}-~ 7-}-.:i!. {i ~ ~0 ]oflA.

Right now, I don't want to do anything. I only want to sleep.

322 Korean Grammar u1 'Itve · Intermediate

 • ~~ »-1011r:Jl~ 0 1°1=71 ~ ~.g._Q__£~ ~ ~~ ~oloflA.
As for the news about Jinsu, it's merely what I've heard from rumors.

• 7.11'~ 1(!7.1 ~~ :ilJ- ~.;z.~ ~~Ell t:f~ J.Pft ~ o1 °H~~ ~ ~o}Jl.

Jisu is simply a friend in my department, but other people think she's my girlfriend.

01 R~~ c-J .Y~oH.A.i .A.I§~ rrH~ !2.~ ~Oll 'N'2! -( 0 )2 ~o]q' EE~ 'A/V-71'2! -(0) 2 ~o]q'2.1
~EH.£ .A.I§gJ-L]q ,
This expression can be made even more emphatic by using the form N'2! -(.2.)2 J&':Oief or AN- 71'2! -(.2.)2
J&':Oief-

• ;z.~ :: :L'c/' .:::u..}iif£1 ~w!fr ~ ~'?JL-Jt:f.

I really only know that person's face (and nothing else).

• .:1 A}iif~Ej] <;1~0] ..2..7]tfr% 7]t:}cj Jl ~% ~O]oj]Jl.

I'm just waiting to hear from that person.

1 7~ 1-j-.2-.IL ».] ~ ~~ ~7fl % "5~ ?"il.R.

q ;7;-1£ ~ %2-}.R. .::L\:}= oj ;; \1 ~ ~~Yt:l-.

q2.I!. J..q~ ~'i!1 ~H -§ aH~q

t'JOI O ~£'i!1-§ -'?jq -t!!file~ I 7lg.'2! ~-5 ~q
-g.uJICf I A:-1-E :L'c!' ~'2! ~~01 ofC~

2 7~ 7.j~ \fJtli5~;7;j 1J_~]Ji.. q oj o-j E~o-]Ji.?

q o}L.].R, o}{lu}q ~7 ] ~ '8\130~~ ~~ ~o]oflA .

~~ 1§t~aH~q 1 CfOIO-JE.ofCf o~o~q f:!7 1~'2! ~ 0~q

~01 ~~ 77H:£-aH~q I cH~~ofC~ :L'c!' ~2.1'2! ofCf

~~ QlAIOll cHaHA-l ~ ~q 1 ~¥ofC~ Q1A~Jl'2! ~ i! ~c~
 (1) 7f 2ll ~ -AH »-1~ ~ ~o}isH_g_? Cwttl cS-}q)
q .:Q{i "3-J%~ "5}.Aj ?j.Jl "3-J-AJ D,te_t t>,t ~Ojfi~Sl...

(3) 7f ~~ »-l7r ~ %~~ %7.J.AJ ?:J-~ct~ w~ A~~ ~~_9_? c~ J-r~ ~~~g.

q ~ J-}~o] ~~~] ~~_Q_L-j7J} - -- - - ------

q if»-1]_9_. 7}5:. 7}5:. - - - - - - - -- - - ~~ ;Q- ~ ?! ~ ~-&!

'Hi l;j]_g_.

(5) 7f 0 ]:Ai] t ~ S:. q 11.~ 10]] 7}AJ t>}.J11i~ ~o ] ¥-]oj]_B_? (*l.J11iq)

q .A]~~ o}_!f- ;.~zr 'Hlo]
-----------

(1) 7f o-J~~l t>}~ ~~~1 4:~ ~ ~~ 4: ~o-J_g_? (l:IH-8:- t:ll£ <t! ~cS-}r:f)
q .A~~ ~\)l= l::lij~ L.il~ q;-5)i~ ~Oj0{1.2.. .

(2) 7f ~~ ~~7] 7} ~~"51 ~2.}~o-J_9_. "¥l cS-}..U 7-joj]_B_? (7-] ~ttl 1:1}-1(-q)
q q~ ?!~ ~ "5}.J1 ~~ i£-~7]7} ~2.}~o-J_9_.

(3) 7f ~4: »-]7} o-JIE! \:J".A}~.A] ~o}_B_? -Ai] ~-=[1-7} ~o}t>}7-] := _g_. (~~ttl ~J-~7] q)

q ~A
'--'O 1'-
»--;::::- . ~5:. 'Hi.Jl. J-j~S:. ~!i!..oj]_B_.

(4) 7f ~ o]o):7]7} J-}1lo]oj]_9_? .s=_;z.~-5] ~ ~ 4:7} 'Hlo-J_B_. (~ ~ ?! ~ ~iiH c 2.]1:.})

q ;z.~~ ~\)l=

(5) 7f o}tl-j .A] JJjjJ-~ 2Jl .A~~~] :§:}7} L-j-1J.t..J? (.A] ~77}.Aj J-~Zfi>H ~~ ?!~ ~~ceiq)
q :A~~ ~\)l=

324 Korean Grammar u1 <t~·e · Intermediate

 7f ~R2.1 ~28- .2--;:; ~ ~2 -§i2. E11 01 -cl .£ 7}1?:1
~ ~77}Jl?
I want to see the traditional side of Korea, so where should I go?

rl.s_ -=¥-£ 0}7,10}

~~ / ......
<5'L .=Lo].6-:.3':.olol-ol-;:2
1...!.-'1 ~• 1...- ra..;:c:.. 7-1£ n A

* 10]1Jl.
U5 L:. \...!.0 _:Ll=l

~ ~710]17}7-J'%-2. 0 ~~~0]17}..tiU-11Jl.
While there are a number of places you could go, the Korean Folk
Village is just the place to see traditional Korea. So you should
check it out.

7f .6-:.1-1
1....-u , rl.s_ -il1 ul..Q..t"J1
'-1 '-- /-I I o .... I o}
\...!.
.E..~
2 L.:..
01 rl
Lj
7,Lo]..Q..
I \...!. ,___

01 rriJ.11 Jl?
Miss, if there is nothing else that you like, how about this design?

Lf J -cl7.}<{} 0 l 0 l=~.£ 7-117} ~~ 7~ <:x11Jl.

~Jti {!01 ~J11Jl .

That's exactly the design I was looking for. I'll try them on.

Ol .H.~:: <£tOll q.2_~ ~ .A.~£1 :.:~ !2.q C::j .yQ~7ji .H.~%1" ITH.A.~g[Liq. ::::;, q::: 3:!.5:. ~i:A1 '2.!' <£,!-£1~.A.P ~
=.:::I2.r~ 3:!~ .Y~%1" rrH -"~grLJq.
-~ s expression is used to strongly emphasize the meaning of the preceding noun. That is, it emphasizes the
noun as the prime example among a number of other possible choices.

£1-"ro~~£
N
~~ 0 1 0~~£

7f ~s;.g c:RRi>~ ~~7-] 7} ~-clo:]].B..?

Which sightseeing destination best represents Korea?

Lf A~j~.s:.ot~.£. ~s;.g c:RRi>~ ~~7-]c}JI ~ 4- ~7-].B...

You could say Jeju Island is just the place to represent Korea.
 7~ T 7 ~ 7}AJ- ~78~1--)77}?
Who do you respect the most?

Lf _!f-.2.\:J OlOf~.£. A~j7} 7}AJ- ~?8<'>H=- ~~ <f:JYrf.

My parents are the ones I really respect the most.

7~ ~1' ».]7)- "'Jt'-<'>Hl tlj~o] !f-loj]Jl?

What's the secret of your success, Munsu?
Lf l-j-t;'-i>J-i::. t:ijojj;: ?J",C: 5!~oj ~Jli>j-Ajqi ~~~ :':r:_l2j OlOf~.£. l-j-t;'-Qj tlj~oji:_j-_i!_ W~
'V. e>lJl.
A lot of things are necessary to be successful, but I would say that persistent hard work, and nothing else,
is the secret to success.

A
{ 153)
1 7~ ~7Jg 7-]7]~ 10j]7}.AJ-%Jl~~o] Jf-12-}.Jll-~Zf<'>BJl?

q ,<I_ '8 o]o~~.£ 7)-AJ -%Jl~ ~o]2.}.Jl "'~Zf<'>BJl.

?:!b'"~ AI71-E cii7~%Ro~q ~I 7~ %R~ ~o 1 q

21~ ~~I-Ofl ~ ~§o~ cil 7~ %Ro~q .:J. Lf2.f '2::!0i~ ~.l1t2.1 t!H~ ~I 7~%£.~ ~o1q

.2-I.A.IOJIJ..i '2J~~E Cil / ~:g 'iMRo~C~ 1:i~g I :2:I.A.IOJI.A.i '2..!~~-E Cil 7~ 'iMR~ ~Oiq

2 7f 7-]~77}7-] ~\] OJ~ -%oj]J,l 7}.AJ ~~ 1!~\J OJ~~ Jf-l ~] Jl?

q '.£.o}~ *~' olo~~.£ 7)-AJ ~%~tj OJ~S101Jl.

0 Pf-01~ 9- ~ ~ ;,}tg-Oj] 7}% oj-~7-1 ~Jl.

£D~Qj %'§)I 7~ b'-~ '2..! ~:2:f~q I

O I~Of~ * ~-E A~~oH 7f-@ ofl}lq
~I 7~ 7IQ:l0ll 'a-E ~o1q I
q~~ A~'Ef~~~ g£:~ ~ * '1[~q

~.Jl7 1I 7~ 9!'1!-E ~o1q I

9!£ '1(.Jl ?:i-b'-011£ ~q

326 Korean Grammar u1 Ur~ · Intermediate

(1) 7f 1\1 *Oil).~ 7PJ 71 qe:j .A] ~ ~~ 9i Ail oJl.B.? (J.~ ~D

q Ail f.~OJ.OIO!=OJ:£. 7}:AJ 7lcf2:J.Al ~ ~o] oJl.R.

(2) 7f Q.J~Oi ~ ~w -9- cv_~ £l.:i2Q] l:lJ~ol ..lf-9-t~llr.B.? (lfr~ ~-;;;;-)

q Q.J~o-J ~ ~w -9- 'V-~ £l.:i2Q] l:lJ~o l .Al.B..

(3) 7f ~7J~%oJl ~ !f-17)- 'V_ ~ 7!)-.B.? ({17.1)

q ).il7-ll ~~ ~ 7J~% 0 lc.}.:il W-9- 'V-o-J.R.

(4) 7f ).j{}JI} AJ~~ 7)-2-J.Al ?.f.Jl W-9- 'V_~ ~% o1 'V_~7J)-.R? ({:!71)

q ).l{}JI}AJ~~ 7)-Cl.A] ?/.:il W-9- 'V_~ ~%O].A].ft.

(5) 7f ~.:rz. ).j-oloJl 7}:AJ *.R~ ?>!o] !f-]c.j-.Jl .A~z,l-<'>H.B.? ().~.£~ ~~ u)-%)
q ~.:rz. ).j-oloJl 7)-AJ *.R~ ?>!olc.}.:il J.~z,l-<'>H.ft.

(6) 7f ~RoJl).~ 7)-AJ %~~ ~~%o l !f-1oJl.R? (~)

q ~qojj).~ 7)-AJ %~~ ~~% *Qj i>]-L.f<i:JL-Jq.

(7) 7f .AJ-oF »-1 ~ o-J~ 7-J]11 ~ 7)-AJ %0 r<'>H.R? (7]-%)

q .A~ ~ 71 ~~ Ail~ %oJ-i5H.ft. ~~ ~7]ojl 7j-AJ %~
7-ll ~ 0 11-j 7!)-.R.

(8) 7f ~Cl lfroJl).l .f:-71- 7}:AJ .AcJ 1J.t>H.R? (-9-~ »-1)

Lf Aclw .Aj1J.~ ).j-~oloJJ.B.. ~.ill.oJ]s:. 7}:AJ ~~
.2..7-j ~ .£_ 0

..-::--
1

CD 7c:i W :r1 o:1 ~ Jl ~ :r1o:l-&:A1 .2. 2 ~ojJl

® 7-jW :rj~:A] ?J-o}Jl @ :r1o:J-&:A1 ~.:E. ~ojJl

3 7~ 7~~2.1 JJ.I rgo1 ~'§t Oil ~ ~ ~O ~.B..

Lf ~ 0 ~7~ Ollt!t!LIJ7~ rg.s::_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CD oj]~~Jl ~ oj]lllljo]: Q1Jl
® oj] ~:A] .£ %c.t-Jl @ oj] ~ ?l;j.j-01] ~:A]Jl

4 7~ A l 'd~Oll ~ Li m A ~t .UiiEJ" OP io~'C! Cil ~0 1 A~;tiOi£?

q O ~LI B.. .:::Z.'cf - - -- - - - - - - - - - -

CD :§:1 A} %.fi_ ~ 7-1 oj] Jl ~ :§:1;,} %.fi.~ ~o]01]Jl

® :§:1"'} %.fi.')1.Q_~ ~~ojJl @ :§:1"'} %.fi. ~ ?l;j.j-01] ~ ojJl

5 CD 0J=7J »-]7} u~~ 2"']{1-~ .g '8i>~Jl. ~o}L-f -R ~-6}-E:A] %t.\-Jl.

C6l ~~o]o]:w£ 7-jW 7}.:E. ~~ -xoJ011Jl.
® o}3. »-1 ~ \:fJt!~ ~~~:·n ~.::rz.~ ~ ~o}Jl.
@ ~~01] ~ l:l}llll}),l :A] \l9-~01] 1lht ?l;j.j-01] ~oJJl .

6 CD <>1 7.~] ~ ~ ~ :A}.:E. 1i ~ ~o 1011Jl.

~ oj:A~1~ ~o 1 ~o}L-f ~-o]~:A1 %~<>1Jl.
® ~o1 iifo}J--j :A1\l9-W011.£ ~ ~ W -9-'4[011 ~oJJl.
@ ~P·1o]:W£ ~R~ qjJ£~~ g~o12f.:E. %f -9- ~oJJl.

328
 -~

You are aware that today a special guest is visiting us from abroad,
right?

Lf l=j1, .:l~ 0 1 ~3{j<5};;zj ~/11 --8.7(l g »-39~Y ct.

Yes, I'll make sure they them feel comfortable (not uncomfortable}.

7f ~l-~\3. ~ojj J.i ~ ~ <i} ~ 0JJl.

Teacher, (we) can't hear you well in the back.

Lf -=z.~ . ~;.}~~.5:.. ~ ~
J.l-§-~Jl1Jl.
g * ~Jll u} 0 l3..~

Then I'll use a microphone so that the people in the back can hear,
too.

Ol ±f.~~ .!f.!Oll q2::: ~§Oil Cll~ ~~01q 71-ff. ~~ 7ICH£!::: ~:i!~ :3~ qE~~ UH Af§~Liq. ~ . {:!~

~2.1 ~§ol OI.5FOJ;t;l71 ~aHAi ::: ~~~2.1 ~§OI ~R<5~q::: 2.1DI<fJLiq.

This expression is used to indicate the expected result, goal, criterion, or standard of the following action.
Thus, it means the following action is necessary to realize the preceding action or state.
-----~ ,- ------- ---- -----~

- 711
Al~5~7il
-711
1£! 711
A/V
EJ ;t;l ~;1-711
Q:! ;t;l U7il

• LH~ <f:l ~ .::?- ~:JJl .2-~ J-il~~oJlJ--l OJ~~ ~rt:.l- ?J-il.R.

Please pick up my suit at the cleaners today so that I can wear it tomorrow.

• ~;.~~Ol %7-J ?J"}j] \:fl:lJ-_g.s:_~ %';(i.o-JJl.

(I) raised the temperature of the heater so that the students wouldn't be cold.

:::: ':::; Korean Grammar u1 2/.se · Intermediate

 • Q.j=j;- ~ ~~tJic17-1 ?£~1 ~.::r-<>11~1 {!~ i5~ 0 l=39.~Jl.
I've got to call my friend so that he doesn't forget our appointment.

1 '-lll'~ .Y±~ rrH::: '-lliB'~ AA7I.S:. gj"L]q_

The form -711~ can be used as an emphatic form of - 7!1 .

• %Ji. ~ 1.]1 § g_ '5-J oj l:lj i:'.1 Aj ?-J-7-]1 4'-{:J "11 uJ1£ ~ i5"}.J.i1Ji..
= -'6-Ji.~ t..J1 § g_ '?.JoJI:Iji:'.1A1 ?J"J1J-i=
} 91J"11 uJ1£~ i5"}-"i1Ji..
Please take notes in order not to forget the important points.

2 '- 7-]]'7} PJ- ¥1"11 .2.]-.J.i !>':.~ 4'-.5:. <V.-;:;1..-]c}.

- 711 can also be used at the ends of sentences.

Please dress warmly in order not to catch a cold.

• -;; ~%<5"1 <5~ . t:f:': ,!,}1f~o] .:g._!f-<5"}7-]].

Don't make any noise in order to allow other people to study.

1 7~ OJ'7J- »-1 },~ ~ 011 lf 2 {1_ ~ ~ tl}~ ~ ~ JJ}_9_? ~.

q OJ7J- »-17} ~01 A}~ ~ 7}:A1.Jl qyt:-jc.}.Jl.B... ;tillliJIIO I;ti
coffee maker
7~ .=Li!Jl.B..? .=L~ Be>l ~ ~2-1 ~~ 9- <ll ~l ~:7-}A}~ ~ A} ~7!}..9..?

§O I .Af~~ 7~A:].Jl CfLICf 801~ ~2.1 ~~ * ~q I ~A~A~~~ .A~Cf

7'~lll~ :q~ Df.AICf ~Oli.A.i.S:.. 7'~nl~ o]1,i-* ~q I 7'~niOliOI 7'~~ .A~Cf

'~L.;j .AICH'-~ ~0~5 1.q

2 7~ 9-~ »-1, tri ~ ~ o}Ol7} ~ ~ ~ 9- ~~o}.B...

.=2~7]1

q DlCd-i>R.B... 0 } 0 17} ~~ ~ 9- <ll7Jl ~%til %1-711..9...

rr~~'2:! 0~017~ g~ ~ * ~c~ O~OI7 f g~ ~ * ~q I ~~5 1 5~Cf

.gQ.,f~ 3Jil ~.2.'2:1 Cf-E .A~Olllll ~H7 ~ s=.1c~ ~HS:.IA:I 'CJCf I OIOi~~ 7JICf
~2.1 ~f'2:! .2.1~ ~~01 OI5H%f -* ~q .2.1~ ~~.5:. OI5H%f * ~q I ~~51~~
1 q~ .A.~E[~~ ~g-Oli.A.i O~~OiLIOll7il Ef!-9:!~ .!:?-~~mR? .::IE!~ .5!~ '-Jil'~ .A.I-*<5H.A.i g ;g
~ ~{:jc5~AiiR.

(3) (4)

(1) 7f ~~ ~~ *~77]-.R? (l-]-'E[~o] ~ ~ _2_7.] ?Jt:j-)

q f...~%01 %01.2.7-1 °J111 ~~ {}.=L.Ai].R.

(2) 7f oJ %7,::! ~ 77H7.J:: :):! ~L.J7!J-? (77H7.J7.J ?Jt:J-)

q t:Jl. .=z.c.1L.J77J- llH ~w rrH ±{:loR 9--"il.R.

(4) 7f l:J¥ ?-9=Jl--J %£ ~c.J jl ;z e£ L-J-ii.. (%0 1~o-H ;;z.Jq)

q .=L'EJ, 0] 7.~ t=J1 li!_.Ai].R.

Korean Grammar ut 'ltre · Intermediate

 7~ g~ ~ ~a}L.f ~l:l ] t>Bo~ ~77}Jl?
How much food should I prepare?

Prepare enough so that we don't run out.

7~ OJ7J )).], J.l%7} :Aj 2.]7} ~ ~J.llf-<):!_0 ] ~ cjoj]

<V,~.Aj ~~ +7} ~Li]Jl.
Yang Gang, these papers aren't organized well, and I can't figure
out where anything is.

q ).l% ~ ~ :rll ~g_ + <V,.£~ 7}l..fcj- -2-_2_.5!..

:Aj 2-1 ~ <5]-~;:; y cj-.
I'll put them in alphabetical order so you can find things easily.

~ *~;:;;Liq.
When using this expression , the action stated in the preceding clause is the speaker's goal or reason for
doing the action stated in the following clause. It is interchangeable with -711.
C""7--,....-.,-..---..,_-~..,...-~...,..--,.--=·---~-------~-- --------------- ---------,

~fE.o-~c~ ~fE.o~s=.-&
.gq .gs=.-&
A/V
!f.:;:;o~A I
\:'l£-&
- AI \:'i!:C.-&
.gAl ?.tEe.-&
L --·- ~---- -- - ~------ - -- -- -- ··----- - -- --- - -- -- -· - ···- --- -- - -··· · -

7~ ~{:l rrH J1.7] ~ lfJ-0 ] Qjo-jJ.-j .=Liti:A] 4;:- 0 ] ~1fl'6H.fl...

I think eating a lot of meat for lunch may have given me an upset stomach.

Lf .=L1::j /\-j ~ Dil:: 4i-0 ]1fl'6)-£~ ~{[o] -¥-~~-& ~ ~ ~J-i].fl...

Really? In that case, please eat something light like porridge for dinner to go easy on your stoma&
 7~ .fL£ i!:-~ 0 1 if-i>E 0 1c)l.fL.
I heard that eye infections are common these days.

Lf i!:-~ 011 ~ c.] Al %f£~ ~g ~ ~~o~39_Li1R.

(Then) we' ve got to wash our hands well to keep from catching an eye infection.

7~ ~Al-011 :;]~<5}:ll 1i~ ~ o1 ~~Y 77r?

Do you have any suggestions for the company (to consider)?

Lf 1.:]1, Al-~ ~ 0 1 ~<5}-t:f7l- ~ 4- ~£~ %:7111! 0 1 ~..2.li:l_ '%?~~Yt:f.

Yes, I t hink it would be nice if there were a rest area where employees could go to rest while worki ng.

'-.s=.~·~ *~~Oli.A.i Lf.2.~ ~~£1 ~.s=,q ~6.1~ LfE~LH 7iLf .A.ILf£1~lll ~ LfE~~ rrH.s=. .A.I§~Liq.
The expression -.5::.~ is also used to express a time limit, degree, or method related to the action stated in the
following clause.

• ~Oj llll}Aj .!i:.~ ~~ 7]cj-)j_Aj 1(!- ~~7} ..2..Aj %f'V_-oj Jl,

I waited with a craned neck for the phone call, but it never came.

• %J.~ o] ~ 12A]7} c} ~£~ ~ oj] ~oj ..2..Aj i',fo}Ai .C:j:-'J- 9.Y,oj.R_

My little brother/sister didn't come home by midnight, so I became worried.

'-lj]'2.f '-.s=_~· ~ 7~£1 i::l l:::::'5flii.A.I§'5fAI'2! ~~'5flil ry'5f'2:! Cj-§:i!f ~~ * fOI7f ~,;;; LI C~.
While -711 and -.5::.~ are very similar in meaning, their precise differences are as follows.

- 7il

~~:i'.f ~.R7 f c-j ~~Li ef. ~~.!i!.Cfe OjC

[::l ~EH Lf ~.!i:.7 f £1e ?;!Oil-§ Ci .:'t~~
The goal or purpose is more certain. -8LICf.
The focus is more on the surrounding state or
degree of something rather than the goal itself.

• o}o]7} Qj% 9- ~~~ oH-& -3! g 'i\A] o}-"i]Jl.

-+ OfOI7f ~ e ?;!OI ~ -+ of017f ~~ * 'lie ~.s::.£ '2!E.e ?;~o l ~
The goal is to get the child to eat. The goal is to make the food such that the
child can eat it.

334 Korean Grammar,;" 'lise- · Intermediate

1 7~ o:j.!i!_, Oitti {].2...£ olJ,}ii}J?:! %= ~77}il._?
D~ to one's heart's content
q o}o]7} u}g ~ !fle>i~ 4'- <V,.£~ u}t~·o ]
A~~ xji~51Cf to experience nature
~~~~ :i'I~Cf to cultivate one's imagination
<V.::= {].2...£ ojJ-}<'>H=- :71] ¥~0i_g__

Ol~ ~~ OIA~6~Cf 0~ ¥-101~ * <x..!Cf I D~'5fOI <x..!E- ~~ O IA~61C~

Ol~ .2?-~011 OlCI£ O:l~~ 7~Cf ;qca~ ~11gj%t * <x..!Cf I AI~ ~~fOil 7 ~c~
O~IOIIlil Ol~ ~~ N-2?-Cf ~~Sil~ 71~ * <x..!Cf I ~~f"....lj~ A~ .2?-Cf

2 7~ _g_~ "lZl- W2 ~ ~ -5::- <'>H=- ~ ~o};,l 4:y-J5H_g__

q J-j{l-~ 'cfl:l]ii}.A] ?j.£~ 7-ll~ ~ ~ J--j]%1 .!i!_J--j].fl_, 7 f7jl~
household account book

AI~ \3t:JI6~AI UCf I ltl~~ ~ AiiEf.Cf

.:I~~ X-j~~ §OI 6fL~£ ~Cf ~ OlCIOII ~XI~-"? <x..!Cf I 7 ~lfl!i!~ ~q

7~7il011 ~'cl~OI ~Ol~Cf ~'cl~OI CfAI ~ * <x..!Cf I 7 ~7'11 ~71~ t:Jp.:l-Cf

(1) 7~ ~).~~. oj .g.~ g ~ £23)l.Oiil._. (oJ5HW 4'- <Xlt:f)

q -"=L'E!, o:jcj{!!:-o] ~ OI'OH~.t -'T- 0J.Y~ t:fJ-] ~~ 1l~-6H ~lj].fl_.

(2) 7~ .2. ~ ~ 7 787] ~ _!rl_cj ~ 7-]o:j]il._? (~4'-~ oj ~ g ~ 4'- <Xlt:f)

q l:j], 7}J-l ~{J <5] %-%l.W 7-] o:J]il._,

-?~~~ ::: ~ 9j).-jj.fl__

-------------------------

21. ~% qep~ a:ft 335

 CD 0 iJ-dAc-J%1 .!2. 0 1711 ~ o:p.dAc-j%].!i!_ ~q~

@ o:p.d Ac-j %1 .!;:!_ ~ EJ1 Y7lf @ Oi"-dAc1%1 .!i!. 0 1Lf u}t.f

7. LH~ ~.H.~ ~~ * 9):A:IR?

q Lil. ~.H. rrH ~*o~:A:I ?i7ll frljl~ I[IJ"OI ~OlR

CD 1!9-Wll} !il- ~ 1!9-"5}7-1 U.£~

® 1!9-"5}7-1 ?J_2_C;j~ ® 1!9-"5}7-1 ?J-71 ~i>R .Ai

7. Ol .2.'§1~ J-.ii::IIA7~ ~~ ~ ~LiiR

q -f:j-,1-.~~Li q. -e:~~OI ~o~7ll ---------------- ~~{:!~ qo~.i1. 9)~Liq.

CD 7-1~ Jill E11 ~ 7-1\11 .Ad.£.£

® <?l.Jl i>R .Ai @ 1J 9- ~.£~

CD <5J"-J ~Hi~ cj-"91.£~ o}o1~ ~ 7}2~cJ-.

~ .ill.{J 0 1 .A1 TI~:A1 *o}.£~ ~.g.~ ~~01..a.
® ~..!f.Oi1 1:1J-i>R 7r !il .£~ -3f ~ -&~c.J.£ 0 1 °~71"9101 .a.
@ ~ 0J' 0 1 ~"5}7-1 ?i".£~ g~ ~ ~Jl~ 12:J01°~ ~y q-.

7• {:!~~. -§.UI7~ ~o~J-.i 8 .s:!.~R

q .:L2.HR? .:LEi ________________ 3..7il .Ui ~7liR

~OI 'afOI 2.q I ~O I Dl.n~q I ,1-.~'EJ'~OI 'SOl:A:I:A:I <(Jq I ~~ j:j.Sf.q

- ( ~

336
 7~ -ci-&t:1] .7ol-!I. ~ ~ ~77}Jl?
It's hot, shall I open the window?

q ~0 1 l=j -¥- }, ]11 if:l "Ci 2.}.JIJl.

:l~Ai .7c}-.g ~ ~ 9j_q7} rfA] ~~o-JJl.
It was really noisy outside. So (earlier) I had opened the window,
but then I closed it again.

Do you have any special plans for the weekend?

Yes, I'm planning to go to Susan (and then come back) with a friend.

Ol .R~ ::: ~~~2.1 ~§0 1 ~£.§ .!f.IOU~~~2.1 ~§~ g}~ QIDI~Liq. OI[H ·-~j~q7f2.1 '-~/~-· :::
·~p~ AIAil' ~ qE~LH ~ -3;!01o ~LI 2.~ '~§O I ~£%!' ~ Qlolru-Liq. ~~~Oll ~ ~71, ~AH, DI2.H AIAil7~ q
~ * ~ 0 1J:j ·-~/CXi!q7f ~ ·-~/CXi!Cf~ '§t~ * ~~Liq. §.A.~~ <ffOll ~ * ~~Liq.
This expression ind icates t hat the subject performs t he act ion in t he following clause after the act ion in
t he first clause is completed. Not e that in this case the -<ri.f<xJ.- part of -'W<xJ.Cf7 ~ does not indicat e t he
past tense but rather t he completion of the action. As for t he following clause, all tenses can be used ,
including the past, present, and future. The phrase -~/<xJ.Cf7~ can also be shortened to -~/<xJ.Cf. Finally, t his
expression can only be attached to verbs.

• =i'1 E ~ 1£t:f7}- u)-%oj] ~ ~ Oi).1 ~'§!1<>!.11..

I bought a coat but then returned it because I didn't like it.

• l:l]~ 7] Jf.~ oj] Q,~t:f-7}- {f:A}7] ~o] J,~:r-j).-j ~~~Oii1..

I had reserved a plane ticket but then cancelled it because something suddenly came up.

338 Korean Grammar iN U·e- · Intermediate

 • :g-7(!- ~~~~~oJl 31t:.l- %7l].R.
I'm going to make a quick trip to the post office.

1 Ol .H.~ ::: {:!~~:ilf ~~~2.1 ?OPf ~OfO~ ~Li q.

The subjects of the preceding and following clauses must be the same.

• OJ7J ),.l.j:: Jt\7-j ~ 'fj_t:j-7} 7-}0j: J,.l.j7} ~ ~ oj.£l, (X)

- OJ=7J ),.1.1:: Jt\7-j ~ 'fj_C}7HOJ7J J,.l.]7}) ~ ~e>l.R. ( 0)

2 .5:!.~ {:!~~:ilf ~~~Oll~ .A.i£ ~CH£1~ ~6~ qEfLH ~ §-.A.Pf ~Lief.

In general, the actions described by the preceding and following clauses reflect mutually contrastive or
opposite situations.

• _nE ~ 'fl~t:j-7} '3!~oj.£l,

I put on the coat and then took it off.

• ~ ~ ~cJ-7} e>l.!f.·W·i t:J-).1 ~e>l.R.

I turned the lights off but then turned them back on because it was dark.

• ~oj~t:j-7} ~alJ·i t:J--'1 ~e>l.R.

I woke up but then went back to sleep because I was sleepy.

3 o1 .H.~::: Oi~ ~6~ of.:JI ::::1 ~§-ol ~~~ ~:AI£1~ .gEHOli.A.i Oi~ ~~ ~~of7-Jq ~::: 7lcHof:AI
fJ::: ~ 01 {!!~ ~ llH .A.f~~ *.s:. 'll~Liq. .1:2.~ -t:!~~.£1 ~§- ~ ~ ~Oll ~~~of:AI cri::: ~01
!?-<c:!ol {!!71./il £1cx.t~ rrH ~Lief. ?£ Jif710ll ~Oi'd ~011 cHc>H.A.i'2.! .A.~of[]:j .5:!.~ '7fq. .2.q Efef.
~2q' §-.A.f2.f ~OI ~Li q. OIITH~ ·-~.Ucx.t~C~I'£.5:. t::!f-¥-1 ~ * 'll~Liq.
This expression can also be used to indicate the speaker's doing of some action and then experiencing
something noteworthy or unexpected while doing that action. In this case, it usually refers to the
occurrence of an unplanned event after doing the action in the preceding clause. It is mainly used to
refer to past events and is used together with verbs such as 7fCL .2.Cf, EfCf. and ~£Cf. When used in
this meaning, it can be replaced with the expression -'U/~eCil with no change in meaning.

• ~~HloJl =llt:J-7} Jf-'?:!t>l J1. ~~.lll. uJl ~ 7 ~ ~~e>l.R.

= ~~~oJl =u-::t:i] Jf-'?:!t>] _ll. ~~.lll. uJl ~ff 'i!·~oj.R,
I went to the department store and happened to bump into a high school friend.

• ).-j ~ ojj %"-cJ-7} AR oJ~ :: ~ ~ ~?,:l~oj.R,

= ).-j ~ ojj %"-i=-t:·l] AR oJ ~:: ~ ~ ~?,:l~oj .R,
I went by the bookstore and came across an interesting book.

\) 13~ '£~ LfEf~ Ujf2.j 02 '-Cf7 f'~ ~~ofAiiR

See Chapter 13 Expressing Mid-Action, 02 -C.I7f.
 ·-q7F£~ '-<n:/cxtq7F::: ~EH~~::: l::ll;:o~:AI'2.!"2.JDI~~::: l[i~ ~f017~ <ll~Liq.
While -ef7f and -CUI<t:tcf7f are two similar forms, they have a number of differences as show n below.
·-·----- - - - - -

(1) Oj~ ~01 ~OjLfil '?l!c 8l.IOll ef-E ~01 ~Oj'tJLICf. (1) ofLf£1 ~~01 ~li@ -?lOll efe ~~~Lief.
The second action or event occurs while the The second action is performed after the first
first action is still occurring. action is completed.

• --'·H:loJI 7}r:f7} ~ 7 ~ 'r!xtoJ.R. • --'i{:loJI :;:(cJ-7} ~7 ~ 'r!xtoJ.R.

I met a friend on the way to the bookstore. I went to the bookstore and met a friend there.

-+ .A.i~Oll 7!-E 8l.IOll ~~ 'Cf~C!-E £1DI~LICf. -+ .A.i~Oli.S:.~H.A.t ~ .A.i~Oll I!" ~~01 ~li@
Here, the speaker met a friend while going ~Oll ~~ 'Cf~Ci-E £1DI~LICf.
to the bookstore. Here, the speaker met a friend after the action
of going to the bookstore was completed.

(2) '-ef7f'!c 2.§ ~.A.f2.f .A.I§OI 7f5~Li ef.
- Cf7f can be used with all verbs.
(2) '-CUI~ef7f'!c -?-£ l;llcH£1 £1ol~ 7f:XI!c ~.A.~OI
=4=4 ~~~~ ~~~Oll ~Lief.
-<UJ~ cm is mainly used with verb pairs (in
the preceding and following c lauses) that form
opposites or contrastive meanings.

1 7f .2Jl Q..]=1; ~ 4j:i:<S"}it ~..9..?

q .:::1.~ ~~o] CX1.t:i2.fJl..9... .=:I.cjp,l Q..]=1; ~ ~q7} 4l:i:~~..9...

~'§" ~~01 CUCf I Qt~ 15fef I ?l~i5fef

j:IDf£ ~l(}f~Cf l::lf:XI7f ~ <21" Oi~2.1Cf I l::lf:AI~ ~q I j:jDf£ ~IOf~Cf
Cf.A.I~OII~2.Cf :AI~~ <21" 7f:AHtef I Lf7fef I ~Oll Cf.A.I ~2.Cf

340 Korean Grammar ;, 'll.re- · Intermediate

2 7f oJ;<iJ <?:!oJl<?..l ~ ~q~-"iil?

Lf t;Jj , rzJ%oJl 1-f31t:t7} ~ :§:1-l:lfl.!f- ·~ lfl' ~ ~o-J .fL.

Qi;J;il ~Oll<2.1~ !i!Cf ~~Oil Lf7fef I ~.2:ft1H~ ·~'e.J·~ !i!Cf

'cJ":Af t)~ ~~OJI.A:j ~Lfef ~'C!Oll ~~I O:j~<5f2.-J 2.Cf I 'ctJ:l -B~ ~qq
O:j~ 7f.A.i j]:~~ I'JO l<5fC.f ~Oil ~Oi7fef I ttllf ~012.-1= ttfW"Oll.:il~ <5fC.f

l a.
(1) 7f .g'l§<S"}cj 1-j-;jqJl <5"}7-1 ?:1-~0l.R?
Lf ~oJl Lf7J:t:flr 1:117} 2-l---'i I:f---'1 ~ <>1*01£..
(2) 7f 1
0 A~1 ~ oJ )fo-J .fL?
Lf o}Ljoj]Jl. 0}77} _ _ _ _ _ _ _ :rrJ~<Sfl-"i t:f--'1~oJ.fL.
(3) 7f ~717} ~ i=-~ I:l1~7{1- :7c{.g ~ ~7/j-.fL?
Lf ~»-1 71- #LJ77J- ~21 t:f--'1 ~-o]- ~Ai] Jl.
(4) 7f C>iti qt:j..2..-"121Jl.R?

(5) 7f 2J1 ~ -"'-oj]Al Lfl5:J_ oj£.?

Lf ~A ~ - - -- - -- A}~ 0 1 Ll-¥- ?J-oj-).i Lfl5:J.Ol.fL.

~~oJl ~.:r-2} ~o ] t~J-I:foJl .gcj {toJ.fL. t~}I:foJ1 (1)~~ 'J:t:flr ~:§:!- ~~-oH::- 1,! ~ ~
oJ.fL. ~:§}-l:lfl.!f-~ 0 1 ;<a~ oJJtlllt:J2fJl.R. ~cjJll:lfl~ Xl:o-J£.. ~'tl c:l1Bfl~ (2)_ __
~D 1 ~ {:]3}/11 <5flAl L:jlf- ~ ~ ;doJ.fL. ~Cl1Al <?_f~ A}cj ~ojj L.j-{(oJ.fL. ~i(it:~1 ~ojj

(3) ojj~ O:j.A~ ~oJ.fL. ~2J1Ai ~ O:j.A1~ u:.j-2.}{(-o-J.fL. ~i(it:i1 ~

 Where shall we meet?

Let's meet at that coffee shop where we met last time.

Those are nice clothes. Are they new?

q 0}7]2.} ».] ;_~~ n}~ rrJl ~ ~1£! *~t:i] 7]Q:j

~ LfAi].R?
These are the clothes I wore to Akira's birthday party. You don't
remember them?

01 E~~ ~P~Oll ~~8 ~o1 q .gEH~ ~.g~ IT!I .A.I-§51-E ~~ ~J:HOII:: ::1. ~01 :AI~£1:AI ?i.JJ. ~:;~
qE~'EJLiq. OlE~~ ~.E.~ 2.IDI6~:: '-cxt/~-·~f .2:.1-g~ qE~LH:: ''2!'01IDj::j-tJ ~Q£ ~.A.f <itOll ~Liq.
This expression is used when recalling a past event or state of affairs that has not continued to the present.
It consists of -'~J./'Xi.-, indicating completion, and \:!, indicating recollection, and is used before nouns.

AN ;
-- --- --- --------
.£I.A.fOiq Qj.A.f~t!
NOICf l
2,1-~0iq "§:j-~ 01~12:!
- - - - - - - - - - ' - · -- - - -- - - -- --. - - - -··- - - - -

Yunju, who used to be modest when she was young, now has an aggressive personality.

• Oi:A~] ~{lrrJl ~ ~~ ~ o];;o] ljQ::z].B..?

What is the name of that food we had for lunch yesterday?

• -3f\J ~ ;;oJJ ~~ :u-~ xoJl ctJ..l 7}.Jl -itOi.B...

I want to go back to that place we went to last summer.

·<j 8~ ·~~~~ LfEf'g! Ulf2j 01 '-\:!'~ :g~ofAila

See Chaptec 8 Expressing Recollection, 01 -12!.

342 Korean Grammar /n 9t.·e · Intermediate

1 OI.H.~:= OJL ~.!I. XI~~~ 7~XI~ §AK'~cf. '2¥o~cr. ·qLjq'. 'AR-Icf :3)£~ ~~AlE '-'2!'
.££ l::l~~ ..Ui.!I. .:1 ~Oil ~ q~ ~~017~ ~~Liq.
For adjectives and some verbs that express a certain degree of a continued state such as ~c.f,2.!f.c5fef.
efLief. and AfTlef, the expression -'W'tiel can be replaced with -el without a change in meaning.

• oj ~~ Ai]7} oj51g IIJI1f<'.Jl:[! ~~t..Jcf.

= 0 ] ~~ Ail7} <>151% IIJI1fttl ~~t..Jcf.
This is the house I lived in growing up.

• Jl%~.ii!.IIJI H~ttl %~ 0 ]~ !:Jl~.ii!.oj]2}J.i 1[g ?1"0 ]llllj] 'it'tl15Jl~;;t..]q_

= Jl ~~.ll!. liJl Hti}ttl %~o] ~ qj~.ll!.<>j] 2fJ.i 1[g ?l"o]llllj] 'it'tl15Jl~~t..Jq.
Yujin, who was chubby in high school, went to college and became thin after losing a lot of weight.

2 ~~A~I ·-~/~'2!·~ ~01~ §A~I :£~ rrH£1-l= '§2.1 j2~712.1 ~EH7~ ~;;H£1-E ~cH~'2! ~¥£~
j2P12.1~EH7~ ~AH7JfXI XI~£!~ ~.5f ~ q AI§W * <x,!~Ljq_
Unlike the case with verbs, when -~/'tiel is attached to adjectives there are two possible interpretations.
It can refer to cases in which the present situation has become the opposite or contrary to a past
situation or state of affairs, or it can refer to cases in which a past situation has continued in the same
state until the present.

• ~%~.ii!.IIJI~ 7]7} ~~ttl £~0]7} A]i}~ I1JH1.£1l!g %[ ~.5:..£ ~!:Jl.R..

Doyeong, who used to be short during elementary school, is now so tall she could be a fashion model.
: .:c.j-7i£1 ~EH 2f ~;:~:H£1 ~EH/f ~CH'i'J ~.!f.
The past and present situations are contrastive.

• <>1 ~ ufl.!f!.El ~~ttl 721"~ qj~.ll!.oj] 7]-J.i.S:. ~J-.AJ 1~ ~ ~!:Jl.R..

Gyeongsu, who was always bright as a kid, is always first in his class (even now) in college.
: .:c.!-7i21 ~EH 7f ~;~:H77f;\j :AI~£1e ~.!f.

The past situation continues to the present.

1 '-'2!'~ ·-~/~'2!·:= ~EH~ l::ll~o~XI'2! c~~ ~I<:JI7~ <x,!~Liq.

While -el and -~/'ti el are similar forms, they have the following differences.

- '2!
.:c.j-7i011 AI~HAi 0~ ~Lt:AI '(jg ~- ~ .:c.!-7i011 .:c.j-7i011 AI~HAi OlD I .:c.!-7i011 ~q ~AH77f:AI :AI~£1:AI

:Af-'? ~ ~011 ~~ Lief. ?Je ~011 ~~Lief.

This is used in cases in which a past action or This is used in cases in which a past action or
event has not ended yet or in cases of a past event ended or was completed in the past and
action or event that was repeated often. does not continue now.
 • <>!51~ rrJl Q:jg g-6jo] Q:]Jl1i_<>jJl. • <>! :A~] Q:j ~ g g .6) ~ .2.. ~ 5:. Q:j Jl 11 <>! Jl.
I want to eat the food I used to eat when I I want to eat the food I ate yesterday again
was small. today.

... :i!f7i0il ;q~ ~~~.H.~ ... :CPiOil OlD I ~ ~.2.£ ~'cl ~

This expresses an action often done in the This expresses an action that ended after
past. one occurrence in the past.

• 7.~]7} 0]·7J} .!i!.Td {l:t ~ cxj 7]oj].!f-~:::r:·l] • o] {} ~~ :A~] 7} 0}7J}~Td ~ t:·l] t:f ::': {}if:
~).] * .!i!.~<>j Jl? 'irt <>!Jl?
I put the newspaper I was reading earlier This is the (same) newspaper I read earlier.
here. Did you happen to see it? Do you have a different one?

-+ 2.f7i0il A. I~H.A:j O f~ ~Lf.A I 'i'l.g ~~.H.~ ... :i!f7i0il A. I~HA.i OIDI ~'cl ~
This expresses an action that started in the This expresses an action that started in the
past but has not ended yet. past and already ended.

2 '--{ 0 )L':: 8~ol Oitt! ~-5-0]q J,.~{:!O] Jlf710il ~Oi;d::;~ qE.~LH7-Jq ::J.. J,.~{:!O].gj".fi..'@ ~ ~:X:Hllf
;:] J;:]~£1::: -3,:!~ qE.~LH '-~/cxt\::!'Jlf j:~0]7f 9.J~L]q_
The phrase - (.2.) L can refer either to the fact that some action or event simply happened in the past or to
the fact that the completed state of an action or event has continued to the present. Thus, it differs from
- 'X.t/'X;!'2! in the following ways.

-(O)L

• 7.] ~ »-]7]· Z} *~ o].;::-o]oj]Jl. • 7.]~ »-]7} I(g *~ o].;::-o]oj]Jl.

The place Jimin went to is t he U.S. The place Jimin went to is the U.S.

... :cf7i0il oi~Oil ~Jl :1 o1~£ 7114i- o 1~0il 'Xli91
'irt2-.AI ~ "i" 'irt§LICf.
Jimin went to the U.S. in the past, but
whether he is still there or not cannot be
determined.
... :c.f7i0il o 1~0il ~Jl. :1 ol~£2- o1~0il 'XJ.AI u~
~ 21~f0j OIWiof.Jl 'X,!§LICf.
Jimin went to the U.S. in the past, but it is
understood that he did not subsequently
stay there.

3 Jlf7-j ~ qE.~~ [H -5-J,.f-E '--{ 0 )L 'Jlf '-\::!' .2Ef.~ J,.f§.~ ~ 9)~ C-j] ~H ~-§J,.~q 'O]Cf'. 'OfL]q'£] ~
?::: '-~/cxt'C:!' ~ J,.f§.'OHO~ gj'L] q, Oj[[H::: ·-~/~'2:!·:: '-\::!'~ J,.f§.'OHS:. £]o ]-g~ j:~ ] 7f ~~L]q_
When expressing the past with verbs, both -(.2.) L and -'2! can be used, but in the case of adjectives, OICf.
and OfLICf, the expression -'X.{/'X;!'2! must be used. However, -'2! can also be used in place of -'X.{/'X;!'2! with
no change in meaning.

• 10\:l. ~oj] %~-"~~ ~~0] 7} o]:A~] ~~o}o:j oR 'tjo}7} £j~<>JJl. (x)

~ 10\:l. {ioj] %~-"~o]~Td ~~0] 7} o]:A~] ~~o}o:j oR 'tjo}7} £J~<>!Jl. (o)
~ 10\:l. {ioj] %~}-"~oj g ~~ o] 7} o]:A~] ~~o}o:j oR 'tjo}7} £j~<>JJl. (o)
Sugyeong, who was a middle school student (only) 10 years ago, has now gotten married and
become a mother.

• <>!51 ~ rrJl 3:·2·.-~1-?-~oJ ::: ..ll';'§.}.li!.oj] ~ <>j7}li:lJ.i ~~~ o}o].£ li"\~<>!Jl. (x)
~<>!51~ rriJ 3:%~Td 9-~oJ ::: ..ll';~.li!.oj] ~ <>j 7}li:l.A-] ~~J o}o].£ li"!~<>!Jl. (o)
~ <>!51~ rrfl 3:%o}Td 9-~oJ ::: ..ll '; ~.ll!.oj] ~<>j7}li:l.Ai ~-~~ o}o].£ li"!~<>!Jl. (o)
Juyeong, who was quiet as a child, has become a lively kid since entering high school.

344 Korean Grammar u~ 'lb.·~ . Intermediate

1 7~ o]Jti o:j ~*7}~ 01J:l£ ~7!}.£..?
q -3[\:1 o:j ~ oJl n-~ :AJ~£ c}.A] 7}tti 01 rrjj.£..?

Ol~ Oj~~7!-E OjCI£ 7~Cf ~'.:1 Oj~~l 7~Cf I~~ CfAI 7 ~Cf

.2.~ A:N~I Ojci~IAi '2_!-Lfc~ r '2.!-Lfef I ~-'f:!~IAi '2.!-Lfef

~2.17 .X+§
A:l'cl ~161 rrH ~gq I ~2.H~ CfAI ~gq

2 7~ _2_~ :A~~oJl~ ~7-llEJ~ l£].2..ttl 01rrJl.£..?

q ~~oj]l£] ~1(! ~2-}J-i ct:= ~ 1£]21!01.£...

.2.~ A:N~IE- ~741§"~ ~q ~~~~ ~Cflef~~ ~q

.2.~ n~EI~I ~ rrH Ol-'f:!nl.6.~ ~q A:l'cl~~l ~q I q~ ~ ~q

OID~~2.1Cf ~'.:l~l.!i!.Cf I q~ ~~ .!i!.Cf

(1) 7r 1!J.~'S. o] ~ljl;j ~ ~ _5l_?.~e>iJl. (l:lfl~q)

q :A]\± ~7]oj] "H~t:-j_ :tftol] 7] ~o] ~ t.fJ.i]Jl?

(2) 7~ J-}.£ »-1~ ~2.] :§:)J-}-oj] _2_7] ~oJ1 Oit:ioJ]J--j ~-5Hl_e>iJl? (~o}-q)

Lf 7<~] 7}- *,<: -3[ ,<: ~.:il :§:) J-}- $1 e>i .£...

(3) 7~ o] ~ ,<: _2_c)J ¥J. ~ ~o}-Jl. (~q)

Lf 1.:]1, 7<i]7}- Oi ~ ~ rrJl - -- -- -- ~ Cj Ell :A].:;:},<: 7<i] ~ 0 1 ~~.:il 'XI e>iJl.

(5) 7~ ~Y. o] ~~J cacel]A~ <?:ju} ~ o}-yo~? (<fJq)

q g, <?:ju}7}- ~.:g.-5}-{l rrJl _ _ _ _ _ _ _ :tfl:i] L}17}- q;.J <fJ.2.. ~.:il.
2 oL=
I~
..UI.!=.
~
n2.HD~f\JI .;...~,..,;.C>-,
7C~5~..1.1!.7J [[H :*1=.5.2
..Z..L.:..;L...:.Vl
D~L~6LICL( •
L,....;.l 2 . 2 L...:.M..t::::1
[1-171]1\JI)..J
.:r. V1 ·I
OHH.Q. C.~f\.JE!
2="'- L-.:V(a
=2.L
2 f '-o~;o-tc.-t
AA AA.L..:
'

~ J...I-§<5HJ...i ~.::r~£1 010~71~ .g_i-{"J5~AiiR.

.?. '8 ~ (2)- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - CW c rr ~ ~ 7 1i4-7} :£1o-J ~<Xi~Yt:J-. ~~~.ill. LRLR

(3)________ _ __ C§-2°1~ l:J1 ~.ill.o11 7}.Ai s=. ~J-~:§V·J ~ -5}JI ~<Xi ~ Yt:J-. o-J 'Jl

0 }0 17} .!f- .
~ 0 ]Lf ~ ~ ~ 0 }7} :£l<;d_~yt:J- .=I.CiJl ~ 7]] ~ OiLf <5JJ-J (5)- - - - - - - - -- -
- - <{1-T ~ .=I.\[~ lA]{} 0 ]Lf ~~ .2.J- ~<Xi~Yt:J-.

346 Korean Grammar Ul u~e .Intermediate

 Jaya, why are you so angry?

q /Z~1 7} J-}c} ~~ r!1°13. ~ %J.~ o1 cf ~ <>1

tii ~ ~~Jt.
My little brother ate all of the cake that I had bought.

What should we do with last year's products?

q cf% MEJ -8_-AJ¥§ g ~0 }°F <5-}y 77} -?,f\1 /Z~1 %

~ ~ ~}711 ~0 } tii~J-1I:l-.
We've got to sell the new products from next week, so let's sell off
last year's products at cheap prices.

Oi .R~::: Oi~ ~0 1 ~~'61 ~~q;: -?,;! ~ Q.jO j'6fE ?,;!Q£, .:J. ~Jl~ O~.!:f. -?,;!~ EJ':AI <(l~:; ~ qE~LH7 1~
'6~jl. Oi~ ~01 ~8' Cil cHoH~'6fE A~'E]-2.1 O:l2.i {J2.1 ~EH~ qE~LH71~ grLJq. ~. o ~-EJjl ~~~ org.,

~E~77fg org. ~:::: ~[H£ ¥'Et.YOI ~Oi:A4 AI~~ org., £m qjl Oiom ~:::: o~:;~ qE~LH71~ g[LJq.

~A~f2I <£!011 ~ * <li~ LJq.

This expression refers to the complete and thorough finishing of an action or event. It can refer to the fact
that nothing remains after the completion of the event or action, and it can also express a variety of feelings
and attitudes toward the completed event or action. For example, it can express the speaker's feeling of
regret, sorrow, and lament at an unfortunate result, the speaker's feeling of relief about a positive change
of events, or the speaker's feeling of anger or surprise about how a situation turned out. Only verbs can be
attached to th is expression.

-OUOi I:J:j2.jC~

7 ~q
v -0~/0i l:tj2.jq
l£jq
. .
.. · -- ·' ---·-·······-······- ·· ------------------------ _______;._____ _
• %~ 0 ] /Z]Lf '?J7-] ?J::: ~~ ~ cJ- .:?-]~~ aJClD]Jl ~.£..
I plan to get rid of all the clothes that are no longer popular and aren't being worn.
 • ~»-]7]-lflJJ. -6JP·i o12.J ~ ~;<J] ~\.e.}- ttl~OiA.
It was so hot (and all) that I cut my hair short.

• l~~oj] ~ ~~~t:-l] ~7~ :Al~ 7]r:.J·2.]:A] ?j.Jl7]-l:Ji~OiA.

Even though I was only 10 minutes late, my friend took off without waiting.

OI.R~~ Wf>I-E j,fE,f£1 q~ 1=J2.I ~EH~ LfEf~Liq_ [Cf2.f),.-j @ruj ~OII"'i .:J.1=J2.1~EH ~ llfQ.Io'I-E
-3;!01 8-R~Li q.
Because this expression can indicate a wide variety of emotional states, it is important to understand the
emotional state of the speaker from the particular context.

• ::J. J..J-;g-oj il_.;:r rrit.+ 1:1-j~oJ.ft. (::J.~j.-1.-j t..-j.!j!- OKjJl A,;jAj i>jJ.ft.)
In the end, (s)he left for good. (So I am very sad and miss her/him.)

• ::1. J..J-;g-o] ~t:.]oj rriY. 1:1-J~oJ.R. (::J.2jj.J..i t:J.!j!- J..]%!i>\l.R.)

(S)he eventually left. (So I'm very relieved.)

(S)he hung up the phone in the middle of the conversation.

(::1. .AJ-;g-o] ~7]- 'i'J-o] J±L-J-.'i!J-.R. f ::1. .AJ-;g-~ 1:1-j:;::_'ijiJl.!j!-tlj]ii]-;;tJ] ~%~oJ.R.)
(Thus (s)he must have been really angry. I (S)he was very rude.)

1 7~ ~cH7} "@-o1 ~<)1. 1=]1 ..9... ~ I

q l=J1 , .:J_ 211 .Ai .2...b.

2 .:J_.£
O0et .!i!.
A -1 lllll-21J
~ c1..:. 2. ..§..
2 q
'6l1 lii 2.1 P1 J1...Q.. things/belongings to be moved

~"-H7 ~ 'C'JOI ~~q .2-§ ::J.~V ~ ~I:! ~i'.H~ q 5~Cf

Ol ~0 1 oj~MH 'clj~J:!.Oll '1!Cf AN rrH ::1. ~~ q ~ c~

0~ O l~~ ~2.17~V xi~Cf O l~ ~~011 Ol~~ ~2.1~ Cf 5~Cf

2 7~ \:fA} ~T2J' <5J1<Ji ~ql(!_;,iJi.?

q l=Jl, .:J_cH.Ai .:J_ .A}1:f0 1 ~ %:;:1 ~ g ~ 7 ~ 011711 c.J- ~ tli~<Ji.ft.

::1. )...~01 ~ -§--tj~~ ~~Oll7il q ~q

::1. )...~01 .S!Lcl! gAl ~~ q AI~Cf

::J.)...~:i!~~OI ~g;...~~~~ q~q

348 Korean Grammar in 9/.l·e · Intermediate

(1) 7f Ell<i:i )).]'% :§:}"5Jl~01£_? (~q)
r
Lf :§:l-<SH -&-}a:J .JI {1. :§:l-~ ~ ~~ Ell <i1 )).]7 {1.~ -?tO! l:li~Ol.2. .

(2) 7f 7.}0]: )).], ~Jj] 2-}J--j n]'(l-<SH£_. (-6Jc.J-)

Lf n]-3. )).]7} ~ Jj] 2-}J--] g -6jo] q ________

(3) 7f OJ7J )).]'% 'T -2 ~ 'VSio-J£_? ~~o ] '(!- ~o]- ~o:J£_. (% lflc.J-)
Lf OJ7J )).]7} 7.]-JTL 7.-] ~ ~a:jJ--j ~~]7]-

(4) 7f 7.]\:!-Jti011 ~*~ ~011 l:Jl<SH ~~<S}Jll ~~01£_? (~1--8-J-q)

Lf ~~"5}/j] q LfY77]- lfl-lfl-~ ~ 0 l-%0 1 Jtl i>W.~i01 £_.

(5) 7f 01o-Jl-J, ~ ~ tl -?J-i]£_. (»-q)

Lf ~-€- 7.]7]- ~o]- '(!- ~~~~ ~)).i cf o-] ~ Jll "5]-l-j ?

q7 ~q

.g-:±:§:1 )).1 ~ %~~ l:lHJf-<?dl-Jct. .=r~.Ai C{}El-W-1-f

~:§:l- ~~.Q..£ <S-J--"J t!]-llll J1 C{17]S:. o]--? -gf-;;L-Jc.J-.
.:1.~~~ -"j~o] 78~ ~7.] ?J-;;l-]c.J-.
.g-:±:§:1 )).]~ 7]7.}%.J!.}- C{]_Ej-¥}<'>}7]£. <S}.Jl C{]_Eji}
1~ {1.011{1-7.}7] <2{1; ~ (1)~.a::5H l:li~ rrJJs:. 'V,.JI.
~% ~c.j-7} 7] ~0] 1-}llll~ ~_Q_£. (2)_ _

- - - - - - rrjJS:. <V,-;;LJc.J-. 7.}-82. Q{-4,:- .A]Z}oj] 7.}-? ~7.]~ cJ-:': .A]-~o] ~.Q.~

5~5:_ 7]cf2.j7.] ?j.JI (3)

- -- - - - - - - -. ~Ecj] A7} ~~ rrjj~ ~:§:}~oj]

7]-.A-] .C.§~ o]--11- (4) . .:1.2-j.Jl 01Jti ~ ,<?_ %£_~ ~7-l]~o]

'V, 015:. ~ t:Jl oj] -i=-.!f=1 -&-}.!f- %~ (5) -&-}~ .A]-'ff<fj l-j c.J-.
 7~ u}3. »-], J..j"~~¥ W"oJ ~~ Jl?
Mark, have you studied hard for the test?

q 0 }YJl, lOif:-~ ~cf~ 711.:::L~ 0 }{:)77}/Z.] ;z.}Jl

w~~.a.
No, my idea of sleeping for just 10 minutes turned into sleeping until
the morning.

7~ ;z.}o~ »-], 0 1 J!}.A~ cf Q:] ~ ~Jl? cf0 1<>1 E ~cfJl

<5-};z.j ~<V_-~ Jl?
Jaya, did you eat all this snack? Didn't you say you were on a diet?

q ~ 7fl~ Q:j_2_2~Jl ~~t:i1 ~cf 5!_y77} J!};z.~ cf

Q:] JI W~l:llA.
I was just going to eat one, but after having one I ended up eating
them all.

01 .R~~ o12.1 7-ll~of:AI <ri~ ~0 1 ~Oi Lf.A.i ~~q~ 5-:S2...£. .::::1. ~:c.~ ~of:AI '2l~'2! 3.:! ~ 2.IDI~LI Cf.

~~I cHoH Of-a.i!. {1{1~ o fg~ LfEfLH.i!. ~~LICf. ~.A.f~ ~Oll ~ ~~LICf. *
This expression refers to an unplanned event or action that continued until it was completed or thoroughly
finished in a way undesired by the speaker. Thus it includes the speaker 's feeling of regret or sorrow with
regard to the resulting state of affairs. Only verbs can come before this expression.

:Afq :Af.i!. 'MCf

v
Q:Jq Q:j.i!. 'MCf

• .:Z.~Jj] o:J~ %~ ~~ AH~.Al ~~ -8"]-~ ~ 0 ] Lf.Jl ~ rloflA.

If you keep staying up all night working for days at a t ime, you'll end up getting sick.

350 Korean Grammar u1 'lise · Intermediate

 • Jf-cj ~7 11_4::~oj ~{Ji>j ~l-JJ,:Aj;1AJt:Jj %Jojjrjj :Aj.Jl ~~oJ.fL.
Our soccer team (players) fought hard, but, in the end , they lost to the other team.

• :§}AH7} LfAl .g.:§}AH7} ~01] Ej-.J1 ~4oJ.fL.

A fire erupted, and the culturai asset (regrettably) burned to the ground.

1 '-Jl Wc.f' 'i,t()jj~ ~.A.~'2J' ~ 4- <V;;;; L]ef. ~g.A.f7 ~ .2'2'! ~iCJ ~:gO] ~Lief.
Because only verbs can come before -Jl ~q, combining it with adjectives will result in incorrect
sentences .

• 'S-BH~ pJ-o] nj~c:-JL] {:)7J-o] Lj-!!!!.:Jl W~o-J.R. (x)

- 'S-t1H ~ ?J-o] nJ~c:-JLJ {:)7J-o] LJ-l!ll}7-].:il w~o-J.R. co)
: ·q~q·2 ~~.A.fOI9..£ -§.A.f~'2J 'Lf~~fll:lct'£ tlf-l'o~Of g/"§LjCf.
Because q~q is an adjective, its verb form q~~fll:lct must be used.

2 '-jl wcf~ 4-0·Pf Oi't! ?.:!~ ~ of~ef~ ~~ 9..j:Aj~ LfEfLH~ ~SF.s=. <V;;;;L]Cf. Oj[[H~ ' - j l W{l!
Cf'j:~ EJ 4-0i9..] 9..j :Aj~ LfE~LH~ '-~-·. '-( 0 )2 EjjLIJJf' ~9..] OiD ]2.f ~Oj M~ ~Sf-7 f i'i" 0 [):j ·~·.
''r_l-c::.A.j'2.f ~::_ W.s=. :A~4- ~0 1 .A.~g~Li ef.
The expression - J2 ~q can also refer to the subject's strong will or intention to do something. In such
cases, it is often combined with an expression that indicates the speaker's intention, such as-~- or
-(2.)2 EJILI7Jf. to form expressions such as -.:il ~~q. In addition, these forms are often used together
with adverbs such as ~ and ~E.A.I.

• 'T 2 ~o] ~oj£ S>. ~ lj!{77}7.] 0 ] ~~ i?'t.J1.:Jl W3:9.'8'-LJt:f.

I'm going to finish this job by tonight no matter what.

• o]~"11 :: ~ i}~f>}.:Jl W"Ej]L]77}- Z:j~J5]-7.] oj-A,d.J.,]S>..

Don't worry, because this time I'm definitely going to pass (the test).

3 '- JJ. Wef'Oll ·-o ~;Oi lfi2.lef'~ ~j:~Ai ·-o~;Oi lfi2.IJJ. wcuef·~ A~oi-E ~SF.s=. <V~ci l. o1 ITll~
Ol-a.il. {:j{:j~ L ~~ C:i ~~o-HAi .H~oi-E ?.:!~Lief.
7

This expression can also be combined with -Of/Oj l:tj2.lct as - Of/01 l:tj2.j.:il ~~q to emphasize the
speaker's feeling of regret and sorrow.

@ nj;~.~ c>:Joj l:ljc.].:Jl W~Oi.R.

l~
: (2)~0 1 (j) ~_5:1_q C-j Of-a.:il {J{J'Et !:::. 7~01 'rJOI ~§LICf.

Sentence (2) expresses a stronger sense of regret than sentence CD.

~~
 "-Or/Ol tfi2.l q'.2.f '-.Jl wq·~ Ol't! '§101~8 .gEHOll CH~ -3:!~ WofJ:I'2.t Of2.H.2.f ~~ ~fOI7f CV~Liq,
.Vhile both -Of/01 t:li2.1Cf and - :Jl ~q refer to the completion or finishing of an act or state of affairs, they are
different in the following ways.
--·--·-----·----·-·--·-··-·--·------,----------·------·-···-··-· ·····-··----- ---------·--··

-9-017f o12.1lll~of:Jl.::J. ~~ 9.I:X I~2..£ o-~-e ~.Sf-7f -9-017f o12.1 lll~zt ~.s=. OfLI:J1.9.I :X I~2..£ zt ~.s=.
'2ii3-LI q, 0 f'B Ll q_

Mainly refers to situations that the subject planned Refers to situations that the subject did not plan
in advance and therefore did intentionally. for or intend to do or happen.

G) O~:Jl {;j{;JZ)- ~~ G) 0 ~jl {;1{;;1~ ~]~

A feeling of regret and sorrow A feeling of regret and sorrow

~ "-l~of:Jl.!¥'EtOI ~01{! ~,~

A feeling of relief from a burden being lifted

@ I
t:lj~O ~jl .Sf.2.jlzt ~]~
A feeling that someone was ill-mannered and rude

• 'cf7.} ~-T-.2f i)j]oj~ f1 :1.. .A}'ifo] {;':- Jtl7.] ~ • 1/4'-£ 'cf7.} ~-T-7} {;':- Jtl7.] ~ ~o]l:lj c.j.Jl

l:l}t:foj] t}A-11:1-]51 Ol.R. ~~oj.R,

• :zj;.,ppcJ o] oj aj%];.,-] :zj;.,~ :J..~.!f-.Jl

~~Ol.R .

.:J.2.iLf LH £1J:I2f .gt!"~O I '§10jLf~ '§1£1~~ Cj%.1lf ~~ ~ f017f CV~ LICf.

However, in cases of events not related to the speaker's will or intention, the two expressions have the
following differences.

01'i:! ~01 ~:1!~2..£ .::J.'Ci ~EH7 f .<r.I'X;!q, .::J.~lll.:g'Mfq .::J.'Ci ~0 1 {!J7 I:XI 'C.tlll of2.~:Jl !r.~~i=Cii£.::J.'Cl ~01
i= 9.IDI~ 7f~ LI Cf. {!j~Cf-E 9.ID I~ 7~LI Cf.

This refers simply to the resulting or final state of This refers to the fact that efforts were made to
a particular situation. prevent a particular result, but those efforts were
ineffective. The unwanted situation still occurred.

-+ ~:1!~2..£ :go1~'li:Jl. ~.H.~ 'bf~qi= 2./DI~Liq. -+ :g~ :Xf:XI '2,1'£2.~:Jl. ~.H.~ ~f2.~:Jl !r. ~~£Lf ~
Falling asleep and doing poorly at the ~2..£E :go1~'l;!:Jl, ~.H.~ 'bf~Cfi= 2./D I ~ Li q.
presentation were the end results. The speaker tried to not fall asleep and do
the presentation well, but, in t he end , (s)he fell
asleep and gave the presentation poorly.
_______ __ ____
, , ,,., ____ _
,,

352 Korean Grammar ,;, U•·e- · Interrnediate

1 7~ .2.. ~ .!E di: ~ t>}1,1 ~ Jl?
q 1;]], .:r-78~ <5}C;j.Jl ~~Ell oJlllll1.Ai .A}Jl ~~~.fl. <";f.S::. too much, excessively
'f:!<";fCf to offer, to urge (a person to do)

~-?3'2.! of2.~jl ~E[11 OIIHi!lAi Afef

:A: I~fq ~:A: I U.2.2.~jl ~AI~ ~E[11 ~0 1 !;!,I'Q:!Ai :A:I~fq
~o f_.qq '2l D fAI2.~jl ~E[11 A~~OI of£ T:!oHAi DfAICf

2 7~ ~All ::1. E.c}u} .!1!1,1£:.? ~~:711 ~~Jl?

q .!f-.2.\3 °1 ~q]i>B.Ai 4-<:d~ 0 l .A}CJ-t>N=- ~;z-}CJ- 511~:7-l JI ~.J~A.

¥£'801 ~Ql5HAi -9-~~0I A~H= ():j:A:~ 5-IIOi:A:ICf

q~ A~~ rrti-§OU -9-~~Qj £1Af7f ~fef
QjA~OI ~~~~ Cf~:A:I'2l-9-~~0I ~q

(1) 7~ *
Ail% ~17} .2.~ ~.A}oJl 1-f~c.J-tB.A-JJl? (%AJ0l 1-fc.j-)
q 7-jJ~ .!f-cJ ~ i>}c-j y %1---!01 l.{.:L!. O
.l<'J.Oi.2...

(2) 7f :lll<i:Ji>}c.j-7} ~~ AH~~ 7-JoJlJl? (~~ AH~c.J-)

q 30-fE-~ ~c.j-::::: :711

(3) 7f ~1' ~1::::: .Al~oJl ~~1-fJl? (~Ol:Alc.J-)

q o}y Jl, <~):~ i>l x ~ ~::::: t:i]_lr_ .A1~ oJl
(4) 7~ ~ All .5:.~ ~1 ~~6JoJl 2Jl '?.}.2_1,1~Jl? (* 7}c.j-)
q .J!f 7}C;j.:il ~:::::GJl i}~ ~01 ).~7-:j).-j

(5) 7~ ~ 1' ~1 :::= Jl~.S:. -§-uJloJ§.Q} .A}Oj7} '?.} ~~7}Jl? (ol.A}ii}c.j-)

q t;Jl, 7-JI~ ~t~t=J LJ ~~ c.J-~ {J.Q£ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __
 1 7f A!f.liEi~ ~ 7-j2.~.:il O~AI ?l~Ol.£? .:l~C11 ti~J::I~ 11l!IR
Lf A!f.liEi~ D~Oll <c.!" ~Ol"'-i ti ~J::I£ ti ~f.!OlR

CD J.l--c.j-71- ~ 1}:-c.j-71-
@ 1J:t:-1 '-l @ J.l--g t:i]

2 7f WOI 2H .:J.cH.£7 q5::I~Ol.£?

Lf Lil, Oj}:-jl (; 7 ~ _ _ __ _____ \50JJ::~A.i ;; q~OjR.

CD -5l-q 7l-
@ "5-Ji::- ~]q

7f *J::I Ml7~ ~~Oll ~9.tq.£?

Lf frtil~ ~J"OI ~J:: I '2! {.!~~::: ti ~~Oll "'-I~Oll
---------
CD ~0151 01Jl (g) ~ 01 7;j 1:1-j 5'1 01 Jl
@ ~ o-] .A] Jl ~~01 Jl @ ~01~ *5:7-l- ~~01Jl

4 CD 0] :£:~ ~-=(- ~~~ rrJl <?J-g ~oj]Jl.

o:j7] ~ 10\1 ~oj] :Ai]7l-1f'V:~ {lo]oj]Jl.
(g)
@ J.j ~oJl 1-fn-"C.j-71- Oi~ rrJl ~7 ~ Jtl-)i-OiJl.
@ Oi)ig rrJl ~~~ ~-=(-71- .A1~ J.l-Jl~ t8"-5H o}%o] ol-:rrJ-Jl.

5 CD -ti--¥-~ ~q7l- ~ 0 ] ~ :d.OiJl.

~ l:!:loJl .:L~ g ~nct7l- ~* ~~}.-1 ~~~e>iJl.
@ QJJ.l-n-g ~~* »-1 ~ .7-Ji} ~*E-l ~}.~ "51-Jl ~01Jl.
@ J.l-.2.2.] »-1~ :Ai]7l- -¥- 2 ~ ~2.] ~ ~Jl£ .:L'<:f 7l-1:1i52,0iJl.

354
 I intend to wash my car on the way home.

q 7.-]~0111:l1 7} % 7-] ClJJl. 1:l17} ..2..~ "i1 ;t~

-5}1-f u}L.}y 77} t-1%011 i51-J-i1Jl.
They say it might rain this evening. It's no use washing your car
if it's going to rain, so do it later.

7f .6.jJ.}t>}.Jl 30~ ~011 ~ ~o-jo): i5N=-t:i1

~ o-j ttl 2.1.JI Cj- ~ ~ li1Jl.
I'm supposed to take my medicine 30 minutes after eating, but I
forgot about it.

Lf ~~ J.1Zl-011~~ !--] ~ 7-1 ?:J-_Q_~ ~ .2-Lf o}L.foJ1Jl.

.:z_cjy 77} ~ J.1 Z} ~ 7-1?-iJ.i E...Ai1Jl.
Medicine must be taken at the right time, or else there's no point in
taking it. So you really need to take it at the appropriate time.

Ol R~ ~ C£{0{1 oft ~~01 .:1:.~01 ~q::: 3:!~ qEf~ ITH A~gtLiq ~. Oi't!
of-§XI ~ of:=XI
~(5~

::J. ~:ll.ft ~~ 7~ 2.f.Jl ~ol-E 3-"!~Liq. ~:ll.ft cH~5: ~ ~~ q EfLHoj ~~::s:jQ.£ ~~::s:j<r.J .g6jolq Oi't!
AfiS£1 ~-t!<S:l<r.J ~~~ DI-9-0i ¥[~ rrHOi't! ~:ll.Pf ~XI ~{;)~ ~ ~~ ~ -'? <U~ rrHA~~Liq. ~Af2t
~A~~Liq.
This expression is used when doing t he preceding action is of no value of use. In other words, the result
would be the same regardless of whether t he action is performed. When stated, t he result is expressed as
a strong, almost definit e supposit ion. The strong supposition is usually based on general common sense
knowledge or on the consideration of someone's usual or habitual actions. This expression is used with
verbs only.

-(.Q.)Lf DfLf
7fq ofq
v
l£l 0 Lf DfLf
"--~-"----·-·---·---

356 Korean Grammar ;;, U·e- · Intermediate

 • oj "]non:= 7} ~t-fo}t-f 7}711-:r. ~ ~~~ Jillr1] t.H ~ 7}:= 711 e>irrll.B.?
Even if you were to go now, the store should be closed, so why not go tomorrow?

• oj ~~ J;i]~~ ~y77}-~ .2_t-fo}t-f J;HoJ~~ ~.:Q-o}.B.. ~~~cJl.B..

Judging by the title, I can tell this book is boring without even reading it. I'm not going to bother reading it.

• 0 l BC>i := .B.~oJl J-H.£ J-~{1 <?JE-1 1)1 %e>ic}A-j "}~ ~ ~~-~tf o}t-f ~ ~ 71oj].B..
This word is a new Internet term that probably won't be in a dictionary even if you search for it.

1 oiJt~:: ·~m~q·_ '<5,!0jtlJc.lq·. ·~<>itllc.1q·2t ~:: J¥~~<cJ L7,?dol ~:::§.A.~::: ~ .A.~fi~:A I Bt

t:;;Liq.
This expression is not used often with verbs having a negative connotation, such as ~'2J'C>fq, ~(}ji:Ji 2.lq,

and '?~ (}ji:Ji2.lq .

• 1lnJ-&-j-t.j- o}-t.j- :1. ).j-W' ~ 'li 'tl-'.t 71 oJIR. (x )

• ~ojt:lje.jt.j-o}t.j-:J..).}~o1~~ 71Q:j *'6~R. (x)

2 '-( 0 )Lf o~q· <ftoll::: .!¥~~ LfE~LH::: '<c)-'OILf ·~'OI ~ 4- ~t:;;Lj q_

The negative particles~ and ~cannot be used in front of - (.'?.)Lf DfLf.

• 'li gj.Q.l..j- o}-t.j- llH7}- .:il~71!::: o}~7}-.AI '?J 7-] oJ1R. ( x )

~ gj.Q.t.j- o}t.j- llH7} .:il~71 !::: o}~71·.A1 <?J 7-j oJ1R . ( o)

3 Oi .R~:: '-( 0 )Lf D~LfOUR'£1 ~EH~ .A.~~ 4- ~t:;;Ljq_

This expression can also be used in the form of - (.'?.)Lf DfLfOIIR.

• o}3. »-1 oJ1;;tJ1 :1. o 1o]:71 ~ '6~.£ 'li ~~ 7-j oJ1R. -&-}t.j- o}t.j-oJ1R .
Mark won't listen to you even if you tell him that. It's no use (even trying).
1 0 ~7] 2-}»-10117-ll J 7-~.li~ ~)1~ 7.] ~~-5B ~ll~R?
@),
q 0 ~7]2-} »-]s=. o-];~.1] ~7-ll ~o-j{t_Q_1-]7J~ ~~-5B ~Y- u}l-}- *~51~ 7-~o:j]R.

Of7 12.f J..qs:_ Oi:A:i l ~7il ~Oi~£LIJJf ~:2:f5H !i!.Cf

~~~q

.2.~ ~ -2'!7 10li.A.:j Oi~ ~O I O I ~E-:A I :AI-5JJf:AI A~~ ~OI%~£LI7J f ~fO f!i!.Cf
<cJEi~££ ~fOf!i!.Cf I A~~ ~O I O I~Cf

:AI-'?- JJ.IOll7ll 'cl"Af ~-=?-7f '1!1=-:AI ~Oi!i!.Cf :AI-'?- JJ.IE- 'cJ":A ~Oll7ll <cJ7 17f i'££LI7Jf ~Oi!i!.Cf
I ~E!~OI 'UCf

2 7f 7-J-%7.~7}27-J-o] ~~1:1] 27-] cj cj-7}R?

.£~
Lf 7-J-%7.}7} _2_c)1~!-l 27-]l-}- u}l-}-o:j]R. (TOPIK: Test of Proficiency In Korean)

J-R 7.~ J-}o]:~e>l R. ~i:j~

:Ai%7.:f7f .:il~OI ;d"l=Cii .Jlj,:l2.i 8 7fCf :Ai%7.:f7f .2.2.H£HA~ .Jij,:ICf I .A.H7.:~ Afq
~2.il7 f L-j.!:f- C-j2.iifCi l8 'l!ltCf L.:l-9- C-j 2.i~A~ 'l!ltCf I .:J.'c{ ~ 2.1Cf
:g!;f.~ 8 5HA~ !i!.Cf I .:J.'c{ cf%~0ll !i!.Cf

358 Korean Grammar i11 'lb.·e · Intermediate

(1) 7~ ~-9- »-loJ1.7ll ~ s:.Q} ~2.)-JI -¥-12t-<'>H ~77~.9..? (lf-12t-<'>rt:f)
q :J._ J.}'i:f,<:_ -¥-~rl.f orl.f <il- ~ ~~ 71 01l.R.

(2) 7~ Q{-4f J.j{}o] 7-Jxt ~ r·l] L-j-..2..I!. »-]7} o}~ <i} .2.J;l].fL. Gj 7]qcj ~77}.9..? (7]t:f2.lt:f)
q <i1% EJJY77} 7Jt:f2.17-J w;.Jr:.~.

(3) 7f u~o]~oJJ.7Jl 7-]i} ~~ "6~tti ~~77}? (~~"6~q)

q 7-Ji} -9-~ %o]2.)-J.1 <i} ~~ E]Jy77~ o]u:}7} "6}J.i].R.

(4) 7f 7J.]7} l@~~"Gll 7-}0 ]: »-] ~ JJfl%77~.9..? (7Jfl~q)

q ~/\i] J.Hl;!:J 2J.]7} ~o]J.-1 7-};.1 7-]i},<:_ _ __ _ _ __ _ * ~o]\t

7-l oj].R.

(5) 7f %).~ 0 ] 0 ]Jt! 9-oJl ~~ J.j~ ~ .!i!..~r-1] 7-1~.711 ~7]J?l "6}1;]].9... (.!i!..q)
Lf :J._ cJ .7Jl, Al ~ .7JJ ~7JJ?l "6H::- ~ .!i!.. Y 0
JJt! ).j ~ £ - - - - - --
~~~ 7-jOJ:.

(-·--············------·---------·-------- ... --···---- -------··- ······

• -o~q ~q

(2) ~o] ~-5-~oJl ~o]J.-1 ~cj ~ojl£j_Q_~ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ -3i ~o}Ji..

:J._C1 Y 77~ .g_:A} CJ.i]it.

(3) .R:;; \t»-17} t=l.!f- GJ-%V11l-%7J ~ - - - -- - - - -. ~2.1 oJl ~~ ~

J.}o]:~o-].9...

(4) :1_ ).}'i:[~Ejj~

---------------
O~_!f- ~£ "6}7-J ~j]_ :1._\:f .!i=-1- C'.
 7~ Aj-E" 7}~ ~~~ ~- 9 <V_gAj ~2fJl. l~J!{2-j
Aj<S"}~ ~_Q_.£ 7} ~!-Jr.}.
You might be able to catch the last train if you leave now. Please
hurry to the train station.

Lf Aj-E" 12!-]7} llJtl '8~J-l Aj ii}~~Oi]7} ~A}

~~}e o]o] *l~f91g 71oJ1Jl.
It's already way past midnight, so it's no use going to the train
station since the last train has probably already left.

7~ .!j!-.2.\:]l)j] f t g ~!:r·l] 2lJ o}2B}op:= ~ t>HJl?

You get an allowance from your parents, so why do you have a
part-time job?

Lf f t g ~o} ~A} Ajii}~ Ef.Jl r.}yJI ~ ~ Jti

;_} l2:j _Q_ ~ \:)·!::: Jl] <jrt 71 ~ _R.
Even with my allowance, I hardly have anything left after paying for
my subway commute and a few meals.

01 IE~~ ~~~2.1 LH§~ .A.Ix oH.s=. .:1:~01 ~:Piq 7ICHOil DI*IAI ~gjc~ qE~~ rrH .A.~~Liq. .:J.2.I.:.il ~Oi
qAI ~~ ~Oil cHoH ~~<S'~~.A.i W5!-E -3:!~LICL
This expression is used to indicate that there's no use even trying what is stated in the preceding clause or
that doing so would not live up to expectations. It is used to refer to something that has not occurred yet as
a form of supposition.

-OUOi ¥,t;,I.:~

l::liWq
NV ~q
- - -- --- ·-······-··-·- --· -------- -

36C Korean Grammar u1 'lise · Intermediate

 • ~~o ] o}.!f-2.] oj]llllj W7-} .2_-c~ o] ~ 1"~ ~~ 7-Joj]il... 7-}ot ~1~ 7]7}- :Q--Gfo}il...
No matter how pretty your face, you probably can't become a model. You're (too) short, Jaya.

• -'PJ-\l;:. LJ17} 1i-~ <5}~1 ~ W:Al- LJ1 ~~ ~7-J ?:.f.2.1l 7-J oJlil...
It doesn't matter how honest I am to the department chief. She won't believe me .

• _2_ ~ .:Q-o ] {- ~ ';:[ ;:_ o] Q]lf-~ <?J Oi ~7-}- ~%~ ~ 7-] oj]il... 7.}-c}c.j )?;~ o=j~ 7~ ~.2-.Ai]il...
On a cold day like today, it's no use Qust) wearing this overcoat. You should wear multiple layers of clothing .

1 01 .H.~~ {:!~~2.1 LH~OI .:J.~ lfl cH8o~X I ?J7~q ~~ 0 1 o ~LI2.~::: ~~ 2.1o1~ [[JJ ;..~-o~7 I.S:.
gj"Ljq_
This expression is also used to indicate that what is stated in the preceding clause is not that great or
noteworthy.

• :J.. ~o1 ojaJ-?-~ ~~} ~Jld-'t! ~.!I!.c.j-!:: *1% 7-JoJI.R. uj~ ~oJ1-if'i!! ~ 'V_.Q.y77}- Zj7:,3i5}~1 o}J.i1.R.
Even if the task is difficult it should be easier than the last one. You can finish it in a few days, so don't
worry.

• 0}017} W~ Qjoj ~~} ~o}t.f lfl01 Qj~ojJl? :J..tg Qj.Jl1i~ t:jJ.£ QjrJ17}'i!- ~).1c.J-.
The child won't eat a lot of food anyway, so let's just let him/her eat what he/she wants.

2 '-0~/~ ~Xf' ~o jq -'i'-1011:i!~7~ ~EH 7 ~ ~ -9- ~~LJq_

Past tense forms cannot come before or after -Of/Oi !_&Xf .

• o:J71oJ1,A-J 7-J7171J-~1 -?<JoJ.s:.. ~Am~ ~2.J'-177J- ~1-E- 31 ~~1- ~ ~ 7'1oJ1.R. (x)

oj71oJVi 7-17171}~1 -?;joj.S:.. ~,A]:{} ~ ~2.jy77} 7} ~~1- ~~oJ.R. (x)
- · oj 71oJ1-'i 7-171 71]-~1 -?;jo]£ ~ -'1 ::fr ~ ~2.11-] 77]- ~1 -E- 7} ~~1- ~ ~ 7'1of1ll.. (o)

3 .::1.2.~q i!j-7~ ~~~ 71{:loHJ.i ~~ [[JJ::: '-0~/~ ~X~ -cx.t/<Xi~ 7~0liR' ~EH£ A~~ -9- ~~Lj q_
However, the form - Of/Oi !_&Xf -91/9:1.~ 710!1£. can be used when supposing what likely happened in a
past situation.

7f 0,J=7J ~loJl rll :J..1IJj :J.. ~ ~ -t]-~1 ~2-}.:il 0 H71~oJ 0 ]: ~ !::t:i] ~ ~ 711 ~2]7} £ll.R.
I should have told Yang Gang not to do that back then, and now I regret not doing so.

q :J..1IJj oH71t>H ~~J- ~~1 ?,f'V,-% 7'1 of1.R. c-j o1""J {178 ~~1 o}J.i].R.
He wouldn't have listened to you even if you had told him back then. Please don't worry about it any
more.
 Lf .!f-~"811 ~A} ~%<itt~ 7-JcxJ1Jl. ~~ »-17} Jl£ l:l} llli7-j ~_B_. ~ -
c~OI Aj[q stubborn

~ 12..! .UJOlllil O I.A.f~ Uli §- £21- '§2.f11.!?-~fq 1?-~fc.f I ~12..! .UJ7f R§ ttf~Cf
.A.~l)jJ ~~ ~2.~ '§2.fj! ~~£2.~ .!i!.Cf ~~£2.=1.!i!.Cf I R§ ~.A.f .A.~OI ~ ~q

:XI-'?- .UJOlllil ojg ~ l:lJ-¥2.f11 opJ~H .!i!.Cf oH7 lofef 111~0 1 L.:J~ .AiJcf

2 7f optl_ o:j~Oi1 lf!-AJ.£..£ o:j~~ 7}2 11~-ci1 \:£0 1 G-] ~77}~* 7}3!)~Jl.
Lf 1[!-AJQ] ~»-17} -c+%1 ~A} ~o}L-]- ~3!)~Jl? .J~ 7}J.i1Jl.

OJ~~~~~.£.£~~~ 7f1! {l.§Ci J't'jOJ

C-j~Jlf !i!f * 7fef
:X-j ~O J 01-@-0IJ£-ECiJI:lJ~77f !i!f * .A.fef .§CH@-.A.J~fDii.A.i ~O J I:lJ.Ufef I .A.fef
:X-j ~~ .!i!.jl {l.§CiJ ~.A.-j~77f !i!f * .!i!.Cf 0-j'E:JOJ ~2f7f !j!{;jef I .!i!.Cf

362 Korean Grammar,;, 'la·e · Intermediate

(1) 7 ~ ~oj] 7}Ai -6_j;.}<5}~ :71ji? (7}q)
q ~oj] l~ ~f.~ ~ ~ ~o] o}.!f-~.£ ~~ 7-]cxj]S. Ai"'J- ~o1 Al~ c ~cJ1S?

(2) 7f ~c.].£. O:jt>~ ~ ~A1 o}-31.£ ~:Aj ~ * ~~s. (.Jl~<5}q)

q 7;j]4:f o-12.]~ o}:uJ-. ~'oF ljl!{2.] ~:Aj"5TI_

(5) 7~ Ljj 7} Qjj .Jl~~JiL rrJl_:g-_!f-~ ~{]<51 <(}- ~~A1 ~~7} Ql. (~~i>}q)

Lf A].:g. ~%~.2.1-] 77]- Al-E-lf-E] 2}.£ ~{]<51 -5H.

(1) 7~ u]-o ] ~ »-1 O:jA} ~-=Jl-7} :AjW cxj]llllt:JlJi.. (cxjpmq)

Lf 0 ]-.!f-2.] 0111!11 ~f.~ ~ cxJ1 ~ 1?}% cxJ1lll:l ~ ~_g_?

(3) 7~ ~~ »-1~ Aa-Z=1°1 LlVa-3:1°12-l-"i .Al--=f17]7} ~ ~ ~A1Jl? (~ ~ q )

q ~u}l-}-~~~~Jl?
7;j14:f x~-.5}~ ~-=Jl-7} ~ 9 ~~ 7-JcxJ1Jl.

(4) 7~ ~E]ljl.Q..£. %~~ "}~ ).1:AJ-~q Gj ».}t:JlJl. (».}q)

Lf ~u]-l-}- ».}~~Jl?

Lf~ "1:AJ-oJ1 7}"i -311] ~.Jl .A}{:- 71] ~0 1-Jl.

(5) 7~ ~JiL <i[oj];.i {[~ .!f:l.~}2.] 7-1 u~ ll}-~r:-J1 :@.?i~77}Jl? (~q)

Lf {[~ .!f:l.~}2.] 7-]u}7} ~u]-l-}- ~~~Jl?

A}A1 uj-;.i]Jl.
 1

CD 1 -go ] ~oj-_g_ ~ 1; ~ 7-] O:j].fL

@ 1%~ ).Jjo]oj]il.. @ 1 '; ~ ~o]oj] .fL

CD .S:.Q.j- ~;g. t:J1 y 77]- ~ c:j %l _g_ ~ .S:.Q.j- ~2.]-j]_ w*~Oil <id e>i _g_
@ .S:.Q.j- ~2.]-j]_ w~ ~'Xte>iiL @ .s:.Q.} ~2.]-Jl oH£ cj- .s:.~ 7-] O:J].fL

3 7~ ():j5:!.,8:1: 01 ~ 7JH~J:I .:::1.2./lR?

q (}iAil --'H~Oll 3J-.I 7~ 'aOiJ-.i J:~J-.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _

CD 77H~y 77]- ~ e>i L.f_g_ ~ 77H ~ ~ ~ <>1 ~ 7-J O:Jl_g_

@ 77H~~ ~y77J- cj- ~~\te>i iL ® 77H%J ~-:::<} cj- ~<>1~ ?la:JliL

4 7~ J:i ~§ :;~ol ~~ 9-.f~Oi _~i!_():j.£.

q J: l-5 ~ l:lHJ ~ O ~rr~J-.i 0 ~.!?- ~~ ~~ -'?-7~ ~OjR_

CD 3!-~ e>i ~ ~ lill-c1] ~ 1)!-~o-j ~o]L} o]-L}

® 3!-~ <>1 ~ 0 1~ -c1] ~oH @ 1)!-~ o-j ~ 0] ~ .2_OJ~ 1::1]

5 CD :1. ~~ ~~tiic]L} o]-L} q;._J 'ii.Jl 1t:::<J ?J-o]-.fL_

~ :::<]-5-o]J.,]:froj] {!~oH ~L} o]-L} cj- ~ ~ 7-]0:j]il.._
@ :J..xojJ 7}Al1iUJ<5}Lf Dj-Lf Al ~ 7}Jl 1i:::<J ?J-oj-_9__
@ :1. ~- ~ cj- ~.Q.Lj- o]-L} BH7} lf-2 1-]77]- ~ ~ ~ cH.fL.

6 CD ~~]7]- ~.!f- t:-j%];.,-1 ~-%7] ~ ~ *":::<} ~%<id<>1iL.

~ ~~]7} ~.!f- G]%jJ.,-j ~-%7]~ ~ *":::<} ~%<fd~e>i.fL.
@ ~~]7]- ~.!f- t:-j%J;._l ~-%7]~ ~ ~:::<} ~%W,% 7-ja:j].fL.
@ 'i~] 7]- ~.!f- t:-j%];.,-11!-%7] ~ ~ *":::<]- ~%<id% 7-]0:j]il...

364
 -(~)Let~

7t ~~ .A}1J_t=]]Jl.
~~oJl rt~~~ ¥-1 <5}Jl1i~.fL?
(I see) you bought a lottery ticket. What do you want to do if you
win the lottery?

q ~~oJl rt~~q~ 1):!{} :A}%:7.~ .A}Jl1i~Jl .

If I were to win the lottery, I'd (want to) buy a fancy car.

I hear you two met in Korea?

Lt t=Jl. 7-1]7} ~RoJl ...2..:AJ ?l~t:l-~ o}7]2.f »-1 ~

~l-f:A] *~~ 7-]cxj].fL.
Yes, if I hadn't come to Korea, I would not have met Akira.

Ol .H.~~ 7f~ ~%}~ q EfLH::: ~Q£. ~.xHq :;)_fl-j£1 ~~ ~CH£ ~~~ rrH ~~ Of~ ~0-jqAj ?J~ ~011
cHoH OIOP I~ rrH AI§~LICl. ijt~~Oll::: 7~ ~~o 1q ~~~ qEfLH::: Wee.! ·-~01£.'. '-( 0 )2 71011£.'.
'-(o)2 'B!C·ll' :;oj -9-£ ~L!Cl.
This expression is used to refer to hypothetical situations either contrary to what actually happened in the
past or what is happening in the present, or to situations that have not yet occurred. The following clause
usually includes an expression such as -~OlR, -(.£)2 7iOIIR, or - (.£)2 '2)Cil to denote the hypothetical or
suppositional situation being described.

-(L..)L.q'i!:!

~ ~q'i!:!
Ojj HH q Oj j ~q'i!:!
A
~q ~ q'i!:!
OjjHHq OjjHH Cl'i!:!

366 Korean Grammar '~' 'll.fe · intermediate

 n q'i!!
-(L)Lq~
r;!:j ::: q~

():j;.t.:~O i q ():j;.t.:~~q'i;!!
£j"~Oiq ~~ O I ~q'i;!!
NOiq
():j;.t.:~Oiq ():jA:~2.~'i!!
(0 1)2.~'i!!
£j"~O iq ~~O I 2.~'i;!!
.... :..·-·--------------~·······:·----···

• ~»-]7} ~~q.~ t.l-cf-i.l-<>11 ~ ~ <ll~~ lillt:iJ.

If the weather had been good, (we) could have gone to Mt. Halla.

• o]ltioJ]£ ~~ ~ ~--~}q~ .!f-.2.'cJo] 7<j~ 1!t:rJ<5t1l ~o:j]it.

If I don't graduate this time, (my) parents will be really disappointed.

• l-]17} .!f-.:<-}2}~ 7}\f~ J,}~~ ~ £~ ~ <ll~ lillt:iJ.

If only I were rich, I would be able to help the poor.

1 OI.R~~ 7~~.9.1 .g%,t~~ O~LI 2.~ ~-c!£1 .g%,t~ .R~oPI~ ~Liq.

In addition to indicating hypothetical situations, this expression can also be used to indicate conditional
statements.

• l07H 0 VJ- J..j-AJc}t(! lOo/o{t ~~~ E.c.J~!):~-t..Jc.}.

If you (intend to) buy 10 or more, I'll give you a 10% discount.

• :AI~¥-EJ ~11151 ~¥-~c}'B t:Jl'§f.ii!.oJl ~ 9 91~ rlaJl.R.

If you (say you are going to) study hard from this point onward, then you should be able to get into a
university.

2 ~J;H~<2J '-{L) Lq~·~ '-( 0 )'i!!'~. :i!P~~<2.) '-<1!'/~q'i;!!' ~ '-W~ 0 'i!!'. '-W~Ci2.~'i;!!·~ tlp[l~
~*~~Liq.
The present tense form -(!=.)L q~ can be changed to-(£)~. and the past tense form -~j~q~ can
be changed to-~/~£~ or -~/~C:f2.f~ with almost no change in meaning .

• _Q_~oj]l:l]7]- :l~ c}t(! ~ '%'15]-cj 7]-.R,

= _Q_~oj] 1:1]7]- :17.] !(! ~ '%' 15]-cj 7]-..ll,

• o-J:A1] TV~ ..!i!.:A] ?,f~c}l[! ..!i!.JIJ..i~ if~~ rlaJI..Il.

= o-]7-1] TV~ ..!i!.:A] ?£~.2..1[! .!i!.JIJ-i ~ if~~ rlaJI.R.
= o-]7-1] TV~ 5!.7<] ?.f~t:iCJ-1[! ..!i!.JIJ-i ~ if~~ rJoj]..ll.

·ej 24g '7~ ~~ LfEf~ rrH"2.J 02 ·-w~c-J2.f~·~ g~5fAiiR.

See Chapter 24 Expressing Hypothetical Situations, 02 -'Lt/~C~2.f~.

J
 '--(O)~':v_~ '-( L)Lq~·:: ~zj:V.~ 7~~2.\J:F. £1Di~ q 7~:A i.J:l ~:Ai'2J" '--(0)'2}':: '-(L) Lq'2}'5!q 7f-5
{:jOI \:'i:: ~Oll .A.~£io:j ~Oi'§t 7fE{:jOI ~~ ~~ [H~ .A.~o~:AI '2i'~Liq.
While both -{5?.)~ and -(.~) L ef~ can refer to either a condition or a hypothetical situation, -(5?.)~ is used for
things which have a higher possibility of occurring than -{.!:::.) L Cf~. Accordingly, if the event being referred to
has no chance of actually happening in reality, then -{5?.)~ should not be used.

-(0)'2} -(.!=.)L C~'i:!:!

011t! ~01 ~01'21" 7~01 i'J~ rrH .A.fgof££. 7f5~0I 011t! ~0 1 ~01'§ 7f5~0I 7-J.£1 ~1::- 71{1 {t~fOII i'JOI
7-l£1 ~~ rrHe .A.fgofXI 'rJ§LICf. .A.fg~Lief.

Used to refer to events which have a high Often used to refer to events which have little or no
probability of occurring and is not used with events chance of actually occurring.
that have little or no possibility of occurring.

• ~o] p_J·O ![! :S: ~ fillciJ. • ~0 j p.J"I:j-1[]_ =t ~ fill Ci]_

-+ 'i,t££ §OI i'JO~ 7f5~0 I ~§Lief. -+ §OI t',to~ 7f5~0I 7-j£1 ~§Lief.

There is a chance that the person will have a There is very little chance that the person will
lot of money in the future. have a lot of money in the future.

-+ WQ~.A.~OI '~'7f~ 7~01 ~C;j ~OI:Iii! -+ WQ~ A~OI '~'7f ~ 7~01 ~C;j ~oo§! 71{1
Aj-g%t -9- ~§Lief. {t~ LfEfLHE '(01)2.f~·~ AfgoHOt Xf~~'E:j§LI Cf.
Here, -(5?.)~ cannot be used because there is Here, because there is no possibility of the
no possibility of the speaker actually turning speaker turning into Dongsu, the hypothetical
into Dongsu. form (OI)2.f~ should be used.
- -- ........... ----·-·-----

1 7f ::1 ~~ ~ 9Je>1..9..? ::1 l:lR~7} ~~"i[;<.J s:_ S!..;::J:llii..

Lf .Aj~Jl? ::1 l:lfl~7} ~~~q~ ?£~ 0:1;<.}%o]1JuJt>}3:Y.e>1Jl. anniversary of th€
founding of a schoo
.::1 ttH.sf-7f ~~5fCf .::Ii:!H.!f-7f ~~5fCf I t'J.g Oj.A~OI ~~fq

Ol~ 7Hiil7 IEI~OII v ?Jq .::1~ *!XI '['Jq I ~~tfOil ~ 7fef

~.£ .UI7f ~ OPI7f 7i-3JWOICf ~~ .UI7f ~ OPI7f 7-J-3J'YOICf I ~.2.£ .::I.A.fEI":L!f OP I5fXI ?Jet

2 7f e>15:! ~ IIR .:g-o1 ¥-] ~ e>1Jl?

q 7}*~e>1Jl . .Xcfl ~ ~"§jq~ 7}*7} ~9i ~ 71cxj]Jl.

7f-'?OICf I ~2.H~ ~fq I 7f4.7f £1Cf

~2.ii2.1LfO I Cf I ~2.il011 ~~01 'lief I ~2.il~ .::IV!i=-XI ~q
~ -t:-!4-0ICf I 8~iil UH Cf2.1~ Cfj;:IXI '(Jq I ~7~ 7ll~5 fef

368 Korean Grammar ;, flu e- · Intem t ediate

 (1) LJ-l~ J-j ~o j ~Tfj-A] ?jO~Jl. + ~-Z=j-6~::: A~~O j lf:J'g_ ll~]Jl.

-+ Lff0J ~--~~01 Oi~f.l OJt:{-Oj_ "SJ-1:1,-E;r.';: f-..~1 DJ~ liOIISL.

(2) ~:::rl7]-
I '-1 <51-.Allo]nl]
-, 0 <">
~I ...i:L,
+ <51-ol_Q_
e. '-'- 2 l:l]-_Q_
c 2
¢. oJ_Q_
I.M. 2
i2-llr:J] <">
'-'-' 'I .J:L,

(3) o]Jt]_oj] 7-J~g ~o~Jl. + ~~ g ~ 71~]Jl.

-+

(4)

-+

2 ~-(L)Lq'2::!~~ A~<5HAi q~ cH£~ ~{:Jo~AiiR.

(1) 7f 9-~ »-1::: .AJW &5::~7~ 'W-AliL? ('Wt:f)

Lf l=Jl, -Afs=_ 9-~ »-]7-1'EJ &5::~7} 1'-t:{-Oj, o~y---,'t-J--]oj] -A] -%)_~g 71~]Jl.

(2) 7f 5::-% 7}7].£ ~\it l:l] 7~ -&t:f::EJlJl. (l:l]7} __2_q)

q .=Ic]1Jl?.=I\it q~ ~.£ <t1,7]<5Ho]: £]39.~Jl.

(3) 7f ~A~j ~.M.7j t:J1~oj]J--j %31. »-] 7~ -"Jg_ ~Sit:J1Jl. (~7~-6~q)

q Oil 0 1u] »-].£ -"Jg ~51 g Jill101] o}~l=]]Jl.

(4) 7f ~o] 'irt~J--] <ij <5~ g * 7}39.1=J]Jl. (~ 9 <U:= J-Ho]-c.]-)

q ~O~Jl. q-~7} e:j7] -A17] u}%t:J1£ ~ JillEj]Jl_

(5) 7f ~A~j 7}9 'l:l]' ~ -3]{;j ql-xJ:~Jl. (7}L})

q .=Ic)1Jl? -A1.£ ~A~] _:g-<t1_7-Joj] 'l:l]'.§.
2
u}l---l-_Q_
L:.M. 2
i2-llr:-j]Jl
'-'-' .

(6) 7f t.H~ojTtil:lJ~o] ~L}l=]]Jl. J-j{}o]1JW llJl{~ 7~Jl. (J-]-3{-6}::= \[o]q)

q ul-o~_g_
"" •
__2_2=oj
2
l:ll-"5"1-o]
o -,
.Aclol- ~ i2-llt::-j]Jl
o e.-o 2 '-'-' .
 What should we do? The tickets are all sold out.

q .=I.Cll-]77} A~]7} cxj]oRt>}7.}.TI ~B}o}Jl.. u]cj cxj]oR

~~2.}~ -t'-<ti~ ~ ~ CV.Si~ 74cxJ1Jl..
That's why I said we should buy them in advance. If we had
purchased them in advance, we could have seen the show.

7~ 0}7] 2.} ».], A~~ ~i>}<'>H iL!

Akira, happy birthday!

q 0}7]2..} ».] J,~~O]Oi]Jl.? J,~~<j ~ ~~~2.}~

)j § ~ €-l:l ]~ ~ "@l:i]Jl..
It's Akira's birthday? If I had known that , I would have prepared
a gift.

Ol If.~:= :i?P~Oll ~~'2! ~~ 'riCH£ 7~~5HAi ~~ [H A~ru-Liq. ~7~ ~Oil CH~ .¥-~q ~E~771-@-~
qE~LH7I=c f>~jl. .::1~7-11 5~:AI UO~ q~o1~q:= ~~ qE~LH7I=c g[Liq. '-<U/~ Ci2.~~· crg.Oll:= '-CU/exi~
7~0liR'. ·-ru/cx.t~ 'B)c~r. '--{ 0 )2 ~~cp~ :A~2?- ~Liq_ (24-§ '7~~ .g~ qEf~ ~·.2.J 03 '--{o)2 ~t;~q·

This expression is used to hypothesize a past situation that is the opposite of what actually occurred. It can
express the speaker's feeling of regret or lament with respect to an event in the past as well as relief about
not doing something. The expressions -"1):/<JJ.~ 7iOIIR. -<;}:/~~ 't!JC.il, and - (.2.)2 ~~q often follow - "1J:./<JJ.Ci2.f
\?:!.(See Chapter 24 Expressing Hypothetical Situations, 03 - (.2.)2 ~ofCf.)

-r;)Jexi Ci 2.~~
ltCi2.~~
A/V
~ exiCi 2.~~
- - -··-·····-·· - -------------·-------:------ -----------··-·-------------------- -- - - -
~Ci2.~~ .!¥:A~Oiq !¥:A~~ Ci 2.~~
NOiq
OI~Ci2.~~ ~~01q ~~O I ~Ci2.~~
------------- - - - · - - --------------------- - -·-----·------------

370 Korean Grammar ;, 'lise · Intermediate

 • A~]7}- 7]7}- ~Pl'*~ R.t:ilo] £]~~ :loJliL.
I could have been a model if I had been taller.

• o}-{lol] 9i7]oj].!il..~ ~ ~nj'*~ -ue>iJ7}-7-] ?JO,J~ l@_~;l]_

I wouldn't have gone (mountain) hiking if I had heard the forecast in the morning .

• ~2-j ~f:le>il 7}-7-] ?JO,Jt:i'*~ ~9i 'it ~~<>iiL.

(It) would have been a big deal if (you) hadn't gone to the hospital quickly.

OI.R~~ ·-~;~q~·o 1 q ·-w~o ~'££ t:ti-J?.Oi.A.i ~ -"?.S:. <U~ Liq.

This expression can be replaced with the expression -'lt/'?;!Cf~ or -'lt/'?.;!.2.~.

• .2.~£ ~A}oJI ~~c-]2}~ -'PJ-'i:l~Efl 3.Jll ~)fg ~oJl.R..

= 2. ~£ ~A}ojJ ~~t:j-~ JPJ-'t:J~EJJ 3.Jjj ~)fg ~ojJ.R..
= .2.~£ ~A}ojJ ~~_Q.~ JPJ-'t:J~EJJ 3.Jjj ~)±~ ~ ojJ.R..
If I had been late for work again today, I would've been scolded very much by the director.

'-{ L }L q~·~ 7 ~~ ~%fJ:!.~ ~:c! ~~~ ~ q qE~';Jj-"? <ll:AI~ '-~/~C:j 2.~~·~ 7~ ~~~ qE~';Jj
* <U~Liq_ Ef.~ '-{ L }Lq~· ~ ~.AH . J:!.~7~ ~Oil CH~ 7 ~0 1 7 f-6-<S'~:A I~ ·-~/~C-j 2.~~ ·~ J:!.~7~ 7 ~
~ 7f-6-g[Liq . .::J.Oil t:ti5H'-{ 0 )~'~ .2.!:f. 7 f-6-~Liq.
While the expression -(.!:::.) L q~ can be used to express both hypothetical and conditional situations, -'lt
/'?;!Ci2.f ~ can only be used to express hypothetical situations. Moreover, while -(.!:::.)L q~ can be used in
both present and past tense hypothetical cases, -'lt/'?;!Ci2.f~ can only be used in past tense hypothetical
situations. Finally, in contrast to these two expressions, -(.2.)~ can be used in all cases.
-- ---- · - - ···-- -- _.....
-( 0 )~
_ -- -- ----- ---· - - -

7 ~~ 0
0 0
Hypothetical (7~0 1 '1!2 7~)

Situation
~.(:!
0 0 X
Conditional
· - -----·---·-·- ·-·---- - - ---.,...........- - - --- - - - -
~xH
0 0 X
Present

Tense
~7~ 0
0 0
Past (.em~ rrHe '-'lt/'?.tCf~')
~-------- ---·-- ----- ···-····- ..--·---·-· --··---- ·- ·- ····- - - - - -·-··- - -

r:- ...
1 7f Jtl:A1 »-17}- ~l±.~ n:Jlil.9-~ ?,lo1 9Y,t:.j-~l--]..9..? .~.
Lf t;Jl, Jtl:A1 »-17}- <(!~ ~ ?,lo1 9Y,~c}~ 1J.9--&-}-:A1 ?J-~~ Jill"E1] o}-*1-%1..9...

'2J.AI J.AI7f ~.H.~ ITH ~~ I'JOI5fef '2J.AI Ml7f <2'1~~ 'C\tO I 5fCf I ~*5f.A I 'rJCf
~01 £'JO I 2.Af2.fef ~~ 'CJOI ~tt15fef I 2.Af2.f.AI Btef
Of712.f J.AI2.j ~<2'!0 1 ~I~ICf Oi;t;il tt17f 2..AI Btef I ~I±£1.AI \'JCf

2 7f 7Jo1 ?,lo1 77]"X-5H ~t:.J-:A1 ..9..?

Lf t;Jl, ~7cj B-7.11 ~ 01 ~:c.T2j -&-}-:A1 ?J-~~ cf~ !!~ '2_fj;jl environmental group

:!:lit!~ 7~5fq to donate (one's) wealth

o1~711 77]"X-5H:A1:A1 ?J-~~ ~O:J1..9...

YOI 'C\tOI77H~5H.A ICf ~~ '2-~ii~OI !:.:.~5f.AI 'rJCf I Ol~lll 77~5H.AI.AI ?JCf

.:l~.Af7f~f 2.l.A.rcOI £715fef I .::1. ~.Al-E~* ~q
~ .A.f~7f7f ;t;HH~ 7l!f-5f.AI 'rJCf I .::1. ~{:!l~g ~.ii!~
.::1.'2)-.!:f.OiO~ 5fef

(1) 7f 01Jtl J-1~ 0 1 Aaw o-j2;j~:A1Jl?

Lf 1;]1, A-lt;;!OI Of~f.l 0jOJ"B!Cfb! J-1~ g ~ ~g Jillr:~1..9...

(2) 7f o-j~-jc.}-7}- l-}-27}- J;tq]Jl?

(4) 7f :A1 2]~ 0 1 o1 ~711 ~ ~"5}-71 ~ ~ * ¥5:to-JJl.

q ~o}Jl, 7--j£ :A1 cJ ~o1 o 1 ~711 ~~"6"}-717}-
------------------------
.2..7-1 gf~g ~O:J1 Jl.

(5) 7f 1l~oJ1l--] i'-.!f--5}-2 %~ 01~ g ?Jo1 3:- "5}-1to-]Jl?

Lf L~1, 1l.g_oJ1Al i'-.!f-"5}-2 %~
------------------------ -ji-"§:j- J-~~ 1 r:j
0

~ ~ ~ g 7-1 O:J1Jl.

37':. Korean Grammar u1 lise · Intermediate

 ~
•[114)1
7~ _2_~ ~ o] l=j.!f- o]1I'fj 7-] ?J-o}Ji..?
Aren't the roads really slippery today?

Lf l.;j], wo}Ji... Al .5:_ ~ O 1 l=j .!f'- D ]112-j %l J.-j ~.ilL Oil

_2_cj-7} \S o-j ~ llll"9l <>1 Jl.
Yes, you're right. They're so slippery I almost fell on the way to
school.

We almost missed the train.

Lf qg .!f-Ei ~ t:1 ~~ ~~i>Ro~~o-J Ji...

Then we should leave earlier next time.

Ol ±E~:: Oilfi ~0 1 7'1.2.1 ~Oj~ 3:! ~~~c~l ~;J;il.£~ ~Ojq:A I cr.m~ rrH . q.g.~LICf
. . .5:!.~ .:z.~ ~01 ~Oj
q:AI cr;o~.A.i q~OI2.f.E L?~£_£ OIOP I ~ ~Lief. .ilm£1.A.~I!Oll CHoH OIOPI<5f7 1rrHgOll ~.g '- (0 )2 ~
~q'.£ ~6~o:j. ~A~ '<5~D~E.ii2:!'J:!.~ ~OI M~ ~.5f-7 ~ PJ~LICl §.A-~'2! ~011 ~*<;}~Lief.
This expression is used to indicate that some event or action almost happened but did not. In most cases,
it is used to express the speaker's relief that the event or action did not happen. Because it refers to a past
event, the form -(.2.)2 ~~q is always used. It is often used together with the adverb 5fofEi'2:!. and it or ,
attaches to verbs.

- (2.) 2 11!:!<5~[.~

~Ojt:fi2.lef ~Oit:ti'§ I!!:!W::~

~ef
- - - · · -....-....... ___ _ ____
..... .. _,
~ ~ ~<5~q

The movie was so sad I almost cried in front of my girlfriend.

• ~-&oi]J.-j {)"7-~7] 7.~7~ 1.{.2..~ l:l~'f:l'oi] 7-}%7.~oi].!f-~~ ~~OlA.

I almost hit another car because it appeared suddenly from an alleyway.
 • ~F?-Q} .!8-~<S}c}7} ~ ~ c} Ell% l@~OiA.
I was talking with my friend on the phone and almost burned all the food.

Ol R~ ~ ~~~OJI :il~7i~ 7~~o~~ R~~ '-~/Cfi 01~f. '-~/CfiC-j2.~~·:il~ MO l ~ ~~7~ ~~Liq.

This expression is often used following constructions that indicate hypothetical past situations such as ...
-'W~.Q.~ and - ~.U~C-j2.f~-

• 7]7-\-Jl ~ o]2.j AJ-:7.] ?J-"~.2..~ Jl"8"J'oj] * ~ n)1~<>J.B...

If I hadn't bought my train ticket in advance, I wouldn't have been able to go to my hometown.

• D\-.3. ~]7\- ~~ 'r} <5jJ ~Gjcj-~ ~i; ~ ~ojtij~ ~~oJJl.

If Mark hadn 't called me, I would have forgotten my appointment.

·\) 24:g '.7~ ~~ Lt£fogj [ H'Qj 02 '-W~C-j2.~·~ :g~ofA11R

See Chapter 24 Expressing Hypothetical Situations, 02 -'ll/~C:iC!I~.

(r:;\
1 .7f o];7J ~~] o ]oJ JA] %~{1~ o}yoj].fl..? •[175Jt

q o}, ~o}Jl. i>}u}E-]li:i %~{1~ ~~011 .!f-Jl ~ 1@"9l~l..8...

0 17~ ~101 ~ .UI ~cH-tJ~ ~CH-t!~ 6l'BOII.!:f..:i2 7fef

LH~o I Y-f:t .UI {!)~ Y-f:t .UI {!)~~ ~Oitti2.lq

.2.~ ~2.j7f 2AI!f.Ei

2 7f o:j7]7l}::Z.] ~o}.Q.~t}Jl ~ c~::z.] .fl..?

Lf l:Jl. ~l:l] 7-]] o]~ 0 l 'iltdGJ2fli:i ~W JIA~ W 1@"9lo-1A. (car) navigation

LHI:lllliOI{!OI ~q I~~ .:i2{!)5fq

!:i:G2Ai~ %~<'>fef §E7f £2f-"?A:I ?Jq I !:i:G2Ai~ ~ ~LH Cf
i:!I~7I.E~ -=?-<'>fq Q:j~.A.fOII Ol-E .A.~OI ~q I~ -=?-5fq

37 4 Korean Grammar ut 'l/.1·e · Interm ediate

1 '-(o)2 Jtl!!o~q· ~ A~iiHA-1 q~~ ~~ ~01 £1£~ t:t~.JflAiiR.

(1) ~Jl ~oJ1 .2.7-1 ?:[0 }Al -=jL~ ~ W9- ~~o-]Jl .

.... U 0 J.OII 9;!:~~ =r-~~ .!R- 15,[ ~c5.Ji01.2..

(2) ""l%~171 IT11.goJ1 .::g-~ ~ ~ 9- <XJSi o-]Jl .

....
(3) .§~ Gj 7}7-]Jl Lf2-J-Al :l_ _?_~ {£9- ~~o-]Jl.

....
(4) 011~ ~ "5Hl-l .JJL9-\32.J {l.goJ11:\llftw 9- ~~o-]Jl .
....

(1) 7f ~qs »-], o1Jt! ~oj]Al ~C;j o]: ~1-i=:- 7-j o}\:!7}Jl? (7-1Lf7.1t:f)
q o}, Wl.oJ1Jl. o~71 ~}1:}7} ~C;jo]: W ~ ~ 7-I L.f1-J \tlj,cS.Jil;(l.sl.

(2) 7f 7}~2-l »-12.] o}o1~ W~"11 2)1 \:[7-} o}o1 .£~ A}Ai1Jl? ({l-* A}q)

Lf :l._cJlR? w~ ~ %xto-1.R. s=.~ »-17r 9£"5B ~7-1 ?:J-<V:-c:12-fli:! .£ ~

(3) 7f :l_ ~ l-J~?;.! :Q-.£.t177} t=J-17-1 o}Ai1Jl. (BR~o ] Lfc.})

Lf :l._c.Jl.R? o1 ? R~ o}1tc:12-}li:!

(4) 7f J 7};Jj]oj]l-l 7}l:lJ~ <1 l-}71 ~ {l-~?;.! :Q-7-1Jl? (~§:]~}c.})

Lf loll. 7i 7Vl 7}l:lJ ~ 1(c:1c.tli:!
c.}:': "11.!i!_c.J- 2BRLf B1f{:afo}Jl.

(5) 7f ~~ ~-?f-2-?;.! :Q-~"1] ~~"5B .!i!_Ai1R . (-e-~ 1-]-q)

Lf o}, <1 -?fnlol1Jl. ~C-1 »-17} W<'>H ~7-1 ?:J-<V:-c:12-fli:!

1 7f R8 ?l~ot717 t ~W gj ~ cHR.
Lf Lil. gJ"OtR 8~ i~:l5 ctLijl ~ :::::: ~~;_~ .:J.8.£f-~Ci2.tl2::! ~~~~~ 7-lOIIR

CD .::Z.~.Ef-21 ~ ® .::Z.~.Ef-~.5:_
@ .:Z.~.Ef-~cj-~ @ .:Z.~% 9- ~_2_~
2 7f Ol Dl~~~ ~R~O I *1:::::: '§O ILiiR
Lf 0-j :A-JI ¥t 12::!
0 D-j2.1~ ~~ ~~0-jR

CD Di 2.] ~ * ~~o-]Jl ® o-12.] ~ * ~ 71oj]Jl

@ o-j 2.] ~ * ~ ~~o-]Jl_ @ Di 2.J ~ * -o}JI W~o-J _g_

7f ~12::!~ ~Oll --'tEJ-0 1[!J"LiiR

Lf ~W [!J"LiiR. O!I DH~ otil:l <[i~Ci 2.tl2::! ~'C!~Oll
--------------------
CD* ~ o-J~~Jl ® * ~ ~~~ ?loJ]Jl
@ * ~ ~~ l@l~o-]Jl_ @ * ~ o-j~ ~ .::z]s:_ %2.]-Jl_

4 CD 417} l;j2.}~ .:z.~ J- ~ ~ 'iJ ~ 74o1=.

® .:z.~Jll !fl o-] 7}~ 'Bo-J~ ll,l1w ?loJlJl.
@ t_~o1] _.2._.::Zj ?:J-~_2_~ ~-3] ~ ~~ ?loJ]Jl.
@ 417} I:Jl~oJl wZ:l~cJ-~ 7J~oJ ~W * ~ Jillr:iJ.

5 CD 7-]nj ~ ~ ~..Uq~ ;z~ c ~ll}Jl?

® 100~ -%!o] ;.~Jic--]2.}~ .!f-<3:!~ -o)-~~Jl?
@ o-J:Ai] 7-]7]oj] 7}.::Z] ?J"~cj-~ ~'V.- ~ Jillt:i]Jl.
@ 41~ tl]7} .g.q~ ~-AJ 7-j] ~ ~ ~7J t>Hol=~ ~ Jl.
 Akira, have you arrived?

q o}, _51_f.~ 7-cJ?-Jg <iJJl *1l1..R. 7--jS:. 7-cJ?-J g

<i:l.Jl %~ .:L~<>lA .
(Yes,) but everyone is dressed formally. I should have worn my dress
clothes.

Computers are a surprising 30% off.

q ~~l-..R? 0 1~711 J--]1 ~%( ~ ~~__2_q! 3:i:}T{}-

71c}~~ .:L~<>lA. 7-1 \:!-9-~1 1}:71 :=A.
Really? If I had known they were having such a big sale, I would
have waited a bit longer. I bought one last week.

01 .H~~ ~-o~:::: Af'SOI :i!f710ll 0-l't! ~~~ ~7-JLf of:AI \?i~ ~Oil cHaH~:21 EE:::: Of-?H£~ LfEf~ llH
A~oi-E ~~Lief. 0-j[,:! ~~ of:AI \?i~ ~~ ~:21~ rrH:::: '-( 0 ) 2 ~ .:J.~q·~ A~ofo:j, Ol't! ~ (5 ~ ~ ~~
~:21~ rrH:::: '-:A I ~~ .:::z.~q· ~~ ·~ -( 0 )2~ .:::z.~q·~ A~gLi ef.
This expression is used when t he speaker wants to express regret or a feeling of lament about something
he or she should have done, or did but shou ld not have done. When referring to something that should
have been done but was not , -(£)2~ .:J.~Cf is used, and when referring to somet hing that was done, but in
hindsight should not have been done, either - J;I ~~ .:J.~Cf or \:!" - (£)2 ~ .:J.~Cf is used.

7fef ~~ .:::z.~ q
-(0)2~ .:J.~q
~q ~ ~~ .:J.ill!ef
v ...... ........ ..
7fef 7f:AI ~~ .:J.ill!ef
-:AI ~~ .:J.ill!ef
~q ~ :AI ~~ .:J.ill!ef

378 Korean Grammar in 'lise · Intermediate

 • .2..~ ~.ll!. ~A~1o11 <£}- n-~c:-11 %~~ <i:!oj1<£1~ 0 1 ~q.:il i>HJl. ~A~1 o11 ~~ .:Z.~oiJl.
Today, I didn't go to the school festival, but I heard that a lot of famous stars attended. I should ha.: ;-:r:=
to the festival.

• J.1 ~ 0 1 Li.!f- ~C;j~J.i J.1 ~ ~ uJ~e>iJl. 0 1~7]1 ;_1~ 0 1 e>ia:J% ~ ~')1~Jt! -t?-lf- ~ ~ s-::
VJ-~ .:Z.~oiJl.
The test was so difficult that I failed it. If I'd known it would be so difficult, I would have studied more.

• .2..~ {l.:r-rJ ~cJ n-~c:-11 ~7-J-71 tJ17r ~e>iJl. _2._~71-7-J w~ .:I.~oi.a..

I went out with my friend today, but it suddenly started raining. I shouldn't have gone out today.

Ol .H.~~ '=z'll!q'~ ~~oH.A.i '-( 0 )2~'.£.1r. ~~ ~ ~:;Liq. '-( 0 )2~·~ ~~ .A.~'EJ"~ .A.~OI Oii.A.i
~~£ .A.~"6~7~q ~~~£ ~~ ITH .A.~gj"Liq.
This word .:::J.<;U!Cf in this expression can be shortened to simply - (£) 2 ~-This is an informal form of the
expression used only w ith those with whom the speaker is close or when talking to oneself.

7f !f-cj i!j- ti.:r~oj oj~ :j-c~;:ri] t;jS:.. {{oj ~cR?

Lf L.j-.5:. 7~.Jl-i,!~t:i] ~oj ~Di. oj~ ~ ~'U"..Q..q:! ~g% oj-lJ.j ~~-

-<J '-(£)2~·g ~~ LfEf~ [Qi~ ~ "?- '1!§-LICf. .::2~;1:1'2_! '-(£)2~'01 ~ LfEf~ [[H~ ~1£1 Qj'2JOI-@2.f7 fo:j
\!.!"~j:jl£ m~ ~'fJLICf. (1-g '~:ll.f Oil~~ LfEf~ [[H'£1 05 '~R' gZ::)
The expression -(£ ) 2 ~ can also be used to express a supposition. However, this suppositional -(£)2 ~ is spoken with a rising
intonation and is only used in informal speech. (See Chapter 1 Expressing Conjecture and Supposition, 05 ~~R.)

1 7f Oi.!i!., g~g_ l:j.!f- W0 l l-] ~l--j W0 l \:[)1oj_R_

Lf g~ ~ .3::~~ l-] ~~ .::Z.~tll_R,

~~ Li~ 'i'i"OI .A.j7~.A.i ~OI 'ct'1!:Cf

Ol\:l ~Oll 7 f~~ 'i'~Oj.Uj.A.-j ~~tJI7f ~"6fef ~ 2.jjtJj~g c~ ~Oil Afef

R-§ tJfHHf.A.i ~01 ~0-j-t.] ~ 2E.Cf Of77f Df.§.Ojj ~~ ITH ~~ .A.f .2.Cf

2 7f 2l1 2fc-.A~ l-} %o1? ~-?- »-]7} g.E9~ ?Jo] 7}7-].TI. %~~1.
Lf .=:Lcfl? ~-?- »-]7} g.E9~ W0 l 7}7-].TI. % ~ ~)1.Q.~ l-} _2.7-l ~~ .

<c.l~ .Uj7f gli~ ~0 1 7 f;l:j.Jl ~ ~ ~"1.:

.£<c.l .A.f .2.Cf
 (1) -e-\:1 °] -£(~-ci] 7-1~ Qj ~o-j ~
o-j:A~] Qj~oj]J-l ~o}qS:. *<5HJ-l ~lf- 7c}-rr] ~o-] Jl.

D] c.j £1 ~01-t %.¥-c5f"fi .:J..'1J.01..Q.. .

.2..~
---------------------------

(3) Qj~oj] <V_~ {l.::r-~Ell 5:.£~ l:IH.£ .5!..~~-ci] 49-7} 7-] ;d-~t:i] S:. o}-3] S:.-3}g
~ ~t:J1Jl.
5:&~ l:IH£
--------------------

(4) {l.::r- ~oj] <t!t2f ~ o] ~cj ~~ t:j] {l.::r- ~oj] o}_!f-.5:. ~<Xio-JJl.
o] c.] --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

(5) II}Ejoj] -£(~t:i] 0 }~ J.}~o] <5-}Lf-S:. ~o-JJ.l ~lf- 7-Ho]~Li]Jl .

.2..~ II}Ej oj] - - - - - - - -- ---

(6) D}3. »-j~Ejj ~g lf!.ef~~t:jj D}3. »-]7} 7-jj4jo- '5Jo-jl:l-j2;jJ-l D}%0] "iJ~oJJl.
c}::: J.}~~Ell J ~ g -------------------

(7) :A~]y »-]7} .2..~ :Q-o] ~cj 7}7-}.JI. ~~t:i] ~ ~o-JJl. Jrci-ci] ~oj] ~:A} <V,..<?..y 77}
1J1Jc5}.J2 :A]f-<5}t;J]Jl.
.2.. ~ :A~] y »-]"lf :Q-o 1
-----------------------

(8) 7-]\l-?oll 2. ~ »-]"lf :Q-o] ~~ .5!..cj ~o-JJl. Jrcit:i] o:j:A} ~.::r-7} :A-j]7} q ;::
o:j:A}"lf ~~ :Q-0 ] ~;,l ~7} ;d"o-] Jl.
2. ~ »-] "lf ~ ~ :Q-o 1
------------------------

38C Korean Grammar r"N 9/se · Intermediate

 ~ :§:l-7 r L:J ¥ :AHa1~ Oi Jl.
(1) q~ ~ ~'i .2~01.2..
Oj 9!~ .!i!.f.j 0 J:'i .2~01.2..

(2)

(4)

25. ~~~ :r.o· =

 ~
7• a}.::z_ »-1. ~.9-1 LR 2 g .RQ{-5H 5!.-"il.R. •[118}

Mark, please summarize the contents of the book.

q ~ _2. 2~ ~ Y I:f, .ill.*\:1. ~g uje.j ~o-J

~o-J 0l= "9l~Cll ~%-~YI:f.
Professor, I don't know it (the content). I should have read the book
in advance, and I'm sorry (that I didn't).

Why is Jaya so angry?

q 7-~] 7} H-5H5!. ~qj l ~71 :=..a.

.A}Ol= »-jt}Ejj
Jrs wg <)}.AJ w9l<>lol= "9l~Cll ~~7r ~..a.
I told her she looked fat. I shouldn't have said such a thing, and
now I regret it.

01 .H.~:=~ oHOF <5~::: ~-§~ <5~:AI ~~7~ Lf ~'tl .gEH 7~ ~ £I~Of ~:::cil .::z.~:AI ~~ ~~ ~.2:1<5P~ Lf
0~*1~~ [ HA~g)"LICl
This ex pression is used to indicate regret or lament about the fact that a necessary action was not
completed or that some necessary state was not achieved.

-Qq ~~Of ~::: Cil

.::I.;<;:~
C> 0 A/V -~~~~Of ~:::Cil
e:jq e:j ~~O f ~::: Cil
L .. .. .. .... ·-· ....... -··
.3.q .3.:AI ?J~~Of ~:::cil
A/V A -:AI U~~Of ~:::cil
-Qq -Q:AI ~l~~Of ~:::cil
t:::IJ;:~
-r o
7~q 7 ~:AI W~~Of ~:::cil
v -:AI ~~~Of ~:::cil
e:jq l£l:AI W~~Of ~:::cil
·····--- .... --------- - - - - · ·
7. ~A~j ~·JI:§:j~ ~ ~X{~.£1..?
Did the conference end well yesterday?

q 0 }Y..8... ~JI:§:j.::<Jo] l-J -?:1"9i~°F "9i~Ell tl~lJ-i .:l'S7-] *Zl-011Lf7} tijt.] :::= l-}~~ 0 ] ?:.fc-Jc.}
Jl..B...
No, the conference venue was supposed to be cooled (air conditioned), and (probably) because of the heat,
a lot of people left midway through.

382 Korean Grammar r/1 '/tve · Intermediate

 7f oj;_j-~ ~o] l_;jlf- i:t-A~]7)- ~q~;_-]SL?
Is it true that you're having a lot of problems with your new home?

q l.oj], ~ ~ 7-j]Q..j=0]-7] ~Oil =g=g-o)-71] {[D:i~e>-lol= '9l~r;J] ~o ] ~oj- .!i!.Oi"'-1 =z.C17.] ~~e>-lSL.
Yes, we should have inspected the house carefully before signing the contract, but it looked so nice that we
didn 't do so.

7f {] t:Jlc.], 2J1 °]~71] .!i!.JU-joj] ~ tH 71] ~7.] _9_?

Agent Kim, why are there so many mistakes in the report?

q ~-%WYt:.J-. A1]7)- q;_] ~Jtl ~£ ~ '9le>-l 0 l= '9l~1:il Cj- ~c-]y ~ 'C! 711 ~,:>_ 3:! ~~Yt:.J-.
I'm sorry. I should have looked it over once more, but I didn't, and that's why there are so many mistakes.

·-~1/~0io~ ~ ~ cil' ~ g~ !f.IOil ~ *~ ~~ Li q. Ol rrH~ !f.IOil q.2.~ O I OP I ~ ~~oH.A.i ~t i-E 3:!'fd

LICl.
The expression -~U)';;!OiO~ ~f:C1 1 can also be used at the ends of sentences. In such cases, the original part
that would have followed -'W'X;tOiO~ ~f:C1 1 is omitted .

7f 0}0 1~ 011 711 ~ 3. 2jAu1-~ .Aj% j:J:o-jil..?

Did you buy any Christmas presents to give the kids?

q o}yil.., ..2.. ~ 7}L-j 77} .Aj % o1 cJ- ~);l_c.-j c.}.Jlil... u12.1 J-}21 {(o-joj: 99_.Cci1 ··· ··· .
No, when I w ent today, they w ere all sold out. I should have gone to buy them earlier...

: 'Af2.i 1!:01 0 ~ ~f: Ci l ' Cfg ou '01 2.1~ Lf ~0 1 ~.2l'<HR. ' ~ 'Oi~5f.fr?' .g2.j cg[O I ~S{.'r.I Oi ~-§Li ef.
Here, a statement like 012.1 ~ Lf ~01 ~.21£HB. (I regret not going more in advance) or Oi~5f.fr? (What
should we do?) has been omitted after Af2.i 1!:010~ ~f:C1 1.

'-( 0 ) 2~ (.:J.~ Cl)'2~ ·-~/~Oi O ~ ~ ~Cil ' ~ l::ll::::::t~Jll .A.~.S:I:A: I '2! q:;:il~ ~:: ~Oii.A.i j,~O I 7~ ~~LICl.
Wh ile the expressions - (.9.)2-§j (.:J.~Cf) and -~U)';;!OiO~ ~f:Ci l are used similarly, they are different in the
following w ays.

Oil:! ~~ ~ oHO~ ~f:C1 1 5f:AI 'G,~Cfi= Ci!Ai .2.-l::: ~.2:jLf

Expresses the speaker's lament that doing O f*!~ .H.~~L! Cf.
something else would have worked out better than Expresses the speaker's regret or lament about not
what was actually done. doing something that should have been done.
 • oj7.1] ~i}Ej ~ 15}!::::.2} ~:;<j] 2(-G] y 15}if- • oj7.1] ~i}Ej ~ 15}!::::.2} ~:;<!] 2(-c.-] y ~R~ uJ1
%~ JI!-2--5R.R. <>11-11 ~~ ~~ .::J.~<>l .R. 1l4'-~ 'j'J"o] "9:\!<>l.R. oj7.1] ~~ 2(-ojo]: "9:\!i=-
I've been tired all day because I stayed up ~:1]· .... . .
late on the computer last night. I should have
I made a lot of mistakes today during my
gone to sleep earlier last night. presentation after I stayed up late last night on
the computer. I really needed to go to sleep
LICf. early last night...
Expresses the speaker's lament that going -t Wil ~ ~~ XfO~ ~f=Cii.:J.~ll l ofXI t'Jg ~~ :!jt£.1
to sleep earlier last night would have worked
~Lief.
out better.
Expresses the speaker's feeling of regret about
not going to bed early last night when he/she
really needed to do so.

lil$141&1!it
1 7~ ?~Oil e>i~ ~ qGj_2_1f~Jl?

~WOII Cfl~ ~ CfL12.Cf ~~ ~~~ ~jl7~q I~ 7.!:f.~ ~jl7 ~A-j Li!f!. gj-§Cf
Oj:X:il ~-§0 1 ~ ~q ~~~:AI l'J7il 't_f-§Cf I Li!f!. DWF-IA"l -t)~OI ~ Q:jef
Oj:Ail ~~ §- .2.]}..~1 ~ ~'"0 ~7~Cf 012.1 ~w !f-1}':1~ ~'"0~.5:G:l 7 ~Lf 1 ~~ ~ ~ ~1-()f)..-J 3~o1q
X]2{0fef

2 7~ J-j ~ -%-¥- lf'l0 1 ~ ~?

q o]-y, ~~.!il..q7]-*~~ - ~7-1] ~~ 4-2011 \l{Cf
to match a standard or (someone's) ability
.!il..7.] ~~~oJ: ~~-c"l] .. ····.

~.2.~ .!i!Cf7f ~ 5~q I OiXil ~.2.~ .!i!XI Wef

~~}':~~ ~2.f}..i ~ 5fef I '2:1~}':~~ ~cH~.2.~1 :A"JlfoH .!:f.Cf
Li~ Oj2.4~A-j ~ ~~q I LH~011 W-E ~~ .J:!...§.q

v.C:- Korean Grammar iN '1/.fe · I ntermediate

(1) 7. ~71oJ1 ~~-xJ.!;]1Jl. (~-5}7-11 ~r:f)

q 1;]1, o-j :Ai1 _£ g Uf~$fr11 °JOJ.Oj0~ ti)i!e"t;(( ~7-J1 ~ Jl Lf3JGJ Y ~71 oJ1 ~ 3: -- -

(2) 7• "'i1<?Ji>}~ ~:AJJl ~ J.}cj {1-r:.}.Jl i>}c-jy .:::1.~ ~1;]1Jl. (7}c})

q oJ:Ai1 .2..~ 31-GJY c} ![[5J_c-jc.}.JlJl.

(4) 7• o:J.!i!., o-]~7-11 "5}?;1Jl? ~ 7 ~ o1 :q?;}71 {JoJ1 -&rl!Jl. ({] g ~j~i>}c})

q ~~}Jl? oJ::zi1 <?} ~Gjy t;J.!f- A1Al~.--5H..Il.

(1) 7• o}LJ17} :§:}7} W"o1 X{c}~J.-j..ll? (~~oJ1.±t.J.1-5}c})

q 1;]1. :Ai17} ~~71 \3 <?J g ~ oJ 1:1-J 5J_/'j :=..a. ~~71 'El <?J g ~011 1t.t--ltl.Ji0j0~ t>Jil;;-l::
(2) 7• u}.=z. »-1, oJ::z11 .7.i1~~c}~J.1Jl? (J!}~ g "6}?;1 ~c})

q 1;]1, oJ::zi1 Al~oJ1 l;j.!f-lf£0 1 Q:j~7-~ :=..a. - -- - - - - -

(3) 7. oJ:Ai1 ~~~ rrJ1 i!!:-~717} <?} ~~c}~J-1Jl? (~oj.£ ~~ g i>}c})
q 1;]1, ::z117} .2.1-=s-~ ~ oJ17-J1 t.R~.£ ::z11~oJ1 rlJ-5H ~~ g ~~~:=..a.

(4) 7• ~;..} »-17} o}771· t;J IIJ1.g.oJ1-cJ-~-~~r:f.JI -6}GJct. (7B~~~ ~~ g -5}?;1 ~-c.
q %, LJ17} ~J.} »-1oJ17-J1 ~.:g-o1 ~u}L.f.Jl %oJ~/'j :=. - - - - - - - -
(5) 7. ~ ~oj1J.1 .§g * ~~o]Jl? (5J.1 ~oJ1 7}c})
q 1;]1, 7}l-]77} .g.o1 ~~c-jc.}.JlJl. _ _ _ _ _ _ __
 (j) q; g ~_!i!_q -c-J t.+ot.£. ~ 1;; g ~0 j ~cfAcf 1)!"~ o-j _£_

@ q; g ~Ttl-~ g -6_Jo] ~o-]Jl @ q; g~~ ~ ~ ~o] G-j ~'X.t~o-]Jl

7f QiA:il !f-HOll LH2.P~cp~ A:f%j:p~ Jig ~<x;!q'2::1.A.iR?

Lf L11, ti~~~~A.i ~ ~CiLI OliC! ~01 ~~i.:JIR

.A}%7.t7t ~ott+ .7.]-.? .=u,:AJ-o] t.+~::z.J

(j)
~ _!f-AJOil ~ ~~ oty2f ~~J-s=. 7to]: "8-R;.-l
@ u]2.joJ2.] ::z.J-%7.~ {1{l~'X.to-Jo]: '91~r:1]
@ ;.j;j- ~~ n:Jl ::z.J-%7.~ ~ol1(o-jo]: '91~t:1J

7f ~.5:!.. QiA:il Sf-2.1o~ol -§B~IOll 2~ .fE~ Olllll .JI~q~ @A:~ .s:!.'rl!OiR?

Lf

(j) u]2.j.g::z.~ .!2._~~ ~~o-]Jl

~ ~~::z.] ?Jots=. _!i!_LJ1t:;jl:(l_ ~-o]oj]Jl
@ {}7-J ~ ti-.=iL .!2_ LJ1 t:;j .=iL '91 ~ t:·l] 7t}-ll!lj-'91 Li] _£_
@ <>]~~Oil .!2_ "';& oi 0 ]: '91 ~ r1J :Aj -B 0 l ~ o-J ;.-j ~ oi tli 51t:Jl Jl

ot{)Oi] ~~ *~'91o-Jo]: '9Y:2r1J A-J%5:11:.}.

(j)
~ ~::Z.}7}lflot;.-l ~oJ o-jiflr.}. ~oJ 41%~ ~~1:.}.
@ IYJ~oj] "8-t::z.J ?J·oj-;.-j ~o]lflo] ~Xir:.J-. oJ2.J ~l:lJ'91%~ .
@ ~-11-~EJJ LJ1~% 9 ~~.AJ %o-J~o-jo]: ~-EEJJ ~o-jtii'J1r.}.

QiA:il ~H~ 7~AI ~q I t1l7~ s:q I 7~q I A~.:il7~ q.JI ~q

- ( ).

386
 7~ ~{J~ -ci] {l~ ~.Ai] Jl?
It's lunchtime, and (all) you're having (is) gimbap?

Lf l:Jl. ;,J zroJ ~~ ;,1Jl. ;,JzroJ ~~ IIJ1~ ~<5}~.A1

{l~ ~ ~ ~ "8ll.fl..
Yeah, I don't have any time. When I'm pressed for time, I'll often
have gimbap while I work.

7~ ~E-JlJl o ] {} ~o}~:A] Jl?

Did your Internet get fixed?

Lf 1.:]1, ~l~oJl ~ ~ E-J lJ! o] {J-7-}7] ~7] ~ "9l~t11

o]1ll .=Litl ~o ] 7-] ~ ~ ~Jl.
Yes. It used to cut off suddenly, but now it rarely, if ever, does.

Ol .!!.~~ Ol't! ~01 ~-&£101 ~Oil§ IT/I ~~ Ol't! .A~EtO I Ol't! ~ :5~ ~-&~~ o~7~ q ~B~~El ;q~
wrrH .A.I-@-~Liq. ·~~r. ·;.::~~·. '71-B-' ~21 w~ ;q~ MO I(]:j '-.Jl~ o~q·.£ ~ *.!r. ~~Liq.
This expression is used to describe something which occurs repeatedly or a person who performs some
action repeatedly or regularly. It is often used together with~~. ;q~, or 7fg. The form -.:ill= 5fct is a variant
of this form.

v
7f-E 0~q
1£!~ o~q

7~ 'i:fJt! 0 1{] oj]).i 7}-:g. .B..~ ;:; <)~).] y..B..?

Does your husband sometimes cook at home?

4 til. -?~Oil~ 'i:fJtto] .B..~ ;:; "0~ "5l1A.

Yes. he sometimes cooks on weekends.

238 Korean Grammar in Use · Intermediate

 7~ ~.AJ-71oJ1 ~017} .9:. ~~l;l1Jl.
The copier has a paper jam again.

Lf ~;.~ ~7J1Jti011W0 1 "3"}-~ ~ 0 17}- ~2.1~ "6Jl..B... ~-5- 011!}-7}- -c.J-.A1 <5H _lil_.Ai1Jl.
It often gets jammed when you try to make a lot of copies at once. Try it again a little later.

7 ~ o-J~~ ITll ~ .Aj .?=J 01 o-J~o-JJl?

How were you (personality-wise) when you were a child?

Lf 4'-~ g ~ W01~~o-JJl. -=:L2lj.A-j ~~ 0}-\:!t:i1£ <?i!~ 0 1 ~7H:A1 .:il~ ~o-J..B...

I was really shy. So my face would often turn red for no particular reason.

1 '-E o~q· <iiOll::: -§.A.~'i!I ~ 4 'll~Liq.

On ly verbs can come before -E 5fef.

2 '-E o~cr::: Oirt! ~~ ~TI*~ 'S :q~ ~q::: ;.:ol71[ Hg OJI Oll£1 ~01 ~.g oHo ~ ol-E ~Oll .A.~o~
~ 0 1-ggrLj q ,

Because -E 5fef is used to describe something customarily done, similar to a habit, it sounds strange
when used to describe something that always happens, without exception.

• ~jjl_ 4~ ~ oH '!J 9J..]o]] A]-6f<'>~ <'>HR . (x) - • ~jjl_ 4~ ~ oH'/J9J..]oJI A]-6f<'>H.fl... (o)
:*~g. g)-~ 9.A.IOll OU2.l ~01 .A. I ~f71 [HgOll '-E 5 fef'~ ~-*~~Lief.
Class always starts at 9:00, without exception, so -E 5fCf therefore cannot be used.

3 Ef.~ '-E o~cf ::: ~~~ 4 ~= .g~:v_~ (}jL ~.s=_ :AI~OI £1::: .g~Ofi.A.i::: .A.~~ 4 ~~Liq
The expression -2 5fct also cannot be used to describe situations that do not repeat or that continue to
a certain degree.

• 7-1]Y :::: 3\'1 {!oJI .JI%~jjl_ ~ ~~<'>~ ~<>lil... (X) ~ 7-1]Y :::: 3\'1 AjoJ\ .Jl 'g ~jjl_~ ~~~<>lil... (0)
: .:il§~.iil~ ~~~ ~g ~ ~OI.:il :I Ol~£ .:il§~.iil~ ~~51-E ~01 ~~~£.£~£E..£ '-E otCf'~ A~
~ * ~§-LICf.
High school graduation normally occurs only once in a person's life, so -2 ofCf cannot be used.

: §-t!";<:~ 'Ej :1. 7f¥. *O f~ef '2._f ~Cflf ~ *~£E..£ A~~* ~§-Li ef.
Here, -2 5fCf cannot be used because it is impossible to repeatedly like and then not like a singer as if
it were a habitual occurrence during a particular time period.

Here, -;g 5fCf cannot be used because it would mean the speaker worked for five years, quit the
company, and then repeated the entire process multiple times.
 {r.::;\
•[ 181)1
1 7~ ?We>il ¥-1 -.s-Ht e>i.fL?
q ~-=f-Qf <1J~ 59_-e>iiL. ~-=f-7} <1J:§} ~i{i ~ ~ il~ l-l

~LftE <1J~ .!I!_~ <5}:;9 ~Jl.

2 7~ l-i]-&-o}, -i'-~ ~JJl. t:.}l@ rrH J-~Z{o] t.f?

q .=I.~ . ~JJl. {1-q~e>i] ?;{o} ~l-~5:.~ ojo]:7]<5~ "9l?.tfo}. H~
lawn I
.=I. rrH 7} .=I.~ t:.} .

.A.ii~N I £t.:ii! CfLI Cf £t.:ii! Bc.I ~Oil &o~ 'EJ".A.H.S:.~ OIOPio~Cf

():j.!:2. I 'i:!OHo~Cf '8-t!OI?f OIOPI"Ofjl {.!Oi.Ai .A.H ~llf.AI ~2.1-o-rq

~2~ AAI I .!rr&Oii.A.:j ~q

(1) l:l17} .2.-::: ~<>11:: .=J. ;.}if}-oj A~ J-~ Zj-LfJl.

-+ I: Jilr .2. ~ 1.{011~ , ~--~~ ~f7-tl..f~ "5H9..

(2) l:IJ"§{- n:Jl :: }.1 ~ W0 }l:li A1 "91 <>11 A~ Y Oi.R.

-+

(3) A E~1 A~ ~_Q_J?1 Lf ~ i} ~ 7 H} f-lJl.

-+

(4) Oi '€l n:Jl := ~=f~ JI}o]:-=(- ~ BJ-o1 ~Oi.R.

-+

390 Korean Grammar ,/, 9t,·e · Intermediate

 l
.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

tgJ~ AH~q ~q
............................................ ..........................................................................................................................................................................)

(1)

7~ l-1{}0 1 <V_~It! %1 <5}J-i1ii_?

(2) q TI11 ~ 011:t}{J 01 flO }!--j TI11 ~j]: 011

7~ .JI<5J {17 ~ ~ li1L.fli:l %1 <5}J-i1Jl?

(3) q .JI15J g ~ o1 .=1. 2-1 ~V-1 .JI15J g ~ ~ 1i1 ~ t>1

7~ Jl ~ ~~l-1 ~ .:{:1i:?Jl 0 1 <V_~J-i1Jl?

(4) q o}y.B_, ~.ill. ql§ rrJl ~ ~~ .:{:1i:?Jj ~ - -- --

- - - - - _9_~011 ~ ~ l-1{}011 ~1.:]1_9_.

(5)

7~ W0 1 llj.g"5TI .!J:l..o1;_1~~1 t>1Al1S:. ~~ J-TI..<f-{1 71011_9_?

(6) q 1.:]1, ~Si~ rrJl~ ~<5}q7}~~-------­
_g_ ~ ,<:'_ <5}-X-~li1 ;_H %1 s:. loJ .!f- IL].g<5}1.:J1 _g_.
 7~ -tR~~ Aaw ~-oJ-J-l l=llit!
Your Korean is really good!

q ~"0}-7] ~Jl. 0 }-~.5:. Ejlf:J-0 ] l:lB%1°t t>Rit.

No, it's not really that good. I've still got so much more to learn.

Was the movie interesting yesterday?

q :ARoJ<V_7] ~Jl. ~c}-7}- ~<X,te>iit.

Not really that interesting. I fell asleep watching it.

Ol E~::_: ~cH ~£1 ~~ 7PfPil 'tJCHoP~q 'tJI;!,f'~ rrH A~~Liq q::; A~~O I ~~~ ~~ ([H Ol .H.~~

A~5H cH'B"o~~ ?:3~~ EH£~ .!:I!.Ol ;;;:::: 3-:!0 I ~ Li q. '-{JR'£..5:. ~~ * CXJ~ Liq.
This expression is used to politely refute or disagree with the other person's statement. When used in response
to a compliment, it expresses the speaker's modesty. This expression can also be shortened to - l!R.

A/V -7I::R

~-=flOiq ~-=fl7I::R
N (01)71:::£.
! '§:f{!JO Iq '§:f{!JOI7I::R
----~

7~ o:j Ci 7)-7.].£ S:.Q}T=-A=j).i JI.~~ '-let.

Thanks for all you 've done for me.

q JI.~7] ~Jl. ..2..<5]2;j :A~]7)- s:. g ~ ~'XJ.-~ 1:-j]Jl.

No need to thank me. You helped me more (than I helped you).

392 Korean Grammar in 9.b.·e · Intermediate