Course Code: CIE – 067 BRIDGE

ENGINEERING
Teachers’ Guide Module #2

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________

Lesson title: Design and Analysis of Statically Determinate Materials:

and Indeterminate Structure
Lesson Objectives: At the end of the lesson you shall have the
basic knowledge of differentiating of the following.
1.0 Types of Structural Supports.
2.0 Design and Analysis of Statically Determinate Structure.
3.0 Design and Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structure.
Clean sheet of paper, ball pen & calculator.
References:
Design of Concrete Structure by Arthur H.
Nelson, George w inter Eleventh Edition, Bridge
Engineering Handbook Fundamentals second
edition edited by Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan,
Msce lecture references;
https://civildigital.com/bridge-engineering-
components-classification-bridges/

Productivity Tip: Every path in life has a bridge….the journey is crossing it.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
1) Introduction (2 mins)
The function of all structures is to withstand stresses due to imposed loads, temperature changes,
shrinkage, etc. Buildings for example are subjected to dead loads as well as wind forces, bridges carry
moving traffic in addition to self-weight and aircraft are subjected to self-weight, live loads, dynamic forces
due to wind and acceleration, etc. All of them must support the imposed loads safely and economically.
The task of the structural engineer is to propose a suitable structure, to examine its overall stability and,
finally, to calculate structural forces and deformations. He may, then, have to modify the proposed structure
if the originally assumed dimensions and sections do not agree with the results of the force-deformation
calculations. This trial and error procedure, through which the engineer puts together an acceptable
structure, constitutes structural synthesis or design. No attempt will be made to discuss design in this
course
The subject dealing with the calculation of reactions (i.e. forces and moments) and deformations (i.e.,
translation and rotations) in structures due to applied loads is known as structural analysis. This alone
constitutes the subject matter to be covered in this course
 Course Code: CIE – 067 BRIDGE
ENGINEERING
Teachers’ Guide Module #2

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________

2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins)

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1.0 What are the types of
structural supports?
2.0 What are two Classification of
design and analysis of Structures?
3.0 Classification of Indeterminate
Structure.

B.MAIN LESSON

1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins)

1.0 Types of Structural Supports

All structures have to be supported suitably. The following three types of supports are in common use

1.1 Supports for Plane Structures

a. Roller Support
Such a support offers no resistance either to the rotation of the supported body about an
axis perpendicular to its plane through C, or to its displacement along the support-base. The
only reaction possible at a roller-support, therefore, is along the perpendicular to its base
through C.

b. Hinged-support
This type of support permits free rotation of the body about an axis perpendicular to its
plane through C, but does not permit its displacement either along or perpendicular to the base.
The two possible reactions, therefore, are along and perpendicular to the support base

C
 Course Code: CIE – 067 BRIDGE
ENGINEERING
Teachers’ Guide Module #2

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________

c. Fixed Support
In a fixed support the body is rigidly attached to a base which, therefore, allows it neither
in-plane rotation nor translation in any direction. The three possible support reactions are two
reaction forces and one moment

1.2 Supports for Space Structures

a. Roller Support – one reaction perpendicular to base
b. Hinged Support – 3 reaction forces
c. Fixed Support – 6 reactions: 3 reaction forces and 3 moment

It must be emphasized that the above-mentioned support reactions are only possible reactions and are
not necessarily always present. A particular reaction is produced if, and only if, the applied forces tend to
deform the body in a manner that mobilizes the support-resistance.

2.0 Equations of Equilibrium

A body is said to be in equilibrium if it is stationary or moves with a uniform velocity relative to a
frame of reference. For bodies in space any three mutually perpendicular axes form such a frame, while
for bodies in a plane the reference frame is defined by the well-known rectangular coordinates.

O
y

A body in space has six degrees of freedom (displacement and motion about its axis); six
conditions have to be simultaneously satisfied for such a body to be in equilibrium in space, hence:
 Course Code: CIE – 067 BRIDGE
ENGINEERING
Teachers’ Guide Module #2

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________

∑Fx = 0 ; ∑Fy = 0 ; ∑Fz = 0

∑Mx = 0 ; ∑My = 0 ; ∑Mz = 0

A body in a plane has only three degrees of freedom, translations along each of the two axes,
Ox and Oy and an in-place rotation about an axis Oz perpendicular to the plane of the body. Only three
of the above equations are therefore applicable to such a body. These are the three equations of
equilibrium in the x-y plane:

∑Fx = 0 ; ∑Fy = 0 ; ∑Mz = 0

These are normally written as

∑H = 0 ; ∑V = 0 ; ∑M = 0

2.1 Free Body Diagram

When a body is in a static equilibrium under a set of forces every part of it must also be in
equilibrium. Similarly, if a cut is made at any place in the body and a part of it isolated from the parent
body, this part must be in equilibrium under the forces acting on it and the internal reactions exposed
at the cut.
W

V W

H = Wcos


M = Wxsin
V = Wsin
 Course Code: CIE – 067 BRIDGE
ENGINEERING
Teachers’ Guide Module #2

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________
2.2 Internal Reactions in Structures

HA
A

B
HB
MA
VA

VB
VC
W
MC

HC
MC

VC

HA
A

MA VA B HB
VB
 Course Code: CIE – 067 BRIDGE
ENGINEERING
Teachers’ Guide Module #2

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________
2.3 Compatibility of Forces and Deformations

The Equations of Compatibility

a. At support A

=0 ; =0 ; A =0

b. At support B

=0 ; v =0

3.0 Classification of Structures

Structures may be classified in various ways. One of the classifications

categorizes them as plane or space structures according as their components lie
in a plane or in space. Another divides them into one dimensional, two
dimensional and three-dimensional structures.

For example:

One-dimensional structures - beams, arches

Two-dimensional structures - slabs, shell structures
Three-dimensional structures- dams

Structures can be classified based on their inherent elastic behavior under

imposed loads. There are two classifications:

1. Statically determinate structures

2. Statically indeterminate structures

3.1 Statically Determinate Structures

Structures which can be completely analyzed by means of statics alone are called statically
determinate structures. Finding these reactions in such structures involves only the application of the
relevant equations of equilibrium and is completely independent of all geometrical considerations. A
determinate structure has only as many support reactions as are absolutely necessary for its stability;
the removal of a single reaction makes the structure unstable.
 Course Code: CIE – 067 BRIDGE
ENGINEERING
Teachers’ Guide Module #2

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________
Example #1

De = degree of external indeterminacy

R = number of reactions
A
HA
N = number of equilibrium equations

De = R – N
MA
VA When R – N = 0 statically determinate

Example #2
W

De = degree of external indeterminacy

B
R = number of reactions

N = number of equilibrium equations

VB
A De = R – N
HA
When R – N = 0 statically determinate

VA
 Course Code: CIE – 067 BRIDGE
ENGINEERING
Teachers’ Guide Module #2

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________
3.2 Statically Indeterminate Structures

Structures, in which the external or the internal reactions (or both) cannot be determined by
means of statics alone, are defined as statically indeterminate
(or hyper static or redundant) structures. Obviously, the number of the unknown reactions in such
structures is greater than the number of the available equations of statics

a. Externally Indeterminate Structures

W1 W2

HA
A B C D
MA

VA VB VC VD

R = number of reactions

N = number of compatibility equations

( ∑Fx = 0 ; ∑Fy = 0 ; ∑M = 0 )

De = R – N = Statically Indeterminate to the n th degree

Note: VB, VC and VD can be removed and the structure will still be stable
 Course Code: CIE – 067 BRIDGE
ENGINEERING
Teachers’ Guide Module #2

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________

Example #1

B
HB

VB

HA A

MA
VA

De = degree of external indeterminacy

R =5

N =3

De = R – N = 2 Statically indeterminate to the 2nd degree

b. Internally Indeterminate Structures

Structures, which are externally determinate (or are treated so for purposes of this
section) but in which the internal reactions cannot be determined by statics alone are called
“internally indeterminate”. An externally indeterminate structure is necessarily internally
indeterminate also since the internal reactions cannot be found unless the external reactions are
known. Hence, for determining the internal indeterminacy of an externally indeterminate
structure its external indeterminacy has to be accounted for in some way.
 Course Code: CIE – 067 BRIDGE
ENGINEERING
Teachers’ Guide Module #2

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________

 Internal Indeterminacy of Plane Frames

Let n = number of closed cells in the plane frame ignoring those next to
the foundation
Di = degree of internal indeterminacy = 3n
De = degree of external indeterminacy = R – N
D = total degree of indeterminacy = D i + De
N = number of equilibrium equations (3 for plane frames)

1 4 n=6;R=9;N=3

Di = 18
2 5
De = 6

3 6

 Internal Indeterminacy of Plane Trusses

Let j = number of truss joints

m = number of members
r = number of support reactions necessary and sufficient for
the external determinacy and stability of the truss- irrespective of the total
number of external reactions
The following equation must hold for the truss to be “internally determinate”

2j = number of equilibrium equations ( ∑FH = 0 ; ∑Fv = 0 )

(m + r) = number of unknown reactions
For the truss to be internally determinate,

(m + r) = 2j
or (m + r) - 2j = 0

It must be emphasized that mere satisfaction of the above equation does

not ensure internal determinacy of a truss. For example, the truss below satisfy the equation (m
+ r) = 2j but is not stable since the portion B forms an unstable mechanism.
 Course Code: CIE – 067 BRIDGE
ENGINEERING
Teachers’ Guide Module #2

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________

m = 21 ; r = 3 ; j = 12

m + r = 2j
B
24 = 24

Hence , for internal indeterminacy, the equation m + r = 2j must be satisfied by the whole truss
as well as by its different parts separately. In other words, a truss that satisfies this equation is
internally determinate only if it is stable. In case the number of the equilibrium equation (2j) is
less than the number of the unknown reactions in the truss (m + r), the truss is said to be
internally indeterminate and the difference between the unknown reactions and the equilibrium
equations

( m + r – 2j=0 )

defines the degree of internal indeterminacy of the truss. If m + r is less than 2j, the truss is
unstable.

To summarize:
( m + r ) = 2j Truss is internally determinate if stable
( m + r ) > 2j Truss is internally indeterminate
( m + r ) < 2j Truss is unstable

Example #1

m = 21 ; r = 3 ; j = 12

m + r = 24 ; 2j = 24

Truss is determinate and stable

 Course Code: CIE – 067 BRIDGE
ENGINEERING
Teachers’ Guide Module #2

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________
Example #2

m = 18 ; r = 3 ; j = 10

m + r = 21 ; 2j = 20

Truss is internally
indeterminate 1st degree

Example #3

m = 16 ; r = 3 ; j = 10

m + r = 19 ; 2j = 20

Truss is unstable
 Course Code: CIE – 067 BRIDGE
ENGINEERING
Teachers’ Guide Module #2

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________
c. Externally-cum-Internally Indeterminate Structures
It is really the total (external plus internal) indeterminacy of a structure
that matters in a solution.

 Truss Structures:

Let m = number of members

R = total number of external reactions
j = number of joints
D = degree of total indeterminacy ( internal plus external )

D = m + R – 2j

Example #1 m = 10 ; R= 3 ; r = 3 ; j = 6

m + r = 13 ; 2j = 12

Internally indeterminate 1st degree

D = m + R – 2j = 10 + 3 – 2x6 =1

Total degree of indeterminacy is 1

 Course Code: CIE – 067 BRIDGE
ENGINEERING
Teachers’ Guide Module #2

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________

 Plane Frames

A similar equation may also be developed for rigid jointed frames. The total number of joint –
equilibrium equations for such frame is 3j since three equations (∑F x = 0 , ∑Fy = 0 , ∑M = 0 ) can be
written for each of the j-joints. If m denotes the number of structural members, and R the total
number of external reactions, the degree of total indeterminacy D is given by

D = 3m + R -3j

D = 3m + R -3j

5 6 m = 30 ; j = 21 ; R = 9 ; n = 10

4 7 Di = 3 x 10 =30

De = R – 3 = 6

3 8 D = Di + De = 36

2 9 D = 3x30 + 9 – 3x21 = 36

1 10
 Course Code: CIE – 067 BRIDGE
ENGINEERING
Teachers’ Guide Module #2

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________

2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (18 mins + 2 mins checking)

1.0 Solve problem #1: Determine the determinacy of plane structure as shown in the figure.

De = degree of external indeterminacy

A
R = number of reactions

N = number of equilibrium equations

De = R – N

2.0 Solve problem #2: Determine the determinacy of plane structure as shown in the figure.

R = number of reactions
N = number of compatibility equations
De = R – N
Note: VB, VC and VD can be removed and the structure will still be stable
 Course Code: CIE – 067 BRIDGE
ENGINEERING
Teachers’ Guide Module #2

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: _______________

3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins)

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1.0 Determine the type of
supports...
2.0 What are the classifications of
design analysis of structure?
3.0 What are the 3 conditions of
determinacy of truss?

1) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins)

1.0 What is the difference of plane and space structure?
2.0 How many equations are applied in the analysis of determinate structure?
3.0 How many equations are applied in the analysis of indeterminate structure?
4.0 What are the equilibrium equations of plane and space structure?

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

No. Three things you learned

1
2
3
Two things that you would like to learn and understand more about
1
2
One more question you still have
1