Module 8

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (Part 2)

1. Answer: AC
All of the stated characteristics are correct, except options B and D. The hypodermis is made up of loose
connective tissue that attaches the skin (dermis) to underlying bone and muscle. It contains about half
of the body's stored fat.

2. Answer: E
Hair is produced in a hair bulb.

3. Answer: D
Hair color is determined by varying amounts and types of melanin. Melanin is produced by the
melanocytes within the hair bulb. Grey hair is the loss or fading of melanin.

4. Answer: A
Sebaceous glands produce an oily white substance rich in lipids. Sebum is important in lubrication and
protection against some bacteria. Apocrine sweat glands become active at puberty because of the
influence of sex hormones and produce a thick secretion rich in organic substances.

5. Answer: B
Nail matrix is made up of epithelial cells with a stratum basale that gives rise to most of the nail.

6. Answer: C
Lunula – a small part of the nail matrix that can be seen through the nail body as a whitish, crescent-
shaped area at the base of the nail.

7. Answer: ACDE
All of the statements are true, except option B. The nail consists of layers of dead cells from the stratum
corneum.

8. Answer: A
It pertains to the hair shaft, flexible strands of keratinized cells; protrudes above the surface of the skin.

9. Answer: A
Eccrine sweat glands are open on the surface through sweat pores. They produce secretion that is
mostly water with a few salts. Apocrine sweat glands are open into hair follicles, but only in genitalia and
armpits. They produce thick secretion rich in organic substances.

10. Answer: C
Sebaceous Glands are simple, branched acinar glands that secrete sebum, an oily substance rich in lipids
that lubricates hair and skin to prevent drying.
 Module 9
SKELETAL SYSTEM: BONES AND JOINTS (Part 1)

1. Answer: ACD
All of the stated characteristics are correct, except options B. Bone remodeling continues throughout
the lifespan of the individual.

2. Answer: C
The major functions of the skeletal system are major support for the body, protection of internal organs,
movement between bones, storage of minerals, and blood cell production. The transport of materials
via a fluid matrix is under the circulatory system of the body.

3. Answer: E
All of the following options are correct in maintaining the homeostasis.

4. Answer: D
The extracellular matrix of bone contains collagen and minerals and has a high proportion of calcium
phosphate crystals (hydroxyapatite). The proteoglycans are included in the matrix of cartilage.

5. Answer: D
Bones are classified as a solid matrix of supporting connective tissue.

6. Answer: A
Tendons and ligaments contain large amounts of collagen fibers, making these structures very tough,
like ropes & cables.

7. Answer: C
Growth in the length of a bone, which is the major source of increased height in an individual, occurs in
the epiphyseal plate.

8. Answer: B
Most of the outer surface of bone is covered by dense connective tissue called periosteum, which
consists of two layers and contains blood vessels and nerves.

9. Answer: AB
A long bone has a medullary cavity in the diaphysis, has red marrow and yellow marrow in its cavities,
has endosteum lining the medullary cavity, and has an epiphysis at each end.

10. Answer: B
Calcium homeostasis is maintained by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin. Due to the decreased
calcium caused by her diet, the PTH and vitamin D are secreted to the blood in order to increase the
calcium levels. The PTH works through three simultaneous mechanisms, one of which is stimulating the
osteoclasts to break down bone. This further weakens the bone leading to bone fractures.
 Module 10
SKELETAL SYSTEM: BONES AND JOINTS (Part 2)

1. Answer: D
An adult skeleton has sacral bones and coccyx bones that are fused to be a single count.

2. Answer: D
Prevention measures include exercise and calcium & vitamin D supplements.

3. Answer: C
Joints are classified structurally as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial, according to the major connective
tissue type that binds the bones together and whether a fluid-filled joint capsule is present. Joints can
also be classified in functional categories according to their degree of motion as synarthroses,
amphiarthrosis, and diarthroses.

4. Answer: D
All of the following happen as you age, except for Option D. The likelihood of bone fractures is increased
due to decreased collagen production and loss of bone density.

5. Answer: C
Opposition is the movement of thumb to other digits, bringing each other across the palm of hand.
Pronation is the rotation of the forearm with palms face down. Eversion is turning the foot so that the
plantar surface (bottom of foot) faces laterally. Circumduction is when the arms move so that it traces a
cone where the shoulder joint is at the cone’s apex. Excursion is movement of a structure to one side, as
in moving the mandible from side to side.

6. Answer: A
Hinge joints permit movement in one plane only. Ball-and-socket joints allow a wide range of movement
in almost any direction. Ellipsoidal joints limit its range of movement nearly to that of a hinge motion,
but in two planes. Pivot joints restrict movement to rotation around a single axis. Saddle joints move in
two planes.

7. Answer: D
A prominence can be seen on each side of the ankle: lateral malleolus of the fibula (outside of ankle)
and medial malleolus of the tibia.

8. Answer: A
All are paired bones, except the sphenoid bone which can be seen immediately anterior to the temporal
bone. Although it appears to be two small, paired bones on the sides of the skull, it is actually a single
bone that extends completely across the skull.

9. Answer: B
Collectively, the vertebral foramina of all the vertebrae in the spine form the vertebral canal that
encloses and protects the spinal cord from injury.

10. Answer: B
The large foramen magnum, through which the spinal cord joins the brain, is located in the posterior
fossa.
 Module 11
MUSCULAR SYSTEM (Part 1)

1. Answer: C
The sarcomere is the basic structural and functional unit of a skeletal muscle because it is the smallest
portion of a skeletal muscle capable of contracting.

2. Answer: C
All of these are characteristics of the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine (ACh), except Option C. The binding
of ACh to the ACh receptors occurs on the muscle cell membrane (sarcolemma or the postsynaptic
membrane).

3. Answer: A
The M line consists of fine protein filaments that anchor the myosin myofilaments in place.

4. Answer: AD
Muscle fibers are highly specialized, electrically excitable cells that have a relatively high metabolic rate,
depend upon large amounts of O2 (CO2 not included), contain large numbers of mitochondria, &
preferentially use aerobic respiration.

5. Answer: B
Actin myofilaments are attached to Z lines at one end and form the I band, but the overlapping occurs at
the both ends of the A band. Myosin myofilament resembles bundles of minute golf clubs. Epimysium is a
connective tissue sheath that surrounds the entire skeletal muscle.

6. Answer: B
All of the statements are correct in the process of ion channels and action potential, except Option B. The
concentration of Na+ is higher outside the cell than inside.

7. Answer: A
Just remember the mnemonic PISO in resting membrane potential: Potassium Inside, Sodium Outside. A
change in electrical charge may cause the movement of ions.

8. Answer: B
The calcium ions in skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation are released from the sarcoplasmic
reticulum by active transport and bind to troponin of actin myofilaments. These ions move the
tropomyosin and expose the myosin attachment sites. If not used, they are returned to the sarcoplasmic
reticulum by active transport for storage.

9. Answer: A
All of the following are characteristics of aerobic respiration, except Option A. This respiration requires the
use of oxygen. On the other hand, anaerobic respiration does not require the use of oxygen.

10. Answer: D
In isometric contraction, the amount of tension increases during contraction, but the length of the muscle
does not change. Pushing a hard surface will not change the length of the muscles used, but will increase
the tension it will exert.
 Module 12
MUSCULAR SYSTEM (Part 2)

1. Answer: E
The gluteus maximus originated in the posterior surface of ilium, sacrum, and coccyx and its insertion
are the gluteal tuberosity of femur and iliotibial tract.

2. Answer: E
The muscles responsible for closing the jaw are temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, and medial
pterygoid.

3. Answer: D
All of the muscles stated are involved in the movement of hands and/or fingers, except option D. Tensor
fasciae latae is one of the muscles involved in moving the thigh.

4. Answer: ABCE
All the muscles given compress the abdomen, except option D. Latissimus dorsi is responsible for
shoulder extension and adduction & medially rotation of the arm.

5. Answer: D
The buccinators flattens the cheeks as in whistling or blowing trumpet and is therefore sometimes called
the trumpeter’s muscle.

6. Answer: C
Members of a group of muscles working together to produce a movement is called synergists. Among
the group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement, it is
called the prime mover.

7. Answer: A
Orbicularis oris is located around the mouth that closes and purses the lips, as of that ‘kissing’. Option B
pertains to depressor anguli oris. Option C is for occipitofrontalis. Option D is for orbicularis oculi. The
muscles responsible for closing the jaw are temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, and medial
pterygoid.

8. Answer: E
Hip flexion involves the muscle coordination of iliopsoas, tensor fasciae latae, and rectus femoris.
Options B, C, and D are involved in knee extension. Biceps femoris is responsible for knee flexion and hip
extension.

9. Answer: A
The action of a single muscle or group of muscles (agonist) is opposed by that of another muscle or
group of muscles (antagonist). For example, the biceps brachii flexes the elbow, and the triceps brachii
extends the elbow.

10. Answer: BCDE

Muscles are named according to 7 characteristics: location, size, shape, orientation of fascicles, origin
and insertion, number of heads, and function.
 Module 13
NERVOUS SYSTEM (Part 1)

1. Answer: A
The major functions of the nervous system are receiving sensory inputs, integrating information,
controlling muscles and glands, maintaining homeostasis, and establishing and maintaining mental
activity.

2. Answer: B
Leak channels are always open. Options A, C, D, and E are characteristics of gated channels.

3. Answer: D
All of the following are true to the functions of K+ leak channels, except option D. These channels are
responsible for the resting membrane potential and the repolarization phase of the action potential.

4. Answer: B
Following neurotransmitter activation of chemically gated channels, the following events occur: Na+
channels open for a brief time generating a local current, the cell may reach threshold, the inside of the
membrane becomes more positive, and a local potential is generated.

5. Answer: B
Continuous conduction of the action potential occurs primarily in unmyelinated axons and slower than
saltatory conduction. Options A, C, and E are characteristics of the latter.

6. Answer: C
All of the statements are correct about summation, except Option C. Temporal summation occurs when
local potential overlap in time.

7. Answer: A
Dendrites are extensions of the neuron cell body that receive stimulus from other neurons or sensory
receptors. Cell body contains a nucleus and processes stimulus. Axons are single long processes that
transmit stimulus to a gland, muscle, organ, or other neuron. Myelin Sheaths are fatty, protective
wrapping around axons of some neurons and serve as an excellent insulator that prevents almost all ion
movements across cell membranes.

8. Answer: C
Nodes of Ranvier are gaps in the myelin sheath where the ion movement occurs & action potential
develops. Microglia and ependymal cells are glial cells. Nerve tracts form the white matter of the CNS.
Ganglia are clusters of neuron cell bodies in PNS.

9. Answer: CD
All of the following are true to the question, except Options A and B. The neurotransmitters released
from the presynaptic terminal bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and may inhibit or
stimulate an action potential in the postsynaptic membrane depending on the receptors.

10. Answer: C
Five basic components of the reflex arc are sensory receptor, sensory neuron, interneurons, motor
neuron, & effector organs.
 Module 14
NERVOUS SYSTEM (Part 2)

1. Answer: E
All are correct effects of aging on the nervous system, except option E. The neuron plasma membranes
become less flexible therefore decreasing the ability of the neurons to function.

2. Answer: D
All are characteristics of the enteric nervous system, except option D. The enteric nervous system
stimulates glands to secrete substances into the digestive tract.

3. Answer: B
Epidural anesthesia of the spinal nerves is injected to the epidural space of the vertebral canal which is
between the dura mater and the vertebrae.

4. Answer: B
The sympathetic division of the ANS has cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in the lateral horn of spinal
cord gray matter from the T1 to L2 segments. On the other hand, the parasympathetic division is located
either within the brainstem nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X or within the lateral part of the central
gray matter of spinal cord in the regions that give rise to spinal nerves S2 through S4.

5. Answer: E
The nerves, receptors, ganglia, and synapses outside the CNS are structures in neural pathways
responsible for the electrical impulses to be passed in sensory or afferent division. Any structures
outside the CNS are considered under the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

6. Answer: B
The efferent division is subdivided into somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. The
latter innervates skeletal muscle which is mostly under voluntary control; while the former innervates
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands which is mostly under involuntary control.

7. Answer: A
Corpus callosum is the largest commissure with a broad band of nerve tracts at the base of longitudinal
fissure. If it is severed, the sensory information received by one hemisphere is shared with the other
hemisphere. Pepper could find the object with her left hand (control of right hemisphere) but could not
say what it was (function of Broca area in left hemisphere).

8. Answer: A
All of the statements are characteristics of a parasympathetic nervous system, except option A. The
parasympathetic nervous system is involved in vegetative activities, such as digestion, urination, and
defecation.

9. Answer: A
The sympathetic nervous system has postganglionic cell bodies in chain ganglia or collateral ganglia. The
preganglionic neurons are located in T1 to L2. Most postganglionic neurons secrete norepinephrine.
When stimulated, it would increase the heart rate and the respiration rate.

10. Answer: C
The mammillary bodies form externally visible swellings on the posterior portion of hypothalamus which
are involved in production of strong reflexive physical and emotional responses to odors and memories.