FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

DESIGN
ATJ 5/85 (Pindaan 2013)

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Information needed as Input for Pavement Design

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 Pavement Design Methodology (Pg.5 ATJ 2013)
• The design procedures used is based on assumption that
the following two strains are critical to pavement
performance (refer Figure 2.1):
• Vertical strain Z on the top of the sub grade.
• Horizontal strain t at the bottom of the lowest bound
pavement course.
• Vertical Compressive Strain on sub grade is adopted as a
design criterion to control accumulation of permanent
deformation (rutting) of the subgrade.
• Subgrade deformation (strain) is primary a function of sub
grade stiffness and strength, traffic (design load and
Figure 2.1: Typical Flexible Pavement Structure
cumulative traffic volume over design period), and the
thickness and stiffness of the pavement structure above the
subgrade.
• Horizontal Tensile Strain at the bottom of the layer
(bituminous or cement treated material) is used to control
fatigue damage due to repeated traffic load.
• Both of these strain (vertical and horizontal) values are 3
expressed as a function of traffic volume. Figure 2.1a: Vertical strain Z on the top of the sub grade.
• The allowable design strain is that which occurs under a
single pass of an Equivalent Standard Axle Load (ESAL).
• Allowable strain values decreases with increasing traffic
volume. Strain caused by a single pass of the design wheel
load must be smaller for a pavement designed for high
volumes of traffic than for low traffic volumes.
Figure 2.1b: Horizontal strain t at the bottom of the lowest
bound pavement course.
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Table 2.1: Axle Configuration and Load Equivalent Factors (LEF)
based on Traffic Categories used by HPU

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Figure 2.3: Summary of Materials used in
Pavement Structures in Malaysia
(Page 19-20 ATJ 2013)

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EXAMPLE

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EXAMPLE 1 (page 34 ATJ 2013)

Refer Table 2.2 (Page 10 ATJ 2013)

Refer Table 2.3 (Page 11 ATJ 2013)

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Step 2: Determine Design Traffic (Traffic Category)

ESALY1 (Base Year) = ADT x 365 x PCV x LEF x L x T

= 1350 x 365 x 16/100 x 3.7 x 1.0 x 1.1
= 0.321 million

Design Traffic over 20 years; Table 2.1: Axle Configuration and Load Equivalent Factors (LEF)
based on Traffic Categories used by HPU (Page 8 ATJ 2013)
ESALDES = ESALY1 x TGF Vehicle Load Equivalent
= 0.321 million x 29.78 HPU Class Designation Class
Factor (LEF)

= 9.56 million
Cars and Taxis C 0
= Traffic Category T3
Small Lorries & Vans CV1 0.1
(2 Axles)
Large Lorries CV2 4.0
(2 to 4 Axles)
Articulated Lorries CV3 4.4
(3 or more Axles)
Buses (2 or 3 Axles) CV4 1.8

Motorcycles MC 0

Commercial Traffic (Mixed) CV% 3.7

*Page 12-13 ATJ 2013
EXAMPLE 1 Traditional Pavement with Granular Base
Figure 3.3: Pavement Structures for Traffic
Category T3: 2.0 to 10.0 million ESALs (80kN)
Table 3.1: Conceptual Outline
of Pavement Structures
Traffic Category
(Based on million
ESALs @ 80kN)
180mm

150mm
CHECK MINIMUM THICKNESS!

Pg.22 ATJ 2013

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 1 2

Traffic Category

Page (27 ATJ 2013)

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EXAMPLE 2 (page 35 ATJ 2013)

Initial ADT: the average should be based

on a minimum of 3 days, 24 hours per
day. If traffic count covers a time period of
0600 to 2200 hors, multiply the traffic
count reported by HPU with a factor of
1.2 (page 9 ATJ 2013)

Need to refer Equation (2) page 10

(ATJ 2013) because site specific
distribution of traffic by vehicle type
is available (CV1, CV2, CV3 &
CV4).

Refer Table 2.2 (Page 10 ATJ 2013)

Refer Table 2.3 (Page 11 ATJ 2013)

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 Refer equation page 10
(ATJ 2013)

Table 2.1: Axle Configuration and Load Equivalent Factors (LEF)

based on Traffic Categories used by HPU

Refer page 9 (ATJ 2013)

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*Page 12-13 ATJ 2013

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CHECK MINIMUM THICKNESS!

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Pg.22 ATJ 2013
Combined Thickness of
bituminous Layers = 24 cm

Crushed Aggregate Road Base

+ Sub Base for Sub Grade CBR
(20.1 to 30) = 20 cm + 15 cm

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Combined Thickness of
bituminous Layers = 24 cm

Crushed Aggregate Road Base

+ Sub Base for Sub Grade CBR
(20.1 to 30) = 20 cm + 15 cm

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 EXAMPLE 3 (page 38 ATJ 2013)

OPTION 1: Select from Table 4.1:

• Bituminous Surface Course

(AC 10 or AC 14): 50mm
• Crushed Aggregate Road
Base: 200 mm
• Granular Sub-Base: 150mm

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CHECK MINIMUM THICKNESS!

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Pg.22 ATJ 2013
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