CHAPTER 5 (05:02)

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN

 Content of today…..
5.1 Know the basic design of flexible pavement

5.1.1 State the factors that are considered in designing

of flexible pavement

5.2 Understand the design of flexible pavement

5.2.1 Describe the design factors of thickness of

pavement
5.2.2 Explain traffic loads and axle weight
5.2.3 Adopt the Public Work Department flexible design
pavement method.
Introduction ;
Quick review
 Pavements components
 Pavement functions
Are you still
remember?

Wearing Course
Binder Course
Base

Sub Base
Formation Level
Subgred
5.2.1 Describe the design factors of
thickness of pavement

a. Traffic load
b. Design life
c. Sub-grade condition
d. Drainage
 a. Traffic load
Kenapa rekabentuk mengambil kira
kenderaan perdagangan ?

• Kerana kuasa pemusnahan kereta

penumpang terlalu kecil dan diabaikan
dalam rekabentuk , walaupun jumlahnya
banyak. Misalnya..
• Berat kereta penumpang 8 kN . Dengan
itu,
F=
Single Axle Tandem Axle Tridem Axle

Traffic Loading
 b. Design life
• Design life in number of years
– NH & SH – 15 years
– Expressways & Urban Roads – 20
years
– Other roads – 10 to 15 years
Drop In Serviceability Level with TIME
(without maintenance)

New road
Serviceability Level

Failure

0 Time
Serviceability Level Sustained with Timely Maintenance

Maintenance
Soundness / Serviceability of Road Pavement

Good

Pavement strengthening
and rehabilitation work
Bad

Time
Time

To Know When to do maintenance, adopt the “3R” approach

c. Subgrade condition
d. Drainage
Climatic / Environmental Effect

////////////////////////////////
////////////////////////////
Seepage
from ///////////////////////////
highlands Water ponding

Seepage through Seepage through pavement

shoulder
Water content rises in subgrade
Subgrade looses strength and stability
If subgrade is too weak, pavement will fail
 15

2.0 PAVEMENT DESIGN

 Design Principles
 Design Methods
 Design Examples
Uniform Stress Distribution

Total depth of
pavement
H

Subgrade
To achieve the requirement of uniform stress distribution
onto subgrade, use different layers with decreasing
material properties.

h1 Bituminous layer (Stiffest)

Unbound base layer

h2 (Stiffer)
(crushed aggregate)
Sub-base layer (Stiff)
h3
(sand)

Subgrade
Pavement Design

A systematic process to develop the

most economical combination of
pavement layers to suit soil condition
and projected traffic loading.

19
 Pavement Design Methods

• Empirical Approach
- CBR Method
- AASHTO Design Method
• Analytical Approach
- Component Analysis
- Mechanistic-Empirical method
 Empirical Design Method
 Developed over the past 60 years based on
observation on road performance under
specific condition.

 May be used in other locations provided

local conditions not significantly different.
 Empirical Design Method
Examples:
CBR method based on strength of underlying
subgrade;
Catalogue method based on typical
pavement structures;
Structural Number method with layer
coefficient.
 Design Methods/Guidelines Used

 Arahan Teknik Jalan 5/85

 Arahan Teknik Jalan 5/85

(Revision 1/93)

 Arahan Teknik Jalan 5/85

(Pindaan 2013)
New Pavement Design : Steps

(i) Determine subgrade support using CBR or DCP test.

(ii) Calculate traffic design loading.

(iii) Use nomograph to determine equivalent thickness, TA

(iv) Determine thickness of each pavement layer by trial and

error using:

TA = h1a1 + h2a2 + h3a3 … hnan

where,

h1…hn = layer thickness

a1…an = structural layer coefficient

(v) Check minimum thickness and other practical aspects of

construction.
 tr y
et ’s
L p le
a m
Ex

Yeah!
 JKR ARAHAN TEKNIK (JALAN) 5/85 DESIGN METHOD

PROCEDURE:

1. Design life is usually taken as 10 years.

2. Traffic Estimation:

Initial Annual Commercial Vehicle Traffic per direction, V o

Pc
Vo  ADT   365  D  L
100
where ADT = average daily traffic
Pc = percentage of commercial vehicles
D = directional distribution (usually 0.50)
L = lane distribution (usually 1.00)
Total Number of Commercial Vehicles per direction, Vc

x
Vo [(1  r )  1]
Vc 
r
where r = traffic growth rate
x = design life
Total Equivalent Standard Axles, ESA
ESA = Vc x e where e = equivalent factor (Table 3.5)
Daily Traffic Flow at the end of the design
period, Vx
Vx = V1 (1 + r)x where V1 = ADT / 2
(per direction)
3. Capacity Estimation
Maximum Hourly Capacity, c
c=IxRxT

where I = ideal hourly capacity (Table 3.6)

R = roadway reduction factor (Table 3.7)
T = traffic reduction factor (Table 3.8)
Daily Capacity, C
C = 10 x c (assume c is 10% of C)

Check C > Vx
If C > Vx  capacity will not be exceeded at the end of the design period (OK)
If C < Vx  capacity will be exceeded by the end of the design period (not OK)

When C < Vx happens, need to reduce design period.

log C
Vx
n
Years required to reach capacity, log1  r 
4. Calculate thickness, TA.
TA = a1 D1 + a2 D2 + a3 D3

where a1, a2, a3 = structural coefficients (Table 3.9)

d1, d2 , d3 = layer depth (based on Tables 3.10)
5. Determine the equivalent thickness, TA’ using Thickness Nomograph
Based on sub-grade CBR, ESA and TA values (Figure 3.5).
If CBR varies within the 1 m depth of the subgrade, the mean CBR is calculated:

Make sure TA > TA’

 h CBR 13  h CBR 13 ...  h CBR 13 

CBR   1 1 2 2 n n 
 100 
 
 Table 3.5: Guide for Equivalence Factor

Percentage of 51 –
0 – 15% 16 – 50%
selected heavy 100%
goods vehicles
Type of road Local Trunk
3.0 3.7
Equivalence Factor 1.2 2.0

Table 3.6: Maximum Hourly Capacity under ideal conditions

Road Type Passenger Vehicle Unit

per hour
Multilane 2000 per lane
Two Lanes (bothways) 2000 total for bothways
Three Lanes (bothways) 4000 total for bothways
 Table 3.7: Carriageway Roadway Reduction Factor
Shoulder Width
Carriageway Width 2.00 m 1.50 1.25 m 1.00
m m
7.5 m 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.90
7.0 m 0.88 0.86 0.83 0.79
6.0 m 0.81 0.78 0.76 0.73
5.0 m 0.72 0.70 0.67 0.64

Table 3.8: Traffic Reduction Factor

Type of Terrain Factor
Flat T = 100/(100+Pc)
Rolling T = 100/(100+2Pc)
Mountainous T = 100/(100+5Pc)
 Table 3.9: Structural Layer Coefficient

Type of Layer Property Coefficient

Component
Wearing and Binder
Asphalt Concrete 1.00
Course
Type 1 : Stability
0.8
Dense Bituminous > 400 kg
Macadam Type 2: Stability
0.55
> 300 kg

Base Course Unconfined compressive

Cement Stabilized strength (7 days) 30 -40 0.45
kg/m2
Mechanically
Stabilized crushed 80% 0.32
aggregate
Sand, Laterite etc 20% 0.23
Subbase Crushed aggregate 30% 0.25
Cement Stabilized 60% 0.28
 Table 3.10: Structural Layer Coefficient

Minimum
Type of Layer
Thickness
Wearing Course 4 cm
Binder Course 5 cm
Bituminous 5 cm
Base Course Wet Mix 10 cm
Cement Treated 10 cm
Granular 10 cm
Subbase
Cement Treated 15 cm
 Table 3-11: Standard and Construction Layer Thickness

Standard
Type of Layer One layer lift
Thickness
Wearing Course 4-5 cm 4-5 cm
Binder Course 5-10 cm 5-10 cm
Bituminous 5-20 cm 5-15 cm
Base Course Wet Mix 10-20 cm 10-15 cm
Cement Treated 10-20 cm 10-20 cm
Granular 10-30 cm 10-20 cm
Subbase
Cement Treated 15-20 cm 15-20 cm

Table 3.12: Minimum Thickness of TA Total thick of

Bituminous Layer bituminous layer
< 17.5 cm 5.0 cm
17.5 – 22.5 cm 10.0 cm
23.0 – 29.5 cm 15.0 cm
> 30.0 cm 17.5 cm
Yeehaaa……see you on next
week..by