INTEGRATED DESIGN PROJECT 2 SKAA 3022

SKAA 3022

INTERGRATED DESIGN PROJECT II

WATER RETICULATION
SYSTEM DESIGN

Prepared By:

1. Muhammad Khairul Nizam Bin Johari SX152784KAWF10

2. Noor Zuriaty Binti Rashid SX152789KAWF10

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (TOC)

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

1.0 WATER RETICULATION CONCEPTUAL

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Water Distribution System
1.3 Water Reticulation System
1.4 Waterworks Pipeline
1.5 Pipeline & Fittings
1.6 Pipe Cover
1.7 Anchor / Thrust Block
1.8 Project Background
1.9 Project Components
1.10 Objectives
1.11 Purpose Of Report

2.0 WATER RETICULATION DESIGN

2.1 Design Requirement / Criteria
2.1.1 Design Procedures
2.1.2 Water Demand
2.1.3 Water Demand Estimation
2.1.4 Service Factor
2.1.5 Provisional For Additional Water Demand
2.1.6 Minimum Residual Pressure Head
2.1.7 Water Velocity
2.1.8 Head Loss
2.1.9 Analysis Of Water Reticulation Network

3.0 CONCLUSION

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

4.0 APPENDIX
4.1 List Of Appendix
4.1.1 Appendix 1 – Layout Plan Of Peak Flow & Fire
Flow 1
4.1.2 Appendix 2 – Layout Plan Of Peak Flow & Fire
Flow 2
4.1.3 Appendix 3– Layout Plan Of Peak Flow
4.1.4 Appendix 4– Layout Plan Of Fire Flow 2
4.1.5 Appendix 5–Table A1 Minimum Residual
Pressure Head Requirement
4.1.6 Appendix 6–Table A2 Average Domestic Flow

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Rate Calculations Without Fire Hydrant Flow

4.1.7 Appendix 7–Table A3 Peak Flow Rate
Calculations
4.1.8 Appendix 8–Table A4 Fire Flow Rate
Calculations
4.1.9 Appendix 9–Table A5 (a) Peak Flow Rates
Computations using Head balance or Hardy
Cross Method
4.1.10 Appendix 10–Table A5 (b) Fire Flow Rates
Computations using Head balance or Hardy
Cross Method
4.1.11 Appendix 11–Table A6 (a) Analysis Of Velocity
and Residual Pressure Head Calculations (Peak
Flow)
4.1.12 Appendix 12–Table A6 (b) Analysis Of Velocity
and Residual Pressure Head Calculations (Fire
Flow)

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

4.1.13 Appendix 13–Table B2 Peak Flow In Pipe

4.1.14 Appendix 14–Table B3 Fire Flow In Pipe (Class
A Risk)
4.1.15 Appendix 15–Table B4 Design Calculation Peak
Flow
4.1.16 Appendix 16–Table B5 Design Calculation Fire
Flow
4.1.17 Appendix 17–Table B6 Pressure Head Checking
4.1.18 Appendix 18–Table B7 Water Tank Design

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CHAPTER 1

WATER RETICULATION SYSTEM CONCEPTUAL

Water affects the life of every human on Earth. The daily water demand and
water distribution system is needed to transport water from a source to a consumer.
Therefore, the system has to be designed to consistently provide water in sufficient
quantity to users at an acceptable pressure as economically as possible. This
dissertation is about the design of the system for the “Permohonan Kebenaran
Merancang Mengikut Seksyen 21, Akta Perancangan Bandar Dan Desa 1976 (Akta
172)”. The design is based on Malaysia Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) Standards, which
was adapter to MWA Design Guidelines for Water Supply Systems. The size and type
of pipes were determined to meet the requirement of the standards. Several demand
scenarios were analyzed for the system such as average daily demand, peak hour
demand and critical demand at junction.

1.1 Introduction
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Water reticulation system is a water distribution system designed for supplying

and distributes treated water at sufficient pressure and quantity from reservoir to the
consumer premises such as commercial buildings, residential, factories, facilities and
etc. The design of this system is to determine the capacity of storage water tank and
flow rates in pipes, to ensure the minimum residual pressure head is satisfied and also
to determine the size and type of the pipe (pipe design).

There are two types of pipe network system which are close loop system and
open end system. The requirement for this system depends on the number of the
buildings and for the consumer. With regard to close loop system, it is a pipe network
that used by various consumers and involved many facilities which needs more
distribution from the main pipe. Normally this system is more popular because it is
more efficient compared to the other. In case if pipe leaking occurred, it will not affect
the whole pipe network and only a certain part of this pie will be close. Thus, water
will distributes to consumer through the other alternative pipes. For the open end
system, it is used by single facilities (consumer) such as hotel, factory, school and
other premises. The problem with this system is if leaking occurs, it will affect the
whole system and the consumer would not get the water supply when the valve is
closed.

The design for water reticulation needs to fulfill all the requirements and water
guidelines that had been set up and standardized by the state water authority and
following JKR standards that is applied by Malaysian Water Association (MWA)
which is the “Design Guidelines For Water Supply Systems” and “Uniform Technical
Guidelines Water Reticulation And Plumbing” by Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air
Negara (SPAN).

In Malaysia, the design guidelines and standards are outlined by individual

state water authority. Figure 1.1 shows the general design guidelines and standards are
outlined by Malaysia Water Association (MWA).

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Figure 1.1: Malaysia Water Authorities

1.2 Water Distribution System

A water supply distribution system may be classified into three typical types:

i. Gravity system
ii. Pumped system
iii. Combined gravity and pumped system

Figure 1.2 shows the difference between the three types of

water supply distribution system. The choice of type of water supply
distribution systems depends on the topography, location and extent of the
distribution area, elevation and site conditions. In this project the gravity
system is the most preferred type of water distribution where adequate
elevation of the supply is available. Only when the gravity type is not feasible,
the combined gravity and pumped system is used. The pumped system is the
least preferred as it involves higher operation cost as follow in Figure 1.2.

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Figure 1.2: The Types of Water Supply Distribution System

1.3 Water Reticulation System

The scopes of work in water reticulation system are:

i. Determination of the location of R.C. mushroom water tank

ii. Propose the type of pipe for water reticulation and fire hydrant
iii. Propose the connection to existing pipe

There are various types of systems used in water distribution network, such
as dead end system, the close loop ring system, basic system, grid system, and radial
system.

1.4 Waterworks Pipeline

Pipes, lining materials and joints used in water supply system works must not
cause a water quality hazard. Types of pipes commonly used in waterworks are
generally of the following materials:

i. Asbestos Cement (A.C)

ii. Cast Iron (C.I)
iii. Copper CU
iv. Ductile Iron (D.I)
v. Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic (GRP)
vi. Polythylene (MDPE/HDPE)
vii. Prestressed Concrete (PSC)
viii. Mild Steel (M.S)
ix. Unplasticiezed Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)

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1.5 Pipe Lines & Fittings

a) All pipe materials is using 150mm HDPE and 200mm M.S. pipe and shall
comply with the current Malaysian Standard or Local Authority.
b) Air valve shall be provided at peak/low points or drain/culvert crossing.
c) Adequate in line valves shall be provided to isolate sections of main to
facilitate maintenance.
d) Approved type of precast valve chambers shall be used

1.6 Pipe Cover

a) Minimum cover shall be 900mm

b) Minimum cover to pipe laid under paved area shall be 1200mm

1.7 Anchor / Thrust Block

 Shall be provided at all bends, tees and stop-ends and designed to

withstand full pressure test.

1.8 Project Background

This report is prepared for CADANGAN PEMBANGUNAN YANG

MERANGKUMI SEBUAH HOTEL, KONDOMINIUM DAN LOT
PERNIAGAAN DI ATAS LOT 357, MUKIM TANAH RATA, DAERAH
CAMERON HIGHLANDS, PAHANG DARUL MAKMUR. The Project is to be
developed by Perunding Teras Jelapang Sdn. Bhd. as the Developer. Perunding Teras
Jelapang Sdn. Bhd. has been appointed by the project owner as the Civil Consultant to
carry out structural and infrastructural design for the Project. This report is intended to
present the design of the water reticulation system for the development. The size of

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the Project is 4.20 hectare which consists of 1 unit hotel with 400 rooms, 1 blocks of
condominium with 96 units and 2 blocks of shop lot with 130 units.

1.9 Project Components

In this project, the water reticulation system associated with the

development of approximately 4.20 hectars or 42,000 square metres of land
areas. It is located at Lot 357, Mukim Tanah Rata, District of Cameron
Highlands, Pahang Darul Makmur. This project consists of a 8 storey Hotel
with 400 rooms, 8 storey of Condominium with 96 apartments and 2 blocks of
Commercial Shop Lot with 130 unit of shops as follow in Table 1.1:-

Table 1.1: The Area of Project Components

COMPONENT ACRE % FROM ALL AREA

Resident
 Hotel 1.234 11.83
 Condominium 0.529 5.00
Commercial
 Business Lot 2.151 20.63
Drain Reserve
 Simpanan Rezab Parit 0.500 4.79
 Rezab Parit 0.718 6.89

1.10 Objectives

The objective of this project is to design a suitable and economical water

distribution system for the project that delivers water to consumer in the area in the
required quantity and under a satisfactory pressure. The design is based on JKR Johor

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Standards and Malaysia Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) Standards, which was adapter to
MWA Design Guidelines for Water Supply System. Our main objectives is to design
the water reticulation system for the development as follows:

i. To design the size and to determine the storage capacity of the water tank.
ii. To determine the most economical size of water tank and pipes.
iii. To determine the water flow in each pipe.
iv. To ensure the residual pressure heads in both peak flow and fire flow
condition are satisfying.
v. To ensure the maximum flow velocity of 2.6 m/s is not surpassed.
vi. To determine the appropriate location of water tank, valves and fire
hydrants.

1.11 Purpose of Report

The purpose of this report is to present the detailed design concept,

detailed calculation and network analysis of water supply system for the
development. This report is to describe and detail to Pengurusan Air Pahang
Berhad (PAIP), the consultant’s design concepts for the water supply system
and to seek the Authority’s approval.

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CHAPTER 2

WATER RETICULATION DESIGN

In Malaysia, the design guidelines and standards are outlined by individual

state water authority. The general design guidelines and standards are outlined by
Malaysia Water Association (MWA) and Uniform Technical Guidelines Water
Reticulation and Plumbing by Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN). A
water supply system is designed to deliver water to the consumers with appropriate
quantity and pressure. In this project, the distribution facilities are designed and
analyzed. The elements that make up water supply system include:

i. The sources of supply

ii. Storage facilities
iii. Transmission (to treatment) facilities
iv. Treatment facilities
v. Transmission (from treatment) and intermediate storage facilities (to
service area)
vi. Distribution facilities

The following Guidelines will be adopted throughout as the requirement or

criteria for this design.

i. MWA Design Guidelines

ii. SPAN Design Guidelines
iii. Water Supply Enactment
iv. British Standard 534
v. JKR Standards

The water supply system characteristics shall be designed to meet the

following criteria:
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i. Maximum flow velocity “V” shall be not exceeding 0.6 m/sec.

ii. Peak flow factor for water reticulation shall be 2.5, while its fire analysis
shall be average flow plus fire flow of hydrant with one (1) draw-off
point operating at 4100 lpm for Class A Risk.
iii. Hazen-Williams equation using Hardy Cross analysis is used for
hydraulic calculation and simplified as follows:

10.69 L Q1.85
hf = C1.85 D4.87

Where,
hf = head loss due to pipe friction, (m/km)
Q = Design flow, (m3/s)
C = pipe coefficient
D = internal diameter of pipe, (m)

iv. Minimum pipe gradient shall not be less than 1:500

v. Minimum cover to crown of pipe shall be 1.0m and maximum cover
shall be 2.0m. Where these conditions cannot be met, the pipes shall be
surrounded with minimum thickness of 150mm mass concrete.
vi. All pipes lay adjacent to or under the roadway shall have a minimum
cover of 1.0m to 1.2m to the crown of pipe.
vii. Pipe materials shall be mild steel PN16 to BS534 or HDPE / M.S Pipe.
viii. Fire hydrants of double pillar type shall be located approximately 90m
intervals within the reticulation system. Its location and type shall be as
approved by BOMBA
ix. All valve chambers shall be brick chambers, except for Fire Hydrant
valve chambers.
x. Isolating valve shall be located within the system at suitable locations
for maintenance purpose.
xi. Minimum residual pressure above highest supply level shall not be less
than 7.5m of head of water.
xii. Thrust blocks for bends and tees shall be designed to sustain 1.5 x
working pressure with excess of 2.5 safety factors.

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xiii. Air valves shall be installed at highest points, points that constitute
changes of direction and slope. For position of long
descending/ascending pipeline, the spacing shall be < 100m.
xiv. Scour valve shall be installed at lowest point in pipeline. Its size shall be
one third of pipeline diameter.
xv. Minimum riser for culvert crossing shall be 300mm.
xvi. Minimum hydraulic gradient in pipeline shall not fall below than 5.0 m
to the crown of the pipeline to avoid air pocket and column separation.

2.1 Design Requirement / Criteria

2.1.1 Design Procedures

The procedures used in the design of water system for the proposed
project are follows:

i. Source of supply
 In the project, the water is supplied by a tapping off point
from the water main that lay along the main road, which is
Jalan Mentigi and near Cameron Highland District Council
about 100 meters.

ii. Calculate the number of type of units shop lot and public facilities
& infrastructure. The number of type of building unit set out in the
site layout plan is used to estimate the water demand.

iii. Water demand

 The basic formula for water demand estimation for housing
estates is obtained in the Malaysia JKR Standard. The
value is giving the water demand for one day.
iv. Water distribution and reticulation network
 The water distribution network is designed based on the
site layout plan. Most of pipes are laid adjacent to roads so
as provide easy access for maintenance, and dead end shall
be avoided.

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v. Details information for the distribution network

 Some of the detail information for the network can be
obtained in the Malaysian JKR Standards such as pipe
material, classification and type of pipes, joints, fittings,
valves, pipe diameter selection, design factors in pipe
sizing and fire flow requirement.

vi. Methodology for the network analysis

 The network will be analysed by using computer software
WaterCAD that developed by Haestad Methods Inc.
(USA). The analysis will be done for three different
demand scenarios to check the adequacy of the system for
these three different conditions. The three demand
scenarios are below:
a) Averaged daily demand
b) Peak hour demand
c) Critical demand

2.1.2 Water Demand

Water demand is the total amount of water needed by the consumers in

the area of their needs and activities in a specified period of time. The amount
of water demand varies from season to season, day to day and hour to hour,
depending on climate, topographic, characteristics of the environmental
concern, population, industrialization and other factors.

2.1.3 Water demand estimation

Based on Malaysia JKR Standards, the water demand formula for

housing estate is as follows:

W = ∑ (N X C) X F + Da
Where:
W = Average daily water demand
N = number of type of house
C = per unit consumption
P = service factor
Da = Additional water demand

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Demand estimation for project is based on BS Code pf Practice CP310.

The total water demand is based on type of building and determined as follow
in Table 2.1:-

Table 2.1: Total Water Demand

Average Water
Total Demand
No. Premises Type Demand / Unit Qty Unit Unit/ Day
Liter Gallon Liter Gallon
1 Hotel 1500 330 160 room 240000 52800
2 Condo @ Service Apartment 2000 440 270 unit 540000 118800
3 Business Lot (2 story) 3000 660 20 unit 60000 13200
Total 840000 184800

2.1.4 Peak Factor

The peak factor is the potential percentage of population served. For

instance, the water distribution system covers 90% of the area will give a
service factor equal to 0.90, but it does not necessarily mean that 90% of the
population in the area have service connections. Service factor vary from state
to state and also district to district. For the project, service factor of 2.5 is used
means that water is supplies to all the buildings.

2.1.5 Provisional for additional water demand

With reference to Malaysia JKR Standards, the additional water shall

be providing for new developments such as industrial estate, resettlement
scheme or a new town or commercial developments. For this project, as the
number of type of building units is calculated for the future developments,
thus there are no additional demand required. However, fire flow requirement

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must be considered for the design purpose. Refer Table 2.2 that outline in the
JKR Standards, the recommended risk category of fire flow requirement is
Class A Risk with the average total flow 4100 liter/min and the maximum
number of hydrant outlets used simultaneously is one unit. Moreover, the JKR
Pahang Standard recommends that the water of fire flow requirement is
discharge in 50 minutes duration with average flow 68.33 liter/second.

Table 2.2: Fire Flow Requirement

(Table 14.18 – JKR Standards)
Max.no.of
Average Total Flow
Class of Risk Building Types hydrants used
(liters/minutes)
simultaneously
Large buildings,
shopping complexes,
3@
Class A Risk high rise buildings, large 4100
1370 lpm
industrial buildings,
warehouses and ports.
Congested areas with 2@
Class B Risk 2700
buildings up to 5 storeys 1370 lpm
Shop houses up to 3 storeys
Class C Risk 1370 1
and light industries
Residential ten-ace houses,
Class D Risk 1140 1
detached, and semi detached
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Class E Risk Others 680 1

Note: lpm = liters per minutes

* MWA - Design Guidelines for Water Supply Systems

2.1.6 Minimum residual pressure head

Minimum Residual Pressure Head for Building above Platform Level

is as follows in Table 2.3 and Table 2.4:

Table 2.3: Minimum Residual Pressure Head

No. of Storey Minimum Residual Pressure Head

Single Storey 10.7 m

Double Storey 13.7 m

Three Storey 18.3 m

Four Storey 22.9 m

Table 2.4: Minimum and maximum

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residual pressure head at tapping point in the main pipe

Residual Pressure Rural Urban Felda
Minimum 10 meters 22 meters 10 meters

Maximum 60 meters 60 meters 40 meters

2.1.7 Water velocity

The maximum velocity in the pipe are 2.6 m/s and its being use to
avoiding erosion in the extreme flow.

2.1.8 Head loss

The head loss in pipe is calculated by using Hazen William formula:

10.69 L Q1.85
hf = C1.85 D4.87

Where,
hf = head loss due to pipe friction, (m/km)
Q = Design flow, (m3/s)
C = pipe coefficient
D = internal diameter of pipe, (m)

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Figure 2.1: 3D Modelling of Proposed R.C. Mushroom Water Tank

2.1.9 Analysis of Water Reticulation Network

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Analysis of water reticulation network is carried out manually using

Microsoft Excel, based on Hazen-Williams formula. Hazen–Williams
Coefficient (HWC) is taken as C=155 and 130, Peak Factor for peak flow
analysis is 2.5, and 1.0 for fire flow analysis. Head losses in pipeline is limited
to 2m/km for peak flow analysis and the residual head at all nodes are in
excess of 7.5m, while fire flow parameters is taken as 4100 l/min (68.33 l/s).

CHAPTER 3

CONCLUSION

Based on the analysis made, the use of Reinforced Concrete Mushroom Tank
is necessary because of the total water demand for this proposed development site is
637,080 liters/day. The proposed tank size is 30 metres in diameter with the tank
height of 6 meter. The tank should be built with an elevated height of 10.6 meter from
the ground level to ensure sufficient water pressure for each of the premises. There are
2 types of pipe material used which is HDPE Pipe for peak flow and M.S. Pipe for
Fire Flow. All pipes are laid at 1 meter below ground level. The use of suction tank or
pump is not necessary because the water pressure inside the water tank is more than
7.62 meter. Fire Hydrant are placed at the suitable part of the node and following the
standard requirement of Fire Department to accommodates to the entire of the areas if
the fire happens to occurs. Schematic Plan and Layout Drawing includes all the pipe
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sizes, node numbers, pipe length, pressure head and demand flows for both peak and
fire flow.

Reference

The water reticulation system shall be designed in accordance with the following
guidelines:
 “Design Guidelines For Water Supply Systems” by Malaysian Water
Association (MWA)
 Uniform Technical Guideline Water Reticulation & Plumbing published by
Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air Negara (SPAN)

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