144 Machinery Component Maintenance and Repair

Each piping system must be designed with due consideration to these

circumstances for the most severe conditions of coincident loading. The
following summarizes possible imposed loads that typically need to be
considered in a piping design:
Design Pressure Loads

The pressure at the most severe condition of coincident internal or ex-

ternal pressure and temperature expected during normal operation.
Weight Loads

Dead weight loads including pipe components, insulation, etc.

Live weight loads imposed by service or test fluid, snow and ice, etc.
Dynamic Loads

Design wind loads exerted on exposed piping systems.

Earthquake loads must be considered for piping systems where
earthquake probability is significant.
Impact or surge loads typically due to water hammer, letdown, or
discharge of fluids .
Excessive vibrution arising from pressure pulsations, resonance
caused by machinery excitations or wind loads.
Thermal ExpansionlContractionEffects

Thermal and friction loads due to restraints preventing free thermal

expansion.
Loading due to severe temperature gradients or difference in expan-
sion characteristics.
Effects of Support, Anchor, and Terminal Movements

Thermal expansion of equipment.

Settlement of equipment foundations and/or piping supports.

The When, Who, What, and How of Removing Spring Hanger Stops
Associated with Machinery

initial Tasks Prior to Machinery Commissioning

Align machinery without pipe attached.

Adjust pipe for proper fit-up and make connection.