Name : OCEÑA, MARGARITO JR. O.

Score:_________
Class Schedule: GENCHEM LEC - WEDNESDAY 12:00-2:00PM

LESSON 9
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS BY ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES
1. In what four classes can elements be sorted based on their electron
configuration?
Answer: The four classes that elements can be sorted based on their
electron configuration are noble gases, representative elements, transition metals
and inner transition metals.

__C__ 2. Group 2A elements are called,

a. Alkali metals c. Alkaline-earth metals
b. Noble gases d. Halogens
__C__ 3. The elements in Group 1A through 7A are called,
a. Halogens c. Representative
b. Noble gases d. Alkali metals
__B__ 4. The nonmetals of Group VlllA are,
a. Halogens c. Representative
b. Noble gases d. Transition

Try this!

__D__ 1. Between groups llA and lllA, these are _____ in periods 4 through 7.
a. Halogens c. Inner transition elements
b. Not filled d. Transition metals
__D__ 2. An element in which the highest occupied s and p sublevels are filled
a. Alkali metal c. Representative element
b. Inner transition metal d. Noble- gas element
__A__ 3. Group A elements are representative elements
a. Always true
b. Sometimes true
c. Never true
4. Classify the element with each of the following electron configurations as a
representative element, transition element, noble gas, or inner transition element:
Electron Configuration Name of Classification
Element
a. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 11 Sodium (Na) Representative Element
b. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 18 Argon (Ar) Noble Gas
c. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7 27 Cobalt (Co) Transition Element
d. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5 35 Bromine (Br Representative Element

Try this!
1. Classify each of the following elements as a noble gas, representative element,
transition element, inner-transition element.
a. 15 P - Answer: Representative Element
b. 18Ar - Answer: Noble Gas
c. 79 Au - Answer: Transition Element
d. 92 U - Answer: Inner Transition Element
e. 56 Ba - Answer: Representative Element
 2. Classify the elements with each of the following electron configurations as a
representative element, transition element, noble gas, or inner-transition element.
Electron Configuration Name of Classification
Element

A. 1s2 2s2 2p6 10 Neon (Ne) Representative Element

B. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 16 Sulfur (S) Noble Gas
C. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1 21 Scandium (Sc) Transition Element
D. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7 27 Cobalt (Co) Transition Element
E. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5 35 Bromine (Br) Representative Element
F. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p5 35 Bromine (Br) Representative Element

Try this!

The 118 atoms (symbol or element) are particles that cannot be seen by our
naked eyes. Likewise, atoms Na and Cl in NaCl, H and O in H 2O and a unit of the
chemical formula of sodium chloride and water are visible. The formation of the visible
table salt NaCl) and water (H2O) is due to the attraction of atoms to form ionic and
covalent compounds respectively. We use these raw materials not only in cooking our
viand at home but in many important purposes. How are these two important
compounds formed from their elemental state? Base from the figures below of NaCl
crystals and water in liquid form, answer the following questions:

Figure 1 Figure 2

1. What force of attraction (bond) that holds sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) atoms
in the NaCl crystal? Answer: Ionic Bond
2. What force of attraction (bond) that holds two atoms of Hydrogen (H) and O in
H2O molecules? Answer: Covalent Bond
3. What are the charges involve for the bond formation of NaCl and H 2O
structures? Answer: Ionic Bond

- END OF LESSON 9 ACTIVITY -

 LESSON 10
Chemical Bonding and Nomenclature

Complete the table.

Table 1.

Ground State Electron No. of No. of Non- No. of

Configuration / Noble Bonding bonding Covalent
Element Atomi Gas Configuration Valence Lewis Electron Electron Bond It
s c No. Electron Structure (unpaired (electron Can Hold
electron) pair)

H 1 1s1 1 1 0 1

B 5 1s22s22p1 / 3 1 1 1
[He]2s22p1
C 6 1s22s22p2 / 4 4 0 4
[He]2s22p2
N 7 1s22s22p3 / 5 3 1 3
[He]2s22p3
O 8 1s22s22p4 / 6 2 2 2
[He]2s22p4
F 9 1s22s22p5 / 7 1 3 1
[He]2s22p5

1s22s22p63s2 3p5 /
[Ne]2s22p63s23p5
Cl 17 7 1 3 1

1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d104p5 /
Br 35 7 1 3 1
[Ar]4s23d104p5
1s22s22p63s23p6
4s23d104p65s2
I 53 7 1 3 1
4d105p5 /
[Kr]4d105s25p5
S 16 1s22s22p63s23p4 / 6 2 2 2
[Ne]3s23p4

Answer as directed:

A. Describe the ionic bond formation of the following compounds: Example:

AlCl3

Al + Cl Al+3 + Cl- AlCl3

13 173

[Ne][Ar]
Number of electrons 13 17
Electron 2 1s s configuration1s 2s22p63s5
2

Valence electron 3 2
2s2 2 37
Type of bond: p 2p6 3 Ionic bond
Type of 1 3 p compound: Ionic compound

Note: The valence electron is equal to the no. of electrons it can loss
to achieve noble gas configuration (Octet rule) and equal to the number of positive
charges of the metal. On the other hand, the charge of the nonmetal is equal to the
number of electrons it can accept to achieve noble gas configuration (Octet rule). Apply
crisscross method in writing the f0rmula.

COMPOUND NO. OF ELECTRON VALENCE TYPE OF TYPE OF

ELECTRONS CONFIGURATION ELECTRON BOND COMPOUND

K=19 K19 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 K= 7 IONIC IONIC

1. KI 4s1 BOND COMPOUND
= K+ l- I= 53 I =7
I53 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p5

2. CaO Ca = 20 Ca20 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 Ca = 8 IONIC IONIC

3p6 4s2 BOND COMPOUND
= Ca2+ O2- O=8 O=6
2 2 4
O = 1s 2s 2p

3. Li2O Li = 3 Li3 = 1s22s1 Li = 1 IONIC IONIC

BOND COMPOUND
= L+ O2- O=8 O = 1s2 2s2 2p4 O=6

4. Mg3N2 Mg = 12 Mg12 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 Mg = 8 IONIC INORGANIC

3s2 BOND COMPOUND
= Mg2+N3- N=7 N=5
2 2 3
N7 = 1s 2s 2p

5. Al2S3 Al = 13 Al13 = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 Al = 3 IONIC IONIC

3p1 BOND COMPOUND
= Al3+ S2- S = 16 S=6
2 2 6 2
S = 1s 2s 2p 3s
3p4

B. Describe the covalent bond formation of the following compounds

Example: Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)
 1H + 17 Cl → H. + . Cl → H..ClH – Cl
[He][Ar] [He] [Ar]
dot structure dash structure
Number of electrons: 1 17
2
Electron configuration: 1s1 1s22s22p63s5
Valence electron: 31
7 Lewis structure: p H.
Cl.
Electronegativity difference: (2.1-3.0 = 0.9)
Type of bond: polar covalent bond
Type of compound: covalent compound

Note: The number of lone pairs (unpaired electron) is equal to the number of covalent
bond (dash) an atom can hold.

COMPO ELECTRON VALE ELECTR NUMBER LEWIS DASH TYPE TYPE OF

UNDS CONFIGURATION NCE ONEGAT OF STRUCT STRUCT OF COMPOUND
ELECT IVITY ELECTRO URE URE BOND
RON DIFFERE NS
NCE

CH4 C6= 1s2 2s2 2p2 C=4 2.55- C=6 COVA ALKANE/ORG
4+
=C H +
H1=1s1 H=1 2.2=0.35 H=1 LENT ANIC
SINGL COMPOUND
E
BOND

NH3 N7=1s2 2s2 2p4 N=5 3.04- N=5 COVA AMMONIA/INO

=N3- H+ H1=1s1 H=1 2.2=0.84 H=1 LENT RGANIC
SINGL COMPOUND
E
BOND

CO2 C6= 1s2 2s2 2p2 C=4 3.44- C=6 COVA INORGANIC
=C4+ O2- 0=6 2.55=0.8 O=8 LENT COUMPOUND
O8=1 s 2 s 2 2 p4
2
9 DOUB
LE
BOND

C. Complete the table below to show the comparison of the general properties of ionic
and covalent compounds.
GENERAL PROPERTIES IONIC COMPOUND COVALENT COMPOUND
BOND DESCRIPTION BONDS ARE FORMED BETWEEN USUALLY OCCURS BETWEEN
 METALS AND NONMETALS NONMETALS. THEY HAVE
BONDS WHERE ELECTRONS
SHARED BETWEEN ATOMS
BOILING POINT HIGH LOW

POLARITY POLAR BOND NON-POLAR BOND

SHAPE NO DEFINITE SHAPE DEFINITE SHAPE

DENSITY HIGH LOW

STATE AT ROOM SOLID SOLID, LIQUID, GAS

TEMPERATURE
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY HIGH BUT CANNOT CONDUCT IN LOW
SOLID STATE
SOLID HIGH MELTING POINTS EXTREMELY HIGH

LIQUID LOW BOILING POINTS EVAPORATES

MOLAR HEAT OF FUSION HIGH LOW

MOLAR HEAT OF HIGH LOW

VAPORIAZATION
SOLUBILITY IN WATER DISSOLVE IN WATER BUT SOLUBLE IN ORGANIC
INSOLUBLE IN SOLVENT SOLVENT

- END OF LESSON 10 ACTIVITY -

LESSON 11
METHOD OF WRITING CHEMICAL EQUATION
1. Given the ball-stick model of the molecules write the molecular formula of the
compound.

a. Glucose – universal food of the cell → Answer: C6H12O6

______

b Nicotine -active ingredient in cigarettes → Answer: C10H14N2

. _____

2. Write the empirical formula of

a. Glucose (C6H12O6) molecule known as blood sugar and universal food of
the cell. Answer: CH2O
b. Aspirin is a compound with the molecular formula C9H8O4 3. Calculate the
molar mass water (H2O) a universal solvent. Answer: C9H8O4
 3. Calculate the percent composition of H 2O.
Answer: H = (1.01)2
= 2.02u
O = 16.00u
2.02 + 16.00 = 18.02mol

4. Calculate the number of moles of each element present in H 2O.

1.02  2 2.02
100%   100%  11 .22%
18.02 18.02
Answer: H =
16.00
 100%  88.8%
18.07
O=

5.Calculate the number of moles of each element present in H2O.

Answer: H = 2mol

O = 1mol

2mol + 1mol = 3mol

Think Ahead!

1. Write their correspondIng molecular formula of hypochlorous acid given the

balland- stick model below:

a. Hypochlorous acid answer: HCIO

b. Amphetamine answer: C9H13N

2. Given the molecular formula of the following compounds below, write their
corresponding empirical formula.
a. Benzene (C6H6) Answer: CH
b. Citric acid (C5H8O7) Answer: C5H8O7
c. Acetone (C3H6O) Answer: C3H6O
 3. Allicin is the compound responsible for the characteristic smell of garlic. An
analysis of the compound gives the following percent composition by mass:
C:44.4%; H:6.21%; S:39.5%; O:9.86%. Calculate the empirical formula. Write
molecular formula of the substance when its molar mass is about 162g.
Answer:
C = 44.4% H = 6.21% S = 39.5% O = 9.86%
44.4 6.21 39.5 9.86
 3.69  6.16  1.23  0.62
12.01 1.008 31.02 15.9
3.69 6.16 1.23 0.62
6  10 2 1
0.62 0.62 0.62 0.62

See if you can do this!

1. Given the ball-and-stick model of Lactose, a disaccharide known as milk sugar

and caffeine in coffee, write the molecular formulas of the two compounds:
a. Lactose Answer: C12H22O11

b. Caffeine Answer: C8H10N4O2

Write the empirical formulas for the

following molecules

2. Write the empirical formula of

a. Nitrous Oxide (N2O) a gas used as anesthetics (laughing gas) and as
aerosol propellant for whipped creams. Answer: N2O

b. Acetylene (C2H2) used in welding torches. Answer: CH

3. Solving Problems:

a. Determine the empirical formula of 11.5g of ethanol containing 6.00g of

carbon, 1.51g of hydrogen and 4.0g of oxygen.

Answer:

1mol 2.9

C = 6.00g 2.01g = 2.9 = 0.25 = 12

1mol 1.49

H = 1.51g 1.008 g = 1.48 = 0.25 = 6
 1mol 0.25

O = 4.0g 15.9 g = 0.25 = 0.25 = 1

b. Determine the empirical of a compound having the following percent

composition by mass: K:24.75%; Mn:34.77%; O:40.51%.

Answer:

1 mol 0.6
K= 24.75g × =0 . 6= =1
39 .1 g 0.6

1 mol 0.6
Mn= 34.77g× =0 . 6= =1
54 . 9 0.6
1mol 2. 5
O= 40.51 g × =2 .5= =4
15 . 9 0. 6
The empirical formula is KMnO4 of the compound Potassium Permanganate

c.The molar mass of a sample is about 30g. What is its molecular formula when
the compound contains 6.444g Boron and 1.803g H.7
Answer:
1 mol 0 .59
B= 6.444g × =0 . 59= =1
10 . 811 0 .59
1 mol 1. 7
H= 1.803g × =1.7= =3
1 .008 g 0 .59
The Empirical formula is BH3
d.Peroxyacylnitrate(PAN) is one of the components of smog. Determine the
following percent composition by mass of: 19.8% C; 2.40%H and 11.6%.
Answer: C=19.8%
H=2.40%
N=11.6%
O=?
15 . 99
O= × 100=9 . 8 %
162. 23
The Molecular formula of Peroxyacylnitrate is C 2H3NO5
d. Nicotine, an alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants that is mainly
responsible for the addictive nature of cigarettes, contains 74.02% C, 8.710%
H, and 17.27% N. If 40.57 g of nicotine contains 0.2500 mol nicotine, what is
the molecular formula?
10× 12
Answer: C mass%= ×100=74 . 02
162
14 .1
H mass%= ×100=8 .7
162
2. 14
N mass%= ×100=17 .3
162
The molecular formula of Nicotine is C10H4N2