QUESTREVI

EW CENTER
1550EspanaBl
vd.Cor
.LacsonAv
e.,
Sampal
oc,
Mani
la

NOTESONCRI
MINALI
STI
CS

POLYGRAPHY

Pol
ygr
aphy– i
s sci
ent
if
ic met
hods ofdet
ect
ing decept
ion done wi
tht
he ai
d ofa pol
ygr
aph
i
nst
rument
.

Polygraph=(deri
vedfrom theGreekwordsPol
y)=manyorsev eralandGraph= (writ
ingchart
)isa
scienti
fi
cinstr
umentcapabl eofrecor
dingsi
mult
aneousl
ychangesi nbl
oodpr essure,pul
ser at
e,
respir
ati
onandski nresi
stanceasindi
cati
veofemoti
onaldi
sturbanceespecial
l
yofal yi
ngsubject
whenbei ngquest
ioned.

ThomasJeff
erson=f
ir
sper
sonknownwhousedt
het
erm Pol
ygr
apht
odescr
ibedoneofhi
s
i
nvent
ions

Def
initionoft er ms
1.Admi ssi on=i sast atementoff act s,par ti
al acknowl edgementofgui ltandusual lygivenwi th
somej ust i
ficat i
onorexempl ificat i
oni nadmi tting.
2.Conf essi on=di rectacknowl edgementofgui l
torast atementofgui l
t.
3.Decept ion=i st heactofdecei vingormi sleadi ngusual lyaccompani edbyl y
ing.
4.Diast ol i
cbl oodpr essur e=r ef erst ot hedownwar dbloodpr essur er epresent i
ngt hel owpr essure
tot hecl osi ngoft hev alv esandhear tr elaxed.
5.Dicr ot i
cnot ch=r ef erst ot heshor thor i
zont alnot chinacar dio-tr
acingl ocatedatt hemi ddleoft he
diast olicst em.
6.Elect roder mal response=i tr ef erst ohumanbodyphenomenoni nwhi cht heski nchanges
resist anceel ect ri
cal lyupont heappl icationofcer tainext ernal sti
mul i.Alsor ef
er redt oaPsy cho
galv ani cski nr eflexorgal vani cski nr esponse.
7.Emot i
on=i tr eferst oanemot ional r
esponset ospeci f
icdangert hatappear stobebey onda
per sonsdef ensi vepower .
8.Env ironment=i st hesum t ot al oft hedi ssimul ationthataper sonacqui redf r
om t het i
mehewas
concei v edandhi sexposur et ohi ssur roundi ngs.
9.Her edi ty=i st het ransmi ssionofphy sical andment al trai
tsoft hepar ent stothei roffspr
ing
throught hegenes.
10.
Inter view=si mpl equest i
oni ngofonewhoi swi l
li
ngandcooper ati
v e.
11.
Inter rogat i
on=f or ceful quest i
oni ngofaper sonwhoi sreluct anttodi vulgeinfor mat i
on.
12.
Lying=i st heactofut ter ingorconv ey i
ngf alsehoodorcr eat ingaf alseormi sleadingi mpression
witht hei nt ent i
onofaf fect ingwr ongf ull
y.
13.
Nor mal response=r ef er st oanyact ivityori nhi biti
onofapr ev i
ousact i
vityofanor ganism orpar t
oft heor gani sm r esul tingf rom st imul ation.
14.
Ordeal =r ef erst ot heol destf orm ofcr imedet ectiondonebysubj ect i
ngasubj ectt oanobst acle
ort rial andsomet imesev eni nv olvingt hirddegr ee.
15.
Speci ficr esponse=r ef erst ot her esponsegi venbyt hesubj ectwhi chconsi der edadev i
ationfrom
thenor mal traci ngornor msoft hesubj ect.
16.
Stimul us=r efer st oanyf orceormot ioncomi ngf r
om t heenv ir
onmentandwhi chr eachan
organi sm hast het endencyt oar ouse.
17.
Syst ol i
cBl oodpr essur e=t heupwar dbl oodpr essur east heapexoft hecur vecausedbyt he
cont ract i
onoft hehear t, valvesar eopenandbl oodi sr ushingi ntothear teri
es.
AyurVida=ahi
ndubookofsci
enceandhealt
har
ound500B.
C.Consi
der
edasanear
li
estknown
ref
erencet
oamethodofdet
ecti
ngdecept
ion.

EARLYMETHODSOFDETECTI NGDECEPTI ON
1.Tri
albyCombat=amet hodt oset t
leaccusati
onsint heabsenceofwit
nessesoraconf essi
on,in
whichtwopar t
iesindi
sputefoughti nsi
nglecombat.
2.Tri
albyOr deal=ajudici
alpracticedbywhi chtheguiltori
nnocenceoftheaccusedisdetermined
bysubjecti
ngt hem toanunpl easant,usuall
ydanger ousexperi
enceorint hepresentter
m woul d
r
d
meananempl oymentof“ 3 degr ee”.Thewor d“ordeal”wasderiv
edfrom theMedievalLati
nwor d
“DeiI
ndicum”whi chmeans“ amiraculousdecisi
on”.

TYPESOFORDEAL
1.Or dealofHeatandFi re=i nt histestt hesuspectwal kedacer t aindistance, usual lyninef eet, over
red-hotpl owshar esorhol di ngar ed-hoti ron.
2.Or dealofHotWat er=t hist estrequi r
est hatt hewat erhadt obeboi l
ed, andt hedept hf rom whi ch
thest onehadt ober et riev edwasupt ot hewr istforoneaccusat ion, andupt ot heel bowf orthr eeor
mor eaccusat i
ons.
3.Or dealofBoi lingOi l=t hisor deal waspr act i
cedi nv il
lagesofI ndi aandcer tainpar tsofWestAf ri
ca.
4.RedHotI ronOr deal=t heaccusedwi l
lber equi redt ot ouchhi st onguet oanext remel yhotmet al
nine( 9)t imes( unl essbur nedsooner ),Oncehi st onguei sbur ned, hewi llbeadj udgedgui l
ty.Insome
count ryinst eadofhoti ron,t heyusedahotneedl et ot easet hel ipsandoncet hel ipsbl eedi ti san
i
ndi cationofgui lt.
5.Or dealofCol dWat er=t hisor dealhasapr ecedenti nt heCodeofUr -Nammuandt heCodeof
Hammur abiunderwhi chamanaccusedofsor cerywast obesubmer gedi nast r
eam andacqui ttedi f
hesur vived.
=i n16t hand17t hcent uries,ordealbywat erwasassoci atedwi t
ht hewi t
ch- hunts.Fl oatingi s
ani ndicat i
onofwi tchcr aft.
6.Or dealofRi ceChewi ng=amet hodofdet ecti
ngdecept ionwher ebyanaccusedwi l
lber equi redt o
take r i
ce( to cl ergybr ead orcheese) .Ift heaccused f ailed t o swal low ev en asi ngl egr ain of
concent r
at edr icehe/ shewi l
l beadj udgedgui lt
y .
7.Or dealofRedWat er( FoodandDr inkOr deal )=i nt hismet hodt heaccusedwi llber equi redt orun
fastf ortwel ve( 12hour s),takeacapofr iceanddr inkadar kcol or edwat er( asmuchasonegal lon).
8.Or dealoft heCr oss= t heaccuseandt heaccuserst oodonei thersi deofacr ossandst retched
outt heirhandshor izont ally .Theonet of irstlowerhi sar msl ost .
9.TheTestoft heAxe=i nGr eece, asuspendedaxewasspi nei nt hecenterofagr oupofsuspect s,
whent heaxest opped, whosoev erwasi nlinewi ththebl adewassupposedt obet hegui l
tyaspoi nt
ed
bydi vinepr ov i
dence.
10.TheTestoft heCandl e=t hisor dealwasusedi nBur ma,t heaccuserandaccusedwer eeach
giveni dent icalcandl esandwer elightedatt hesamet ime.Thecandl et hatbur nst hel ongest
determi neswhi cht het ruth.
11.Donkey ’
st ail( Asht ail)Or deal=amet hodofor dealwher eal laccusedper sonswi l
lbei nstructed
tosel ectacagewi t hadonkey ,usingadonkey ’
st ailtheywi llst riket hedonkeyandwhi chev ercr ies
fir
stwi llbeadj udgedgui lty.
12.The“ Her edi tar ySi ev e”=Dr .HansGr ossment ionedt hisOr deali nhi sf amousbookonCr i
mi nal
Invest i
gat ioni nwhi chbeanswer ethrowni ntoasi eveast henameofeachsuspectwascal l
ed.The
decept ioncr iter i
awer edescr ibedasf ol
lows- -
-“Ifthebeanj umpsoutoft hesi eve,t heowneroft he
namepr onouncedi si nnocent ,ifthebeanr emai nsi nt hesi eve, theper sonnamedi st het hief.

I
MPORTANTPERSONSI
NTHEDEVELOPMENTOFPOLYGRAPH

Dani
elDefoe=wroteanessayenti
tl
ed,“
AnEff
ectualSchemef
ort
hePr
event
ingofSt
reetRobber
ies
andSuppr
essi
ngall
otherDi
sorder
softheNi
ght”
AngeloMosso=I n1878,sciencecamet otheai
doft het r
uthseekert hroughtheresear
chofan
I
tali
anpsy chologi
stAngeloMosso.Hemadeusedofani nstr
umentcal ledplet
hysmographi
nhis
resear
chonemot i
onandf earandit
sinf
luenceont
heheartandr espi
rat
ion. 
=developedascienti
fi
ccradl
e

CesareLombr oso=I n1895,CesareLombr oso,anItal

ianCri
minologistandtut
orofAngeloMosso,
publ
ishedthesecondedi t
ionofhi sbookentit
led“L’
HommeCr i
mi nel”whichherel
atestheusedof
hydr
osphygmogr aphduri
nginterr
ogati
onofsuspects.Hecalleditbloodpressur
epulsetest.
=heisconsider
edast hefir
stpersontoconcei
v ethei
deaofl i
edetecti
onandthefir
sttoappl
y
thet
echniqueinactualcr
iminalsuspect
s

Franci
sGalton=in1879,intr
oducedtheWor
dAssoci
ati
onTestusi
ngser
iesofi
rr
elev
antquest
ions
andrel
evantquest
ionseparat
edinti
me.

B.Sti
cker=bel
iev
edt hattheori
ginofthegalvani
cskinphenomenonwasundert
heinf
luenceoft
he
exci
ti
ngmental
impressionsandthatthewil
lhasnoeffectuponit
.
=hemadet heearli
estappl
icat
ionofpsychogal
vanometertof
orensi
cpr
obl
ems.

SirJamesMackenzi e=anEngl ishclini

cianandcar diologi
st,const
ructedt heClini
calPol ygr
aphi n
1892, aninstr
umentt obeusedf ormedi calexaminat
ionswi ththecapabili
tytosimultaneouslyrecord
undulatedlinetracingsofthev ascularpulses(radi
al,venousandar teri
al)
,bywayofast ylusontoa
revolvi
ngdr um ofsmokedpaper .
In1906, SirJamesMackenzi erefinedhisclini
calpol
y graphof1892whenhedev i
sedt heClini
calInk
Polygraph wi t
ht he help ofLancashi re watchmaker ,Sebastian Shaw. Thisinstrumentused a
clockwor k mechani sm fort he paper -r
olli
ng and time- markermov ement s and itpr oduced ink
recordingsofphy siologi
calfunctionsthatwer eeasi
ert oacquireandtointerpret
.

S.Veraguth=hei ssai
dt obethefi
rstpersontouset heterm Psychogal
vani
cRef l
ex.Veragut
hwas
thef
ir
stscienti
stt
ouset hewordassociat
iontestwit
hgal vanometer
.
=i
n1907,hedescr ibedhi
sobservati
onongal vanicphenomenaandemot ionsthatther
ewas
anascendinggalv
anomet ercur
veduri
ngthepr esent
ationofrelev
antsti
muliv
ersustherestcurveon
non-
crucialst
imul
i.

Vit
tori
oBenussi=i nMar ch1913,hepr esentedapaperbef or et hesecondmeet i
ngoft heI t
ali
an
Societ
yforPsychologyinRomewher ehedescr ibedhow her ecordt hesubj ect’
sbreat
hingpat t
er
usi
ng aMar eyPneumogr aph which henot ed the changesi ni nspirati
on-expi
rati
on r
atio duri
ng
decepti
on.
=healsoincludedrecordi
ngofhear trateandbl oodpr essur ecur v
ei ndetecti
onofdecept i
on
andprobabl
ythefir
stpersont orecor
dmor ethanonephy si
ologi calresponse.

Dr.Wil
li
am M.Mar ston=in1915wascr edi
tedasthecreat
orofthesyst
oli
cblood-
pressuretestused
i
nanat temptt odet
ectdecepti
onduringquest
ioni
ng,andusingastandardbl
oodpr essur
ecuf fand
stet
hescope,requi
ri
ngrepeatedinf
lat
ionofthepressurecuf
ftoobtainreadi
ngsati nt
erval
sdur i
ng
examinati
on.Thiswascal
ledDisconti
nuousTechni
que.

Harold Bur
tt= In1918,Burttsuggest
ed thatthe changesinrespir
ati
onwer eanindi
cat
ionof
decepti
on.
=Hewasabl etodeter
minethatt
hechangesinr espi
rat
ionwereoflessv
aluei
nthedet
ecti
on
ofdecepti
onthanthechangesinbl
oodpressure

JohnA.Lar
son=encour
agedbyAugustVol
l
meroft
heBer
kel
eyPol
i
ceDepar
tmentt
oconducta
resear
chondecept i
on.
=Car di
o-PneumoPsy chogram wasLar son’
sf i
rsti
nst r
umentwhichwasbor rowedfrom Dr.
RobertJesselandwasi nventedbyEar lBr
yant
=in1921, EarlBr
yantmadeani nst
rumentforLarsoninwhi chheusedabreadboardasabase
andf r
om thatitbecamei nthei ndust
ryasBreadboar dPoly
gr aph–capableofr
ecordingconti
nual
ly
andsimultaneouslytherespi
rationandcardi
ovascularact
ivi
ti
es.
=todayhei sknownast heFatherofScienti
fi
cLieDet ecti
onandatthesamet imetheFather
ofPolygraph

LeonardeKeel er=i n1926,hemadeamodi f

icati
onofLarson’sinstr
ument.Hedevelopedthatmetal
bel
lowsandky mogr apht hatpull
edachar tpaperataconst antspeedunderrecor
dingpensf r
om a
rol
lofchartlocatedinsidetheinst
rument.
=i n1938, 1938, Keel
erincl
udedthePsy chogal
vanomet er(PGR),
athir
dmeasur i
ngcomponent
ofhisi nstrumentwhi ch was also known as Gal vani
c Skin Refl
ex (GSR)invented by I
tal
i
an
Physi
ologistGalvaniin1791.
=cr edit
edast hecr oronRel
eat evant-I
rrel
evantTechnique.
=t odayKeel erisknownast heFatherofModer nPolygraphy.

Ruckmick=in1936,t
heter
m Psychogal
vani
cRef
lexusedbyVer
agut
hwasr
epudi
atedbyRuckmi
ck
andproposedt
het m El
er ectr
oder
malResponse.

JohnE.Rei d=i n1950,hedev elopedt he Contr

olQuest
ion whichconsistofaknownl i
eand
i
ncorporatediti
nt otherelevant
/i
rr
elevanttechni
que.
=hedev elopedamov ementoract i
vit
ysensorameansofr ecor
dingarm andl
egmov
ement s
=Rei dal sodev elopedthesi l
entanswert estandguil
t-
complext estt
obeadmini
steredto
over
lyresponsiveexami nee

Clev
eBackst
er=devel hepsy
opedt chol
ogicalsett
heoryandtheanticl
imaxdampeni
ngconcept.
=healsodevel
opedandint
roducedtheQuantif
icat
ionSy st
em ofChartAnal
ysis(Numeri
cal
Scori
ng)whi
chper
mi t
stheexami
nertoscorethechar
tsnumericall
yaccordi
ngt
ostandardrul
es.

Richar
dO.Ar t
her=introducedtheArtherIIpol
ygr
aphinst
rumentwhi
chcontai
nsast
imul
usmarker
capabl
eofrecordi
ngthebegi nni
ngandendingofquest
ionandthemomentt
heexami
neeanswer
ed.
=credi
tedasthecr orofSt
eat i
mul usMarker
=developedaninstrumentwiht
t woGal vani
cSki
nResist
ance

Computer
izedPol
ygr
aphI
nst
rument=i
n1992,t
hepol
ygr
aphmadei
tsof
fi
cialent
rancei
ntot
he
comput
erage

TRIPODFOUNDATI ONOFPOLYGRAPHY
1.Psy chol
ogicalLegPremise=st atesthatspeci
fi
cner v
oussy stem componentwhosest i
mulati
on
canthusbedi agnosedaresostimulatedbytheinv
olunt
aryandemot i
onalprocessesoftheindi
vidual
whoi scontinuousl
yatt
emptingconcealmentofdeceptionespeciall
yifthati
ndivi
dualhassomet hi
ng
atstakeandt heprev
ail
ingcir
cumst ancesleadhimt obeli
evet hatexposuretodecept i
onisqui t
e
possibleal
thoughundesir
abl
e.

2.Physi
ologi
calLegPremise=thatamongthephysi
ologicalr
esponsesthatmayberecordedare
thoset
hatautomati
cal
l
yoccuronl
yfol
lowi
ngt
hesti
mulationofspeci
ficner
vouscomponentsyst
em

3.Mechani
calLegPremise=polygraphiscapableofmakinggr
aphi
crecor
dcont
aini
ngr
eli
abl
e
i
nfor
mati
onregar
dingphy
siol
ogi
cal
responsesofthesubj
ect
.
PSYCHOPHYSI OLOGYOFLYING
TheCentralNerv
ousSystem (
CNS)=i scomposedofthebrainandthespi
nalcor
d.Al
lotherner
ve
waysarewi t
hintheperi
pher
alnervoussyst
em whichseparatesi
ntotwo:TheSomaticNervous
Syst
em andtheAutonomicNervousSyst
em.

1.SomaticNerv
ousSy st
em =isinvol
vedwi
thvol
untar
ycomparati
veoverskelet
almuscl
es
2.AutonomicNerv
ousSy st
em =invol
vedt
hoseinv
olunt
aryphysi
ologi
calfunct
ionsoft
hebodyand
hasconsider
abl
epsychologi
cali
mpactaswell
.

TWODI VI
SIONSOFAUTONOMI CNERVOUSSYSTEM
1.Parasympat heticNervousSy stem (PNS)=t hehousekeepingorbrakingsystem.I
tisresponsi
ble
forconservi
ngener gyandmaki ngsur enecessarybodi
lyfuncti
ons.I
=restrainssympatheti
car ousalandatt
emptt omaintai
nhomeost ati
c(homeost
asis)normal
.
2.Sympat heticNervousSy st
em ( SNS)–isouremer gency,oracti
onsystem.
=asy stem whichcausest hesuddenanddr amaticchange.

Homeostasi
s=iscomplexi
nter
act
iver
egul
ator
ysy
stem bywhi
cht
hebodyst
ri
vest
omai
ntai
nast
ate
ofi
nter
nalequi
l
ibr
ium.

Hypot
hal
amus=isaser
iesofgr
oupsofner
vecel
l
soft
hebr
aint
hatcont
rolt
heent
ir
eendocr
ine-
hor
monalsy
stem.

Fight,fl
ight
,freeze=ar ethethreester
eot
ypicbehav
ioralresponsestothreat,somet
imessimpl
y
call
ed F3.The phy siol
ogi
calresponsesconcomit
anttot hesebehav i
orsar ethesame,namely
mobi l
izi
ngbodilyr esour
cesforanexpendit
ureofenergy
,andnar rowingat
tenti
onandf ocust
othe
featuresofthethreat.

Whenthesympatheti
cnervoussyst
em i
sact
ivat
ed,i
timmedi
at ypr
el eparest
hebodyforfi
ght
orf
li
ghtbycausi
ngtheadrenalgl
andstosecr monesknownasepi
ethor nephri
neandnorepi
nephr
ine
andthebloodwil
lbedistr
ibut
edt othosear
easofthebodywhereiti
smostneededt omeett he
emergency
.

Epinephri
ne=i sthehor monalst
imulatorofthesympat het
icner
voussystem.I
tact
st oconst
ri
ct
peri
pheralbloodflow,rai
sebloodpr essur
e,incr
easecar di
acacti
vi
ty,pr
omotemetaboli
cacti
vi
ty
thr
ought herel
easeofgl
ucose,andinhibi
tdi
gesti
veprocesses.
=iti
scaledAdr
l enali
neinBri
ti
sh

Nor epi
nephrine = is a hormone secret
ed by t
he adr
enalgl
and,it works al
ongsi
de with
epinephrine/
adrenal
i
net ogiv
et hebodysuddenener
gyinti
mesofstr
ess,knownast he"f
ightor
fl
ight"r
esponse.
=itiscal
ledNoradr
enal
ineinBr
it
ish.

MAJORCOMPONENTSOFPOLYGRAPH
1.Pneumograph=desi gnedt o det
ectandr ecordchangesi nr espirat
ionoft hesubjectwhi
ch
consi
stsoft
heff:
 RubberConv olut
edTube=about10i nchescorrugatedr ubberat
tachedtothebodyof
thesubject.
 BeadedChai n=usedt olocktherubberconvolut
edt ube.
 Recordi
ngPenUni t=consist
ingoft wo5inchesrecordingpen
 Centeri
ngKnob=usedt ocent ert
hepen
 Sensit
ivit
yKnob=usedt oadjustthedesi
redsizeoft r
acings
  Vent=usedtor
eleaseexcesspressur
efr
om thesystem
 PneumoModule=l ocat
edinsi
det hei
nst
rumentthatrecei
v est
her
eact
ionsdet
ect
edby
thecor
rugat
edt
ubeandmov esthepentorecor
dther eact
ionsont
hechart

2.Cardiosphy gmogr aph=Desi gnedt odet ectchangesi nthecar diov ascularacti

vit
yofthesubj
ect.It
consi
stsof :
a.BloodPr essureCuf f=at tachedt ot heupperr i
ghtar m oft hesubj ect,abov
e t
hebrachial
arter
y.
b.Sphy gmamonomet er=usedt oindicatet heamountofai rpr essur einf
latedt
othesystem.
Usuallyabout60mm ofmer curyformal esubject.
c.Recor di
ngPenUni t=five( 5)i
nchesl ength
d.AirPump/ PumpBul b=desi gnedtosuppl yairtothesy stem
e.Cardi oModul e=l ocatedi nsi
det heinstrumentt hatreceiv est hereacti
onsdetectedbythe
cuffandmov est hepent or ecordther eacti
onsont hechar t
f.Sensiti
vit
yCont r
ol=usedt oadjustthedesi r
edsizeoft racings
g.Cent eri
ngCont r
ol=desi gnedt ocent erthepenont hechar t
h.Vent=Usedt oreleaseexcesspr essuref r
om thesy st
em

Car
diosphygmogr aphpr ovidesar ecor dofthef oll
owi ng:
1.Relativ
eBl oodVol ume/ Pr essure=i st hechangesi ntheav eragev al
ueoft hecar diotraci
ng
(waveform)wi thr espectt oabasel ine.
a.Diast oli
cBl oodPr essure=r eferst othedownwar dbl oodpr essurer epresentingthe
lowpr essur etot heclosingoft hev alvesandhear trel
axed.
b.Sy stolicBl oodPr essure=t heupwar dbloodpr essur east heapexoft hecur ve
causedbyt hecont ractionoft hehear t,val
vesar eopenandbl oodi srushi ngintothe
arter
ies.
2.Pul seAmpl i
tude=i sthechangesi npul seampl itude( tracinghei ght)i ndependentof
baseli
ne.
3.PulseRat e=changesi nhear trateort imebet weenpul ses.
4.Dicroti
cNot ch=changesi nrelati
veposi tionofthedicroti
cnot chorpul sewav eform
=shorthor i
zont alnot chinacar di
o-tr
acingl ocatedatthemi ddl eoft hediastoli
cst em

3.Gal
vanograph=desi gnedtodet ectchangesi nskinr esist
anceoft hesubject.Consist
sof :
a.Fi
ngerEl ectrodeAssembl yconsistsof :
a.1.fi
ngerEl ect
rodePl ateandRet ai
nerBond=at tachedt otheindexandr i
ngfingerof
thesubject.
a.2.Connect i
ngPl ug=at t
achedt hesy stem t otheinstrument
b.RecordingPenUni t=usual l
y7i nches
c.Ampl i
fierUnit=desi gnedt osuppor tt hegalvanomet erinconverti
ngelectr
icalt
omechani cal
curr
ent.
d.Sensitivi
tyControl=usedt oadjustthedesi redsi zeoftracings
e.CenteringCont rol=desi gnedt ocent erthepenont hechart
f.GSRModul e=l ocatedi nsi dethei nstrumentt hatreceivest hereacti
onsdet ectedbyt he
fi
ngerelectrodesandmov est hepent or ecordt hereactionsont hechart

Howdoesi tRecor ds?

Gal
vanicSkinResponse=i sthechangei nthebody ’
sresist
ancetot hepassageofaminut
e
el
ectr
icalsensingcurrent.
Theelectr
odesel ect
ri
cal
lyconnectthesubjectt
otheinstrument.Theseprovdea5mi
i cr
oamp
sensi
ngcur r
entt othesubject
,farbel
owt hethr
esholdoffeeli
ng.
Keymograph=ser vesast hepaperf eedmechani sm oft hepol ygraphmachi ne
=Itisamot ort hatpul l
sordr iv
est hecar tpaperundert her ecor
dingpensi mult
aneousl
yatt he
rat
eoffiv
esecondsperv ert
icalchartdivisionort wel vediv i
sionsinonemi nuter
un.
a.Char t=appr oximat el
y100f t
.r oll
edgr aphpaperwi t
happr oximatel
y¼ i nchhorizontal
divi
sionand½i nchv erti
caldivi
sionequi v al
entt o5secondsr un
b.Cut t
erBar=usedt ocutt hepaperatt heendoft hetest
c.RubberRol ler=t heoner esponsi bleforpul l
ingt hepaperoutoft hemachine.
d.PenTabl e=f latportionwher ethepenwr iteont hechar t
.
e.PaperRai lGuide=ser vesast hesecur i
tyfort heunnecessar ymov ementofthechartpaper
ortoensuret hepaper ’sforwardmov ementwi thoutshaki ng.
f.SynchronousMot or=r unst hechar tpaperatt heuni formr atespeedr egardl
essoft he
volt
agechange.

PenandInki
ngSy
stem =theonethatprov
idesforthepermanentr
ecor
doft
het
est
Capi
ll
aryI
nk=awaterbasedinki
ntendedforpoly
graphinst
ruments

FORMULATI ONOFTESTQUESTI ONS

Gener
alRulesinf
ormulatingTestQuest i
ons
 Quest i
onsmustbesi mpleanddi r
ect
 Theymustnoti nvolvel
egal terminologies
 Theymustbeassi mpleandasshor taspossi bl
e
 Answer abl
ebyYesorNo.
 Theymustnotbei naform ofaccusat ori
al.
 Theirmeaningmustbecl earandt heymustbephr asedi
nal anguagethatthesubj
ectcan
easi
l
yunderst
and.
 Theymustnev ercontai
ni nferencewhi chpr esupposesknowledgeont hepartoft
hesubj
ect
.
 Theymustr ef
ertooneof fenseonl y
 Theymustr ef
ertooneel ementoft heof f
ense.
 Theymustnotcont aininf
er encetoonesr el
igion,r
aceorbeli
ef.

1.Ir
relev
antQuesti
on=aquest i
onthathasnoconnect
ionwit
ht hemat t
erunderi
nvest
igat
ionand
deal
swi thknownfact
sthatthesubj
ectcannotbedeni
ed.I
tisdesignedtobeemoti
onall
yneutralt
o
examineesandusuall
yanswerabl
eby“yes’
.Al
socaledNeut
l r
alQuestion.

Char act
er i
sticsofIr
rel
evant
1.Ithasnoconnect i
ontothemat terunderinvesti
gati
on.
2.Not hreattosubject(
usuall
y).
3.Nei t
herinnocentnorguilt
ysuspectshav ereasont oli
e.
4.Usual l
yaboutt hesuspect’
sbackground.
5.Gener al
l
yusedatt hebeginningofpol y
grapht echniquet
oestabl
i
sha‘
nor
m’f
orexami
nee,or
throughoutt heexaminati
onasneededt or eestabl
ishnorm pat
ter
n.

PurposesofI rr
elevantQuestion
1.Establi
sht heprofessi
onalauthori
tyi
ntheroom thatmeans,t
heexaminerasksquesti
onsandthe
suspectanswer s.
2.Itallowst heexami nertoassesst hesubject
’snormalbehaviorf
orthi
shei ght
enedemotional
si
tuati
on.
3.All
owst heexami nertoidenti
fysomethi
nghehasincommonwi t
hthesubj
ect,t
oestabl
ishr
apport.
4.Itminimizesresi
stance.

2.Sy
mpt
omat
icQuest
ion = i
sdesi
gned t
o ensur
ethatt
heexami
nerwi
l
lnotaskun-
rev
iewed
quest
ionsorthattheexamineei
snotafrai
dt hatt
heexaminerwillaskun-
revi
ewedquesti
ons.
Examples:
 Doy oubeli
evemewhenIpr omisednott oaskaquesti
oni nthist
estIhavenotgoneoverword
forword?
 EventhoughIpr omisedIwoul
dnot ,areyouafr
aidIwillaskaquestioninthi
stestIhavenot
goneov erwordforword?

3.Sacr
ifi
ceRelev
antQuesti
on=itintr
oducest herelev
antquesti
ontothesubj
ect
=designedtoabsorbtheresponsegener atedbytheintr
oducti
onofrelev
antquesti
oninthe
seri
es
Example:
 Regar
dingthe(
mat t
erunderinvest
igat
ion),areyouwil
li
ngtoanswerthequest
ionst
ruthf
ull
y?

4.Rel
evantQuest
ion=aquestiondeal
swiththematterunderi
nvesti
gati
on.Colorcodedr
edi
n
comput
eri
zedi
nstr
ument
s.I
tisdesi
gnedtogener
ater
eacti
onsfr
om decept
ivesubj
ect.

Ty pesofRel ev antQuest ion

a.Pr i
maryRel ev ant( StrongRel ev ant)=addr essest heprimar yissueordi r
ectinvolv
ementoft he
subj ectonthemat terunderquest ion.Itisusepr i
maril
ywitht hesingle-i
ssueexaminati
on.
 Ex.Di dy out aket hatmi ssi
ngmoney ?
b.Secondar yRel evant( WeakRel evant )=deal swi ththephy sicalactsthatsupportt
hepr i
maryissue.
Thi sisusuallyusei nmul ti-
issueexami nation.
 Ex.Di dy oupar ticipatei nthet heftoft hatmi ssingmoney ?
c.Gui l
tyKnowl edge=desi gnedt opr obewhet herthesubjectpossessesi nf
ormationregar
dingthe
i
dent i
tyoftheof fenderort hef actsoft hecaseunderquest ion.
 Ex.Doy ouknowwhot ookt hatmi ssingmoney ?
d.Ev i
denceConnect i
ngQuest i
on=t estquest i
oni nwhicht heexami neeisaskedaboutapar ti
cular
pieceofphy sicalev i
dencet hatwoul dincrimi natet heguil
typer son.I
tcouldbei t
emsl ef
tatthecrime
scenebyt heper petratororst olenpr operty.
 Ex.Doy ouknowwher eanyoft hatmi ssingmoneyi sr i
ghtnow?

5.Compari
sonQuest i
on=aquest ionwhichisthesamei nnaturewitht
hatoft
her
elev
antquest
ion
butbr
oadinscope.
=i
susedf orcomparat
ivepurposeswit
hther el
evantquest
ion.
=desi
gnedtogeneratereact
ionsfr
om tr
uthfulsubj
ect.

Ty
pesofCompar
isonQuest
ion

a.DirectedLieCompar isonQuest i
on( DLC)=acompar isonquestioni
nwhi chtheexamineei s
i
nstructedbytheexami nertoanswerthequesti
onsuntr
uthf
ully
.
Someexami ner
sactuall
ygetadmissi
ontocompar i
sonquest
ionsandtheninst
ructthe
examineetoli
et othatquest i
onwheni ti
sasked.
b.ProbableLieCompar isonQuestion(PLC)=aquest i
ont owhichitisl
i
kelythattheexamineeis
untr
uthfulwi
thhisanswer .
=PLCquest ionsar ebroadinscopeandusuall
ybasedonact i
onscategor
ical
l
ysimil
artothat
oftheissueunderinvesti
gat i
on

TypesofProbableLie
a.Incl
usi
ve= acompar i
sonquesti
onwhichi
ncludetherelev
antti
meperiodunderinvest
igat
ion.I
t
wasorigi
nal
lydesignedbyReid.
=thistypeofquestionusual
l
ystar
tswit
ht hephrase:“I
nyourent
ir
elif
e,….
.”
.Alsotermedas
i
nclusi
onary
.
b.Exclusi
ve=acompar i
sonquesti
onsepar at
edint i
me,pl aceandcategor
yf r
om t herelev
ant
questi
on.I
twasint
roducedbyCleveBackst
er.Hebeli
evesthatthi
spr ev
ent
sthegui
ltysuspectfr
om
percei
vi
ngthecompari
sonquest
ionasanambi guousr
elevantquest
ion.

Example:
 Duri
ngthefir
st__year
sofyourli
fe,di
dyouever_
___
?
 Pri
orto2009,di
dyouev er_
___
_?
 Whilei
ncoll
ege______
?
 Betweentheagesof__&_ _
,di
dy ouever_
___
_?

TypesofPolygr
aphTechni
que/
Test
1.GeneralQuesti
onTest=consi
stofser
iesofr
elev
ant
,ir
rel
evantcont
rolquest
ionsi
napl
anned
order
.Dev opedbyJohnE.Rei
el d

2.Relev
ant
/Ir
rel
evantTest=consi
stspri
maril
yofser
iesofi
rr
elev
antquest
ionsandr
elev
antquest
ion
pert
aini
ngt
othecrimeunderinv
esti
gaton.Dev
i el
opedbyKeel
er.

3.PeakofTensionTest=consistofonl
yoner el
evantandaser i
esofi r
rel
evantquest
ions.
=resemble,ineverygeneralway,thecardtest,foritconsistessenti
all
yoft heaski
ngofa
ser
iesofquesti
oninwhichonl
yonehasanybear ingupont hemat t
erunderinvesti
gat
ion.
=paddingquesti
onsbeforeandaftert
herelevantquesti
ons.

TwoTypesofPOTTest
 KnownSol uti
onPeakofTensionTest(KSPOT)=isusedt odeter
minewhethertheexaminee
i
sawar eofdet ai
lsofa cri
met hathavebeen keptfrom thegeneralpubli
cand woul d
presumabl yonlybe known tothe perpet
rat
oroft he cri
me orthose wit
hi ncr
iminat
ing
knowledge.
 SearchingPeakofTensi onTest(
SPOT)=i susedt
odeterminedetai
lsofacrimethatarenot
knownt ooffi
cial
s,suchasthelocat
ionofanunrecoveredbody,butwouldbeknownt oa
parti
cipantinthecri
me.

4.Cardt est/Acquai ntanceTest/St imulati

onTest=t hesubj
ecti
spr esent
edwi t
hsev en(7)
previ
ousl
ynumber edcar dsf acedown.
=hewillbeinstr
uct edtot akeone,
lookatitandr
etur
nitwi
tht
herestofthecar
ds.
=theexaminerwi llshuffl
et hecar
dsandeachcar dwil
lbeshowntohim,withtheinst
ruct
ion
thathewi l
lanswer“ NO”t oal lcards,even iftheonebei
ngshowntohimi stheonehehasseen
earl
ier
.

5.Guil
tCompl exTest=usedpr i
mari
lyforoverl
yresponsi
vesubjects.
=atotall
yfict
it
iousinci
dentbutasimilarnat
uretothemat t
erbeingi
nvest
igat
edandmakehim
bel
ieveiti
sreal.
=Thepur posei stocomparet heresponsewiththoseresponsemadeconcer ni
ngt
heactual
matterunderinvesti
gati
on

6.Sil
entAnswerTest=Subj
ecti
sinst
ruct
ednott
ogi
veanyv
erbalanswer
,thesubj
ectwi
l
lonl
y
answeri
nhismind.

7.Compar
isonQuestionTest( CQT)=t
her
eact
i he cont
onsont rolandr
elev
antquest
ionsar
e
compar
edvianumer
icalscor
ing
Polygr
aphExami ner=isonewhoiscapableofdetecti
ngdeceptionandveri
fyi
ngt hetr
uthf
ulnessof
stat
ementthroughtheuseofapoly
graphi
nstr
ument .
=issomeonewhohassuccessf ul
lycompletedformaleducationandt r
ainingi
nconducting
poly
graphexaminati
onandiscer
ti
fi
edbyhisagencyt oconductsuchexaminat
ion.

Subj
ect=i
sanyper
sonwhounder
goespol
ygr
aphexami
nat
ion.

Polygr
aphExaminati
on=apr ocessthatencompassesallact
ivi
ti
esthattakeplacebet weena
poly
graphexami
nerandanexami needuri
ngaspecifi
cseri
esofinter
act
ions.Forav al
i
dpol ygr
aph
examinat
iont
oexist
,respi
rat
ion,EDA,andCar
diov
ascul
aracti
vi
tymustbemoni t
oredandrecorded.

TwoTy pesofPolygraphExam
1.MixedI ssueExam =mul ti
ple-
issuepolygr
aphtest
inglikescreeni
ngofappl
i
cant
soraudi
tof
empl
oy eesorpersonswithsecurit
yclear
ances.
2.Di
agnost i
cExam =at estwhichinvol
vesspeci
fi
ccaseinv
estigat
ion.

TypesofDi agnosti
cExam
1.Singl
eI ssueExam =at estwhi
chi
nqui
resdi
rectinvolvementofsubj
ecti
ntoaspeci
fi
ccaseunder
questi
on.
2.Mul t
-facetExam =t estformati
nwhichther elevantquesti
onsaretarget
edtowarddi
ff
erent
el
ement soft hesamecri
me.

St
agesi
ntheConductoft
hePol
ygr
aphTest

 I
nit
ialI
nter
viewWi
tht
heI
nvest
igat
or

1.Pr e-testIntervi
ew =ani nter
view conduct edbyt hepoly graphexami nerdesi gnedt oprepar
eor
conditiont hesubjectfortheact ualtest.Itusual l
yl astforabout20–30mi nutes
a.Det ermi ni
ngthesubj ectphy si
cal,ment alandpsy chological suit
abil
it
ytounder got het
est
a.1.thesubj ectshouldav oidtaki ngdr ugsatl east12hr sbef orethe test
a.2.thesubjecti ff
emal eshoul dnotbepr egnant
a.3.thesubjectshoul dnotbehungr y
a.4.thesubjectshoul dnotbephy sical l
yoremot i
onalabuse
a.5.thesubjectshoul dnotbesuf feri
nghi ghbloodorhy pert
ensi on.
b.Informi ngthesubj ectofhi sConstit
utional Right s( ift
heexami nerisalawenf orcementoff
icer)
c.Taki ngoft hesubjectconsent
d.Taki ngoft hesubjectper sonaldata
e.Discusswi ththesubjectt hecrime/issueunderi nv esti
gation
f.Prepar i
ngt hesubjectfort hetest–admi nistrationofst i
mul ationtest

2.l
n-Test(
Act
ualTest
)=i
stheact
ual
conductoft
het
estadmi
nist
eredbyapol
ygr
aphexami
ner

Condi
ti
onsoftheRoom
 Itshoul
dbespaciousf
ort
woper
sons
 Wel l
li
ghted
 Wel l
venti
lat
ed
 SoundPr oof
 Notdecor at
ed

3.
 Post-
testI
nterv
iew orInt
errogat
ion= i sani nt
erv
iew oraninter
rogat
ionadminister
edbya
pol
ygraphexamineraft
erthetestdesignedtoobtai
nconfessi
onoradmi ssi
onbyt hesubj ect.=
i
ntervi
ewisconductedwhenthereacti
onsindi eani
cat nnocentr
esponseandv ycooper
er ati
vet othe
exami . =i
ner nter
rogat
ion i
sconduct he r
edwhent eact
ions show si
gnof
 decept
ionandbei
ng
uncooper
ati
vetoopenaninfor
mat
ion.

Char tmar ki
ngs=areannotat
ionsoft
hephysiol
ogictr
acingstodenotesti
mul
us(questi
on)onsetand
offset,examinee’
sanswer,questi
onnumber,quest
ionlabel
,art
if
acts,andot
herdetai
l
si mport
antto
theinterpret
ati
onofthephysi
ologi
caldat
a.

TwoTy pesChartMar ki
ngs
1.PrimaryMarkings=t hesear
emarki
ngswhi
chindi
cat
ethebegi
nni
ngandendofexami
nati
onas
wellasthequestionsandanswersoft
hesubj
ect
.Thesear
eusual
lypl
acedatt
hebott
om ort
opof
thepoly
graphchart

a.X–itindi
cat
est
hest
artoft
het
est
.Theexami
neri
nfor
mst
hesubj
ectt
hatt
het
esti
saboutt
o
begi
n.

b.I I– i sast i
mulusmar k.Thefi
rstv
erti
call
inemarkswhent heexaminerstar
tsaski
ng
quest
ion.Secondvert
ical
li
nemarkswhentheexaminerf
ini
shesaski
ngquest
ion.

c.+-aposit
ivesi
gnwhi chi
ndicat
esthatthesubj
ectanswerst
hequesti
onwit
h“y
es”
.Thisal
so
i
ndi
cat
estheperiodwhenthesubjectanswerst
hequesti
onandusual
l
yfol
l
owedbya“number”
i
ndi
cat
ingtheordernumberofquesti
on,exampl
e+3,+4,+5….
)

d.– anegati
vesignindicat
ing t
hatthesubj
ectanswerst hesti
muluswi th“no”
.Thi
salso
i
ndi
cat
es the per
iod when t
he subj
ectanswer
st he quest
ion and usual
l
yf ol
l
owed bya
“
number”
.

e.XX–i
ndi
cat
est
heendoft
est
.

2.SecondaryMar
kings=aremarki
ngswhichareplacedonlyi
ftheexamineedoessomet
hingwhi
ch
wil
lcausethephy
siol
ogi
calt
raci
ngstodi
stor
t.Thesemarkingsar ypl
eusual
l acedbel
owtheaff
ect
ed
tr
aci
ng.

a.M –Mov ement

b.T–Tal king
c.DB–DeepBr eath
d.C–Cough
e.CT–Cl earThr oat
f. SW –Swal low
g.SNF–Sni ff
h.Y–Yawn
i
. SZ–Sneeze
j
. LGH–Laugh
k.SLP–Sl eep
l
. B–Bel ch
m.OSN–Out sideNoi se
n.ISN–I nsideNoi se
o.EE–Exami nerEr r
or
p.WRQ–Wi l
lRepeatQuest ion
q.MI–Mov ementI nstruct
ion
r. TI–TalkingI nst
ructi
on
s.AI–Answer i
ngI nstr
ucti
on
 t. BI–Br
eat
hingI
nst
ructi
on
u.WU–Wake- Up
v.TDB–TakeDeepBr eat
h

I
NTERPRETATI ONOFPOLYGRAPHDATA
I
mport
antTer mst oConsi der
 Anal ysisSpot=Ther elev antandcont rolquest ionst hatar eact ual yev
l aluat eddur ingspot
anal ysis.
 Artifact=Achangei nanexami nee’ sphy siol ogi calpat ter nt hati snotat tr
ibut ablet oar ev iewed
testquest ion.Iti ncludesexami nee’ smov ement sdur i
ngt heexami nat ion.
 Blindchar tAnal ysis=Ev aluat ionofPDDr ecor dingswi thoutt hebenef itofext rapol ygraphi c
informat i
on, suchassubj ectbehav ior ,
casef act s, pretestadmi ssi ons, baser atesofdecept ion,
etc
 Decept ionI ndicat ed( DI )= Adeci si onofDIi nPDDmeanst hat( 1)t hephy siologi caldat aar e
stableandi nter pretabl e,and( 2)t heev aluat ioncr it
er iausedbyt heexami nerl edhi m t o
concl udet hattheexami neei snotwhol lyt ruthf ult other elev anti ssue.
 Exosomat ic=Somet hi nggener atedf rom out sidet hebody . Ski nr esi stancei sexosomat ic
measur es because el ect r
icalcur rent i s appl ied f rom out side sour ces t o det ect t he
electroder mal act i
vity.
 EDA Recov eryPhase=Thephy si ologi calact ivi
t ydi spl ayedi nanEDA t raci ngt hatoccur s
bet weent hehi ghestpeakandsubsequentr et urnt ot hepr e-st imul usornewl yest ablished
basel ine.TheEDAr ecov eryphasebegi nsoncet het r
aci ngahsr eachedi tshi ghestpeak.
 EDA Ri se Time = Thephy siol ogicalact ivitydi splay ed i n an EDA t r
acing begi nni ng wi t
h
responseonsetandendi ngatt hepeak.
 NoDecept ionI ndicat ed( NDI )=i saconv ent ionalt ermi nPDD, NDIsi gni f
iest hatt hepol ygr aph
testr ecor dingsar est abl eandi nt erpr etabl eandt heev aluat i
oncr i
ter iausedbyt heexami ner
ledhi mt oconcl udet hatt heexami neewast rut hfult ot her el
ev anti ssue.
 TestDat a=Thesi gnalofi nterestt hatmayconsi stofar ti
fact s,r ecov er yorexami nee’ s
phy siological responset ost imul i
.
 TestDat aAnal ysis=Anal ysisoft hepsy chohy siologi calr esponseact i
vity( time)di spl ayed
bet weenr esponseonset .Ty pical l
y, thisi st het imef rom r esponseonsetunt ilretur nt ot hepr e-
stimul us( phasi cr esponse)oranewl yest abl ishedbasel ine( toni c)r esponse.
 Recov er y= A dev i
ation i n pol ygraph t racing at tr
ibut abl et o aphy siologi calphenomenon
occur ringasacompensat oryact ionaf terar esponseoranar ti
fact .
 Response = A phy si ologi calchange t hatoccur sf ollowi ng,and i s at tri
but abl et ot he
present ati
onofappl i
edst imul us.
 Phasi cResponse=Aknownor iginr esponset oaspeci fi
cst i
mul ust hati sgener all
yseenasan
upwar dmov ementf rom t hebasel inewi thsubsequentr etur nt ot hepr e-st imul usoror i
gi nal
basel ine.
 Toni cResponse=Aknownor i
gi nr esponset oaspeci ficst imul ust hati sgener all
yseenasa
mov ementf rom t hepr e-stimul usbasel ineand est abl ishmentofanew basel inewi thout
returningt ot hepr e-stimul usbasel ine.
 ResponseAmpl itude=Thedi spl ay edphy siologi calact i
vityr ef lect edi napol ygrapht r
aci ng
occur ring bet ween r esponse onsetand r esponse peak ( highestl evelf rom pr e-stimul us
basel ine).
 ResponseDur ation=Thephy siologi calact ivity( ti
me)di splay edbet weenr esponseonsetand
offset .Ty picall
y ,thisi st het imef rom r esponseonsetunt i
lret ur nt ot hepr e-stimul usbasel i
ne
(phasi cr esponse)oranewl yest ablishedbasel i
ne( tonicr esponse) .
 ResponseLat ency=Thet imebet weenst imul usonsetandr esponseonset .
 ResponseOnset=Thef i
rsti ndi cat ionofchangef r
om t hepr e- stimul usl ev elofphy siologi cal
activityt oanappl i
edst imul us.
  ResponseOnsetWi ndow=Theper iodoft i
mebet weenst imulusonset( verbalpresentat
ionof
quest i
on)andanexami nee’ sverbalanswert othatstimulus.
 SpotAnal ysis=Thepr ocedur ewher eineachcomponentt racingissepar atel
yev aluatedby
compar i
ngt heresponseofar elevantquestiontotheresponseofacompar isonquest i
on.
 StimulusOnset=I tisthebegi nningoft hepresentat
ionoft hefirstwordofaquest i
on.
 Toni cLevel=I tdescri
best heexami nee’sphysi
ologicalresponsewhenr esti
ng.Anexami nee’
s
l
ev elofphy siol
ogicalactiv
ityoccur ri
ngpr i
ortost i
mul usonset.Thi sissomet imesr efer
redto
ast herestingorbasel i
neact ivi
tylevel.
 Zone=Aconceptcoi nedbyCl eveBackst er.Azonei sat wentyt othir
ty-
fiv
esecondsbl ockof
polygraphchar tti
mei nit
iatedbyaquest ionhavingauni quepsy chologi
calfocusingappeal toa
predictablegroupofexami nees

Twot
ypesofChar tInter
pret
ati
on
 GlobalAnal
y sis
 Numer i
calScor i
ng
 Manual Numeri
calScor
ing
 Comput erScor
ingAl
gorit
hm

GLOBALANALYSI S
Inglobalanalysis,theexami nerl
ooksf orsigni
fi
cantreacti
onst hatoccurrepeat
edl
y
whichisr ef
err
edt oas“ Conspecni f
icance”.Conspecni
fi
cancei stheconsistencyofr eact
iontoa
speci
ficquesti
onwithsignif
icantmagni t
ude
 NUMERI CALSCORI NG
Thenumer icalscor i
ngi samet hodofr enderi
ngpol y
graphdecisionsthatarebased
excl
usiv yonnumer
el icvaluest hathavebeenassignedtophy si
ologi
calresponsesrecordedduri
nga
str
ucturedpoly
graphexami nation

ELEMENTSOFSCORI NGSYSTEM
1.React ionFeat ures=ar eraw phy siol ogicaldat athatapol y
gr aphexami nershoul dlooki ntot he
poly
gr aphchar tf ornumer icali nterpret ation.I tcanbescor edusi ngt hesev enposi tionort hree
positi
on r ules.Onl yr eact i
ons on t he r elev antand compar ison quest ions ar e scored dur ing
i
nterpret ation.
2.Tr ansf or mat i
ons=I nt r
ansf ormi ngphy siologicaldat a,combi neobser v at
ionsofr eactionst o
rel
evantandcont r
olst imulusi ntoasi ngl ev aluef oreachcomponentandf oreachpr esent ati
onof
eachoft het ar getst i
mul i.
 Redquest i
ons( relevant)ar ecompar edt oGr eenquest i
on( cont r
ol)
 Assi gna-scor ewhent her eisal ar gerr esponset oar elevantquest ion
 Assi gna+scor ewhent hereisal ar gerr esponset oacont rolquest i
on
 Di fferentscor ing sy stems used di fferentscor ing rules i n assigning numer i
calv alue to
par t
icul arreact i
onf eatur esont her el ev antandcompar isonquest i
ons.
3.Deci sionRul es=det ermineswhendat ameett hecr i
teriaforinclusioninapar ti
cularcategor y.
=f inalst epi npol ygraphnumer icalscor ing,produci ngdeci onsofDecept
si i
onI ndicated,No
Decept ionI ndi cated, andI nconcl usive.
= ar ti
f act s such as deep br eat hs,coughs,mov ement s,and phy siol
ogicalabnor malit
ies
(pr
emat ur ev ent ri
cularcont ractions)af f
ectt hequal ityoft raci
ngsf orscoring.Alltheseshoul dnotbe
scored.

ACCURACYANDRELI ABILI
TYOFPOLYGRAPHRESULTS
 Accuracy=thecondi
tionorquali
tyofbeingt
rue,
corr
ect,
orexact
 =refer
stovali
dit
y(st
at eorqual
i
tyofbeingwellf
ounded)
.

Ty
pesofVal
idi
ty
  FaceVal i
dit
y=opi nionorconsensusofexper t
s
 Cont entValidity=sel ect
ionofper tinentissuesofi nquir
y
 PredictiveVal i
dity=abi l
i
tyt opr edictaf utureout come
 Concur rentVal i
dity=abi l
itytoident i
fywhati salreadyknown
 Conv ergentVal idit
y–newi nfocoi ncidewi t
hext anti nf
o
 DivergentVal idit
y–newi nfosepar atesextantideas
 Const ructVal i
dity – meani ngfuldef i
ned and under standabl
erel
ati
onshi
ps (
cor
rel
ati
ons)
betweenv ari
ousphenomena
 Cri
ter i
onVal idit
y–accur acyofcat egor ydecisions
 I
ncr ement alVal idi
ty– pr ofessionaldeci sionaccur acyimproveswi
ththeuseofadditi
onal
i
nfor mat i
on

Reliabil
ity=r eferst o stabil
it
yorconsi st
encyofmeasur ement
.Rel i
abil
i
tyst udi
esi nPDD oft
en
exami nether ateofdeci sionagr eementamongexami nersonpol
ygraphtestcharts.
TwoTy pesofRel iabil
it
y
1.Interraterreli
abi l
it
y=denot esagr eementamongexami ners
2.Intrarateragr eement( test-
retestrel
iabil
it
y)=per tai
nstoanexami neragr eementwithhisown
decisionswhenev aluati
ngt hechartsondi f
fer
entoccasions.
Note:
Reliabili
tyisnott hesameasv ali
dit
y,whichmeansaccur acy.At echni
quecannotbe
mor ev ali
dt haniti srel
iable.Atechniquecanhav ehighagreementwithouthighaccuracy,
thought
he
reverseisnott rue.

Goal
sofPol
ygraphTest
ing
 Sensi
ti
vi
ty=Abili
tyt
odet
ectornot
icet
hei
ssue.

 Speci
fi
cit
y=Abi
l
ityt
orej
ectnon-
inv
olv
edcases.

Thr
esholdofAccur acyAccor dingtoAmer icanSoci etyforTesti
ngMat er
ial
s(ASTM)
 Ni nety( 90) Per cent = for ev i
dentiary polygraph examinati
ons.Ev i
denti
ary pol
ygr
aph
examinationsaret hoseconductedspeci fi
call
yforcourtr
oom purposes.
 Ei ght
y( 80)Per cent= f ori nv esti
gative polygraph examinati
on.Invest
igati
ve pol
ygr
aph
examinationsareusedf ornon-judicialpurposes.
 Bot hevidenti
aryandi nvesti
gat
iv eexami nat
ionsar eper
mittedtoaninconcl
usiverat
eoftwent
y
(20)per
cent .

Resul
tErrors
 FalseNegat i
ve=r ef
erstothefai
lur
etodetectthepr esenceofapart
icul
areventori
tem.
=i npolygraphyr efer
stot he i
ncorr
ectdecisiont hatdecepti
onwasnotpr acti
cedbyt he
examinee.
 FalsePositi
ve=i sthefal
sedetecti
onofsomet hingthatisnotact
ual
lypresent
.Inpoly
graphy
=itistheincorr
ectdecisi
onthatdecepti
onwaspr act
icedbytheexaminee.

Admi
ssibi
li
tyofResult
I
nthePhili
ppi
nes,pol
ygraphresul
tsarenotadmi t
tedasevi
dence.Manypolygr
aphexami
ner
s
andl
awyershaveatt
emptedpresent
ingpoly
graphevidenceincour
tbutal
lresul
tedt
ofuti
l
e.

Phil
ippines
 Rul e130sect
ion49oftheRulesonEvidenceprov
idesthat:
“
Theopini
onofawi tnessonmat terr
equiri
ngspecialknowl
edge,ski
l
l,exper
ienceor
tr
ainingwhichheshowntoposses,
mayber eceivedi
nevidence.
”
U.
S.UnitedStatesv .Frye–1923–NOTADMI TTEDASEVI DENCE( Fir
stcasei nPol ygraphy
)
 
Daubertv.Merrel
lDowPhar maceut i
cals-1993( U.
S.)
AreasofInqui
ry:
 thet heoryort echniquei nquestioncanbe( andhasbeen)t ested;
 whet heri thasbeensubj ectedtopeerrevi
ewandpubl icat
ion;
 itsknownorpot enti
al errorrat
e;
 theexi stenceandmai ntenanceofstandardscontr
oll
ingit
soper at
ion;and
 whet heri thasattractedwi despreadacceptancewit
hinar elev
antsci ent
ifi
ccommuni
ty.

I
nNewMexi
co,
theSupr
emeCour
t,i
nSt
atev
.Dor
seyi
n1973,
rul
edt
hat
:

“Pol
ygr
aphresul
tsareadmissi
bleasl
ongas(1)t
hepol
ygr
aphoperat
ori
scompet
ent
,(2)
t
hepr
ocedur
eusedisrel
i
able,and(3)t
he“test
smadeonthesubj
ect
”ar
evali
d.”

In1983,New Mexi cot hencodif

iedtheadmi ssi
bili
tyofpol
ygraphresul t
swi t
hRulesofEv idence,
whichst atest
hat:
"
Subjectt othepr
ovi
sionsoftheserules,t
heopi
nionofapol ygraphexaminermayi nthe
discreti
onofthetrialjudgebeadmi t
tedasev i
denceast ot
het r
uthf
ulnessofanyper soncal
ledasa
witnessi ftheexami nati
onwasper f
ormedbyaper sonwhoi squalif
iedasanexper tpolygraph
exami ner.
”