QUESTREVI

EW CENTER
1550EspanaBl
vd.Cor
.LacsonAv
e.,
Sampal
oc,
Mani
la

NOTESONCRI
MINALI
STI
CS

PERSONALI
DENTI
FICATI
ON

Criminal
ist
ics
=Istheappl i
cat i
onoft hepri
nci pl
esofv ar
ioussciencesinsolv
ingpr
obl
emsinconnecti
onwi th
theadmi ni
strati
onofj usti
ce.
=Alsor efer
redt oasFor ensi
cSci enceorPoliceScience.
Thewor dforensicwasder iv
edf r
om theLatinwor d“For
um”whi chmeansa“marketpl
ace” ,a
placewher epeopl egat heredf or“publicdiscussion”.Wheni tisusedinconj
uncti
onwithother
sciencesitsi mplyconnot esthei deaofappl i
cationtol aw orfortheadmini
str
ati
onofj ust
ice.
Somet i
mesi tisalsor ef
erredtoas“ legal”
.

Dr.HansGross=AnAust r
ali
anmagist
rat
etodescr
ibedSearchforTrut
hast heul
timat
egoalofal
l
i
nvesti
gat
iveanddet
ect
iveworks.Hei
sknownastheFatherofModernCrimi
nali
sti
cs.

A.PERSONALI DENTIFICATI ON
“LawofMul tipl
icit
yofEvi dence”Thegreaternumberofsimil
arit
iesordi
ssimil
ari
ti
es;t
he
greateristheprobabil
it
yf ortheconclusi
ontobecor rect.
AlphonseBer ti
ll
ion=Fat herofPersonalI
dentifi
cati
on.Thefi
rstt
odev i
seascienti
fi
cmethod
ofidenti
ficati
oncall
edAnt hropometry.
Af inger
pri
ntwasf irstusedinChinabeforethebirt
hofChrist
iani
ty.Theycall
editHuaChi.

I.Per sonal iti

esi nFi nger print s:
1.Nehemi ahGr ew( 1684)–descr i
best her i
dgesandpor esoft hehandsandf eet( Phil
osophi cal
Transact i
on)pr esent edi nRoy al Soci etyofLondon, Engl and.
2.Gov ard.Bi bloo–wor ksont hesweatpor esandr i
dges.
3.Mar celoMal pighi ( 1628- 1694)–Pr ofessoratt heUni ver si
tyofBol ogni a,Italy,knownf orhi s
discov er yoft heEpi dermi sandDer mi slayer.Wr itt
ent hebookent it
led“ DeExt ernoTact usOr gano”
Fat herofDact yloscopy .
4.J. C. A.May er( 1788)–t hef i
rstt ost at ethatfinger pri
ntsar enev erdupl i
cat edi nt woper sons
(Anat omi cheKupher taf eln).
5.JohannesPur kenj i
e( 1823)–Pr ofessoratt heUni versityofBr eslau, Germany .Est abli
sheda
cer tainr olef orcl assi ficat i
onandbeabl etoident ifynine( 9)t ypesofpat ternal thoughnev er
associ atedt oi dent ifi
cat ion
6.Her manWel cker–t ookhi sownf inger pri
ntst wicewi thal apseoff or ty
-oney ear sandshowt he
ri
dgesf ormat ionr emai nst hesame.
7.Wi ll
iam Her schel –t hef ir
stt oadv ocat etheuseoff inger printsassubst ituteforsi gnaturef r
om
amongI ndi annat ivet oav oidi mper sonat i
on.
Raj adharKonai =t hef i
rstper sonHer schel printedt hepal m.
8.Henr yFaul ds–Asur geoonatTsukuj iHospi tal,Toky o,Japan, whocl aimedt hatl atentpr i
nts
woul dpr ov ideposi ti
vei dent i
ficationofof fender sonceappr ehended(AManual ofPract i
cal
Dact yl
oscopy ).
9.Fr anci sGal ton–Dev elopedt heAr ch.LoopandWhor lPat ter nsasgener al cl
assi fi
cati
onand
i
dent i
fiedni ne( 9)t ypesofpat tern.Fi rsttoest ablishaCi vilBur eauofPer sonal Identif
ication.He
saidt hatt hepossi bi l
i
tyoft wopr intsbei ngal i
kewas1: 65, 000,000, 000.
10.Edwar dRi char dHenr y–Dev elopedt heHenr ySy stem ofCl assif i
cationatScot l
andYar dwhi ch
wasaccept edbyal mostal lEngl ish- speakingcount r
y.KnownasFat herofFi nger pri
nt.
KhanBahadurAzi zul HaqueandRai Hem Chandr aBose–t het woHi ndupol iceof f
icers
 whohavehelpHenr
yinattai
ninghisgoal
.
11.
JuanVuceti
ch–ASpanishcounterpar
tofHenr
ywhodev el
opedhi
sownsy
stem ofcl
assi
fi
cat
ion
inAr
genti
naandwasacceptedinalmostall
Spani
shSpeaki
ngcountr
y.

INAMERI CA
Gilber tThompson=ageol ogi sti nNewMexi co, adopt edthef i
rstindi vidual useoff i
ngerpri
ntin
august8, 1882asapr otect i
ont opr ev entt amper i
ngwi ththepayor der.
I
sai ahWestTabor=Phot ogr apheri nSanFr anci scowhoadv ocatedt heuseoft hesy stem for
theregistr ationoft heimmi gr antChi nese.
Samuel Langhor neCl emens=AnEngl ishmanwhoi nformallyi
nt r
oducedDact yl
oscopyi nthe
UnitedSt at esinhi sbook“Li feint heMi ssi ssi ppi”and“PuppnHeadWi lson” .
Franci sGal ton
Dr.Henr ypDeFor est=Ut i
lizedt hef i
rstMuni cipalCi vil
useoff inger pr i
ntforCr i
mi nal
RegistrationonDecember1902( Mun.Ci vi
l Ser v i
ceComm. ,NewYor k).
Capt .JamesL.Par ke=Adv ocat et hef irstst at eandpenal useoff inger pr i
ntadopt edin
SingSingpr isononJune5, 1903l at eronAubur nNapanochandCl int
onPeni tentiari
es.
Sgt .JohnKennet hFer r
ier=Fi rstf i
nger printi nst r
uct oratSt.Loui sPol iceDept .Missouri.
Maj .R.McCl oughr y=war denoft heFeder al Peni tentiari
esofLeav enWor th.Est abli
shedthe
fir
stofficial NationalGov er nmentuseoff i
nger ppr i
nt .
Mar yK.Hol and=f irstAmer icani nstruct ressi ndact yloscopy.
FBI=i dent i
fi
cationuni ther einwasof fi
ci all
yest ablishedbyanactofcongr essin1924.
I
nst ituteofAppl iedSci ence=Fi rstpr ivat eschool t
oi nstal
llaborator i
esf orinstructi
on
purposesi ndact yloscopy .
Peopl evs.Jenni ngs, Dec.21, 1911=Uni tedSt atesl eadingcasewher einthef i
rstconv i
cti
on
basedonf ingerprintwasr ecogni zedbyt hej udi cial author it
ies(14poi nts).

INTHEPHI LIPPINES
Mr .Jones=onewhof ir
sttaughtFPi nthePhi ls.(1900)
Bur eauofPr ison=( 1968)CARPETASf ingerprintwasused.
Gener osoRey es–Fi r
stFili
pinoFi nger pri
ntTechni cianempl oyedbyP. C.
Isabel aBer nales–f i
rstFil
ipinaFi ngerprintTechni cian
Capt .ThomasDugan, NewYor kPol iceDept .andFl avianoGuer rer
o, FBIWashi ngton–gav ethe
firstexami nat i
oni nFPi n1927andAgust inPat ri
cioofthePhi l
s.Topt heExami nati
on
Peopl eoft hePhi l
s.Vs.Medi na-Fi r
stconv i
ctionbaseonFi ngerpri
ntandl eadingcasedeci si
on
i
nt hePhi l
.Jur isprudence( 10poi nts) .
Pl aridel Educat ionInstit
ute( PEI)nowknownasPhi l.Coll
egeofCr imi nology,fi
rstgov er
nment
recogni zedschool tot eacht heSci enceofFi ngerprintandot herPoli
ceSci ences.
JohnDel l
i
nger–knownU. S.publ i
cenemynumberonewhoat temptt odestroyhisownpr int
s
usingcor rosi veacids.
Rober tJamesPi tt
s–wor ksonSur ger ytof orgedhi sownf i
nger pr
int sandwasnamed“ Man
withoutf i
nger print”
Luci l
aLal u–t hef ir
stFili
pinaChop- chopl adywhowasi dentif
iedthr oughf i
nger pri
nt.
Al phonseBer til
lion–knownast heFat heroft hef ir
stscienti
fi
cmet hodofI dent i
fi
cati
on
(Anthropomet r
y)

DACTYLOSCOPY
Defi
niti
on
Dacty
loscopy–( deriv
edfrom theLatinwor dsDactyl=fi
ngerandSkopien–t ostudyorexamine)i
s
thepract
icalappl
icati
onofthescienceoffinger
print
s.
Dacty
lography–ist hesci
enti
ficstudyoffi
ngerpri
ntasameansofi denti
fi
cati
on.
Dacty
lomancy–i st hesci
enti
fi
cst udyoffi
ngerpri
ntforpur
posesofpersonali
tyi
nter
pret
ati
on.
Dermatoglyphi
cs=i sthesciencewhi chdealswiththestudyofskinpatter
n.Iti
sderiv
edf r
om two
Gr
eekwor
ds,
Der
mawhi
chmeansSki
nandGl
ypewhi
chmeansCar
ve.

Basi
cPr i
nciplesofFi ngerpr
int
1.Indivi
duality
Not woper sonshav ethesamefi
ngerpr
int(
basedonStat
isti
cProbabili
ty)
2.Infal
li
bili
ty
Thatfingerpri
ntisapositi
veandrel
i
ablemeansofident
if
icat
ion.Itcannotbeeasi
l
ybeforged.
3.Const ancyorper manency
Thatthef r
icti
onr i
dgeonceful
lydev
elopedit
sarr
angementwi l
lremainsthesamethr
oughout
man’sl i
fe.

Finger
print
s
I
sani mpressi
ondesi
gnbyt hefir
stj
ointofthef
inger
sandthumbonsmoot
hsur
facet
hrough
themediaofi nk,
sweatoranysubstancecapableofpr
oducingv
isi
bil
i
ty.

Rel
atedSciencestot heStudyofFi ngerpri
nt:
1.Chiroscopy– (Gr eekword“Chei r”–ahand, “Skopien”–toexamine)isthesci
encewhichdeal
s
withthestudyofthepr i
ntsofthepal msoft hehand.
2.Podoscopy–(Gr eekwor d“Podo”–t hefoot,andSkopi en–t oexamine)i
sthesci
encewhich
dealswiththestudyoft hefootpri
nts.
3.Poroscopy–( Greekwor d“poros”–apar e,and“ Skopien”–toexami ne)i
sthesci
enti
fi
cstudyof
thearrangementoft hesweatpor es.(EdmondLocar d-FatherofPoroscopy)

Phal
ange=istheskeletalf
ingercoveredwithf r
icti
onskin.Iti
smadeupoft hreebones.
a.Basalorproximal phal
ange–i tislocatedatthebaseoft hef i
ngernearestt
hepalm.
b.Middlephalange=t henextandabov ethebasal done.
c.Terminalphalange=t hepar t
icul
arbonecov eredwi t
hf r
ict
ionskin,havi
ngallt
hedif
fer
ent
ty
pesoff i
nger pr
intpat
ternsandi tisl
ocat ednearthetipofthefi
nger.

Frict
ionSkin–i sanepi dermalhairl
essskinf oundont hev ent
ralorlowersur
faceofthehandsand
feetcov er
edwi t
hr i
dgesandf ur
rows.(AlsocalledasPapi llaryskin)
.
Component softheFricti
onSkin
1.Ri dgesur f
ace
a. Ri dge–t heelevatedorhil
l l
i
kest r
uct ure/theblacklineswithti
nywhitedots.
b. 
 Furr
ow–t hedepressedorcanal li
kest r
uct ur
e/thewhi tespacebetween   
  
  
ri
dges.
2.Sweatpor es–t hetinyopening/thetinywhi tedots.
3.Sweatduct–t hepassageway .
4.Sweatgl ands–t heproducersofsweat .

FundamentalLayersoftheFri
ctionSki
n
1.Epidermis–theoutermostlayer
a.Strat
um Corneum,
b.Strat
um mucosum
2.Dermis–t heinnerl
ayercontaini
ngt
hebl
oodv
essel
,der
mal
papi
l
lae,
var
iousgl
andsandner
ves.

RidgeFor mat
ion–(Ridgesstart
st oforminthefi
ngersandthumbdur i
ngthe3rdto4thmont
hsofthe
fetusli
fe.)
DermalPapi
ll
ae=ar eirr
egularpegscomposedofdel i
cat
econnectivet
issueprotr
udi
ngand
formingtheri
dgesoftheskinont hefinger
s,pal
ms,toesandsolesofthefeet
.
RidgeDest
ruct
ion–dest ructi
onofthefri
cti
onskincaneitherbet
empor ar
yorpermanent
.
General
l
ytemporar
ydestruct
ionoccurwhenonl
ytheepider
mislayeroft
hefri
cti
onski
nhasbeen
damage,whi
lepermanentdamagecanbei nj
ect
edtothefri
cti
onskinduetodamagetotheder
mis
l
ayer.

GeneralRul esonRi dgeDest ruction

a.Dest r
uct i
onoft heEpi der mi s–t empor ary,dermis–per manentdamage.
b.Cut==adept hofmor et han1mm wi llconsti
tutepermanentscar .
TheFinger printPat terns
1.TheAr ch( 5%)
a.Pl ai
nAr ch( A)–i sapat t
erni nwhi cht heridgesfl
owsf rom onesi det otheothersi
dewi t
ha
sli
ghtr aiseatt hecent er.
b.Tent edAr ch( T)–i sat ypeofpat ternhav i
ngeitheranangl e,upt
rustorani ncompleteloop
form.
2.TheLoop( 60%)
Element sofl oop
1.Acor e
2.Adel ta
3.Asuf fi
cientRecur ve
4.Atl eastoneRi dgecount
a.Radi al Loop( RH=/ .LH=\ )isat ypeofl ooppat t
erninwhi chtheslantingorloopingri
dgef l
ows
towar dst het humbf inger.
b.Ul narLoop( RH=\ ,
LH=/ )isat y peofl ooppat t
erninwhi chtheslant i
ngorloopingri
dgef l
ows
towar dst hel itt
lefinger.
3.TheWhor l(35%)
BasicEl ement sofWhor l
1.Twoormor eDel tas
2.Atl eastonecompl eteci rcui t
ingridge
a.Pl ai
nWhor l(W)
Atl eastoneci rcuit
ingr i
dgei st ouchedorcr ossedbyt heimagi naryli
netrav
ersing
betweent het wodel tas.
b.Cent ralPocketLoopWhor l
Noci rcuiti
ngr idgewi thint hepat t
ernareai stouchedorcr ossbyani maginaryli
ne
drawnbet weent hetwodel tas.
c.Doubl eLoopWhor l
1.Twosepar ateloopf ormat ion
2.TwoSepar ateanddi sti
nctshoul der
3.Twodel tas
d.Acci dent al Whor l
1.Acombi nat ionoft wodi ffer entpat ter
nswi t
ht heexceptionoft heplainarch.
2.Twodel tas

Ri
dgeChar
act
eri
sti
cs(Gal
tonDetai
ls)
1.Ri
dgeDot(
isl
andri
dge)–ref
erstoari
dgef
ormat
ioni
naf
orm ofadotorper
iod.

2.Bifur
cat
ion–ari
dgefor
mat
ioni
nwhi
chasi
ngl
eri
dgespl
i
tsordi
vi
desi
ntot
woormor
eri
dges.I
t
resembl
esafor
kshape.

3.Conv
ergi
ngRi
dge–t
wor
idgest
hatmeet
satacer
tai
npoi
nt

4.Di
ver
gingRi
dge–t
wor
idgest
hatspr
eadapar
t

5.Encl
osur
eorLaker
idge–asi
ngl
eri
dget
hatdi
vi
desi
ntot
wobutdoesnotr
emai
nopenandmeet
 atacer
tai
npoi
ntt
ofor
mtheor
igi
nal
singl
eri
dge.

6.Endi
ngr
idge–i
tref
erst
oanabr
uptendofar
idge

7.Typeli
nes–isadivergi
ngr
idgethatt
endst
osur
roundt
hepat
ter
nar
eaandser
vesasabasi
c
boundaryoff
inger
pri
nti
mpressi
on.

8.Patt
ernArea–isapartofaloopofwhor
lpat
ter
nsur
roundedbyt
het
ypel
i
nesandconsi
sti
ngof
thedel
ta,
thecoreandotherr
idges.

9.Recur
vingr
idge–asi
ngl
eri
dgest
hatcur
vesbackt
othedi
rect
ionwher
eitst
art
ed.

10.
Suff
ici
entRecur
ve–ar
ecur
vingr
idgewhi
chi
scompl
etewi
thi
tsshoul
dandf
reef
rom any
appendage.

11.
Appendage–i
sashor
tri
dgef
oundatt
het
oporsummi
tofar
ecur
ve

12.
RodorBar–i
sashor
tofl
ongr
idgef
oundi
nsi
det
her
ecur
veanddi
rect
edt
owar
dst
hecor
e

13.
Obstr
uct
ionri
dge–isashor
tri
dgef
oundi
nsi
det
her
ecur
vewhi
chbl
ockst
hei
nnerl
i
neoff
low
towar
dsthecore.

TheTwoFingerpri
ntTerminus(FocalPoints)
1.TheDelt
a( al
socal l
edtheouterterminus)isapointal
ongar i
dgeformati
onfoundatthecenter
orneart
hecent erofthedi
vergi
ngt ypeli
nes.
2.TheCore(alsoknownast hehear tortheinnert
erminus)usuall
yfoundatthecent
erorinner
most
recur
ve.

Typesoff ingerpri
ntimpression
1.Rol l
edI mpression–ar efi
ngerpr
inti
mpressi
ontakenindi
v i
duall
ybyroll
i
ngeachfi
ngerf
rom one
si
det ot heothersideandf r
om t
heti
ptotheendoft hefi
rstjoi
nt.
2.PlainImpr ession–ar eimpressi
onmadebysi mul
taneouslypressi
ngthefi
ngert
othecard,
useas
areferencet oclassi
fi
cati
on.

Basi
cInst
rumenti ntaki
ngprints:
1.InkSlab–i samet all
icorglassplatewher etheinkisspr eadforpurpose
2.InkRoller–isarubbermader ol
lerdesignedt ospreadthef i
ngepr i
ntinktotheslab.
3.Fingerpri
ntInk–isaspeci alfor
m ofinkdesi gnedfortakingf i
ngerpri
ntimpressi
on
somet imessubmittedwithapr i
nter’
sink.
4.Fingerpri
ntcard–isan8”x8”car ddesignedforrecordingfingerpri
ntimpressi
on
5.Cardhol der–usuallyafi
xedcar dholderplacedinaf lattabl
edesi gnedtopreventthe
mov ementoft hecardinthecour seofthet aki
ngoft hef i
ngerpri
nt.

Basi
cRulei
ntakingFinger
pri
nts:
1.Subj
ectshouldbeinstruct
edtostandstrai
ghtbutr
elaxf
acingtheslab.
2.Thesubjecthandshouldbecompl et
elydry
3.Thumbf i
ngersarerol
ledtowardsthebodywhileot
herfi
ngersareroll
edawayf
rom t
he
body.

Fi
nger
pri
ntClassif
icat
ionFormul
a:
1.Checking
2.Bl
ocking-out–isthepr
ocessi
fpl
aci
ngundereachpat
ter
nthel
ett
ersy
mbol
srepr
esent
ing
 thei
rpatt
erninterpr
etati
onpr iortotheactual cl
assif
icat
ionformula.
3.CLASSIFI
CATI ONFORMULA
a.PrimaryDi vi
sion.Al waysrepresentedbyanumer icalv
alueassi
gnedt
owhor
l
patter
nsdependi ngonwhatf i
ngertheyappear .
Ar
chandLoopar enon- numeri
cal patter
ns.
A,T, /\=Zer o(0)
Whor lpatt
erns.(WCDX)
Fi
nger1and2 RightThumbandRi ghtIndex (
16)
Fi
nger3and4 Rightmi ddleandRi ghtRing (
8)
Fi
nger5and6 Rightlit
tl
eandLef tThumb (4)
Fi
nger7and8 LeftIndexandLef tmi ddle (2)
Fi
nger9and10Lef tRingandLef tLit
tl
e (1)

Thesum oft henumer icalv al ueassignedt oev ennumberoff ingerr epresentt

henumerat
or
andt
hesum oft heassi gnedv al uet ooddnumberr epresentthedenomi nat orPlusthepr
e-est
abl
i
shed
fr
act
ionofl
/1t ocompl et
et hepr i
mar y.
b.Secondar y–Repr esent edbyCapi talandsmal ll
ett
ercombi nati
onbasedon
interpretat
ionmadedur i
ngthebl ocki
ng.
Capitalletter–der i
vedfrom theindexf i
ngerswhichcanbe
(A,T,U, R,W, C, DorX) .
Smal ll
etter–der ivedfr
om thet humb, middle,r
ingandl i
tt
le
 
   
  
  
  
   
   
  
  
  
  
   
  
finger s.
Itonlyincludest her adi al l
oop(r),
plainar ch(a)andtentedar ch(t).
c.Sub- secondar yDi vision–der i
vedbyr idgecounti
ngofl oopandr i
dge
Traci ngofwhor lf
oundatt heindex, mi ddl
eri
ngf i
ngersonl y.

c.1RidgeCount i
ngofLoop
IndexFinger1t o9RidgeCount =I
10ormor e =0
Mi ddl
eFinger1t o10RidgeCount =I
11ormore =0
RingFinger1t o13RidgeCount =I
14ormore =0

c.2RidgeTraci
ngofWhorl
InnerWhorl(
I)Whenthetr
aci
nggoesabov
eori
nsi
det
her
ightdel
taandt
her
ear
e
three(
3)ormoreint
erveni
ngr
idges.

Out
erWhorl(O)whenthetr
acingri
dgegoesbeloworout
sidet
her
ightdel
taand
t
her
earethree(3)ormorei
nterv
eningr
idges.

Meet
ingWhor
l(M)whent
her
ear
eonl
ytwoor
lessi
nter
veni
ngr
idge/
s

c.
3Pl
ainAr
chandTent
edAr
char
eal
way
sdash(
-)

d.MajorDivi
sion(Takenfr
om Thumbf i
ngersonl
y)
d.1Whorl=Ridgetraci
ng=I,O,orM.
d.2Loop=Ri dgeCounting=S,M orL
Tabl
e1 Tabl
e2
1to11=S  
  
  
  
 1to17=S
12to16=M 18to22=M
17ormor e=L 23ormore=L
 d.
3Ar
ch=dash(
-)

e.Fi
nalDivi
sion(deri
vedf r
om t
helit
tlef
inger
sonly
).
e.
1LoopandWhor larebot
hsubjecttori
dgecount
ing.
RadialorUlnar
PlainorCentralpocketl
oopWhor l=wil
lbetr
eat
edasanul
narl
oop.
DoubleloopWhor l
–getther i
dgecountoft
hetoploop
Accidental
Whor l=gettheleastri
dgecount
.
e.
2Ar ch=dash( -)

f
.KeyDiv
isi
on=derivedbyget
ti
ngther
idgecountofthef
irst(
l)l
oopexceptt
heli
tt
le
f
inger
s.I
ntheabsenceofthel
oop,
thefi
rstwhorlwi
ll
beridgecount
edforthepur
pose.

ReferenceClassi
fi
cati
onFormula=isanaddit
ionalf
ormul
aser
veasar
efer
encei
ncaseofdoubt
ful
pri
nts.Placethebottom oft
heclassi
fi
cat
ionf
ormula.
LatentPrint
s=pr i
ntsfoundatt
hesceneofthecrime.

Ty
pesofl atentpri
nts
1.Visi
blepr i
nts=arethosepr i
ntswhicharereadi
lyv
isi
blet
ot henakedeye.Itcanei
therbe:
Mol
dedpr i
ntsorPrint
smadebycont aminati
onwithcol
oredsubstance.
2.Invi
sibleprint
s=pr i
ntsthataregener
all
ymadebysweatorper spir
ati
onthatrequi
resdevel
opi
ng
f
orvi
si bi
li
ty.

Fact
orsAf
fect
ingStabil
it
yorPrint
satt
heCr
imeScene
a.SubjectFact
or
b.Natureofthesurface
c.Cli
mat i
cConditi
on

Met
hodsofDev elopingPr i
nts:
1.Dust ingMet hod=consi deredast hesi
mpl estandt radi
ti
onal methodsusedindev elopi
ng
pri
ntsatt hesceneoft hecrime.(UseofPowderandBr ush)
2.Rol l
ingMet hod=basi call
yusedi ndevelopingprintsinpaperdonebysi mplyroll
i
ngt he
paperwi t
hpowderspr eadi
ngi nitssur
face.
3.Fumi ngMet hods=donebyusi ngchemi calfumessuchasI odi
neandAmmoni um Fumes.
4.Si l
verNi tratemet hod–donebyspr ayi
nga5per centsolutionofsil
verni
trat
et othesurface
ofthepaper .
5.Ni nhy dri
nMet hod=isconsi deredasoneoft hebestmet hodusedi ndevel
opingprintsi
n
paper .
6.LaserMet hod=i samoder nmet hodoftracinganddev elopingpri
nts.
PostMor tem Fingerpri
nts=arepr i
ntstakenf r
om adi seasedper son.