QUESTREVI

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1550EspanaBl
vd.Cor
.LacsonAv
e.,
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oc,
Mani
la

NOTESONCRI
MEDETECTI
ONANDI
NVESTI
GATI
ON

CDI
-4:ORGANI
ZEDCRI
MEI
NVESTI
GATI
ON

ORGANI
ZEDCRI MEI NVESTI GATION( PRC)
1.Concept s,nature,andattr
ibut
esofor gani
zedcrime;
2.Kinds,origi
n,andmodesofoper at
ionsOC;
3.Transnationalorbor derl
esscri
mes;
4.Kidnappingandt err
orism;
5.Cyber/Technol ogycrimes;
6.Organizedsy ndicates;
7.Inter
nati
onal andnat ionall
aws,decrees,t
reat
iesandst
atut
es.

ConceptofOrganizedCrime
- Or gani
zedCr i
meposesadi rectthr
eattonati
onalandint
ernati
onalsecur
it
yandstabil
it
y,
andcontinuesaf ront
alatt
ackonpol it
icalandlegi
slat
iveauthor
it
y.Organizedcri
mes
di
sruptandcompr omisesocialandeconomicinst
it
uti
ons,thuscausi
ngal ossoffai
thi
n
democrati
cprocess.

WHATI
SORGANI ZEDCRI ME?
- Anor gani zedcr i
mi nalgr oupshal lmeanast ruct uredgr oupoft hreeormor eper sons,
existi
ngf oraper iodoft imeandact ingi nconcer twi t
ht heai m ofcommi tti
ngoneor
mor eser iouscr i
mesorof fencesi nor dert oobt ain,directlyori ndi r
ect l
y, afinanci alor
othermat erial benef i
t
- (UN, PALERMOI TALY, 2000)
- Alli l
legalact i
vit
ies engaged i n bymember s ofcr i
mi nalsy ndicates oper atives
throughoutt he Uni ted St ates and al li llegalact ivi
ties engaged i n by known
associ at esandconf eder at esofsuchmember s.(U.SDepar tmentofJust ice)
- Group act i
viti
es oft hr ee ormor e per sons,wi th hier archicall inks orper sonal
rel
at i
onshi ps,whi chper mi t
st heirleader st oear npr ofitsorcont r
olt err
it
or i
esor
mar ket s,i nternalorf or eign,bymeansofv i
ol ence,i nti
mi dat i
onorcor rupt i
on,bot hin
furtheranceofcr i
mi nal act i
v i
tyandt oi nfi
ltrat ethel egiti
mat eeconomy .
- anyent er priseorgr oupofper sonsengagedi nacont i
nuingi llegalact ivitywhi chhas
asi tspr imar ypur poset hegener ati
onofpr of i
tsandcont inuanceoft heent er prise
regardl essofnat i
onal bor ders.( I
NTERPOL, accor dingt oP. J.Ry anandG. E.Rush)
- anygr ouphav ingsomemanneroff ormal izedst ructureandwhosepr imar yobj ective
i
st oobt ai nmoneyt hr oughi l
legal act i
v i
tes(
i FBI ,accor dingt oH.Abaddi nsky )
- Plannedcommi ssionofcr i
mi nalof fenses,det ermi nedbyt hepur sui tofpr of i
tand
power ,inv olvingmor et hant woper sonsov erapr olongedori ndef i
niteper i
odoft ime,
usingacommer cialorbusi nessl icensescheme, v i
olence, and/ orintimi daton.(
i BKA,
Ger many —BUNDESKRI MI NALAMT)
- Isanycr imecommi ttedbyaper sonoccupy i
ng,i naest ablisheddi visionofl abor ,a
posi t
iondesi gnedf ort hecommi ssionofcr imespr ovidingt hatsuchdi visionofl abor
i
ncl udesatl eastoneposi ti
onf orcor rupt er,oneposi t
ionf orcor r
upt ee,andone
posi t
ionf oranenf orcer (FBI )
ForOrgani
zedGr
oupt
oWor
kusual
lyi
thasatl
eastt
hef
oll
owi
ng:
1.ANENFORCER
2.ACORRUPTER
3.ACORRUPTEE

ANENFORCER
- t
heonewhomakesforthearr
angement
sfort
hekil
li
ng(i
njur
ingorcar
ryi
ngoutt
het
ask
phy
sical
ly,
economi
cal
l
yorpsychol
ogical
l
y)t
hemembersornonmembers.

ACORRUPTER
-theonewhocorr
uptsorbri
bes,i
nti
midat
eorthreatens,
negoti
ateor“sweett
alks”i
ntoa
rel
ati
onshipwit
hpubli
coffi
cial
s,l
aw enfor
cementoff
icer,oranyonewhowoul dbeofhel pin
obtai
ningsecur
it
yandimmunityfr
om possibl
ear
rest
,prosecuti
onandpunishments.

ACORRUPTEE
-apubl
icoffi
cials,l
awenforcementof
fi
cer
sorany
bodywhonotamemberoft
heor
gani
zat
ion
whocanhelpst heorgani
zat
ion
Scal
eofOrganizedCr i
minal

CHARACTERI
STICSOFORGANI ZEDCRI MES
- Iti
saconspiracyactivit
yinvolvi
ngcoor di
nat
ionofmember s.
- Economicgainisthepr imarygoal.
- Economicgoal i
sachi evedthroughil
legalmeans.
- Employspredatorytacti
cssuchasi ntimidat
ion,vi
olenceandcorr
upt
ion.
- Eff
ecti
vecontrolovermember s, associ atesandv i
cti
ms.
- Organi
zedcrimesdonoti ncludeter
rori
stsdedicat
edt opoli
ti
cal
change.

ATTRIBUTESOFORGANI ZEDCRI MES

1.Hasnopol i
ticalgoal
2.Ishier
archical
3.Hasal imitedorexcl usivemember ship
4.Constit
uteauni quesubcul t
ure
5.Perpetuat
esi t
self
6.Exhibi
tsawi l
li
ngnesst ousei l
l
egal vi
olenceandbr
iber
y
7.Demonst ratesspecializati
on/divi
sionoflabor
8.Ismonopol isti
c
9.Isgovernsbyexpl i
citrul
esandr egulat
ions

1.HasnoPoliti
calGoal s
Organizedcr
imei sbasicall
ymot i
vat
edbymoneyandpower .I ti
snotsocial
doctr
inenei therpol
it
icalbel
iefnori deol
ogicalconcernst hatmotivat
edleader
sand
member soft heor
ganizedcrimegr oups. Polit
icalinvol
vementmaybepar tofi
ts
acti
vi
tiesforthepurposeofgainingprot
ecti
onf ori
tsil
legalacti
vi
ti
es.

2.Hi
erarchi
cal
Anor gani
zedcri
mehasav er
ti
calpowerstr
uct
urewi
thatleastt
hree(
3)ranks.The
aut
hori
tyisinherenti
ntheposi
ti
onanddoesnotdependonwhohappenst
obeoccupyingi
tat
anygi
vent i
me.

3.Li
mit
edorExcl
usi
veMember
ship
Thecr
it
eri
asuchaset
hnicbackgr
ound,r
ace,ki
nshi
p,cr
imi
nalr
ecor
dandot
hersi
mil
ar
consi
derati
onseemst obet hebasi
sformember shi
pinanorganizedcri
megr oup.
Sponsorshipbyar ankingmembersandbehav iorchar
acteri
sti
csalsopl aysimpor
tant
fact
orsforrecr
uitmentsuchasbutnotli
mitedto:wil
li
ngnesstocommi tcr
imi nalact
,fol
l
owt he
rul
esandregulati
onsandsecr ecyi
ntheor
ganizati
on.

4.Constit
uteauniquesubcultur
e
Member s oft he or
ganized cri
me gr oup consi
dered themsel
ves di
sti
nctfrom the
conventi
onalsociet
y .Theylookatt hesocietyas“ weakand st upi
d”and tr
eatthem with
deri
sionsifnotcontempt,andtheref
or enotsubjecttoit
srules.Thi
sissometimesrefer
redto
as“theunderworl
d”.

5.Perpetuatesitself
Anor ganizedcr i
mi nalgroupconsti
tutesanongoi ngcri
minalconspir
acydesignedto
persi
stthrought i
me; thatis,beyondtheli
feofthecurrentmember shi
p.Inorderfort
hegroupto
survi
ve,itmusthav eani nst i
tuti
onal
izedpr
ocessf ori nduct
ingnew membersandi ncul
cati
ng
them withthev al
uesandway sofbehav i
ngoft hesocialsyst
em.Thisisshownbyt hedepthof
thesub-cult
uralor i
ent
ationexhi bi
tedbythegroup.

6.Will
ingnesst ouseIll
egalVi
olenceandBri
bery
Vi
olenceisreadi
lyavai
l
ableandacceptabl
einanorgani
zedcr
imegr
oupasameanst o
achi
evei t
sgoal .Bri
berybecomesnecessar
ysoast oprot
ectit
soper
ati
onandi
nsur
elesser
chanceofdet ecti
onandsuppression.

7.Special
izati
on/Divisi
onofLabor
Therei s a need f orest abl
i
shed functi
onalposit
ion f
il
led wit
h qual
i
fied members.
Commonl y,ther
ei saneedf or:
(1)anenf orcer,onewhocar r
iesoutdiff
icul
tassi
gnmentsi nv
olv
ingtheuseofviol
ence,
i
ncludi
ngmur der,inar ati
onalmanner .Hemayusemember sornonmember sorevena
speci
ali
sttocar r
youtt heassi gnment;and
(2)acorrupter( f
ixer
/ moneymov er),
excelsi
ndevel
opingcontact
s.

8.MONOPOLI STIC
Anor gani
zedcr imegroupeschewcompet i
ti
on.Itstri
vesf orhegemonyov eraparti
cular
geographicarea,
apar t
icul
ar“
industr
y”,
legi
ti
mateorill
egiti
mat e,oracombi nat
ionofboth.
Amonopol y
,ofcour se,rest
rai
ns“fr
eetrade”andi ncreasesprofit
s.Anor gani
zedcrime
monopol yismaintainedbyv iol
ence,bythethr
eatofv iol
ence,orbycor r
uptrelati
onshi
pswi th
l
aw enf or
cementof fici
als.Acombi nati
onofbot hmet hods,v i
olenceandcor rupti
on,maybe
employed.

9.GOVERNSBYEXPLI CI
TRULESANDREGULATI ON
An organized cr
ime gr
oup,l i
ke a l
egit
imate or
gani
zat
ion,has a setofrul
es and
regul
ati
onsthatmember sareexpectedtofol
low.
Inanor ganizedcri
megr oup,however,arul
e-v
iol
ati
ngmemberi snotfir
edbut,more
l
ikely
,fi
redupon

STRUCTUREOFORGANI ZEDCRI
MEGROUPS
- Thebureaucrat
ic/Cor
por
atemodel
- Patr
imonial
/PatronCl
i
ent

TheBur
eaucrati
c/Corporat
eModel
Thecorporat
ion,
thepol
i
ce,andt
hemi
l
itar
yar
eexampl
esofbur
eaucr
aci
es,
thatmodeof
or
gani
zat
ionessent
ial
foref
fi
cient
lycar
ryi
ngoutl
argescal
etasks.

Patri
monial
/PatronCl i
ent
Iti
sachar acter
ist
icoftradi
ti
onalsoci
eti
est
hatcent
ersonf
ami
l
ies,pat
ronsandt
hei
r
cl
ients,
andotherpersonal
it
iesnetworks.

GENERICTYPEOFORGANI ZEDCRIMES
1.Pol
iti
calGraft
- commi t
tedbypoli
ti
calcri
minal
sforpurposesofgai
ningpr
ofi
tthoughvi
olence
orfor
cefortheattai
nmentofpol
it
icalgoal
sorambit
ionssuchasusedofpri
vat
earmies,
buy i
ng
ofvot
esort hr
eateni
ngvoter
s.

2.I
n-Gr
oupOrientedOrganizedCr
ime
- manned by semi -
organized indi
vi
dual wi
th t
he end v
iew of at
tai
ning
psy
chologi
cal
gr at
if
icat
ionsuchasadolescentgangs.

3.Mercenar
y/Pr
edatoryorgani
zedcr
ime
- perpet
uatedfortheat
tai
nmentofdi
rectper
sonalgai
nbutpr
eyuponunwi
l
li
ng
vi
cti
ms.

4.SyndicatedCr i
mes
- comeswithast
ruct
ureor
gani
zat
iont
hatpar
ti
cipat
esi
nil
l
ici
tact
ivi
tyi
nsoci
ety
usi
ngf orce,orint
imi
dat
ion.

TYPICALORGANI
ZEDCRIMEACTI
VITI
ES
1.THEFTandFRAUD

Vi
cti
mizingbusi ness:
Hi j
ackingofcar gotrucks
Robber y
Bankr uptcyf raud( “
bust-
out”)
InsuranceFr aud
StockFr aud( I
nsideTrading)
Vi
cti
mizingindiv i
dualper sons:
Cart heft(chop- shoporexpor t
)
Bur gl
ary( r
obber yi
nabui l
ding)
StockFr aud( pumpanddumpscam)
Vi
cti
mizingSt ate:
Bid-ri
ggingpubl icproj
ects
Count erfei
tingofMoney
Smuggl i
ng( Al cohol–bootl
egging;
Cigar
ett
es–but
tleggi
ng)

Pr
ovi
dingi
mmi
grantwor
ker
stoav
oidt
axes

2.PROVI
DINGI LLEGALSERVI
CESandGOODS
LoanShar king Murderforhire
Bookmaki ng Toxi
cSubst ance
Gambl i
ng PeopleSmuggl i
ng
Prosti
tution Traf
fi
ckinginhumanbei
ngs
DrugTr afficki
ng Armsdealing
Pornography
3.BUSI
NESSandLABORRACKETEERI NG
- Casinoskimming
- Sett
ingupmonopol iesi
nrigi
dmar ketlowtechi
ndust
ries.
- Bid-
riggi
ng
- Abusinglaboruni
ons
- xtor
tion(e.
g.constr
ucti
on,tr
ansport,
etc)
- Useofnon- uni
onlaborandpocketi
ngt hewagedif
fer
ence.
- Monopol i
zi
ngthesupplyofimmi gr
antworkerswit
htheassoci
atedpeopl
e;smuggl
i
ng.

4.Mi
scel
laneousActivi
ti
es:
- Moneylaunderi
ng;
- Pol
it
icalcorr
upt
ions;
- Bul
ly
ing;and
- AndPiracy.

THEORI
ESOFCRI ME
1.Thest r
ainofanomi e
2.Diff
erenti
alassociat
ion
3.Subcultur
esandsoci aldi
sor
gani
zat
ion
4.Socialcontr
oltheory
5.Ethnicsuccession

MAFI
A
- i
sat erm usedt odescribeanumberofcr i
mi nalorgani
zati
onsar oundthewor ld
- thefir
storganizati
ontobeart helabelwast heSi ci
li
anMaf i
abasedi nI
taly
, knownt oits
member sasCosaNost ra
- i
nsum,maf iameanspr otecti
onagai nstarroganceoft hepower ful
,remedyt o any
damage,st urdi
nessofbody ,st
rengthandser enityofspir
it,andthebestandex quisi
te
partoflif
e.
- apparentlySicil
ian-
Arabic deri
ved from ter ms meani ng to protectand t o actas
guardian;afri
endorcompani on;todefend;preservati
on,power, i
ntegri
ty,strength,
and
acondi t
ionthatdesignatestheremedyofdamageandi l
l.

OMERTA
- i
sacodeofsi l
enceandsecrecythatfor
bidsMaf
iosif
rom bet
ray
ingt
hei
rcomr
adest
o
theauthori
ti
es.
- I
deal ofmanliness
- Noncooperationwithaut
hori
ti
es
- Self
-contr
ol i
nthefaceofadver
sit
y
- Vendetta-
bloodwashesblood
- Neit
hergov ernmentnorchur
chtobet r
usted

Thefoundat
ionoft
heent
ir
emafi
aisrespect
.Feari
stheengi
ne,
andmoneyi
sthef
uel.But
l
ongevi
tyofthemafiaasanent
erpr
iseisbuil
tuponanabi di
nganduncommonsenseof
r
espect
.

Thepenaltyfortr
ansgressi
onisdeat
h,andrel
ativ
esofthet ur
ncoatmayal sobemur dered.
Mafiosigener
all
ydonotassociatewit
hpoli
ce(asi
deperhapsfrom cor
rupt
ingindiv
idualoff
icers
asnecessary)
.Forinstance,amafi
osowil
lnotcal
lthepoli
cewhenhei sav i
cti
m ofacr i
me.He
i
sexpect ed totake care ofthe pr
obl
em himself.To do otherwi
se would undermine his
reputationasacapabl eprotect
orofot hers,andhisenemi esmayseehi m asweakand
vulnerable.
Accordi ngtol egend,thewor dMaf i
awasf ir
stusedi ntheSici
li
anrevol
t– t heSici
li
an
Vesper s–agai nstruleoftheCapet i
anHouseofAnj ouon30Mar ch1282.I
nthislegend,
Maf i
a
i
st heacr ony mfor" Mort
eAl l
aFr anci
a,I
tal
iaAnela"(It
ali
anf or"Deat
htoFrance,It
alycri
es!
").
Howev er,thisversi
onisnowdi scardedbymostserioushistori
ans.

RULESOFAMERI
CANMAFI
A

- Alway sshowr espectt ot hosewhocancommandi t.

- Repor tanyf ailuret oshowr espectt oone’spat ronimmedi ately.
- Violencemustbeused, ev enifonl yal imit
edt ype, t
oensur er espect.
- Nev eraskf orsur names.
- Nev err esortt ov iolencei nadi sput ewi t
hamemberorassoci ateofanot herfamil
y .
- Nev err esortt o, orev ent hreat en,violenceinamemberofy ourfami ly.
- Donotuset het elephoneexceptt oar r
angeameet i
ngpl ace,pr efer
ablyincode,f rom
whi chy ouwi l
l thent rav el toapl acet odiscussbusi ness.
- Av oidment i
oni ngspeci ficswhendi scussingbusi ness- forexampl enames,dat es,and
places-bey ondt hoseabsol utelynecessar yf orunder standi ng.
- Keepy ourmout hshut -any thi
ngy ouhear ,anythingy ousee, stayswi thyou,inyourhead;
donott alkabouti t.
- Donotasknecessar yquest i
ons.Theamountofi nformat iongi vent oyouisallyouneed
tocar ryouty ouri nstruct i
ons.
- Nev erengagei nhomosexual act i
viti
es.
- Ify ourpat ronar rangesf ort wopar ti
est owor ktogether ,heassumesr esponsibil
ityfor
arbitratinganydi sputesbet weent hepar ti
es.
- Thebosscanuni lat
er allydi rectv iolence,includingmur der ,againstanymemberofhi s
fami l
y ,buthecannotengagei nmur der-f
or-hi
re, t
hatis,makeapr ofi
tfrom murder.
- Thebosscannotusev i
olenceagai nstamemberorcl oseassoci ateofanotherf amily
withoutpr i
orconsul tat i
onwi tht hatfami l
y’sboss.
- Thepr incipalf or m ofsecur i
tyi ntheAmer i
canMaf iaisanel aboratesy st
em ofr eferr
al
andv ouchi ng.Vouchi ngf orsomeonewhot urnsoutt obeani nformantorunder cover
officerent ail
st hedeat hpenal ty
.

RUSSI
ANORGANI
ZEDCRI
ME

VORYVZAKONE
- aka“thi
eveswi
thcodeofhonor
”

I
tistheSicil
iancount erpart
,li
nkedt oaterri
tori
al-
basedprovisionofpr otectionservi
cesand
toall
i
ancebet weenupperwor ldandt heunder worl
d.Itischaract er
izedbyt hethreet ypesof
act
orsincri
mepi ct
ureatRussi anamel y:
(1)corruptgov er
nmentof fi
cial
s,
(2)shadybusi nesst y
coons( ol
igarch)
;and
(3)member sofcriminalgangheadedbyasocal ledaut hori
ti
esandl ooselyti
ed
withcrimi nalfr
aterni
ty knownas “ t
hiev
esi nlaw”( VoryV.Zakone) .Theywer e
abletocr eateprotecti
veroofthroughtheirf
inanci
al andf rat
erni
t yconnecti
on.

ORGANI
ZEDCRI MEINNORTHAMERI CA( LATINOGANGS)
I
tfi
rstfor
medint
hebarri
osinthe1920s.By1990s,t
heMajorLati
nogangshadj
oined
i
ntot
wosyndicat
es,
theNor
tenosbasedinnort
hernCali
for
niaandtheSurt
enosbasedi
n
Sout
her
nCal
i
for
ia.

The Nortenosincl
udesuchgangsasBi
gHazar
d,t
heBr
eedSt
reetGangandt
heSi
l
ver
LeafNortenos(
SLN) .

TheSur
tenosi
ncl
udet
heAssasi
ns,
KingKobr
aandMar
aSal
vat
rucha.

IntheMidwest
TheLat i
nogangcoal
escedint
otwosyndi
cates,theFol
kNat i
onandthePeopl
esNat
ion
basedinChicago.
InTexas,MexicanAmeri
cangangshaveproli
ferat
edwiththeMexicanMafi hePRM
a,t
(Part
idoRevoluci
onar
ioMexi
cano),
andMexi
clesbeingthemostprominent
.

I
nt heEaster
nUnitedStates
Themaj orsyndi
catesareLaGranRaza(TheGr
eatRace)andLaGr anFami
li
a(The
GreatFamily
).TheDomi ni hemaj
canGangsbecamet orpl
ayeri
nDr ugt
radeinMetr
opol
i
tan
NewYor kandinNorther
nNewJer sey
.

I
nMi amiandDadeCount y,
Flori
da,
TheCubanMaf iahasbuiltastrongbase,hav
ingtakenadvant
ageofanall
iancewi
th
Sant
oTr af
fi
cante’
sIt
ali
anAmer i
canMaf i
afamil
ybasedinTampa.
InPuer
toRico,t
heNet aAssociati
onbeganasapr i
songang,buti
thasspr
eadbeyond
thei
slandandbeyondthepri
sonwalls.

ORGANI
ZEDCRI
MEI
NASI
A

Chi
naOr
gani
zedCr
imi
nalGr
oups

1.Gangs( Triad)=wor kincooperativev entur

esinvol
vi
ngblackmarketacti
vi
ti
es,burgl
aries
andthef t
s,hijacki
ngsandext ort
ions.
2.Cri
mi nalSy ndicat
es=commonl yi nvolvedinsophi
sti
cat
edcrimessuchaspr osti
tuti
ons,
humant raffi
ckingandot heror ganizedf orm ofbothareinvol
vedindr ugtraffi
cki
ng
par
ticularl
yofher oi
nf r
om t hegol dent ri
angl
easwel lasExploi
tati
onofwomenand
chi
ldrenandsmuggl ingofil
legalimmi grantsvi
ces.

DragonSy ndicat esisanot hernamef ortheChi neseTr iads,anamepopul ar

izedbyMar tin
Boot h’smuchaccl aimedst udy“ TheDr agonSy ndi
cat es:theGlobalPhenomenonoft heTriads
(NewYor k:Car r
ollandGr af
,2000) .
TheTr i
adcamef rom t hesy mbol i
ct r
iangleint hei
rf l
agwhi chi ndi
cat
est het hr
ee( 3)
element s:TheHeav en,TheEar thandt heMan.
HongKongOr ganizedCr i
minalGr oups
Triads,suchas“ WoSi ngWo”and14Kar etwooft hemanyt riadsinHongkong.Theyar e
i
nv olvedi nv ari
ousact iv
iti
esr angingfrom drugt raf
fickingtocorrupt
ion.
I
CAC-I ndependentCommi ssionAgai nstCor rupti
oni soneoft hemostact i
veCr i
mi nal
Just i
ceUni tinvol
v edi ncontrolli
ngi l
li
citacti
vit
iesoft hesetri
ads

JAPAN

Yakuza(8-
9-3)orBor
yokudan
- isthemostinf
luent
ial
organi
zedcr
imegr
oupi
nJapan.
 - Yakuza makes bil
li
ons ofdoll
arsthr
ough corporate ext
ract
ions and the Sokoi
ya
(shar
ehol
dersmeetingmen).
- Otheracti
vi
ti
est hatt heyarei
nvol
ved i
ncl
ude exploi
tati
on ofwomen,pr ost
it
uti
ons
(mostl
ycomingfrom thePhil
i
ppi
nes,
Thai
landandTaiwan)andgambl ingden.

CAMBODI A
Drugt r
aff
ickingandhumansmuggl ingarethemostnot abl
eor ganizedcriminalacti
vi
ti
es
i
nCambodi awhichar ewidelycont
rol
ledbyt heChineseandMy anmor ese.
Otheracti
v i
ti
esinvolvedgambling,
cor r
upt
ion,prost
it
uti
onandmoneyl aunderi
ng.
Duetopeople’
sbeliefoftheef f
ectofhavi
ngsexwi t
hv i
rgi
nwomen, prosti
tut
ionbecameoneof
themostexpensiveorganizedcri
meandv irginwomenar ethehighestv al
uedcommodi ti
es.

REPUBLI
COFKOREA

KEANDALEMENI NGSCARUPS
Althoughnotconsi deredascr i
mi nalgr oups,t heyalsoengagei ncr iminalacti
vit
ies
somewayt ohel ptheweakandt hepoor.Theyar enotablefort
heirloyal
tyandfait
hfulness.
Organi zedcriminalgroupscomei nt hef orm ofpol i
ti
calgroupsusedashenchment o
attackpoli
ticalri
vals
. Sev eralorganizedgroupsar eassoci atedwi thYAKUZAandot hergroupsint heUnited
Statesareinv ol
vedmost l
yindr ugtraf
fi
cking, prosti
tuti
onandexpl oit
ati
onofwomen.

MYANMAR
My anmarhast helargestorganizedcr i
megr oupscont
r oledbymi
l l
i
taryJunt
a.It
i
ncludesthef oll
owing:
*UnitedWaSt ateArmy( UWSA)–undert hecommandofWei -Huseh-Kong–has
connecti
onwi thSoutheastAsi anandNor thAmer ica.
*KinkangChi nese–i ncoor di
nationwi hMNDAA,
t pr
otect scult
ivati
onareasandr ef
ini
ng
ofdrugs.
*My anmarNat ionalDemocr ati
cAl l
ianceAr my–control t
heplantati
onsandr ef
ine
opium i
ntoher oi
nandal soproducedmet hamphet amine.
Traffi
ckingofwomenandchi l
drentoPaki stanandThailandandcor rupt
ionarealso
someoft heact i
vit
iesoft hegroup.

TAIWAN
Tai
wanorgani
zedcri
mehascloseconnect
ionwi
tht
heChineseTriadsandHongKong
par
ticul
arl
ytheUni
tedBambooGang.Theyar
einvolv
edi
ndrugt
raff
icki
ng,prost
it
uti
on,women
andchil
dtraf
fi
cki
ng.

SINGAPORE
Thi
sist hecountr
ywiththelowestcasesoforgani
zedacti
vi
ti
esduetostr
ingentl
aws
andseverepenalt
iesandthegov
ernment’
sstrongwi
ll
powerf ort
heimpl
ement
ati
onoflaws.

THAILAND
Thecount
ryconsi
deredtobethemostnotor
iousintheworl
dint msofsexi
er ndust
ry.
Suppl
iesori
mportsaboutone(1)mi
ll
i
onwomeni ndi
ffer
entcount
ri
esinAsi
a.

VIETNAM
“Nam Cam Gang”isoneofthemostnot
edorgani
zedcri
megroupinVi
etnam andknown
fordrugtraf
ficki
ngandoneoft hemajortr
ansi
tpointofdr
ugsinLaos,Myanmar,Chinaand
Taiwanfrom Cambodia.
PHILI
PPINES
Thecount
ryconsi
deredastheheavenforthesexindust
ry.Anumberofwomenar esent
abr
oad as enter
tai
ner
s butlaterend-up as pr
osti
tut
es.Thailand,Japan and ot
herAsi an
Countr
iesar
ecommonpl acesofthei
rdesti
nati
on.Youngchildr
enf orpedophi
l
esarealsobeing
cat
ered.

1.Franci scoGr oup

- Dr agonorKur atongBal el engGr oup, nowl edbyManuel Francisco,
operat
esi nVisayas
andMi ndanao
2.Pent agonGr oup
- oper atesi nMi ndanaoheadedbyTahi rAlonto,acreati
onofMI LFtogeneratefunds.
Al ont oi sanephewofMI LFChai rmanALHAJMURAD
3.LexusGr oup
- speci alizesincar nappingandoper atesinNCRandLuzon
4.Rex“ Wacky ”SaludGr oup
- engagedi nill
egal gambl i
ngandoper atesinCebu
5.VicYuGr oup
- engagesi nill
egal gambl i
ngandoper atesinVisayas.
6.Super abl eFami l
y
- aki dnappi ngf orr ansom ( KFR)gr oupwi t
ha1Mi ll
ionpr i
zefort hel
eader’
sheadwho
waski lledinact iondur ingashoot -
outwi t
hlawenf orcers
7.Mar tiresKFRgr oup
- killedi nAct ion( KI A)
8.War ay -War ayGr oup
- anet hni cgr oupengagedi nkidnapf orransom oper ations.Member sareeitherbelong
from t hef ami l
ycl anornat ivesfrom SamarandLey te.Theirleaderwasarrestedon
Sept ember24, 2005.
9.LupoRhuGr oup
- leadbyLupoMi guel Tuliao;Agust inCav i
lan;andNest orMer i
n.

TRANSNATI
ONALORGANI
ZEDCRI
ME

CONCEPTOFTRANSNATI ONALCRI ME
Theconceptoft ransnati
onalcri
mewascoined bytheUni t
ed Nat
ions(UN)Crime
Preventi
onandCr i
minalJusticeBranchtoi
dent
if
ycert
aincri
minalphenomenatr
anscending
i
nternati
onalbor
ders,t
ransgressi
ngt hel
awsofsever
alstat
esorhav ingi
mpactonanot her
country
.

TRANSNATIONALCRI ME
- acontinui
ngill
egalact
ivi
tyofgroupofpersonwhichispri
mari
l
yconcernedwiththe
gener
ationofprof
it
s,i
rr
espect
iveofnat
ional
boundar
iesasar
esul
tofgl
obali
zat
ion.

GLOBALIZATION
- referstotherapi
ddevel
opmentoft hewesterncul
tur
et hatulti
matel
yaf fect
sother
cultur
esintheworldasbroughtbyintel
l
ect
ualandtechnologi
caladvances,inwhich
somecr i
mesoccurri
ngi
nothercount
ri
esareatt
ri
but
ed.
TRANSNATI
ONALORGANI ZEDCRI
ME
- i
sacrimeperpetuat
edbyorganizedcri
minalgr
oupwhichtheai
m ofcommi t
ti
ngoneor
moreser
iouscrimesoroff
ensesi nordertoobtai
ndi
rectl
yorindi
rect
ly,af
inanci
alor
ot
hermateri
albenef
it
scommittedthr
oughcrossi
ngofborder
sorjur
isdi
cti
ons

ORGANIZEDCRI MINALGROUP
- shal lmeanast ructur
edgr oupofthreeormor epersons,exi
sti
ngforaperiodoft i
me
andact i
nginconcer twiththeaim ofcommi tt
ing ormoreseriouscri
mesorof fenses
establ
i
shedi naccordancewi t
hthi
sconv ent
ion,i
nordertoobtai
n,di
rect
lyori
ndir
ectly,a
fi
nancialormater i
albenefi
t

SERI
OUSCRI ME
- shal
lmeanconductconst
it
uti
nganoff
encepunishabl
ebymaxi
mum depr
ivat
ionof
l
iber
tyofatl
eastf
oury
ear
soramoreser
iouspenal
ty

Anof
fenseistr
ansnationali
nnat urei
f:
- Iti
scommi ttedinmor et hanoneSt ate;
- Iti
scommi t
tedinoneSt atebutsubst antialpartofit
spr epar
ati
on,pl
anning,
diect
r i
on
orcontrol
takespl aceinanot herState;
- Iti
scommi tt
edi noneSt atebuti nv ol
vesanor ganizedcr i
minalgroupengagesin
cri
minal acti
vit
iesi nmor ethanoneSt at
e;or
- Iti
scommi t
tedinoneSt atebuthassubst anti
aleff
ectsinanotherSt
ate.

Factor
sMaki ngaNat ion“ hospi t
abl e”t oTr ansnati
onalCr
imes
1.Cor rupti
on
2.Incompl et eorweakl egi sl
at i
on
3.Poorenf orcementofexi stingl aws
4.Non- transparentfinancial i
nst ituti
ons
5.Unf avorableeconomi ccondi tions
6.Lackofr espectfort her uleofl awi nsociety
7.Poor lyguar dednat i
onal bor der s
8.Lackofpol i
ti
calwilltoest ablishr uleoflaw
9.Geogr aphi clocat
ion( e.g.al ongar msornar coti
cst
raff
icki
ngroute)
10.Regional geopoli
ti
cal issues( e.g.long-standi
ngter
ri
tor
ialdi
spute).

PRI
MARYSTRATEGI ESAGAINSTTRANSNATI
ONALORGANI
ZEDCRI
ME
- GoodGov ernance
- TheRuleofLaw
- Int
ernat
ionalCooper
ati
on

Execut
iveOrderNo.265
- creat
ingtheOSETCf orastrongercampai gnagainsttr
ansnat
ional
cri
me
- theOf fi
ceoftheSpeci alenvoyonTr ansnat
ionalCr
imeistheagencyconcernedin
resol
vingoverl
apsinsystemsandpr oceduresanddetermi
nestheappropr
iat
eagency
compet entt
oaddressaspecifictr
ansnati
onalcri
meissue

Tr
ansnat
ionalCri
mes
- Traf
fi
ckinginPer
sons
- Terr
ori
sm
 - DrugTraffi
cking
- Cybercr
ime
- MoneyLaunder ing
- Envi
ronment alCri
me
- Economi ccrime
- I
ntell
ectualProper
tyTheft
- Pir
acyandAr medRobberyAgai
nstShi
ps
- I
ll
ici
tTrade( smuggli
ng)ofSmal
lArmsandLi
ghtWeapons

HUMANTRAFFI
CKI
NG

TRAFFI
CKINGI NPERSON( TIP)
- aform ofmoder n- dayslav ery
- ref
erst otherecruitment, transportat
ion,tr
ansferorhar bor i
ng,orreceiptofper sonswi t
h
orwi thoutthev ictim'sconsentorknowl edge,withinoracr ossnat ionalbor dersby
meansoft hr
eatoruseoff orce,orotherformsofcoer cion,abduct i
on, fr
aud,deception,
abuseofpowerorofposi tion,taki
ngadv antageofthev ulnerabil
it
yoft heperson, or,t
he
givi
ngorr eceivi
ngofpay ment sorbenef i
tstoachiev et heconsentofaper sonhav i
ng
controloveranotherper sonf orthepurposeofexploitationwhi chincludesatami nimum,
theexploit
ati
onort hepr ost i
tuti
onofot her
sorot herformsofsexualexpl oit
ati
on, for
ced
l
abororser vi
ces, slavery,serv i
tudeortheremov alorsaleofor gans.
Secti
on3a, RA9208

PushFactorstoTraff
icki
ng
1.Indiv
iduall
evel
2.Fami l
y
3.Communi ty
4.Society

I
ndi
vi
duall
evel
- Lackofeducati
onandinf
ormati
on
- Hist
oryofabuseandexpl
oit
ati
on
- Women’saspirat
ion

Famil
y
- Domest i
cv i
olenceormar
it
aldi
scord
- Deserti
on
- Separati
on
- Neglectofparents
- Breadwinnerordesir
etoi
mprovethefami
l
y’seconomi
ccondi
ti
on

Communi
ty
- Congest
edneighborhood
- Poorhousi
ngandl i
vingcondit
ions
- Lackofemploymentoppor t
uniti
es
- Lackofbasi
csocialservi
ces

Soci
ety
- Pol
i
tical
andeconomi
cinsecur
it
y
- Pol
i
tical
cor
rupt
ion
 - Confl
ict
- Str
ucturaladjustmentpol
i
ciesresul
ti
ngi
nther
isi
ngcostofl
i
ving
- Poverty
- powerrelationsandgenderinequal
i
ty
- Lureofmi grati
on
- Consumer ism
- Supplyanddemand

Pul
lfactorstot raff
icki ng
- I ncreased easeoft r
av el(cheaperand f astert r
av eloppor t
unit
ies,easieraccesst o
passpor t)
;
- Hi ghersal ariesandst andardofl i
vingi nlargerci tiesandcount ri
esabr oad(greater
possibili
ti
esf oracqui ring new ski l
l
sand educat i
on,i ncreased job opportuni
ty,and
mobi l
ity);
- Est ablishedmi grati
onrout esandet hnic,nati
onal communi t
ies;
- Act iv
edemandf ormigrantwor kersindest i
nationcount r
iescombi nedwi ththeexi
stence
ofrecruitmentagenci esandper sonswi l
l
ingt of acili
tatejobsandt ravel
;and
- Hi ghexpect ationsofoppor tunit
iesi nothercount riesboost edbygl obalmedi aand
i
nternetaccessandst oriesofr et
urningmi grant sort hosewhosef amil
i
eshav eprofit
ed
fr
om r emi t
tances.

Gl
obalStat
usofHumanTr af
ficki
ng
- I n2004,accordingtoU. Sgov ernment600,000t o800,000peopl ewer ev i
cti
msof
tr
affi
ckingworl
dwide.
(mostlyfemal
eandmi norsand70per centweretraf
fickedforsexualexploi
tat
ion)
- Accor dingtothedataofI nter
nati
onalLabourOr ganizati
on12.3Mi ll
ionpeopl ewer
e
tr
affi
ckedaroundthewor l
d(acrossbordersandindi
vidualcountr
ies)
- 300, 000chil
drenweret r
aff
ickedtoservedinarmedconf li
cts(
UNI CEF)

TI
PinAsia
- 9.5mil
li
onwer etr
aff
ickedi
nAsia(I
LO).
(1/3tr
affi
ckedforot herf
orm ofeconomi
cexpl
oit
ati
on,t
her
estar
eforcommer
cial
sexual
exploi
tati
on)

St
atusofHumanTr af
fickingi nthePhi l
ippi
nes
- Accordingtot heUni tedNat i
onsChildren'sFund( Unicef)anest i
mated60, 000to100, 000
chil
dreninthePhi li
ppi nesar einvol
vedi nprostituti
onrings.
- Accordingt ot heI nternat i
onalLabourOr ganization(ILO)about100, 000chi l
drenar e
inv
olvedinpr ostitution.
- USgov ernmentr epor ts,thenumberofchi l
dv i
ctimsint hePhi l
i
ppinesr angef r
om 20, 000
to100,000,wi t
hf or eignt ouri
sts,part
icularl
yotherAsi ans,asper pet
rator s.
- ThePhi li
ppinesi sr ankedunderTi er2Wat chLi stint he2009Tr affi
ckinginPer sons
Reportoft heUni tedSt ates(US)St ateDepar tmentduet ot hePhilippinegov ernment ’
s
all
eged failuret o show ev i
dence ofpr ogress i n convicti
ng trafficking offenders,
part
icular
lythoser esponsi bl
eforlabortraffi
cking.

Vul
ner
ablesector
- Pr of
ilesofwomentraff
ickedshowthatt
heyaremostlyyoung,wi
thoutorl
esseducati
on
comingf rom ther
uralareasandpoorf amil
ies,whichincl
udewomendi splacedin
CentralLuzonduet ot heerupt
ionofMt .Pi
natubo orthelandsli
deinGuinsaugon
SouthernLeyt
e.
Phil
ippi
ne Gov ernment Mani fested i ts Commi t
ment against TIP t hr
ough the
Creati
on/Amendmentofot herlegi
slati
veact ssuchas:
- Mai l-
OrderBr i
de( RA6955)
- Ant i
-Rapel awof1997( RA8553)
- RapeVi ct
im Assi stanceandPr ot
ectionActof1988(RA8505)
- Speci alPr otectionofChi l
drenAgai nstAbuse,Expl
oit
ati
onandDiscr
imi
nati
onAct(RA
7610)
- AnActPr ohibit
ingt heEmpl oymentofChi ldr
enBelow 15Year
sofAgei nPubl
icand
Pri
vateUnder takings(RA7658)
- Mi grantWor kersandOv er
seasFili
pinosActof1995(RA8042)
- Phi l
ippinePasspor tActof1996( RA8239)
- I nt
er-Count r
yAdopt ionLaw(RA8043)

Republ
icAct9208
- Anti
-Traffi
cki
nginPersonsActof 2003
- ApprovedMay26, 2003
- Consolidati
onofSenateBil
lNo.2444andHouseBi
l
lNo.2444

Section4.Act sofTr afficki ngi nPer sons.-Itshal lbeunl awf ulforanyper son, naturalorj uridical,
tocommi tanyoft hef ollowi ngact s:
(a)Tor ecr uit,tr anspor t,t r
ansf er;harbor,prov i
de,orr ecei veaper sonbyanymeans,i ncludi ng
thosedoneundert hepr etextofdomest i
corov er seasempl oy mentort rainingorappr ent iceshi p,
fort he pur pose ofpr ost itution,por nogr aphy ,sexualexpl oitation,f or ced l abor,sl av ery,
i
nv oluntar yser vitudeordebtbondage;
(b)Toi nt roduceormat chf ormoney ,profi
t ,ormat erial,economi corot herconsi derat i
on,any
personor ,aspr ov idedf orunderRepubl i
cActNo.6955, anyFi l
ipinowomant oaf orei
gnnat i
onal ,
formar riagef ort hepur poseofacqui ri
ng,buy i
ng,of fering,sel li
ngort radi nghi m/ hertoengage
i
npr ostitut ion,por nogr aphy ,sexualexpl oit
at ion,f orcedl abor ,slav ery,inv ol untaryser vitudeor
debtbondage;
(c)Toof ferorcont ractmar riage, realorsimul ated, fort hepur poseofacqui ring, buy i
ng, of f
er i
ng,
sell
ing,ort radi ngt hem t oengagei nprostitut i
on,por nogr aphy ,sexualexpl oi tati
on,forcedl abor
orslav ery ,inv olunt aryser vitudeordebtbondage;
(d)Tounder takeoror gani zet oursandt ravelpl ansconsi stingoft our i
sm packagesoract i
v it
ies
fort he pur pose ofut i
lizing and of feri
ng per sons f orpr ostitution,por nogr aphyorsexual
exploitation;
(e)Tomai ntai norhi reaper sont oengagei npr ost itutionorpor nogr aphy ;
(f)Toadoptorf aci l
itatet headopt i
onofper sonsf ort hepur poseofpr ostitut i
on,por nogr aphy ,
sexual expl oitat ion, forcedl abor ,sl
avery,i
nv ol unt aryser vi
tudeordebtbondage;
(g)Tor ecr uit, hire, adopt ,transpor torabductaper son, bymeansoft hreatoruseoff orce, fraud,
decei t
,v iolence,coer cion,ori ntimidati
onf ort hepur poseofr emov alorsal eofor gansofsai d
person; and
(h)Tor ecr uit ,tr anspor toradoptachi l
dt oengagei nar medact i
vi
tiesi nt hePhi li
ppi nesor
abroad.

Section5.Act sthatPr omot eTrafficki

nginPer sons.-Thefol
l
owi
ngact swhi
chpr omoteor
faci
lit
atetraf
fi
ckingi nper
sons,shall beunl
awf ul:
(a)Toknowi ngl
yl easeorsublease,useoral l
owt obeusedanyhouse,bui
l
dingorest
abli
shment
forthepurposeofpr omotingtraff
ickinginpersons;
(b)Topr oduce,printandissueordi stri
but
euni ssued,tamper
edorf
akecounsel
ingcert
if
icat
es,
registr ationst i
cker sandcer ti
ficat esofanygov ernmentagencywhi chi ssuest hesecer ti
f i
cates
and st icker s as pr oof of compl iance wi t
h gov ernment r egulator y and pr e- departure
requir ement sf ort hepur poseofpr omot ingt raf f
ickingi nper sons;
(c)Toadv ertise,publ i
sh,pr i
nt,br oadcastordi stri
but e,orcauset headv ertisement,publ icati
on,
printing, broadcast i
ngordi str
ibut ionbyanymeans, includingtheuseofi nformat i
ont echnol ogy
andt hei nternet,ofanybr ochur e,f l
yer ,oranypr opagandamat eri
althatpr omot estraffi
ckingi n
per sons;
(d)Toassi sti nt heconductofmi srepr esent ationorf r
audf orpur posesoff acili
tati
ngt he
acqui si t
ionofcl earancesandnecessar yexi tdocument sfrom gov ernmentagenci est hatar e
mandat edt opr ov i
depr e-depar turer egistrationandser vi
cesf ordepar t
ingper sonsf ort he
pur poseofpr omot i
ngtraf f
ickingi nper sons;
(e)To f acil
itate,assi storhel pi nt he exi tand ent ryofper sons f rom/ tot he count ryat
i
nt ernat ionalandl ocalai rports,t erritorialboundar iesandseapor tswhoar einpossessi onof
unissued,t amper edorf raudulentt raveldocument sf ort hepurposeofpr omot ingtraffi
ckingi n
per sons;
(f)Toconf i
scat e,conceal ,ordest royt hepasspor t,trav eldocument s,orper sonaldocument sor
belongi ngsoft raffi
ckedper sonsi nfur theranceoft raffi
ckingort opr ev entt hem from l eaving
thecount r
yorseeki ngr edressf r
om t hegov er nmentorappr opri
ateagenci es;and
(g)Toknowi nglybenef i
tf rom,f inanci alorot her wise,ormakeuseof ,thel abororser v i
cesofa
per sonhel dt oacondi tionofi nv olunt ar yserv i
t ude, forcedl abor,orslavery.

Sect ion 6.Qual ified Tr af

ficking i n Persons.-The f ol
lowing are consi
dered as qual if
ied
traffi
cking:
(a)Whent hetraffickedper soni sachi l
d;
(b)Whent headopt ionisef fectedt hroughRepubl i
cActNo.8043, ot
herwiseknownast he"Inter
-
Count r
yAdopt i
onActof1995"andsai dadopt ionisf orthepurposeofpr osti
tut
ion,pornography,
sexualexpl oitat
ion,f orcedl abor ,slaver
y ,i
nv oluntaryser vi
tudeordebtbondage;Def iciency
Sy ndrome( AIDS).
(c)Whent hecr imei scommi t
tedbyasy ndicate,ori nlargescale.Traffi
ckingisdeemed
commi ttedbyasy ndicateifcar riedoutbyagr oupoft hree(3)ormor epersonsconspi r
ingor
conf ederati
ngwi thoneanot her.I ti
sdeemedcommi t
tedi nlargescaleifcommi t
tedagai nst
three( 3)ormor eper sons,individuall
yorasagr oup;
(d)Whent heof fenderi sanascendant ,par ent,sibli
ng,guar di
anoraper sonwhoexer cises
aut hori
tyov erthet raff
ickedper sonorwhent heof fensei scommi tt
edbyapubl i
cof fi
ceror
empl oy ee;

COMPUTERCRI ME
- anycr i
meaccompl i
shedt hroughspecial
knowledgeofcomputertechnology.
- anycr ime wher e comput eris used as a t
ooloras a t argetori ncident
altot he
commi ssionofacrime.
- Al soknownasCy bercrime.
- Anyi ll
egalacti nwhi chknowl edgeofcomput ertechnol
ogyisusedt ocommi tthe
offense.(L.E.Quaratiell
o)
- Al lil
legalactivi
ti
est hatar ecommi ttedbyorwi ththeaidofcomput erorinfor
mat i
on
technologyorinwhi cht hecomput ersarethet
argetofthecri
minalenterpr
ise.(
Mar t
inL.
Forst)

CYBERCRI
MEI
NTHEPHI
LIPPI
NES

TheLOVEBUG
Byfart
hemostpopul
ari
nci
denceofcy
bercr
imei
nthePhi
l
ippi
nesi
sthe“
ILOVEYOU
Virus”ort heLOVEBUG. Thesuspecti nt hecase,a23- yearol dst udentf r
om apopul ar
comput eruniversit
yi nthePhi l
ippinesdr aftedt hevir
uswi tht hev i
sionofcr eatingapr ogram
thatiscapabl eofst eali
ngpasswor dsi ncomput ers,ulti
mat elyt ohav ef reeaccesst ot he
i
nternet .
Dur i
ngt hehei ghtoftheLOVEBUGi ncident,Reutershasr eported:" ThePhi l
i
ppineshas
yettoar r
estthesuspect edcreatoroft he' Lov eBug' comput erv i
rusbecausei tlackslawst hat
deal withcomput ercrime,aseniorpol i
ceof ficersaid".Thef actoft hemat teristhatthereareno
l
awsr elati
ngt oCy bercri
mei nthePhi l
ippines.TheNat ionalBur eauofI nvestigati
oni sfi
ndingit
dif
f i
culttolegallyarrestthesuspectbehi ndt he' LoveBug' comput erv i
r us.
Assuch,t heneedf orcount r
iest olegi sl
ateCy berl
awsr elati
ngt oCy bercrimear i
seson
anur gentpr iori
tybasi s.Duet ot hei ncident ,thePhi l
ippi
neshav eseent henecessi t
yf orthe
passageofal awt openal i
zecy bercr i
mes,t hust heenactmentofRepubl i
cAct8792ot herwise
knownast heElectronicCommer ceAct .

RA8792
- l
egisl
atedbecauseofIl
ovey
ouv i
rus
- Thi
sActshallbeknownand ci
tedasthe"
Elect
roni
cCommer
ceAct
.”
- ApprovedJune14,2000

CommonTy pesofCyberCri
mesalr
eadyhandl
edbyNBI
1.HACKI NG/CRACKI NG
2.MALI CIOUSEMAILSENDING
3.INTERNETPORNOGRAPHY
4.LAUNCHI NGOFHARMFULCOMPUTERVI RUSES
5.DISTRIBUTEDDENI ALOFSERVICEATTACKS(DOS)
6.WEBSI TEDEFACEMENT
7.ACQUI RINGCREDITCARDINFORMATIONFROM ANE- COMMERCEWEBSITE
8.INTERNETSHOPPI NGUSINGFRAUDULENTLYACQUI REDCREDI
TCARDS
9.WI RETRANSFEROFFUNDSFROM AFRAUDULENTLYACQUI REDCREDI
TCARD
10.ON-LI
NEAUCTI ONFRAUD

WHATARECOMMONMETHODSANDSTANDARDTERMSUSEDTODESCRI
BECYBERCRI
ME?

Hacki
ng
- istheactofil
legal
lyaccessi
ngthecomputersyst
em/ net
workofanindi
vi
dual
,gr
oupor
businessent
erprsewi
i thoutt
heconsentorappr
ovaloftheowneroft
hesyst
em

Cracki
ng
- i
sahi gherform ofhackingi nwhicht heunaut
hor
izedaccesscul
minateswi
ththe
ocess ofdef
pr eati
ng the securi
tysystem f
orthe pur
pose ofacqui
ri
ng moneyor
i
nfor
mationand/oravai
l
ingoff r
eeserv
ices

Mal
ici
ousSendingofE-
mails
- thesendingofmal
ici
ousanddef amator
yel
ect
roni
cmai
l
sfort
hepur
poseofex
tor
ti
ng
money,orthr
eat
eni
ngprospect
ivevict
ims

I
nter
netPornography
- Thet raf
fi
cking,di
stri
buti
on,posti
ng,anddissemi
nati
onofobscenemater
iali
ncl
udi
ng
chil
dren’
snudepi ct
ures,indecentexposur
e,and chi
ld sexsl
aver
ypost
ed int
othe
int
ernet,l
iv
est r
eamingvideosair
edthrought
heint
ernet
Acomputervir
us
- i
sacomput erprogr
am t
hatcancopyi
tsel
fandi
nfectacomput
erwi
thoutper
missi
onor
knowledgeoft
heuser

Launchi
ngofHarmfulComput
erVi
rus
1.Virus
2.Wor m
3.TrojanHor
se

Wor
m
- spr
eadi
tsel
ftoot
hercomput
erswi
thoutneedi
ngt
obet
ransf
err
edaspar
tofahost

Tr
ojanhorse
- i
saf i
let
hatappearshar
mlessunt
ilexecut
ed.Tr
ojanhor
sesdonoti
nser
tthei
rcodei
nto
othercomputerf
il
es

Logi
cbomb
- asetofi nstr
ucti
onssecretl
yinsertedintoaprogr
am thati
sdesi
gnedtoexecut
eifa
part
icul
arprogram i
ssat
isfi
ed
- thebombl i
esdormantuntil
apar t
iculardat
eisr
eachedorcommandent
ered

I
dent
it
ytheft
- def
inedasthecri
minalactofassumingper
son’
sname,
addr
ess,
soci
alsecur
it
ynumber
,
anddateofbi
rt
hinordertocommi tf
raud

Phi
shi
ng
- sendi
ng f
raudul
ente-mail
sorwebsit
e pop-
ups,to getvict
imst o di
vul
ge sensi
ti
ve
fi
nanci
ali
nfor
mationsuchascr
edi
tcar
dnumbersorsocial
securi
tynumbers

Di
str
ibutedDenialofServ
iceAttacks
- DDoSattackscanbecommi tt
edbyempl oy
ingmultipl
ecomputer
scontr
oll
edbyasi ngl
e
mastercomputerserv
ertot ar
getapar
ticul
arserverbybombardi
ngitwit
hthousandsof
packet
sofdatainanat t
emptt oov
erwhelmt heserv
erandcauseitt
ocrash

Websi
tedefacement
- istheunaut
hori
zedmodi
fi
cat
ionofawebsi
te

Acqui
ri
ngCr editCar dInformat ionfr
om aWebsi t
et hatof f
ersE-Services
- Wheny oushoponl i
ne,t hemostconv enientwayt opayf ort hei temsy ouor deri s
throughy ourcr edi
tcar d.Wheny oupayt hr uy ourcreditcar d,youneedt odi sclose
informat i
onsuchasy ourcompl etename,y ourpostaladdr ess,zipcode,st ate,phone
numbercr editcardaccountnumber ,itsexpi rat
iondateandi tssecuritycode/pin.Upon
entering theabov e-ment i
oned infor
mat i
on,i twi l
lbev eri
fi
ed “ r
eal-ti
me”byt hesi t
e
mer chant.Itusual l
yt akesami nut et
ov er i
fywhet herthecredi tcar
di sv al
idorinv alid.If
valid,thei nformat i
ony ouenter ed willbest ored i
nt hewebsi te’sdatabaseser ver.
Hacker slookf orthef i
l
econtainingthecr editcar dinf
ormat i
onofal lt
hecust omer swho
boughtf r
om acer t
aine- commer cesite.Uponacqui si
tionthereof,itwi l
lbedecry ptedt o
make i tr eadabl e and al lt he informat ion of t he t r
ansactions wi llbe made
avai l
abl
e.Hacker spr eferVISA,AMERI CAN EXPRESSandMASTERCARDwhenf ilteri
ng
creditcar dinformation.I ti
sbecauseVI SAandMASTERCARDar ewi del
yaccept edby
 al
mostALLI
nter
netShoppi
ngSi
tes.Amer
icanExpr
essont
heot
herhandhasnoCREDI
T
LI
MIT

- Credi
tcar sofAmer
dnumber icanExpr
essstartwit
hthenumber3,Master
Car
dcr
edi
t
cardsst
artwi
t henumber5whi
ht eVI
l SACredi
tcardsst
artwi
t henumber4
ht

- Amer
ican Expr
ess credi
tcar e 15 di
ds hav git
s AccountNumberwhi
l
e Vi
sa and
Mast
ercar
dcredi
tcardscont
ain16.

Int
ernetShoppi ngUsingFr audulentlyAcquiredCreditCard
Hacker s,uponacqui r
ingt hedesi r
edcr editcardinformat i
onnow conduct s“ window
shopping”,hoppingf r
om oneshopsi tetoanot her,looki
ngf orcellphones,gadgets,appar els,
comput erperipheral
s,softwareset c.Whenhef indswhathewant st obuy,het henadd/ shi s
desir
ed item/ st otheshoppi ng cartand checkout s.Hewi l
lt hen supplythe Cr editCar d
i
nformat i
on oft he fraudulentlyacquired credi
tcar d such as t he Complete name oft he
cardholder,address,zipcode,st ate,emai laddress,credi
tcardnumberandexpi rati
ondat e.
Otherper ti
nentinformationsuchasshi ppingaddr essoft heitemsor der
edwi l
lhav et obe
suppli
edt oo.

Wi reTransferofFundsf r
om Fr audulentlyAcqui redCr editCard
Whenahackerknowsy ourcompl etecr editcardinformation,hecanext r
actCASHf rom
the acquired credi
t/debi
tcar d online.Bysi gning up wi th West ern Union MoneyTr ansfer
(http:
//www. wester
nunion.
com)usi ngt hefraudul entl
yacqui r
edcr editcardinfor
mat i
on,hecan
pretendt hathewi l
ljustsendmoneyt ohisr elativeandwest ernuni onwi l
ldirect
lydebitthe
creditcardandi twil
lrefl
ectont hebi ll
i
ngst atementoft heoriginalcreditcardholder.Wire
transferoffundsusingcreditcardsr equiret
hecr edi tcardsecurit
ynumber .

Onl
ineAuct i
onFr aud
- First,thef raudst ershouldsignupf oranaccountatanonl ineauctionsitesuchase- bay ,
yahooauct ionsorU- Bid
- Thef r
audst erf alsi
fiesalli
nformationt hatheent ersont hesignuppage.Theonl ytrue
informat ioni shi semai laddress,f
orhewi l
l becont actedbyi nterestedbiddersbymeans
ofemai l
.Hewi llbeaskedt oprov i
deacr editcar d.Thi siswher ehewi llneedt he
fraudul entlyacqui redcreditcard.Whenal loft her equiredf i
eldsar esi gnedup,hi s
appl i
cat i
onwi l
lbeappr ovedandhewi l
lbear egisteredmemberoft hesai daucti
onsi te.
Hei snowt henal l
owedt obid,andauct i
onanyi tem.Af raudsterwi l
lauctionexpensiv e
items such as l aptops,cellphones,PDA’ s( handhel d dev i
ces),deskt op computer s,
camcor der sandhar dtof i
ndmemor abil
ias.Hewi llthensel litatal owerpr i
cef or
legiti
mat ebi dder st obidimmedi atel
y.Anonl inef raudsteronlyaccept spay mentsthru
per sonalchecks,moneyor der,wiret ransferandwest ernuni onmoneyt ransf
er.I
ti s
blunt l
yst i
pul atedi nhisaucti
onpage.

TECHNI
CALTERMS

ISP–st andsforI
nter
netSer vi
cePr ovi
der.I
tprov
idesinter
netservicetointernetusers.
IPAddr ess–ser i
esofnumber sassignedbyanI nt
ernetServi
cePr ovi
dert oani nter
netuser
whenitconnectstotheInternet
DynamicI PAddress–at ypeofI PAddressthatchangesev er
ytimet heinternetuseraccesses
hisInt
ernetServi
ceProvider.Itisusual
lyassi
gnedt odial
-uporbasespeedbr oadbandser vi
ce
subscri
bers(eg.I
SPBonanza, Surf
maxx,PLDTmy DSL128kbpsser v
iceetc.)
Stat
icIPAddr ess–at ypeofI PAddressthatisconstantregardlessoft hetimeornumberof
at
temptst heint
ernetuseraccessestheinter
net.I
tisusuall
yassignedt oHigh-SpeedInternet
User
sorCor por
ateAccounts( eg.ADSL( Asymetr
icDigit
alSubscriberLine)connections,E1
I
nter
netConnect i
ons,OC3InternetConnect
ions,T1Int
ernetConnections,LeasedLineInternet
Connecti
ons)
Website–apor tf
oli
oofaper son/organizat
ion/entit
y/companywhi chispost edont he
I
nter
netforaccessibi
li
tyworl
dwi de.

TheINTERNETPROTOCOL( IP)ADDRESSistheanchoroftheinv
esti
gat
ionofallcr
imes
commi t
tedviathei nternet.Theidenti
fi
cati
onoftheIPAddr essleadstotheident
it
yoft he
Int
ernetSer
viceProvider(ISP)usedt oaccesst
heinter
netandeventual
lyt
hesubscri
berofthe
accountwheretheinternetacti
vi
tywasper f
ormed.

TheIP AddressasgivenbytheISP dependsonthet

ypeofi
nter
netaccountasubscr
iber
maint
ains,
whetheri
tisaDYNAMICIPorSTATICIP.

IfSt
ati
c:
Subscr
iberi
nfor
mation (
name,bi
ll
i
ng addr
ess,i
nst
all
ati
on addr
ess,t
ypeofi
nter
net
account,
usageandcostset
c.)i
fappl
i
cabl
e

I
fDy
namic
l
ogrepor
tsi
ndi
cat
ingt
elephonenumberusedt
omake“
dial
-up”access

VERYI MPORTANT:
Theaddr essoft hesubscriberasgi venbyt heI SP orPhoneCompanyshoul d be
analyzedtodeterminewhet heri
tisaBill
ingAddressoranI nstal
lati
onAddr ess.
Forpurposesofasear chwar r
antapplicati
on,theI nstal
lati
onAddr essisthemor e
i
mpor t
antmat t
ertoconsider.ThepurposeofaSear chWar rantappli
cation/implementati
onina
cybercr i
me investi
gati
on,as wi th any otherof f
ense ist o confiscate and seizet he
i
nstrument s/
implements,toolsusedi nt hecommi ssi
onoft heof f
ense.Si ncethecrimewas
commi t
tedwiththeaidofacomput er,thesameandi t
sper i
pheralsaret heinstr
umentsusedi n
i
tscommi ssi
on.

TOPTENSECURI TYTI PSFORCOMPUTERUSERS

1.Nev ersendane- mai lthaty ouwoul dn'
tlety ourwi feorbosst or ead.
2.Tur nof fy ourcomput erwheny ouar enotusi ngi t
.Itistheonl ysur ewayt okeepthe
hacker sout .
3.Useapasswor dt ol og ont oy ourcomput er.Mostoper atingsy stem lety ouseta
passwor dandt ochangei tregularl
y .
4.Don’tacceptcooki es.Ify ouhav et o,delet
et hem wheny ouaref i
nishedsurfing.
5.Uset hel atestv ersionsandsof twarepat chesf ory oure-mailandy ourbr owser.New
securi
tyl oophol esar econst antlybeingdiscov ered.
6.Keepy ourant ivir
usupt odat e.Hacker snev err est.Ev er
yemai lattachmentcancont aina
vi
rus,soscani tbeforey ouopeni t
.
7.Wat chy ourl aptopatt heai r
port.Bespeci allycar efulatX-raysecur i
tymachi nes,whi
chis
wheremostl aptopt heftoccur .
8.Don’tuset hesamepasswor dov erandov er.Makenewv ar
iat
ions.
9.Useapapershr edder .Don’ tjustthrowoutunsol i
cit
edcr edi
tcar dappl i
cat
ion.Shredthem.
10.Nev ergi v eouty oursoci alsecur i
tynumber ,onl i
neorof f.Thi sinformati
oni nawr ong
handisl i
censet ost eal.
TERRORI
SM

- thewor dt errorder i
v esf rom theLat i
nwor dt errer e,meani ng“ tof ri
ght en”
- theuseort hreat eneduseoff or cedesi gnt obr ingaboutpol it
icalchange.( BrianJenki nsof
theRandCor por ation)
- theunl awf uluseoff or ceorv iolenceagai nstper sonsorpr oper tyt ointimidateorcoer cea
gov er nment ,t heci v il
ianpopul at i
on,oranysegmentt hereof ,inf urt
heranceofpol i
ti
calor
soci al obj ecti
v es( FBI )
- anact iont heur banguer ill
amustexecut ewi tht hecol d-bloodedness, calmnessanddeci sion
(Moder ngodf atherofur banguer il
la, Car l
osMar ighel l
a)
- apr emedi tated, pol it
ical lymot ivat edv i
olenceper pet uat edagai nstnoncombat anttargetsby
groups ofcl andest ine st ate agent s,usual lyi ntended t oi nfluence an audi ence ( U.S
Depar tmentofSt ate)
- Paul Pillar,aner stwhi ledeput ychi efoft heCI Acount er-terror i
stcent er,opinedt hatterr
or i
sm
hasf ourbasi ccomponent sorel ement spr ov i
dinggui dest odef iningi t,namel y:
1.I tispr emedi tated, plannedi nadv ance, rat herani mpul siveactofr age;
2.I ti spol i
tical andnotcr i
mi nal ,butdesi gnedt ochangeexi stingpol it
icalorder;
3.I ti saimedatci viliansandnotami lit
ar yt ar getsorcombatr eadyt roops; and
4.Sub- national gr oupsexecut ei t
, nott hear myofagi vencount ry
.
- theunl awf ulort hreat eneduseoff orceorv iolencebyaper sonoranor ganizedgr oup
agai nstpeopl eorpr oper ty
.Wi tht hei ntent ion ofi ntimi dat i
ng orcoer cing societi
esor
gov er nment s, oftenf ori deological orpol iti
cal reasons, (Webst erDi cti
onary)
- at hr eatoract ualuseoff orceorv iolencef orpol iti
calorot herpur pose,t of osterf ear,
distrust , i
nsecur i
ty ,andunr estamongspeci ficort hegener al popul ation
- violencef oref fectnotpr imar i
l
y ,andsomet imesnotal lfort hephy sicaleffectont heact ual
target ,butr atherf ori tsdr amat i
conanaudi ence
- thecal cul ateduseofv iolenceort het hreatofv i
olencet oat taingoal s,of t
enpol i
ti
calor
i
deol ogi cal i
nnat ure
- violentcr iminalbehav iordesi gnedt ogener atef eari nt hecommuni ty,orasubst ant i
al
segmentofi t
, forpol itical purpose

I
nter
nat
ionalter
rori
sm
- poli
ti
call
y-
ori
entedextremev i
olencethatisperpet
ratedbyresident
sorrepresent
ati
ves
ofoneormor ecountriesagai
nstthei nt
erestofanothercountryorbymember sofa
vi
olentforei
gnpolit
icallydi
rected or
ganizati
onnotaf fi
l
iat
ed withthecountrybeing
att
ackedforthepur
poseoff orcingachangei ngov
ernmentorinhowsocietyfunct
ions

AlQaeda
- i
nArabi
c,t
hismeansTheBase
- f
oundedbyOsamabinLadeni
n1980

OsamabinLaden
- OrganizedalQaeda
- bornin1955or1957i ntheci
tyofRiyadh
- responsibl
efortrulyheinouster
rori
stincident
s,incl ngt
udi he2001dest
ruct
ionoft
he
Wor l
dTr ade Cent er(
WTC)
- diedkill
edinPaki stanonMay2, 2011( Operati
onNeptuneSpear
)

Ay
manMohammedRabieal
-Zawahi
ri
- Bor
nJune19,
1951
- AnEgy
pti
anphy
sici
an,
Isl
ami
ctheol
ogi
anandcur
rentl
eaderof al
-Qaeda.

Hamas
-"enthusi
asm“
- anacr onym ofḤarakatal-
Muqāwamahal -
ʾI
slāmiy
yah"Isl
amicResistanceMovement")
- ist hePal
esti
nianSunni I
slamicorIsl
amistpoli
ti
calpart
ythatgovernstheGazaSt
rip.
- Shei khAhmedYassi n&MahmoudZahar
- “ Hamasisanext r
emi stgroup..
.i
tisoneofthedeadliestt
error
istorgani
zat
ionsi
nt hewor
ld
today.
”GeorgeW.Bush

Hezboll
ah
‎- lit
erall
y"PartyofGod“
- isaShi '
aMusl i
m mi l
itantgr
oupandpol i
ti
calpart
ybasedinLebanon.
- receivesfinancialandpol i
ti
calsupportfrom Ir
anandSy ri
a,anditsparamili
tar
ywi ngis
r
egardedasar esi
stancemov ementthroughoutmuchoft heArabandMuslim worl
ds
- theUni t
edSt ates,theNet her
landsUnitedKingdom,Israel
,Austr
ali
a,andCanadacl assi
fy
Hezboll
ahasat er
rori
storganizat
ion,
inwholeorinpart

JemaahI sl
amiy a
- Dat esofoper ation:1993-pr esent
- Al iases:"I
slami cCongr egati
on,Isl
amicCommuni t
y,I
slamicGroup
- BaseofOper at i
on:I ndonesia;Malaysia;
Phil
ippi
nes;Singapor
e
- Foundi ngPhi l
osophy :CreateanI sl
amicstateacrossSoutheastAsiatoincludeSingapor
e,
Indonesia,Mal aysia, Brunei
,southernThail
and,andsouthernPhil
ippi
nes.
- JIwasaddedt ot heUni t
edNations1267Commi tt
ee'sli
stofter
rori
storgani
zationsli
nkedto
al-
Qaedaort heTal ibanon25Oct ober2002underUNSecur it
yCouncilResoluti
on1267

Domest i
cTerr
orism
-poli
tical
lyor
ientedext
remevi
olencethati
sper
petr
atedbyresi
dent
sofacount
rywi
thi
nthat
countryi
nordertofor
ceachangeingover
nmentorhowinsoci
etyf
unct
ions

TERRORI
STI
NTHEPHI
LIPPI
NES

Raj
ahSolaimanMov ement
- aka“Bal i
kIsl
am”or“ BackToI slam”
- founderHi l
ari
ondelRosar ioSant osI I
Iaka HannahSantos,akaAhmedSant
os,aka
Hil
ariondelRosar i
o,convertedt oIslam i
n1993andmar r
iedintot
hetopr
anksofthe
l
eader shi
poft heAbuSay y
afGr oup(ASG)
- oneoft helat
estgroupsaffil
i
at edwithASG, MI
LFandJI

ABUSAYYAFGROUP( ASG)
Al
iases:
- Al
-Har
akatAl
-I
slami
yyah,
Bear
eroft
heSwor
d,Fat
heroft
heSwor
dsman

Foundi
ngPhi l
osophy
- TheAbuSay yafGroup(ASG)wasf ormedi n1991dur i
ngthepeaceprocessbetweenthe
Phili
ppinegovernmentandt henationali
st/
separat
istter
ror
istgr
oup,theMor oNati
onal
Liberat
ionFront(MNLF).Angeredbyt hemov ementtowardapeacefulr
esolut
ion,
cert
ain
MNLFmember sformedAbuSay yaf

DI
FFERENTTYPESOFTERRORI
SM
 1.Ant
i-
coloni
alTerrori
sm
2.I
deologi
calTerr
orism
3.Rel
i
giousTerror
ism

Et
hnocentr
ic
- thecategor
yofterr
ori
stor
gani
zati
onwhichi
saimedatest
abl
ishi
ngadomi
nantorsuper
ior
r
acethatwi
llbel
ookeduponbytheent
ir
epopul
acei
ntheworl
d.

Rev
olut
ionary
- thecategoryofter
ror
istgroupwhi chi
sdedicat oov
edt ert
hrow anest
abl
i
shedor
derand
repl
acingitwi
thanewpolit
icalorsoci
alst
ruct
ure.

Pol
it
ical
- thecategor
yoft
err
ori
stgr
oupwhi
chai nr
msi est
ruct
uri
ngt
hesoci
ety
.

Nat
ional
ist
ic
- thosewhocommi
tact
sofv
iol
enceduet
ot rl
hei oy
alt
yordev
oti
ont
othei
rcount
ry.

ROOTCAUSESOFTERRORI SM
1.Poli
ti
calIdeol
ogical
i
sm
2.Reli
giousFanat
ici
sm

Ji
had
- t
heter
m whi
chr
efer
stot
hehol
ywarwagedbymember heI
soft slami
crel
i
gionagai
nst
t
heJews.

I
DEOLOGY
- bodyofi deasaffecti
ngthesoci
alneedsandaspir
ati
onsofanindi
vi
dualorgr
oup,a
cl
assoracul t
ure”
- Bovierdefi
nesitas“ asetofdoct
ri
nesorbel
iefsthatfr
om t
hebasisofapolit
ical
,
economicandot hersyst
ems”.

TERRORISTTACTI CS
1.Bombi ngs
2.AssassinationsandAssault
s
3.Kidnapping
4.Hostage-taking/
skyj
acki
ng
5. Weaponsofmassdest ructi
on(
WMD)

WHATISWEAPONOFMASSDESTRUCTI ON(WMD) ?
- ter
m usedtodescribeamassi veweaponwiththecapaci
tyt
oindi
scr
imi
nat
elyki
l
llar
ge
numberofpeopl
e
- i
tcoul
dbenuclear,
biologi
calandchemi
calweapons

Cat
egor
iesofchemi calagent
s(most
lyi
nli
qui
dfor
m)
1.Ner veagents
2.Bl i
ster
ingagents
3.Chocki ngagents
4.Ner veagents

1.Ner
veAgent
s
- agentsthatdisruptthe mechani
sm bywhi ch ner
ves communicat
e wit
h or
gans t
hey
sti
mulate
- i
not herwordstheagentsgetsthenervestosendthewr ongsi
gnaltothemuscl
esthey
contr
olandhence,di
sruptmuscl
efunct
ionofthebody
ex.Sari
nGas

2.Bl
ist
er i
ngAgents
- therearet
hreecommonoft histy
pe;themostwidelyknownar emust ar
dgas,l ewi
sit
e,
andphosgeneoxime.Mustar
dgas,fir
stusedinWorl
dWarI,willcausedbli
ster
ingonthe
exposedporti
onsoft hebody,aswel lasoninter
nalorgans.Itwi l
lgenerall
ycause
bli
ndnessandthendeathbyr
espir
atoryfai
l
ure

3.ChockingAgent s
- one oft he deadl
iestchoking agentsi
s phosgene gas.This agentdamages t
he
respi
ratorysyst
em andcausesthelungst
ofi
ll
withwater,andt
huschokesthevi
cti
m.
Ex.chlori
ne

Bi
ologi
calAgents(li
qui
dordr
yfor
m)
1.Anthrax
2.Botuli
num toxi
n
3.Brucell
osis
4.Cholera
5.Plague
6.Typhoidfever
7.Rickett
sia

Ant
hrax
- asinglecellorganism thati
sproducedbyaf ermentati
onprocess,suchasthatbywhi ch
beerismade
- causedbyBaci l
lusanthraci
sandt heeff
ectsofexposureincludeasev er
einf
ectionthat
att
ackst heskin,lungs,andgastr
oint
esti
naltr
act
- di r
ectcontactwi l
lcausef ormat
ionofdryscabsalloverthevi
cti
msbodyandcan dev elop
int
osy stematicinfect
ion
- wheni nhaled,theagentat t
ackstherespir
ator
ysy stem wi
thsy mptomsappearingfrom
onetosev enday s

Bot
uli
num toxi
n
- aprotei
nmadebyt heclost
ri
dium bot
uli
num bact
eri
a
- exposuretothet
oxin,t
henerv ecel
lsynapsesar
eaffect
ed,causi
ngpal
sy,spasms,and
thenparal
ysi
s

Br
ucel
losis
- alsoknownasundulantfever
- symptomscanincl
udei nter
mittentor pr
olonged fever, headaches, pr
ofuse
sweating,
chi
l
ls,
painsinthejointsand musclesandf
ati
gue

Chol
era
- anacutegast
roint
est
inal
diseasecausedbyVi
bri
oChol
era
- symptomsincludeasuddenonsetofnauseaandorv omit
ingaccompani
edbysev
ere
diar
rheaandarapidl
ossofbodyflui
ds
Pl
ague
- i
nnat ur
altransmitt
alform,theplaguemayt hebuboni cplague,orblackdeat hthat
eradi
cat
edagr eatnumberofEuropeaninthemiddleages
- t r
ansmit
tedfrom persontopersonbyrespi
rat
orytransmi
ssion,t
hroughrat
s,orfrom the
bi
teofaninfectedfl
ea
- sy mptoms are high fev
eraccompani ed by generalaches,severe weakness,and
pneumonia

Ty
phoidfever
- caused byan organism cal
led sal
monell
at yphosawhi ch causesfeverand f
ront
al
headachesandi
susual l
yaccompani edbyr
osecol oredspotsontheski
n
- mustempl oy
edthroughfoodandl i
mi t
edwatercontaminati
on

Ri
cket
tsia
- diseasethatappearsi
ndomesti
catedani
malssuchassheep,cat
tl
e,andgoat
s
- spreadtohumant hroughi
nhal
ati
onofpart
icl
escont
aminatedwit
horgani
sm
- incubat
ionperiod,r
angi
ngfr
om 10to14day s

BOMBI
NG

Ter
ror
istcommi tbombingsf oranumberofr easons:
1.Togai nmediaattent
ion,part
icul
arl
yt hetargetisv i
sibl
eorsy mbolic.
2.Bombi ngisacosteffecti
veandef f
icientwayt oat t
ackaf acil
it
y.
3.Bombi ngcanbeaccompl i
shedwithasmal lnumberofper sonnel
.
4.Bombi ngisinexpensiveincompar isontoal ternati
vessuchaski dnappingorhostage-
taki
ng.
5.Random bombi ngmakeaconsi derableimpactont hepopul ati
on,becausemor epeople
fearabombat tackthanbeingkidnappedort akenhost age.
6.Expl osiv
esar ereadil
yav ail
ablethr ought heft
,sy mpat heti
csuppor t
ers,orpurchase.
Explosiv
es can be const r
ucted t
hr ough the use l egit
imatel
ypur chased chemical
s,
fert
il
izer
s,andothermat er
ial
.

Typesofbomber s
1.Amat eur
2.Pr ofessional
3.Psy chopat hic
4.Sui ci
dal
1.Amat eur
-canbedescr i
bedasexperi
ments
2.Professional
-buil
dsorbombsordoesbot hforpr
ofit
3.Psychopat hi
c
-actswi thoutrhy
meorreason
4.Suici
dal
-maj orattackweaponi
nrecentyear
s,part
icul
arl
yamongI
slami
cter
ror
istgr
oups

Numberofel
ementswhi charealmostuniv
ersali
nmodernterrori
stact
ivi
ti
es
- Theuseofviol
encetopersuade
- Bombingsorotheratt
acksareemployedto“makeapoint”wit
htargetv
ict
ims.
- Sel
ect
ionoftar
get sandvi
cti
msf ormaximum pr
opagandav al
ue-
- Theuseofunprovokedatt
acks
- Maxi mum publ i
cit
yatmi ni
mum r isk
- Useofsur prisetocircumventcount er
measures
- Threats,
har assment ,andvi
olence
- Disregar
dingwomenandchi l
dr enasv i
cti
ms
- Propagandai susedt omaximi zet heeffectoft
hev
iol
ence
- Loyaltyt
ot hemsel vesorki
ndredgr oups

R.
A.9372
- HumanSecuri
tyActof2007
- ApprovedonMar
ch6, 2007
- Ef
fecti
veonMay15,2007

Terr
or i
sm
–anyper sonwhocommi tsanactpuni shableunderanyoft hef oll
owingpr ovisi
onsoft heRPC:
(
Sec.3)
1.Art
icle122( Piracyi nGener alandMut i
nyinthe
HighSeasori nt hePhi li
ppineWat ers);
2.Art
icle134( Rebel li
onorI nsurrection);
3.Art
icle134-a( Coupd’ etat),i
ncludingact scommi ttedbypr i
vatepersons;
4.Art
icle248( Mur der )
;
5.Art
icle267( Kidnappi ngandSer iousI l
legalDetent
ion) ;
6.Articl
e324( Cr i
mesI nv olvingDest ruction)
orunder
1.Presi
dent ialDecr eeNo.1613( TheLawonAr son);
2.RepublicActNo.6969( Toxi cSubst ancesandHazar dousandNucl earWast eCont rol
Actof1990) ;
3.RepublicActNo.5207, (Atomi cEnergyRegul ator
yandLi abil
i
tyActof1968) ;
4.RepublicActNo.6235( Anti-
Hi j
ackingLaw) ;
5.Presi
dent ialDecr eeNo.532( Anti-
pir
acyandAnt i
-highwayRobber yLawof1974) ;and,
6.PresidentialDecr eeNo.1866,asamended( DecreeCodi fyi
ngt heLawsonI ll
egaland
UnlawfulPossessi on,Manuf acture,Deali
ngi n,Acquisiti
onorDi sposi t
ionofFi r
earms,
Ammuni t i
onsorExpl osives) t
herebysowi ngandcr eat i
ngacondi ti
onofwi despread
and ext raordinar yf earand pani c among t he popul ace,in or dert o coerce the
governmentt ogi veint oanunl awfuldemandshal lbegui lt
yoft hecr i
meoft er
rori
sm
andshal lsuffert hepenal tyoff ort
y(40)year sofi mprisonment ,
wi thoutthebenefitof
paroleaspr ov i
dedf orunderActNo.4103,ot herwiseknownast heIndeterminate
SentenceLaw, asamended.

R.
A.9372,SEC.4.Conspir acytoCommi tTerr
ori
sm
- Personswhoconspi retocommi tthecri
meofterr
ori
sm shal
lsuff
ert
hepenaltyoffort
y
(40)yearsofimprisonment
- Thereisconspiracywhent woormor epersonscometoanagr eementconcerni
ngthe
commi ssionoft
hecr i
meoft er
rori
sm

Thepr ovi
sionsofRepubl i
cActNo.4200 ( Anti-
WireTapping Law)t ot hecontrar
y
notwit
hstandi
ng,apoli
ceorl awenforcementof f
ici
alandt hemember sofhist eam may ,upona
wri
ttenorderoftheCour tofAppeals,l
ist
ento,interceptandrecord,wit
htheuseofanymode,
for
m,ki ndort y
peofel ectr
onicorot hersurvei
ll
anceequi pmentori nt
erceptingandt racki
ng
devi
ces,orwi t
ht he use ofany ot hersuitable way s and means forthatpur pose,any
communi cati
on,message,conv ersati
on,discussion,orspoken orwr it
ten wor ds between
member sofaj udi
cial
lydeclar
edandout l
awedt errori
storgani
zati
on,association,orgroupof
per
sonsorofanyper
sonchar
gedwi
thorsuspect
edoft
hecr
imeoft
err
ori
sm orconspi
racyt
o
committ
err
ori
sm.

Pr
ovi
ded,Thatsurv ei
l
lance,int
ercepti
onand recordi
ng ofcommuni
cati
onsbet ween
l
awyers and cl
i
ents,doctors and pat
ients,jour
nal
i
sts and thei
rsour
ces and conf
ident
ial
busi
nesscorr
espondenceshallnotbeauthori
zed.

MONEYLAUNDERI
NG

- MONEYLAUNDERI NGI SACRI ME.

- MONEYLAUNDERI NGI SALSOTHEWORLD’ STHI RDLARGESTI NDUSTRYBYVALUE.
- Cashi sabear eri
nst r
umentandcompl etelyreplaceabl
eandeasi l
yconv ert
ible,lends
anony mitytomanyf ormsofcr i
minalact
ivityandofcour seisthepr efer
redmedi um of
exchangei nthecr i
mi nal world.
- “Coversal lprocedurest ochange,obscur eorconcealt hebenef i
cialownershiporaudi t
tr
ailofill
egallyobtainedmoneyorv al
uablessot hatitappearstohav eori
ginatedf rom a
l
egitimatesour ce.”
- “Apr ocesst hroughwhi cht heexi st
enceofani l
legalsourceofunl awfulapplicati
onof
i
lli
citgainsi sconceal edordi sguisedtomaket hegai nslegit
imate,therebyhel pingto
evadedet ection,pr
osecut i
on, sei
zureandt axati
on.”

“
MoneyLaunderi
ng”iscal
ledwhati
tisbecausetheter
m perfectl
ydescr
ibeswhattakes
pl
ace,il
l
egalordi
rt
ymoneyi sputthr
oughacy cl
eoftransact
ions,or“washed”
,or“l
aundered”
,
sothati
tcomesouttheotherendasl
egal,
orcl
eanmoney .

Inotherwor
ds,t
hesourceofi
ll
egal
l
yobtai
nedfundsisobscur
edt
hroughasuccessi
on
oftr
ansf
ersanddealsi
norderthatt
hosefundscanevent
uall
ybemadetoappearlegi
ti
mate
i
ncome.

Howser
iousi
sthepr
obl
em?

- Moneyl
aunderi
ngal l
owscr i
minal
stopr
eserveandenjoytheproceedsoft
heircr
imes,
provi
dingthem wi
ththeincenti
veandmeanstoperpetr
atesuchacti
vi
ti
esandatthesamet i
me
expandandconsoli
datetheirf
orces.

- Corr
uptsf i
nanci
alinst
it
utions,contr
olsizeabl
e sect
ors ofthe economy thr
ough
i
nvest
mentsandev enbri
beandi nfi
ltr
ategover
nments.Inext
remecases,i
tmayl eadtothe
v
irt
ualt
ake-
overofalegi
ti
mategovernment.

- Dest
roy
stheintegri
tyofgovernments.Withtheincreasingawarenessoft heil
l
-ef
fectsof
moneylaunder
ingandt hegrowi
ngi nter
dependenceamonggl obalcommuniti
es,countr
iesthat
areknowntobeusedbymoneyl aundererscoul
dbepl acedinabadl i
ght,adversel
yaffect
ing
thei
rfi
nanci
ali
nsti
tut
ionsandrelat
ionswithinr
egionalandgl obaleconomies.

Thethr
eecommonfactorsi
denti
fi
edinlaunder
ingoperat
ionsare:
a.Theneedt
oconcealtheori
ginandtrueowner shi
poftheproceeds;
b.Theneedt
omaint
aincont
roloft
heproceeds;
ochanget
c.Theneedt heform ofthepr oceedsinordertoshri
nkthehugev
olumesofcash
 generat
edbyt
hei
nit
ial
cri
minal
act
ivi
ty,
theso-
cal
l pr
ed“ edi
cat
eof
fense”or“
unl
awf
ul
acti
vi
ty”
.

I
MPUNI
TY
- wi
thoutf
earofprosecut
ion
- wi
thoutf
earofconfi
scati
on

Moneylaunderi
ngi snotasi
ngl
eactbuti
sinf
actapr
ocesst
hati
saccompl
ishedi
nthr
ee
basi
cstepsorstages:
a.Placement
b.Layeri
ng
c.Int
egrati
on

- Thephy sicaldisposal ofcashpr oceedsder ivedfr

om theunl awf ul acti
vit
y.
- Theaimi storemov ecashf r
om t hel ocat i
onofacqui siti
ont oav oiddet ection.
- Separatingi l
l
icitpr oceedsf rom t heirsour cebycr eatingcompl exl ayersoff i
nancial
tr
ansact i
onsdesi gnedt odi sguiset hesour ceofmoney ,subv erttheaudi ttr
ailand
provi
deanony mi t
y .
- Thepur posei st odi sassociatethei lli
citpr oceedsfrom t heunl awf ulactivit
ybycreati
ng
i
ntentionall
yacompl exweboff inanci altransacti
onsai medatconceal i
nganyaudi ttr
ail
aswel lasthesour ceandowner shipoff unds.
- Thefinalstagei nt hepr ocessatwhi cht hemoneyi sintegratedi ntolegiti
mat eeconomic
andfinancialsy stemsandi sassi mi l
at edwi thallt
heot herasset si nthesy stem.
- I
ntegrationofl aunder edmoneyi ntot heeconomyi saccompl i
shedbymaki ngi
tappear
tohav ebeenl egal l
year ned.Thus,exceedi ngl ydi
ff
iculttodistingui shbet weenlegaland
i
ll
egal wealth.

Launderi
ngofPr oceeds
- Mixdirt
ymoneywi thlegiti
matefunds
- Usedirt
ymoneyf orlegiti
matepurposes
- I
nv estdir
tymoneyi nl egit
imat
ebusiness/
es

TheVi
ennaConv enti
onof1988– TheUni t
edNat ionsConv entionAgai nstIl
lici
tTr af f
ici n
Nar
cot
icDr ugsandPsy chot ropicSubst ances
- “Todepr ivepersonsengagedi ni l
li
citt
raff
icoft hepr oceedsoft heircri
mi nalact ivi
ties
andt herebyeli
minat et heirmaini ncenti
vefordoi ng.”
- Takingpr ofi
tawayf rom t hecr i
me!
- Fighti
ngmoneyl aunder ingpr eventsthecr i
mi nal fr
om enj oyinghisil
l-
gottengai nsandhe
willal
sobeunabl etoi nfuset hesamebackt ohi scr iminalactiv
ityororganization.
- TheFi nancialActionTaskFor ce( FATF)ist hei nternationalbodyf ormedbyt hel eading
i
ndust ri
alcountri
esi nt hewor l
d,col l
ect
ivel
yknownast heGr oupofSev en( “G7”),dur i
ng
thePar i
sG7Summi tof1989.
- TheFor tyRecommendat i
ons
- Listofmeasur est hatt heFATFencour agesal lnat ionst oadopti nordertoi nsti
tuteand
i
mpl ementanef f
ect i
veant i
-moneyl aunderingpr ogr am.Theyconst it
utethei nternational
standards ofant i-moneyl aunder ing measur es wi thr espectt othe cr i
mi nalj ustice
system, lawenforcementpr ocedur esandt her egul ationofthef i
nancialsystem.

1.Cri
mi nalizat
ionofmoneylaunderi
ng
2.Establishmentofasy st
em ofsuspici
oustransact
ionr
eport
ing
3.Creationofacent r
ali
zedfi
nancial
intel
li
genceunitor“
FIU”
4.Remov alorr
elaxationofbanksecrecyl
aws
5.Inst
it
utionofasy stem al
l
owingmut ualassi
stanceandcooper
ati
onbet
weencount
ri
est
o
apprehendandpr osecutesuspect
edmoneyl aunder
ers

TheFATFcr acksdownont erroristf i

nanci ngwi ththefoll
owi ngninespecialr
ecommendations:
6.Pr ov i
det hewi destpossi bl
er angeofassi stancetoot hercountr i
es’l
aw enf
orcementand
r
egul atoryauthorit
iesforterror i
stf inancinginvest
igati
ons.
7.Imposeant i-
moneyl aunderingr equi r
ement sonalternati
veremi t
tancesyst
ems.
8.Str engthen cust omer i dentification r equir
ement si ni nter
nationaland domestic wir
e
t
ransf ers.
9.Ensur et hatent i
ti
es,i n particul arnon- pr
ofitorganizat
ions cannotbe used t ofi
nance
t
err or
ism.

- Theprov
isi
onsoft heAnt i
-MoneyLaunderingActof2001( AMLA)orR.A.No.9160,as
amended,l
ays down the Phil
ippine pol
ici
es and pr
inci
ples t
o preventbanks,i
nsurance
compani
esandthesecuri
tiesandcapi t
almarket
sandindustri
esfrom bei
nguti
li
zedbymoney
l
aunder
erst
o“wash”thei
rso-call
ed“ di
rt
ymoney ”
.

Thetwo-
fol
dpolicyoftheAMLAar e:
1.Toprotectandpreser
vet heint
egri
tyandconf
ident
ial
it
yofbankaccounts;
2.toensurethatthePhil
ippinesisnotusedasamoneyl aunder
ingsi
teofthepr
oceeds
ofunl
awf ulact
ivi
ti
es.

- Thus,i ti st hePhi li
ppines’pol i
cynotonl yt opr otectdeposi torsandi nvestorsbutof
equali
mpor tancei st hei nvest i
gat i
on,appr ehensi onandpr osecut ionofsuspect edmoney
l
aunder
ers.
- Undert heAMLA,moneyl aunder i
ngi s“acr i
mewher ebyt hepr oceedsofanunl awf ul
activ
ityar et ransacted,t herebymaki ngt hem appeart ohav eor i
gi natedf rom legitimate
sources. ”
- MoneyLaunder i
ngasacr i
mei scommi tt
edi nt hree( 3)di ffer
entway sundert heAMLA
- “Anyper sonknowi ngt hatanymonet aryi nstrumentorpr opertyr epr esents,involves,or
rel
atest o,thepr oceedsofanyunl awf ulact ivi
ty ,tr
ansact sorat tempt st otransactsai d
monet ar yinstrumentorpr oper ty.
”
- Imprisonmentof7t o14y earsandaf ineofnotl esst hanP3Mi ll
ionbutnotmor et han
twicet hev alueoft hemonet aryinst
rumentorpr oper tyinv olv
edi nt het ransaction.
- “Anyper sonknowi ngt hatanymonet ar yinstrumentorpr opertyinv olvest hepr oceedsof
anunl awf ulact i
vity,per f
ormsorf ai l
st o per form anyactasar esultofwhi chhe
facil
it
at est heof f
enseofmoneyl aunder i
ngr eferredt oi npar agraph( a)abov e.”
- Imprisonmentof4t o7y earsandaf ineofnotl esst hanP1Mi ll
ionbutnotmor et hanP
3Mi ll
ion.
- “Anyper sonknowi ngthatanymonet ar yinst rumentorpr oper t
yi srequi redundert hisAct
tobedi sclosedandf il
edwi t
ht heAnti-MoneyLaunder ingCounci l(AMLC) ,fai
lst odoso. ”

Otherpenalti
esi nclude:
- Forfei
tureoft hemonetaryi nstr
ument sorpr opertyinvol
vedint hemoneyl aunder
ing
offenseinf avorofthePhil
ippinegovernment .
- Perpetualort emporaryabsolutedisquali
ficati
onf rom publ
icof
f i
ce,asthecasemaybe,
i
ftheof fenderbeapubl i
cof fi
cialoremploy ee.
- I
ft heof fenderisacor porati
on,partnership,associati
onoranyj uri
dicalper
son,the
penaltyshal lbeimposedont heresponsibleof f
icerwhopar t
ici
patedinoral l
owedby
grossnegl i
gencet hecommi ssionofthecr ime.
- “
UnlawfulAct ivi
ty”refersto anyactoromi ssionorseriesorcombinat
ionther
eof
i
nvol
vingorhav ingDIRECTr elati
ontoanyofthefoll
owi
ng:
- Piracyont hehighseas
- Qual i
fi
edThef t
- Swi ndl
ing
- Smuggl i
ng
- Offensesundert heE-Commer ceAct
- Hijacking,destr
uctiv
ear son,murder
,
- Violati
onsoft heSecur it
iesandRegul
ati
onCode
- Feloniesorof f
ensesofasi mil
arnat
ureunderpenal
lawsofot
hercountr
ies

TheAnti-
MoneyLaunder i
ngCounci l(AMLC)isthefinanci
ali
ntel
li
genceuni
toft
hePhi
li
ppi
nes
andiscomposedoft hefol
lowingof f
ici
als:
- TheGov ernoroft
heBangkoSent r
alngPi
lipi
nas
- TheChairpersonoftheSecur i
ti
esandExchangeCommi ssi
on
- TheCommi ssi
oneroftheInsuranceCommi ssi
on

A COVERED TRANSACTI
ON isat ransact
ion i
n cash orotherequi
val
entmonetar
y
i
nst
rumenti
nvol
vi
ngat
otal
amounti
nexcessofPHP500,000.
00wit
hinone(
1)banki
ngday
.

Republ
icActNo.9160
- approvedonSeptember29,2001
- thi
sActshallbeknownasthe"Anti
-MoneyLaunder
ingActof2001.
“

Forthepr ev enti
onofmoneyl aunderi
ng,t
heAMLAcont ainsspeci
fi
cpr
ovi
sionsont
he
f
oll
owi
ngar eas:
a.Cust omeri denti
ficat
ion
b.Keepi ngofr ecords
c.Recogni t
ionandr eport
ingofcover
edandsuspi
cioust
ransact
ions
d.Training

Import
anceofCust omerIdentif
icati
on
Theinadequacyorabsenceof“ KYC”st
andar
dscansubj
ectbankst
oser
iouscust
omerand
count
er(thi
rd)partyr
isks,
especiall
y:
1.Reput at
ionalr
isk
2.Oper ati
onalri
sk
3.Legal andconcentrat
ionrisk

Reput
ati
onalRisk
- the potentialthatadv er
se publ
ici
tyregar
ding a bank’
s busi
ness practi
ces and
associat
ions,whetheraccurat
eornot,wi
l
lcausealossofconfi
dencei
nt heintegr
it
yof
theinsti
tut
ion.

Operat
ionalRisk
- t heri
skofdi
rectori
ndi
rectl
ossresult
ingfrom i
nadequat
eorf
ail
edi
nter
nalpr
ocesses,
peopl
eandsystemsorf
rom ext
ernalevent
s.

LegalRisk
- t he possibi
li
tythatlawsuit
s,adverse j
udgments orcontract
st hatturn outt
o be
unenforceabl
ecandisruptoradv
ersel
yaffectt
heoperat
ionsorcondit
ionofabank.
RA9194      
- appr
ovedonMarch7,2003
- AnActAmendingRepubl
icActNo.9160,
other
wiseknownast
heAnt
i-
Money
Launderi
ngActof2001

ARM SMUGGLI
NG

Smuggl
ing
- al soknownast raf
ficking,i
stheclandesti
net r
anspor
tat
ionofgoodsorper
sonspasta
pointwher
epr ohi
bit
ed, suchasoutofabui l
ding,i
ntoaprison,
oracr
ossani
nter
nat
ional
border,
invi
olati
onoft helaworotherrul
es

WHATAREFI REARMS?
- incl
udeshandguns,revol
v er
s,pi
stols,ri
fl
es,musket s,carbi
nes,shot
guns,cannonsand
allotherdeadlyweaponsf r
om whichabul let,ball
,shot,shal
lorothermi ssi
l
emaybe
dischargedbymeansofgunpowderorot herexplosi
ves
- alsoincludesairri
fl
esandai rpistolsnotclassifi
edast oysunderthepr ovi
sionsof
Executive Or
derNo.712 dat ed 28 Jul y1981.The bar r
elofanyf i
rearm shallbe
consideredacompletefi
rearm.

FI
REARMSTRAFFI CKING
- referst otheactofanyper sonwho,t hr oughtheuseofanyf raudulentmachi nati
ons,
shal li
mpor torbr i
ngi nto,orexpor tfrom,t hePhi li
ppi
nes,orassi sti
nsodoi ng,any
fi
rear m orpartst her
eof ,explosi
veorammuni t
ionormachi ne,impl ements,equipment s
ort oolsforthemanuf act ureoffi
rearms.
- shal ll
i
kewiser efertotheactofanyper sonwho, contr
arytol
aw, shal l
:
- r eceiv
e,conceal ,buy,sell,orinanymannerf acil
itatethetranspor t
ati
on,
concealmentorsal e ofsai df i
rearms orpar tst hereof,explosive or
ammuni tion ormachi ne,i mpl
ement s,equipment s ort ool
sf ort he
manuf actureoff irear
ms,ammuni tionorexpl osivesaf t
eri mpor t
ati
on,
knowingt hesamet ohav ebeenimpor t
edcontrarytolaw.

Whydoest hisil
li
citacti
v i
tyflouri
sh?
- Itisadanger ousbutpr ofi
tablecr i
minalenterpri
se.
- Howev er
,itthreatensnotonl ypubl icsafetyandnat i
onalsecurit
ybutal soendangers,
andof tent
imes, takesawayt hel i
vesofinnocentper sons.
- Iti soneoft hetr ansnati
onalor gani
zedcr i
mest hataffectnotonlythePhili
ppinesand
otherneighboringAsi ancount riesbutalsot herestofthewor ld.
- Thecount rylacksant i-
fir
earmssmuggl ing/traf
ficki
nglaws.
- Nor egionisimmunet oil
li
cittradeandt raff
ickinginsmal lar
msandl ightweapons
- Col laborati
veandcooper at
ivemeasur esar eessentialto addressthistransnat
ional
threat.

Whyshoul
ditbeaddr
essed?
- I
tposesaser iousthr
eatt
o nat
ionalsecur
it
yand a st
umbl
i
ng bl
ockt
o economi
c
 devel
opment.
- Fi
rear
mscanbet ool
sofvi
olence.Let
ti
ngt
hecont
roloft
het
ool
sofv
iol
encegetoutof
handcanbeadisast
erf
or
anysoci
ety
.

Ef
for
tstocur t
ailt
hepr oblem
- I
mpr ovementoft het
raceabil
it
yoffi
rear
ms;
- Passageofr el
evantl
awsandpr ovi
dingsti
ff
erpenalt
iest
her
eto;
- Encouragingr et
urnofloosefi
rear
mst hr
oughprogramssuchasamnest
yand“
bal
i
k-bar
il
”
programs; and
- Mor eextensivelawenforcement.

RELEVANTLAWS
- TheMemor andum f
ortheSILGr ecommendingthephase-
outoftheuse,manufact
ureor
eofPal
sal t
ik(home-made)Fir
ear ms;and
- The PNP Circul
aron the di sposi
ti
on ofCapt ur
ed,Confi
scated,Surr
endered and
Deposi
tedFir
earms,Ammuni t
ionandExplosi
ves.

BASICFI REARMSLAWS, RULESANDREGULATI ONS:

Secti
on1, Republ icActNo.8294:
Actspuni shabl e:Unl awf ulManuf actur
e,Sal e,Acqui si
tion,Di spositi
onorPossessi onof
Fi
rearmsAmmuni ti
onorI nstrument sUsedorI ntendedt obeUsedi nt heManuf actureof
Fi
rearmsorAmmuni ti
ons.
Penalty Pr
: i
sioncor r eccionali ni tsmaxi mum per iodandaf ineofnotl esst hatFi f
teen
Thousandpesos( P15,000. 00)
(l
ow- power edf irearm suchasr imfirehandgun,. 380or. 32andot herfir
ear m ofsi milar
fi
repower,par toff i
rearm,ammuni t
ionormachi nery,t
oolori nstrumentusedori ntendedt obe
usedint hemanuf actur eofanyf irearm orammuni tion:Pr ovi
dedt hatnoot hercr imewas
commi t
ted)
Secti
on1, Republ icActNo.8294:
- Act spuni shable:Unl awf ulManuf acture,Sale,Acquisiti
on, DispositionorPossessi onof
FirearmsAmmuni ti
onorI nstrumentsUsedorI ntendedt obeUsedi nt heManuf actureof
FirearmsorAmmuni tions.
- Penal t yPr
: i
sionmay ori ni tsmi ni
mum per iodandaf ineofThi rtyThousandpesos
(30,000. 00)
- ( high- power edf i
rearm whi chi ncl
udest hosewi thbor esbi ggeri ndiamet erthat. 38
cal i
berand9mi lli
met ersuchascal iber40,41, 44,45andal sol essercaliber edfir
earms
butconsi deredpower f
ulsuchascal iber357andcal i
ber. 22cent erfi
remagnum and
otherf ir
ear mswi thf ir
ingcapabi l
it
yoff ul
laut omat icandbybur stoft woort hree:
Pr ovidedhowev er,Thatnoot hercrimewascommi tt
edbyt heper sonar r
est ed)

INTELLECTUALPROPERTYTHEFT
Intellectualpropertyt
hefti
susedi nter
changeabl ywithintel
lectualpropert
ypi racywhi ch
i
st heunaut hor izedcopyingofgoods,orwor kssuchassof tware,forresalebywayofpr ofi
tor
trade;thepr oductionandsal ebywayoft r
adeofcopi esofgoodswhi chhav ebeenmade
wi t
houtt heaut horit
yoftheowneroft heint el
l
ectualproperty;t
hef acil
it
ationoftheirpr oduction,
andt hedi stribut i
onofsuchgoodsi ncludingimpor t
ationandr etail
ing;counterf
eiti
ngorpi rati
ng
ofgoodsf acili
tated byuseoft heI nt
er netorsat ell
itetechnologies,orpi racyort heftof
i
nf ormationorbr oadcast
s,orunauthori
zedphot ocopyingofbooksf oreducat i
onpur poses, orof
unaut horizedend- userpi
racyofsof t
war ebey ondthepur chaser’sl i
cense,orpiracyofdomai n
namesorcompanynames,orcount erf
eitingofcur rency;theunaut horizedmanuf actureand
distri
buti
onofcopi esofsuchgoodsandwor kswhi char eintendedt oappeart obesosi mil
arto
theor i
ginalast obepassedof fasgenui neexampl es.Thisi ncludesuseoff amousbr andson
clothi
ngnotmanuf acturedbyoronbehal foft heowneroft het rademar k,andexactcopi esof
CDs cont aining any mat erialorsof t
war e,whi ch ar et raded i naf orm intended t o be
i
ndi st
inguishablet oordinaryconsumer sfrom thegenui nepr oduct .I
ntell
ectualpropertyri
ghtis
“thelegalowner shipbyaper sonorbusi nessofacopy r
ight,desi gn,andpat ent,trademar k
attachedt oapar t
icul
arpr oductorpr ocesswhi chpr otectst heowneragai nstunaut hori
zed
copy i
ngori mi tati
on.Suchpr opertyri
ghtsar eani mpor tantelementofpr oductdifferent
iat
ion
andconf ert empor arymonopol yadvantagest osuppl ier
s”( Pass, LowesandDav i
es1993:265) .
Thet ermint ell
ectualpropertyright
sincludecopy ri
ghtandr elatedr ights,t
rademarksandser vi
ce
mar ks,geogr aphicindi
cations,industr
ialdesigns,pat ent
s, l
ayout -designs.

Fourcat
egori
esofintel
lect
ualpr
oper
tyaccor
dingt
oNi
col
eLeeperPi
quer
o
- Patent
s
- Trademarks
- Tradesecret
s
- Copyri
ght

Republ
icActNo.8293      
- approvedonJune6, 1997
- ThisActshall
takeeffecton1January1998.
- Int
ell
ectual
Propert
yCodeoft hePhil
i
ppines.

RA10088
- knownasthe"
Ant
i-
Camcordi
ngActof2010
- Approv
edonMay13,2010

DRUGTRAFFI
CKI
NG

TheDr ugTrade
Fr
om thef
armerstotheproducers,
thesmuggler
s,t
hest r
eetdealers,andtheusers,
the
drugtradeisdeeplyroot
edinthegl obaleconomy.I
tisprotect
edandov er
seenbypower ful
groupsknownasdr ugcar
tel
sthatmakehugepr ofi
tsf
rom t
hismulti
bil
l
ion-doll
arindust
ry.

Whati
sdr ugtraffi
cking?
- anothertermf ordugt r
ade
- refer
stot heill
egal pr ocessthr ough whi ch narcoti
csandot heril
legal
drugsare
produced, t
ranspor ted, andsol d.
- theill
egalcultivation,cul tur
e,del iv
ery,administr
ati
on,dispensation,manufact
ure,sal
e,
tradi
ng,transpor tation,di st
ribution,importati
on,expor t
ation and possessi
on ofany
dangerousdr ugand/ orcont rolledprecursorandessentialchemical.
- generall
yreferst ot hesal eanddi stri
buti
onofi l
legaldr
ugs

R.
A.6425– Danger
ousDr
ugActof1972wasr
epeal
edby
,

R.
A.9165– Comprehensi
veDanger
ousDr
ugActof2002
ENVI
RONMENTALCRIME

Env
ironment alCri
me
- t he deli
berat
e ev
asi
on ofenv
ironmentallaws and regul
ati
ons by i
ndi
vi
dual
s and
compani esinthepur
sui
tof“personalint
erestand benef
it
.”Wheretheseact
ivi
ti
es
 i
nvol
vemovement
sacrossnati
onalboundari
es,orimpact
supont
hewor
ldasawhol
e,
t
heycanbeter
med"i
nter
nat
ionalenv
ironment
alcri
me”

Themostcommont ypesofenv i
ronment alcri
mef al
l underthesemajorcat egori
es:
(1)biodi
versity;
(2)natur
alresour ces-rel
atedcr i
me;
(3)wastes;
(4)bannedsubst ances;
(5)otherenv ir
onment alof fenceslikebiopi
racyandt r
ansportofcont r
olledbiol
ogicalor
geneti
call
ymodi fi
edmat er
ial
;Ill
egaldumpi ngofoi landot herwastesi noceans;v i
olat
ionsof
potent
ialtr
aderestricti
onsundert he1998Rot t
erdam Conv enti
onont hePriorInformedConsent
ProcedureforCer tainHazar dousChemi calsandPest ici
desinInternati
onalTr ade;Tradei n
chemicalsincontr
av enti
ont ot he2001St ockholm;Conv enti
ononPer sist
entOr gani
cPollutant
s;
andfuelsmugglingt oav oidtaxesorf uturecontrol
soncar bonemissions.

ECONOMI
CCRI
ME

Economi cCri
me
- r efer
redtoascommer ci
alcr
imesandknownal soas“ whi
tecoll
ar”cr
imes
- anyactchar act
eri
zed byf raud,conceal
ment,ora v iol
ati
on oft r
ustand ar
e not
dependentupontheappli
cat
ionorthreatofphy
sical
forceorvi
olence

PI
RACYANDARMEDROBBERYAGAI
NSTSHI
PS

SeaPi r
acyi sdescr i
bedas
(1)anactofanyper sonwho,ont hehighseas,shal lattackorsei zeav esselor,notbei nga
memberofi t
scompl ement ,norapassenger ,shallseizet hewhol eorpartofthecar goof
saidv essel,i
tsequipment ,orpersonal bel
ongi ngofi t
scompl ementorpassengers;
(2)anyat tackuponorsei zureofanyv essel,orthet aki
ngawayoft hewhol eorpartthereof,or
i
ts car go,equipment ,ort he personalbel ongingsofi t
s compl ementorpassenger s,
i
rrespect i
veoft hev aluethereof,bymeansofv i
olenceagai nstorint
imidati
onofper sons
orf orceupont hingscommi tt
edbyanyper son,incl udingapassengerormemberor
compl ementofsai dvessel,inPhili
ppinewat ers,and
(3)anyper sonwhoknowi nglyandi nanymannerai dsorpr otectspir
ates,suchasgiv i
ngt hem
i
nfor mationaboutt hemov ement soft hepoliceorot herpeaceof fi
cersofthegov er
nment ,
oracqui resorr eceivespr opert
yt akenbysuchpi rates,oranyper sonwhoabet st he
commi ssionofthepi racy.

Thedefini
tionofpi racyi scont ai
nedi nar ticle101oft he1982Uni tedNationsConv entionson
theSea(UNCLOS)
“Pi
racyconsistofanyoft hefoll
owi ngact s:
a.anyi l
legalact sofv i
olenceordet enti
on,oranyactofdepr edati
on,commi ttedfor
pri
vateendsbyt hecr ew ort hepassenger sofapr i
vat
eshi porapr i
vat
eai rcraftand
dir
ected:
a.1ont hehi ghseas,agai nstanot hershiporai r
craft
,oragai nstper sonsor
proper tyonboar dofsuchshi poraircraft.
a.2agai nstashi p,ai r
cr aft
,per sonorpr opert
yinapl aceoutsidethejur i
sdicti
on
ofanySt ate.
b.Anyactofv oluntarypar ticipationi nt heoper ati
onofashi poranai rcraftwith
knowledgeoff actsmaki ngi tapi r
ateshi porai craft
;
c.Anyacti ncit
ingorofi ntentionallyf acil
i
tatinganactdescribeinsub-paragraph( a)or(b)
SMUGGLI NGOFCULTURALPROPERTI ES
Smuggl i
ngofCul tur alProper tyr eferst ot heactofanyper sonwho,t hrought heuseof
anyf raudul entmachi nations,shal limpor torbr i
ngi nto,orexpor tf rom,t ransferf r
om,t he
Phil
ippines, orassi stinsodoi ng,anycul turalpr oper t
ies.
Cul t
uralpr oper ti
esar eoldbui l
di ngs,monument s,shr i
nes,document s,andobj ectswhi chmay
beclassifiedasant i
ques, reli
cs,orar tif
act s,landmar ks, anthropol ogi
calandhi stori
calsi tes,and
specimensofnat uralhi
stor ywhi char eofcul tural,histor i
cal,anthropologicalorsci entifi
cv al
ue
and si gnificance t ot he nat ion;such as phy si
cal ,ant hropological,ar chaeol ogicaland
ethnographi cmat eri
als,met eoritesandt ekt i
tes;
hi
storicalobj ectsandmanuscr ipt s;househol dandagr iculturalimplement s;decor ativear t
icl
es
orper sonalador nment;wor ksofar tsuchaspai ntings,scul ptures,car vi
ngs,jewel ry,musi c,
archit
ectur e,sket ches,dr awings,ori l
lust r
ationsi npar tori nwhol e;wor ksofi ndust r
ialand
commer cialar tsuchasf ur ni
ture,pot tery ,cerami cs,wr oughti ron,gold,bronze,silv er,woodor
otherher aldici t
ems,met als,coins,medal s,badges,i nsi gnias,coatofar ms,crests,f l
ags,ar ms
andar mor ,v ehicl
esorshi psorboat sinpar tori nwhol e.