1

Lecture Notes in Algebra Prepared By ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA

Example 1. Find the middle term of the expansion (15 ⋅14 ⋅13 ⋅12 ⋅11 ⋅10) Example 5. Determine the value of k so that the Example7. Two reviewees attempt to solve a
7th term = = 5005
of (6!) sum and product of the roots are equal from the problem that reduces to a quadratic equation. One
2 of them made a mistake only in the constant term of
given equation, 7x + (2k - 1)x - 3k + 2 = O. the quadratic equation and gives an answer of 8 and
2 16 Example 3. Find the sum of the coefficients of the
(x + 1) 2 for the roots. The other reviewee, solving the
expansion of the following: Solution: Here a = 7; b = 2k – 1; c = -3k
7 11 same problem made an error in the coefficient of
Solution: a. (2x + 3y -3z) b. (3x -4y -2) +2 the first degree term only and gives his answer as -9
In the expansion, there will be 17 terms, and the and -1 for the roots. If you were to check their
middle term is the 9th term, thus n = 16; r = 9; Sum of Roots = -b/a = -(2k-1)/7
solutions, what would be the correct quadratic
7 11
2 a. (2x + 3y - 3z) b. (3x - 4y - 2) equations?
x=x ; y=1 Product = c/a = (-3k + 2)/7
Solution: for the first reviewee
(16 ⋅15 ⋅14 ⋅13 ⋅12 ⋅11⋅10 ⋅ 9) 2 8 7 Sum = product
9th (middle term) = ( x ) (1) a. Replace x, y and z with 1 since the constant term is wrong,
(8!)
= 12870 x16 Sum = (2+3-3)7 = 27 = 128 −(2k − 1) (−3k + 2) then a and b must be correct
= from sum of roots:
7 7
b. If we replace the variables with 1,
Example 2. Find the term free of x in the expansion k = 1 b
x1 + x2 = − = 8 + 2 = 10
of the term will be Sum = (3-4-2)11 , so a
Example 5. Find the value of k in the given b = -10a
we have to subtract (-2)11 if we are
-3/2 15 quadratic equation if 3 is one of the roots.
(x + x ) only interested in the sum of the numerical 2 for the second reviewee
3x - kx + x - 7k = 0
coeffficients of the variables. since b is wrong then a and c
Solution:
therefore: Solution: Here the equation can be rewritten in the must be correct
In the expansion, the required term is free of x,
std. quadratic form then
meaning; the exponent of the simplified term has Sum = (3-4-2)11 − (−2)11 = −175099
x0 as a factor, with from the product of the roots
3 x 2 + (−k + 1) x + (−7 k ) = 0
Example 4. Find the value of k so that the two c
then a = 3; b = -k + 1; c = -7k x1 x2 = = (−9)(−1) = 9
x = x; y = x-3/2; r = unknown; n = 15 roots of a
c −7 k c = 9a
2
2x + 3kx +8 = 0 are equal product of roots = = = 3 x2
−
3 a 3
x n − r +1 y r −1 = x15− r +1 ( x 2 ) r −1 = x 0 Solution: −7 k the correct quadratic equation is
x2 =
3 3 Here a = 2; b = 3k; c=8 9 ax 2 + bx + c = 0
(16 − r ) + ( − r + )
x0 = x 2 2 For the roots to be equal: ax 2 − 10ax + 9a = 0
35 5 r b2 – 4ac = 0 b −k + 1 then
− sum of roots = − =− = 3 + x2
x0 = x 2 2
then a 3 x 2 − 10 x + 9 = 0
equating exp onents (3k ) 2 − 4(2)(8) = 0 −k + 1 k −1
x2 = − −3 = −3 Example 8. Simplify the following:
35 5r 3 3
0= − 8
k = ± k 10
x2 = − i 8 (4 + i )(3 + 2i )
2 2 3 3 3 2 −i
r =7
then solving for k; k = 3 i 8 = (i 2 ) 4 = (−1) 4 = 1
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Lecture Notes in Algebra Prepared By ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA
(4 + i )(3 + 2i ) = 12 + 3i + 8i + 2i 2 f (− x) = (− x)5 - 3(-x) 4 + 2(-x)3 + 6(-x) 2 +12(-x) - 24 2w3 + 5w 2 - w - 6 = ( w − 1)( w + 2)(2w + 3) Example 16. Write a cubic whose roots are -1, 2,
= 12 + 11i + 2(−1) = − x − 3x − 2 x + 6 x − 12 x − 24
5 4 3 2 and 4.
= 10 + 11i the sign variation : -, -, -, +, -, - or 2 sign variations Hint: Use your calculator and solve for w
here the values of x are -1, 2 and 4
so there are at least 2 negative roots and 3 positive roots
thus or 4 negative roots and 1 positive root as before
Example 13. Find the upper and lower bounds of so
i (4 + i )(3 + 2i ) 10 + 11i
8 the real roots of the equation x = -1 → (x +1) = 0
=
2−i 2 −1 Example 11. Find the remainder if x = 2 → (x - 2) = 0
4 2 2 x3 − 9 x 2 + 3x + 4 = 0
then
x - 10x - 9x - 20 is divided by x - 4 x = 4 → (x - 4) = 0
By synthetic division, the roots and
10 + 11i 2 + i 20 + 22i + 10i + 11i 2 Solution:
( )= Here: or the values of x are (x+1)(x-2)(x-4) = 0
2−i 2+i 4 − i2
20 + 32i − 11
4 2
N(x) = x - 10x - 9x - 20 x = 4 → upper bound value x3 − 5x2 − 6 x + 8 = 0
=
4 − (−1) x = 1 → intermediate value
x-a=x–4 Therefore a = 4 Example 17. Find a positive value of x so that 4x,
9 + 32i 4 2 x = - 12 → lower bound value 2
= N(a) = 4 -10(4) - 9(4) –20 5x + 4 & 3x -1 will be in arithmetic
5
What are the rational roots and progression.
9 32 R = N(a) = 256 -160 -36 -20 Example 14.
= + i irrational roots of the equation?
5 5 Here the approach is to apply the definition of
R = 40 arithmetic progression: A series of numbers a,b,c
Example 9. x 4 +x 3 +4x 2 +6x - 12 = 0? are in AP if and only if
At most, how many roots could the Example 12. Find the complete factorization of
3 2 by synthetic division : b - a = c - b = d (common difference)
following function have? 2w + 5w – w – 6
the values of x are 2
3x 7 - 5x 4 + 12x 2 - 4x - 24 = 0 Then: (5x+4)-4x = (3x -1)-(5x+4)
Solution: x = 1→ rational root 2
0 = 3x -1-5x-4+4x-5x-4
here, if the remainder is 0 when x = -2 → rational root 2 2
Solution: the degree of this equation is 7, therefore 0 = 3x -6x-9 = x -2x-3
the given polynomial be divided x = -6 → irrational root
the equation will have at most 7 roots. These roots x = 3 or -1
by x - a then x - a is a complete
maybe real or imaginary, rational or irrational, x = − −6 → irrational root
factor or exact divisor of the given
equal or unequal. Example 18. The arithmetic mean of 6 numbers is
polynomial. In this example x is w Example 15. If 1 and -2 are rational roots of the
given equation: what is the second depressed 17. If two numbers are added to the progression, the
Example 10. How many positive and negative equation? new set of number will have an arithmetic mean of
roots can the given polynomial function have? to determine a they are the 19. What are the two numbers added if their
factors of -6: (-1,6) or (1,-6) difference is 4?
5 4 3 2 x 4 +x 3 +4x 2 +6x - 12 = 0?
x – 3x + 2x + 6x +12x – 24 = 0 or (-2,3) or (-2,3) The approach is to apply the arithmetic mean
the sign variation in f(x) = x 5 - 3x 4 + 2x 3 + 6x 2 +12x - 24 = 0 Solution: By Synthetic Division, the remainder concept
4 3 2
is +, -, +, +, +, - or 3 sign variations so there are at most 3 by the remainder theorem, the remainder is zero after x +x +4x +6x - 12 = 0 is divided by
positive roots and 2 negative roots. It is possible also to have -3 x - 1 and x + 2 successively, is x2 + 6. This is now Let x and y be the numbers to be added and Σx be
for values of w = 1, -2 and
1 positive root and 4 negative roots 2 the second depressed equation. the sum of the 6 numbers and xm be the arithmetic
mean which is 17
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Lecture Notes in Algebra Prepared By ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA
xm = Σx/n = Σx/6 = 17 ; Σx = 102 c. Find the harmonic mean between 1/2 and 1/8 a. c. A rubber ball is made to fall a height of 50 ft. and
c. for a series to be in GP is observed to rebound 2/3 of the height it falls.
(102 + x + y)/8 = 19
x + y = 50 eq 1 solution a2 a3 How far will the ball travel before coming to a
= = r (common ratio) stop?
Also; x–y=4 eq 2 a1 = 1 a1 a2
2

a2 = harmonic mean an = a1r n −1 c. given here is

Solving; x = 27, y = 23
here 2 200
a3 = 18 a1 = 2( )50 =
Example 19. a4 = 216 = a1r 3 → eq1 3 3
a. How many terms of the series 3, 5, 7,….must be these numbers are in HP if
a6 = 1944 = a1r 5 → eq 2 2
taken for their sum to be equal to 2600? their reciprocals are in AP r = , n →∝
divide 3
a. 1 1 a1r 5 formula for the sum of Infinite GP
∴ −2 = 8− = r2 =
1944
=9
am am a1r 3
216 a
here Sn = 1
2 ∴ r = ±3 and a1 = ±8 1− r
a1 = 3 = 10 → am = 5
am a8 = ±8(±3)7
200

d = 5−3 = 7−5 = 2 Sn = 3
= 200
using r = +3 → a8 = 17496, −17496 1 − 23
th
S n = 2600 d. The 6 term of a harmonic progression is 12. the using r = -3 → a8 = −17496,17496 Total Distance = 250 ft
th th
Sn = [ 2a1 + (n − 1)d ]
n
2
10 term is 6, find the 8 term.
b. In a benefit show, a number of wealthy men Example 21. Given the numbers 12, 16 and 25
2600 = n2 [ 2(3) + (n − 1)2] d.
agreed that the first one to arrive would pay 10
centavos to enter and each later arrival would pay a. Compute the first proportional number
solving h e r e t h e H P te r m s a r e twice as much as the preceding man. If he total b. Compute the second proportional number
a 6 = 12 amount collected from all of them was P104,857.50 c. Compute the third proportional number
n = 50 how many wealthy men paid?
b. Find the quotient of the sum of all off integers a10 = 6 d. Compute the fourth proportional number
between 100 and 1000 when it is divided by 9. e. Compute the mean proportional number to
a8 = ? b. given here is
b. 12 and 16
f r o m n th t e r m f o r m u la o f A P a1 = 0.1 f. Compute the mean proportional number to
a1 = 101, an = 999, d =2 a n = a 1 + ( n − 1) d 16 and 25
r=2
first, determine how many odd g. Three men are to share for an excavation
1
= 1
+5d S n = 104,857.50
12 a1 job amounting to P5,400 in the ratio 1:3:8.
numbers in all are there between How much does each man receive?
1
6
= 1
+9d
100 and 1000 a1
h. If x varies directly as y and inversely as z,
s o lv in g from the sum of GP formula
a n = a1 + (n − 1)d x = 14 when y = 7 and z = 2, find x when y
a1 = − 4 8 , d = 1 a1 (r n − 1) = 16 and z = 4
999 = 101 + (n − 1)2 48 Sn =
1 r −1
n = 450 ∴ = − 1
48
+ 7 ( 418 ) 0.1(2n − 1) a. b. c.
104,857.5 =
2 [
101 + 999]
a8
S n = 450 2 −1 x,12,16, 25 12, x,16, 25 12,16, x, 25
a8 = 8
S n = 247,500 solving
Example 20. x
= 16 12
= 16
12
= x

Quotient (Q ) th n = 20 wealthy men 12 25 x 25 16 25

a. The 4 term of a geometric progression is 216 x = 7.68 x = 18.75 x = 18.75
247,500 th th
Q= = 27,500 and the 6 term is 1944, find the 8 term.
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Lecture Notes in Algebra Prepared By ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA
d. e. f. Let x + 2 = x2 log( 27)( 8)( 125)
x=
12,16, 25, x 12, x,16 16, x, 25 D = demand x −x−2=0
2
log(6)(5)
12
= 25x
12
= 16x 16
= x A = amount paid on ads ( x − 2)( x + 1) = 0
16 x 25 log (27)(8)(125)
x
p = price of product x = 2; −1 x=
x= 100
3
x=8 3 x = 20 log30
Given that x=-1 is rejected
g. A log 33 ⋅ 23 ⋅ 53
D=k →k =
pD x=
Let x = common ratio p A 3. Solve for x if x
3logx
= 100x
log 30
of their share pD p D 3 3
1 1= 2 2 log 30
x 3logx
= 100x log 303 log(30) 2 2
then
A A x= = =
1( x) + 3( x) + 8( x) = 5400 1 2 log 30 log 30 log 30
take logarithm of both sides
= P 450 share of 1st man (20)(10,000) p2 (10,000) x=
3
x = log[x 3logx ] = log100 x 2
3x = P1350 share of 2 nd
man 40,000 50,000
3log x ⋅ log x = log100 + log x
8 x = P3600 share of 3 man rd p = P 25 5.Solve for N if
2
h. 3(log x)2 − log x − log100 = 0
log a MN = 6
given that Example 23. 3(log x)2 − log x − 2 = 0 M
3 log 2 4
3
log a =2
1. x = log 2 4
6
y xz by quadratic formula
x=k →k = N
z y
-(-1) ± (-1)2 − 4(3)(−2) log a N M = 16
x1 z1 x2 z2
= logx=
y1 y2 let m =log 2 4 ∴ m = log 2 64
3
2(3) log a MN = 6
(14)(2) ( x2 )4 or 2m = 64 = 28 1± 5
=
logx= log a M + log a N = 6 → eq 1
7 16 ∴m = 8
x2 = 16
6 M
x 6 = 88 = (23 )8 = 224 = (24 )6 = 166 log a =2
2 N
∴ x = 16 x = anti log(1 or - )
Example 22. An electronics company dealing with 3 log a M − log a N = 2 → eq 2
spare parts for computers determine that the
demand for one of its product is directly
2
2. Solve for x if ln( x + x − 2) = ln x 2 + ln( x − 1) x = 10 log a N M = 16
proportional to the amount spent on advertisement M log a N = 16 → eq 3
and inversely proportional to the price of the log 27 + log 8 + log 125
product. When PhP40,000 is spent on
ln( x + x − 2) = ln( x )( x − 1)
2 2
4. =x eq 1 - eq 2
log 6 + log 5
advertisement and the price unit is PhP20, the 2 log a N = 4
monthly demand is 10,000 units. If the amount of taking the inverse logarithm of both sides
Hint: Use your calculator if you want to shorten log a N = 2
advertisement were increased to PhP50,000.00, your time and simplification process
how much would the price be increased to maintain x + x − 2 = x ( x − 1)
2 2
a monthly demand of 10,000 units?
( x + 2)( x − 1) = x 2 ( x − 1)
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Lecture Notes in Algebra Prepared By ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA
from eq 3 x + y − z = −6 0 1 −6 ⎡ 3 1⎤
A = ⎡ 4 1 0⎤ ⎡ 0 5 −4 ⎤
M log a N = 16 3x − y + 4 z = 5 1 5 4 B =⎢ ⎥ A=⎢ & = ⎢ 2 1⎥⎥
⎣ −4 4 −4 ⎦ 1 1 3 ⎥ C ⎢
= 16 0 1 −6 ⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 6 ⎥⎦
M (2) x + 5 y − 3 z = −24 2A = 2 ⎡ 4 1 0⎤
−3 B = −3 ⎢ ⎥
M =8 Solve for D 1 5 4 ⎣ −4 4 − 4 ⎦ (0)(3) + 5(2) + (−4)(−2) 0(1) + 5(1) + (−4)(6)
AC =
also 1 1 -1 1 1 0 2 −12 ⎡ −12 −3 0 ⎤ 1(3) + 1(2) + 3(−2) 1(1) + 1(1) + 3(6)
2A = −3 B =⎢ ⎥
log a MN = log a 8 N = 6 D = 3 -1 4 3 -1 = Σ 2 −Σ / 2 10 8 ⎣ 12 −12 12 ⎦ 18 −19
AC =
a6 = 8N 1 5 -3 1 5 −1 20
0 2 −12
log a N M
= log a N = 16
8 2A =
D =[3+4-15]-[1+20-9] 2 10 8
Expansion, Minor, Co-factor, Value of a
8 log a N = 16 D =-20 ⎡ −12 −3 0⎤ Determinant
−3 B =⎢
log a N = 2 ⎣ 12 −12 12 ⎥⎦
Solve for x
0 2 −12 ⎡ −12 −3 0⎤ Example 4.
a2 = N -6 1 -1 -6 1 2 A − 3 B = 2 A + ( −3 B ) = +⎢
2 10 8 ⎣ 12 −12 12 ⎥⎦ Given
a 6 = 8 N = ( a 2 )3 = 8 N Dx= 5 -1 4 5 -1 2 −1 3
−12 −1 −12
N = 8N
3 2 A − 3B =
-24 5 -3 -24 5 14 −2 20 −3 −2 −5
N2 = 8 −20 x = [−18 − 96 − 25] − [−24 − 120 − 15]
Matrix Multiplication 4 0 1
N =2 2 x = −1 The product AB of two matrices is defined if and Required: Expand and simplify and compute the
solve for y only if the number of columns in A is equal to the value
Determinants and Matrix number of rows in B. The product (AB)mxn of the
1 -6 -1 1 −6 matrices Amxp and is the matrix with the element
Example 1
2 3
Dy= 3 5 4 3 5 the minor of element -2 is
Solve for x,y and z 4 1
1 -24 -3 1 −24
Use Cramer's Rule in the ith row and jth column. The element cij, is A determinant is expanded according to the element
−20 y = [−15 − 24 + 72] − [−5 − 96 + 54] found by adding the product of the first element ai1 of a row or of a column
y = −4 in the ith row of A and the first element b1j, in the −2 −5 −1 3 −1 3
D = (−1) 2 (2) + (−1)3 (−3) + (−1)4 (4)
jth column of B, the product of the second element 0 1 0 1 −2 −5
Sum of Matrices; Scalar Product; Matrix ai2 in the ith row of A and the second element b2j
Multiplication in the jth column of B… etc D = 2(−2 − 0) + 3(−1 − 0) + 4[5 − (−6)]
Example 2. Example 3. D = −4 − 3 + 44 = 37
Given:
Given: Co-Factor of an Element
⎡ 0 1 −6 ⎤ ⎡ 4 1 0⎤ The co-factor Aij of an element aij of a determinant
A=⎢ ⎥ & B=⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 3 1⎤
⎣ 1 5 4⎦ ⎣ −4 4 − 4 ⎦ ⎡ 0 5 −4 ⎤ is the minor proceeded by a positive sign if i + j is
Required: 2A-3B
A=⎢ ⎥ & C = ⎢⎢ 2 1⎥⎥ an even number and proceeded by a negative sign if
⎣ 1 1 3⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 6 ⎥⎦ i + j is an odd number.

Required: AC Expand accdg. to the elements of 3rd row

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Lecture Notes in Algebra Prepared By ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA
2 −1 3 Partial Fractions Put x = -1 -7 = (-8)(5) - 4B - 2C + 3 → C + 2B = -15 eq 1
−1 3 2 3 2 −1
−3 −2 −5 = (−1)4 (4)
−2 −5
+ (−1)5 (0)
−3 −5
+ (−1)6 (1)
−3 −2
Step 2, Calculate the co-factors of each element Put x = 2 -1 = 5 + 2B + 2C -6 → B + C = 0 eq 2
4 0 1 Case 1. Distinct Linear Factors solving B = -15 and C = 15
-2 -5
−1 3 co factor of 2 is = −2
cofactor of 4 is = 5 − (−6) or 11 0 1 Example 6. Resolve/Split the given fraction into its
−2 −5
-3 -5 x2 + 9 x + 2 therefore
2 3 co factor of -1 is - = −17 partial fractions
cofactor of 0 is − = −[−10 − (−9)] = 1 4 1 ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x + 2) 2x − 5 5 15
= − +
15
−
3
−3 −5 x( x − 1)3 x x − 1 ( x − 1)2 ( x − 1)3
-3 -2
Transpose of a Given Matrix co factor of 3 is =8 solution
4 0 x2 + 9x + 2 A B C Case 3. Quadratic Factors
The matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and = + +
columns of a matrix A is called the transpose of A -1 3 (x −1)(x +1)(x + 2) x −1 x +1 x + 2
co factor of - 3 is - =1 Example 8. Resolve/Split the given fraction into its
and is designated by AT. 0 1 x2 + 9x + 2
2 −1 3 2 −3 4
[(x −1)(x +1)(x + 2)] (x −1)(x +1)(x + 2) 6 x 2 + 3x − 2
partial fractions
2 3 ( x + 1)( x 2 + x + 1)
A = −3 −2 −5 A = −1 −2 0
T co factor of -2 is = −10 A B C
4 1 = [(x −1)(x +1)(x + 2)] + + solution
x −1 x +1 x + 2
4 0 1 3 −5 1 2 -1
co factor of - 5 is - = −4
x2 + 9x + 2 = (x +1)(x + 2)A+ (x −1)(x + 2)B + (x −1)(x +1)C 6x2 + 3x − 2 A (2x +1)B + C
Inverse of a Square Matrix = + 2
4 0 Set x = 1 Set x = -1 Set x = -2 (x +1)(x2 + x +1) x +1 x + x +1
a11 a12 a13 A11 A21 A31 12 =6A →A = 2 -6 = -2B →B = 3 -12 = 3C →C = -4
1 -1 3 multiply both sides by (x +1)(x2 + x +1)
−1
A = a21 a22 a23 = A12 A22 A32 co factor of 4 is = 11 x +9x + 2
2
2 + 3 − 4
det A -2 -5 ∴ = 6x2 + 3x − 2 = (x2 + x +1) A + (x +1)(2x +1)B + (x +1)C
a31 a32 a33 A13 A23 A33 (x −1)(x +1)(x + 2) x −1 x +1 x + 2
2 3 Put x = -1 1 = A
co factor of 0 is - =1
“The inverse of a determinant A (A ) is (1/detA) -1 -3 -5 Case 2. Repeated Linear Factors Equate coefficients of x2 6 = 1 + 2B → B = 5
2
times the transpose of the matrix obtained from A 2 -1
by replacing each element by its co factor” co factor of 1 is = −7 Example 7. Resolve/Split the given fraction into its Put x = 0 -2 = 1 + 52 + C → C = - 112
-3 -2 2x − 5
partial fractions therefore
Example 5. Determine the inverse of A (A-1) step 3 x( x − 1)3 6x2 + 3x − 2 1 5 (2x +1) 11 1
−2 1 11 Solution : = + ( 2 )− ( 2 )
2 −1 3 (x +1)(x + x +1) x +1 2 x + x +1 2 x + x +1
2
1 1
A = −3 −2 −5 A -1 = AT = −17 −10 1 2x − 5 A B C D
det A 37 = + + +
4 0 1 8 −4 −7 x( x − 1)3 x x − 1 ( x − 1) 2 ( x − 1)3 Case 4. Repeated Quadratic Factors
−2 1 11 multiply both sides by x( x − 1) 3
Step 1. Calculate the value of the determinant A Example 9. Resolve/Split the given fraction into its
2 -1 3 2 -1 37 37 37 2 x − 5 = ( x − 1)3 A + x( x − 1) 2 B + x( x − 1)C + Dx
x 4 + 2 x3 + 11x 2 + 8 x + 16
det A = -3 -2 -5 -3 -2 −17 −10 1 partial fractions
A -1 = Put x = 0 -5 = -A then A = 5 x( x 2 + 4) 2
4 0 1 4 0 37 37 37
Put x = 1 -3 = D then D = -3
det A =[-4+20+0]-[-24+0+3]=37 8 −4 −7
37 37 37
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Lecture Notes in Algebra Prepared By ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA
Solution; let x = number of delegates on the affirmative side conditions/equations: Let x = dimension of the square base
x + 2 x + 11x + 8 x + 16
4 3 2
y = number of delegates on the negative side 2t = u + h → eq a y = height of the vat
x( x 2 + 4) 2 1 100h + 10t + u 12
x = number of abstinence on the affirmative side = 56 + → eq b equations/conditions:
A B (2 x) + C D(2 x) + E 2
= + + h+t+u h+t+u 12800 = 30x 2 + 20(4 xy ) → eq 1
x x2 + 4 ( x 2 + 4) 2 1
y = number of abstinence on the negative side 100u + 10t + h =
Multiply both sides by x( x 2 + 4)2 3 512 = x 2 + 4 xy → eq 2
y - x = majority of negative over affirmative if all
100h + 10t + u -594 → eq c
x 4 + 2 x3 + 11x 2 + 8 x + 16 = A( x 2 + 4) 2 + solving: x = 16 m and y = 4 m
will vote solving: h = 8, t = 5 and u = 2
[ B(2 x) + C ]( x3 + 4 x) +
2 1 N = 852 answer
x [D (2 x ) + E ] y − x = majority of negative over affirmative
3 2 Age Problem 1
x 4 + 2 x3 + 11x 2 + 8 x + 16 = A( x 4 + 8 x 2 + 16) Geometric Problem 1:
if there are abstinence
B(2x 4 + 8 x 2 ) + C ( x3 + 4 x) Mary is 36 years old. She is twice as old as Ann
A piece of wire 72 cm long is cut into segment of was when she was as old as Ann is now. How old is
D(2x ) + Ex2
equations : unequal lengths. Each segment is bent to form a Ann?
put x = 0; 16 = 16A then A = 1 x + y = 8600 → eq 1 square. The sum of the areas of the squares is 194
Equating coefficients of like powers in x: sq. cm. Find the measure of a side of the smaller Tabulation:
2 1 and bigger square.
3 y − x = y - x - 200 → eq 2
x : 2=C 3 2 Person Age m yrs ago Present Age
x: 8 = 4C + E then E = 0 solving y = 5400; x = 3200 Let x = one segment
x 4 : 1 = A+2B then B = 0 72 - x = other segment Mary 36 – m 36
Number Problem 2 Ann 18 18 + m
3 equation
x 2 : 11=8A +8B+2D then D =
2 Twice the middle digit of a three-digit number is x 72 − x 2 Equations/Conditions:
the sum of the other two. If the number is divided ( )2 + ( ) = 194
4 4
therefore the partial fractions are by the sum of its digit, the answer is 56 and the 36 – m = 18 + m
x = 20;52
x 4 + 2 x 3 + 11x 2 + 8 x + 16 1 2 3x remainder is 12. If the digits are reversed, the m = 9
= + 2 + 2 number becomes smaller by 594. Find the number. ∴ 5 and 13 sides of the squares
x( x + 4)
2 2
x x + 4 ( x + 4) 2
Let N = the number Therefore Ann is 27 years old
u = unit digit Geometric Problem 2
------- Age Problem 2
Number Problem 1 t = ten's digit The cost for building a rectangular vat with a
h = hundred's digit square base was PhP12800. The base cost Cleopatra passed a sixth of her life in childhood, a
In a constitutional convention, attempting to amend then N = 100h + 10t + u PhP30/sq.m and the sides PhP20/sq.m. Find the twelfth in youth, and a seventh more as a spinster.
the charter was attended by 8600 delegates. Had 1/3 dimensions of the vat if the combined area of the Five years after her marriage was born a child who
of those objecting the proposal abstained and half base and of the sides was 512 sq.m. died four years before his mother at half his
of those who were in favor behaved likewise, the mother’s final age. How old was she when she
majority of those who opposed against those who died?
favored would have been reduced by 200. How
many were against the proposal? Let x = age of Cleopatra

Equation:
x x x x
x= + + +5+ + 4
6 7 12 2
 8
Lecture Notes in Algebra Prepared By ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA
x = 84 years old 1 1
( + )30 = 1
Mixture Problem 2
x y
One jar contains 5/6 alcohol and another 8/9
Clock Problem 1 1 1 1
Accordingly: + = → eq. 1 alcohol. How many liters taken from each jar are
x y 30 required to fill a third jar 24 liters capacity so that
How soon after noon will the minute and the hour β=θ
11x 10 11x 1 1 1 it will be 7/8 alcohol?
hands form a 120° angle between them? + = 15 − ( + )12 + (24) = 1
12 3 12 x y y
x = 6.36 minutes 12 36
+ =1
time = 3:6.36 pm x y
1 3 1
+ = → eq. 2
WORK PROBLEM 1 x y 12
solving: x = 120 days; y = 40 days
A piece of work was started on a machine which
could finish it in 5 hours. After 3 hours, the
machine broke down, and the job had to be finished Mixture Problem 1
on a smaller machine which could have taken seven
hours for the entire job. How long did it take the Find the amount of pure silver and pure lead that
Equation: ‘A whole equals sum of its parts”
second machine to complete the work? should be added to 50 kg of a mixture containing
25% silver and 30% lead to produce an alloy which
x = 20 + x/12
Let x = number of hours the remaining job could be is 30% silver and 40% lead.
x = 21.82 mins
Time = 12:21.82 PM finished by the second machine

Clock Problem 2 Since the larger machine operated for 3 hours, the
remaining job is 2/5. Solving: x = 6 liters; y = 18 liters
It is between 3 and 4 o’clock in the afternoon. In 20
minutes, the minute hand will be ahead of the hour By ratio and proportion: Discharge Problem 1
hand as it is now behind it. What time is it now?
2 A tank can be filled by one pipe in 16 minutes, by a
: x = 1: 7 second in 24 minutes and can be drained by a third
5 Equating amounts of lead:
pipe in 48 minutes. If all the pipes are open, in how
14
x= = 2.8 hours 0.30(50) + y = 0.4(50 + x + y ) many minutes can the tank be filled?
5
0.6 y − 0.4 x = 5 1 1 1
WORK PROBLEM 2 ( + − )x = 1
3 y − 2 x = 25 → eq. 1 16 24 48
x = 12 minutes
A man can do a job with his son in 30 days. If after
working together for 12 days, the son worked alone Equating amounts of silver:
At present (now), the minute-hand is behind the Discharge Problem 2
hour-hand by θ: and finished the job in 24 more days, how long will
it take the son to do the job alone? 0.25(50) + x = 0.30(50 + x + y )
A tank can be filled when empty by an inlet in 8
θ = 15 + x/12 - x 0.7 x − 0.3 y = 2.5 or hours and can be drained by an outlet when full, in
θ = 15 - llx/12 Let x = number of days the man could finish the job
y = number of days the son could finish the job 7 x - 3 y = 25 → eq. 2 12 hours. How long will it take to fill the tank when
both pipes are open, if initially the tank is 2/5 full?
After 20 minutes, the minute-hand is ahead the
Solving : x = 10 kg; y = 15 kg
hour-hand by β:
 9
Lecture Notes in Algebra Prepared By ENGR. DOMINGO ROYALES POJARDA
1 1 3 Investment Problem 1 36 passed in Mathematics and 2 failed in both
( − )x =
8 12 5 subjects, the number of students who passed both
x = 6 hours Engr. Richard Manaog has PhP 60,000 to invest, subjects is:
part of it @ 3% and the rest at 4%. His annual
Motion Problem 1 income from these two investments is PhP 2,080.
How much is invested at each rate?
Arvin started on his mountain bike for Legazpi, a
distance of 30 miles, intending to arrive at a certain Let x = amount invested at 3%
time. After biking for 10 miles, he was detained for y = amount invested at 4%
half an hour due to bad weather, and as a result he
had to speed up 2 mph faster. What was the original
speed of Arvin?

Equation :
Conditions/Equations: 36 − x + x + 30 − x + 2 = 40
x + y = 60,000 → eq.1
x = 28
0.03x+0.04y = 2080 → eq.2
solving : x = 32,000; y = 28,000
Venn Diagram 2
Investment Problem 2
The survey of seventy one students reveals that:
If Engr Daisy Nueva was left with 10 hectares 50 take the jeepney
fewer than 40% of her land after selling 6 hectares 36 take the bus
more than 70% of her land, how many hectares of 33 take the train
land did she initially own? 20 take the jeepney and the bus
18 take the bus and the train
22 take the train and the jeepney
Let x = original number of hectares she has
12 take the jeepney, bus and train
0.7 x + 6 = number of hectares sold A. How many students take the jeepney only?
Motion Problem 2 0.4 x - 10 = number of hectares left B. How many students take the bus only?
C. How many students take the train only?
A man drives a certain distance at 50 kph and a
Equation / Condition :
second man drives the same distance in 20 minutes
less time at 60 kph. Find the distance traveled
0.4 x - 10 = x - (0.7 x + 6)
x x 20 x = 40 hectares
= +
50 60 60
x = 100 km
Venn Diagram 1

A class of 40 students took examination in

Mathematics and English. If 30 passed in English,