Faculty of Engineering

KNS2591 Civil Engineering Laboratory 3

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

INTRODUCTION

A nozzle can be defined as a device that designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid
flow as it exits or entered an enclosed chamber. The amount of force depended on the diameter of the
jet shape and the fluid rate also depends on whether the vane is stationary or moving. The vane shape
can be classified into three shapes which are flat, hemisphere and conical. As the jet of water flowing
with a steady velocity, the water is deflected as it strikes a solid surface such as the vanes. We
assumed that there are no losses due to shock, the velocity of water is remain unchanged. The pressure
exerted by the water on the solid surface will everywhere be at right angles to the surface. We
considered that the jet of water which impacts onto a targeted vane surface causing the direction of the
jet will changed.

Figure 1.0 The impact of jet apparatus

It can be seen from the application of water turbine that are widely utilized throughout the world for
power generation. The fluid under the pressure is allowed to strike the vanes of a turbine wheel. One
of the most conventional types of water turbine is the Pelton wheel. Water jets are tangentially
directed on to vanes that can be fastened on the rim of the turbine disc. The impact of water on the

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Faculty of Engineering
KNS2591 Civil Engineering Laboratory 3
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

vanes engenders a torque on the wheel causing it to rotate and to develop power. Moreover, it is
possible to understand how the deflection of the jet engenders a power on the vanes and how the force
is related to the rate of momentum flow in the jet. In this experiment, we measured the force
generated by a jet of water striking a flat, hemispherical and conical shape and to understand how the
forces can affect the change of momentum flow in the jet.

Figure 2.0 from left, flat, hemispherical and conical shape of vane

By applying the momentum equation in the x direction

−F x = pQ ( V x ( out )−V x ( ¿ ) ) =pQ (vcosβ −v ) (1.0)

F x = pQv(1−cosβ ) (2.0)

For the flat target, β = 90°

F x = pQv (3.0)

For the hemispherical target, β = 135°

F x =1.7071 pQv (4.0)

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Faculty of Engineering
KNS2591 Civil Engineering Laboratory 3
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

For the conical target, β = 45°

F x =0.2929 pQv (5.0)

Figure 3.0 sketch of jet impinging on a vane

The exit velocity, v g can be obtained from the flow rate, Q

Q
v g= (6.0)
A

The jet at the nozzle is vertically displaced from the point of contract on the plate and therefore the
exit velocity, v E can be related to the impact velocity vi .

By apply the Bernoulli equation between nozzle and vane

P n v g2 P v v i2
+ + Zn= + +Zv (7.0)
γ 2g γ 2g

Jet is open to the atmosphere

P n Pv
+ =0 (8.0)
γ γ

Z n−Z v =s (9.0)

Thus,

V i= √(v ¿¿ g¿¿ 2)−2 gs ¿¿ (10.0)

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Faculty of Engineering
KNS2591 Civil Engineering Laboratory 3
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

The value of coefficient of discharge, C d can be obtained from impact velocity, vi against velocity

exit, v g graph where the gradient of the graph is equal to the coefficient of discharge C d.

vi
C d= (11.0)
vg

The value of theoretical water discharge, Q theoretical can be obtained after calculating the value for

coefficient of discharge C d.

Qactual
C d= (12.0)
Qtheoretical

Qactual
Qtheoretical = (13.0)
Cd

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Faculty of Engineering
KNS2591 Civil Engineering Laboratory 3
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak

METHODOLOGY
The experiment was conducted at Fluid and Hydrology Lab on 15 November 2019. Apparatus that is
needed in this experiment are the impact of jet, hydraulic bench, flat vane, hemispherical vane,
conical vane and a stopwatch. The type of hydraulic bench that used in this experiment is HID
Volumetric Hydraulic Bench with SOLTEQ Model: FM12 with tank capacity is 35 litres. The flat
plate has a diameter with 74mm, hemispherical plate with 60mm. The impact of jet apparatus is set up
on the volumetric hydraulic bench before the experiment begun. An upper weigh beam is pivoted on
precision bearings at one end carries along its length the fixed test plate. The beam jockey and a scale
are used to measure the jet force. An adjustable spring supports the lever and is used for setting the
initial zero level of the beam. A hanging tally weight on the end of the beam is used to return the
beam, to horizontal each time a reading is required.

The apparatus is levelled up and the lever brought to the balanced position, with the jockey weight at
its zero setting. The weight of the jockey, the diameter of the nozzle, the height of the vane above the
tip of the nozzle when the lever is balanced and the distance from the pivot of the lever to the centre
of the vane are measured and recorded. The jockey is set up to 230mm on the lever for the hemisphere
plate. The water is then admitted through the bench supply valve and the flow rate increased to the
maximum until the vane is deflected by the impact of the jet. The force on the vane displaced the
lever, which then is restored to its balanced position by sliding the jockey weight along the lever. The
time taken for the water to fill 5 litres is recorded and tabulated in table 1.0 and the flow rate is
measured. The step is repeated for another four readings by reducing the flow rates.

The experiment is repeated by replacing the hemisphere plate with flat plate and the conical plate. The
initial position of the jockey on the lever for flat plat is started with 180mm while the conical plate is
stated with 220mm. The time taken for both of them also are recorded in table 2.0 and table 3.0. The
impact of velocity, vi is calculated by using equation (10.0) and the velocity of the nozzle is

Q
calculated by using ve = . Thus, the graph of the velocity of nozzle against the impact velocity is
A
plotted as shown in graph 1.0. The rate of momentum and the force on the vane are calculated and
tabulated. Hence, the graph of force against the rate of momentum is plotted to obtain the slope for
each graph as shown in graph 2.0.

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Faculty of Engineering
KNS2591 Civil Engineering Laboratory 3
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak