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Concrete gravity dams are designed so that the weight of the dam itself (the gravity
force) is sufficient for overturning by the applied forces. The forces that must be
considered in the design of the dam are;
Because of the pressure of the water in the reservoir and in the downstream channel,
hydrostatic forces will be exerted on the dam. The horizontal upstream force per unit
width is FU,H.
γ w hu2
Fu , H = (3.1)
2
18 A.Bulu
Here,
hu = the vertical distance from the water surface to the base of the dam at the
upstream.
The location of the line of action of this force is at 2/3 of the depth below the water
surface. If the dam has a sloping surface, there will be a vertical force Fu,v.
Fu,v = the weight of the water vertically above the sloping face of the dam, and its line
of action is through the centroid of this volume of water.
After the reservoir is filled, water (under pressure) will seep into the pores of the
concrete of the dam and through the pores and fissures of the foundation rock. Once
conditions of equilibrium have been established (that is, once the seepage rate is
constant), a pressure head gradient will be established in the concrete along the base
of the dam. The maximum head is at the heel (upstream limit) of the dam, where
p/γw= hu, and the minimum head is at the toe of the dam and is equal hd. Thus the
magnitude of the hydrostatic uplift will equal the average uplift pressure and the area
of the base section. The line of action of the uplift force will act through the centroid
of the pressure prism at the base of the dam.
hU + hD
Fuplift = ηAγ w (3.2)
2
Fuplift acting through the centroid of the pressure diagram at the distance y from the
heel with b as the width of the base,
b (2hD + hU )
y1 = × (3.3)
3 (hD + hU )
Customary practice is to reduce the uplift force by creating a more impervious zone in
the rock foundation by boring holes into the foundation rock and pumping cement
grout into the holes. (Fig. 3.2).
19 A.Bulu
Figure 3.2. Uplift pressure on a dam with grout curtain and drains
W = γ c A (kN/m) (3.4)
Where crest gates and other ancillary structures or equipment of significant weight are
present, they must also be accounted for in determining W and the position of its line
action.
When an earthquake occurs, the earth shakes (vibrates), as does the resting on the
earth. The dam will be accelerated when the quake occurs so that an inertial force will
act through the center of gravity of the dam and in a direction opposite to the
acceleration.
a
Finertial = Ma = M = αW (3.5)
g
20 A.Bulu
Where,
Besides the inertial effects from an earthquake, the water pressure itself will be
increased in a direction toward to reservoir.
Pressure centre (line of action) of this force is (4hu/3π) from the base of the dam.
Combination of the applied vertical and horizontal static loads equates to the inclined
resultant force, R. This is balanced by an equivalent and opposite reactive resultant
force R`, derived from vertical reactions and the reactive horizontal resistance of the
foundation. The conditions essential to structural equilibrium and so to stability can
therefore be summarized as,
∑H = ∑V = 0 (3.7)
∑M = 0 (3.8)
∑H and ∑V respectively denote the summation of all active and reactive forces, and
∑M represents the summation of the moments of those with respect to any point.
21 A.Bulu
3.3. STABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE DAM
The stability analysis of a given gravity dam cross-section may be carried by the
analytical method and carried out in the following steps;
1. Consider unit length of the dam. Calculate all vertical loads acting. They include
the weight of the dam, weight of water acting on the inclined faces, uplift force and
inertia forces due to vertical acceleration. Find out the algebraic sum, ∑V.
2. Find out the sum of horizontal forces ∑H, and the horizontal pressure due to
hydrodynamic pressure (earthquake effect).
3. Find out the sum of overturning moments ∑M⎯ and the sum of righting moments
∑M+ at the toe. Also find the algebraic sum of all the moments,
∑M = ∑M +
− ∑M − (3.9)
4. Find out the location (i.e. the distance x) of the resultant force R from toe, by
relation,
x=
∑M (3.10)
∑V
5. Find out the eccentricity e of the resultant R from the centre of the horizontal
cross-section at the foundation as,
b
e= −x (3.11)
2
If the dam is too thin, it may not have enough weight to resist the action of the water
pressure and may fail by tipping in the downstream direction about its toe. If this were
to happen, the line of action of the resultant applied forces would lie outside the pivot
point, as shown in Fig. (3.4). We might then conclude that a dam would be safe from
overturning if a rule were adopted stating that the line of action of the resultant should
lie inside the toe of the dam (the broken line in the Fig. 3.4).
22 A.Bulu
Figure 3.4. Consideration of forces causing overturning
A simplistic factor of safety with respect to overturning, F0, can be expressed in terms
of the moments operating about the downstream toe of any horizontal plane. F0 is then
defined as the ratio of the summation of all restoring (i.e. positive) moments, ∑M+ to
the summation of all overturning moments, ∑M-, thus,
F0 =
∑M +
(3.12)
∑M −
It may be noted that ∑M- is inclusive of the moment generated by uplift load.
The forces that tend to cause sliding are the pressure of the water on the face of the
dam, horizontal earthquake forces, ice forces, and wave forces. If these forces are less
than the resistance to shear at the base of the dam, or any other horizontal section
through the dam, then the dam will not slide. The applied horizontal forces are
determined by the methods we discussed in the previous section.
Sliding Factor, f, is expressed as a function of the resistance to simple sliding over the
plane considered. It is the ratio of the summation of all horizontal load components,
∑H, to the summation of all vertical loads, ∑V, on the plane considered, i.e. for a
horizontal plane,
f =
∑H (3.13)
∑V
f on a horizontal plane should not be permitted to exceed 0.75 for the specified normal
load combination.
The allowable friction factor, f, for rock is best determined by laboratory analyses.
However, the values shown in Table were given by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
as a guide for preliminary analysis.
23 A.Bulu
Table 3.1. Representative friction factors for
foundation materials (USBR, 1960)
Material f
Sound rock, clean and irregular surface 0.80
Rock, some jointing and laminations 0.70
Gravel and coarse sand 0.40
Sand 0.30
Shale 0.30
β=
∑V × f + A × τ ≥5 (3.14)
∑H
where,
f = Sliding factor,
In order to calculate the normal stress distribution at the base, or at any cross-section,
let H be the total horizontal force, V be the total vertical force, and R be the resultant
force cutting the base at an eccentricity e from the centre of the base of width b.
b/2 b/2
Figure 3.5.
24 A.Bulu
Thus,
V
Direct stress = (3.15)
b ×1
b
Ve
Bending stress = ±
My
=± 2 = ± 6Ve (3.16)
I 1× b 3 b2
12
V ⎛ 6e ⎞
σ= ⎜1 ± ⎟ (3.17)
b⎝ b ⎠
The positive sign will be used for calculating normal stress at the toe, since bending
stress will be compressive there, and negative sign will be used for calculating normal
stress at the heel.
V ⎛ 6e ⎞
σ toe = ⎜1 + ⎟
b⎝ b ⎠
(3.18)
V ⎛ 6e ⎞
σ heel = ⎜1 − ⎟
b⎝ b⎠
σheel
σtoe
The maximum compressive stress occurs at the toe and for safety; this should not be
greater than the allowable compressive stress σcon for the foundation material. Hence,
from strength point of view,
V ⎛ 6e ⎞
⎜1 + ⎟ ≤ σ con (3.19)
b⎝ b ⎠
V ⎛ 6 b ⎞ 2V
σ toe = ⎜1 + × ⎟ = (3.20)
b ⎝ b 6⎠ b
The corresponding stress at the heel in that circumstance will evidently be zero.
25 A.Bulu
b
heel toe
2V
b
Tension
V ⎛ 6e ⎞
σ heel = ⎜1 − ⎟ (3.21)
b⎝ b ⎠
b
It is evident that if e > , the normal stress at the heel will be σheel < 0 (tensile). No
6
tension should be permitted at any point of the dam under any circumstance for
moderately high dams. For no tension to develop, the eccentricity should less than
b/6. In other words, the resultant force should always lie within the middle third.
In the absence of any force than the forces due to water, an elementary profile will be
triangular in cross-section, having zero width at the water level, where water pressure
is zero, and a maximum base width b, where the maximum water pressure acts. Thus,
the cross-section of the elementary profile is of the same shape as the hydrostatic
pressure distribution.
H
FH
W
R
H/3
M1 M2
ηγwH
Fup
Figure 3.6.
26 A.Bulu
We shall consider the following forces acting on the elementary profile of a gravity
dam:
1
↓ W = γ c bH (Acting 2b/3 from the toe)
2
2) Hydrostatic force = FH
r 1
FH = γ w H 2 (Acting H/3 from the base)
2
1
↑ Fup = ηγ wbH
2
The base width b of the elementary profile is to be found under two criteria:
When reservoir is empty, for no tension to develop, the resultant should act at the
inner “third point”, M1. For the reservoir full condition, for no tension to develop, the
resultant R must pass through the outer “third point”, M2.
Taking the moment of all forces about M2 and equating to zero (since the moment of
R about M2 is zero), we get
1 H 1 b 1 b
γ w H 2 + ηγ wbH − γ c bH = 0
2 3 2 3 2 3
6
Multiplying all the terms by ( ),
γ wH
27 A.Bulu
1 6 ηγ wb 2 H 6 γ cb 2 H 6
γ wH ×
3
+ × − × =0
6 γ wH 6 γ wH 6 γ wH
γc 2
H 2 + ηb 2 − b =0
γw
γ = ρg → γ c = ρ c g → γ w = ρ w g
γ c ρc
= = ρc
γ w ρw
H 2 + b 2 (η − ρ c ) = 0
H2
b =
2
(ρ c − η )
H
b= (3.22)
ρc −η
The above equation can also be alternatively derived by considering the force
triangles. Thus,
H b b
FH + Fup = W
3 3 3
(W − Fup ) = FH
b H
3 3
W − Fup H
=
FH b
b 2 (γ c − ηγ w ) = H 2γ w
b 2 (ρ c g − ηρ w g ) = H 2 ρ w g
ρ w = 1(ton m 3 )
H
b=
ρc −η
28 A.Bulu
3.4.1.2. Sliding Criterion
For no sliding to occur, horizontal force causing sliding should be balanced by the
frictional forces opposing the same. Hence,
FH = f (W − F up )
1 ⎛1 1 ⎞
γ w H 2 = f ⎜ bHγ c − ηbHγ w ⎟
2 ⎝2 2 ⎠
1 1
γ w H 2 = fbH (γ c − ηγ w )
2 2
ρ w gH
b=
f (ρ c g − ηρ w g )
H
b= (3.24)
f (ρ c − η )
W ⎛ 6e ⎞
σ= ⎜1 ± ⎟
b⎝ b ⎠
V = (W − Fup )
b
and e=
6
Hence, for full reservoir case, the normal stress at the is,
σ toe =
(W − F ) (1 + 1) = 2(W − F )
up up
b b
2⎛1 1 ⎞
σ toe = ⎜ bHγ c − ηbHγ w ⎟
b⎝2 2 ⎠
2 1
σ toe = × × bH (γ c − ηγ w )
b 2
σ toe = H (γ c − ηγ w ) (3.24)
29 A.Bulu
W − Fup
σ heel = (1 − 1) = 0 (3.25)
b
V = (W − Fup )
b
and e=
6
Hence, for full reservoir case, the normal stress at the is,
σ toe =
(W − F ) (1 + 1) = 2(W − F )
up up
b b
2⎛1 1 ⎞
σ toe = ⎜ bHγ c − ηbHγ w ⎟
b⎝2 2 ⎠
2 1
σ toe = × × bH (γ c − ηγ w )
b 2
σ toe = H (γ c − ηγ w ) (3.24)
W − Fup
σ heel = (1 − 1) = 0 (3.25)
b
EXAMPLE 3.1: Using the flexure formula, prove that the resultant force acting on a
gravity dam must pass within the middle one third of the base of the dam to ensure
that none of the concrete is in tension along the base.
Solution: Consider the resultant force R as shown. Resolve this force into
components Ry and Rx acting on the base. Let x be the distance from the centroid of
the base to where the resultant force intersects the base. There the flexure formula will
yield the normal stress at any point on the base.
F M F Me
σ= ± = ±
A W A I
Where,
P = Ry
30 A.Bulu
R
Rx
O
b/2
Ry
b
x
M = Ry x
hb 3 b3
I= = 1× (for unit length of the dam)
12 12
b
Ry Ry x
σ= ± 2
b b3
12
Ry 6Ry x
0= ±
b b2
b
x=±
6
Thus, for x = ± b 6 (limits of middle third of the base) the normal stress will be zero
at the heel or toe but for any other position within the middle third the normal stress
will be positive.
EXAMPLE 3.2:
a) Determine the normal stresses at the heel and toe of the concrete dam using the
simple flexure formula for solving the stress. Consider weight of the dam, 2/3
hydrostatic uplift, and hydrostatic force on the face of the dam in your analysis. γc =
23.5 kN/m3. γw = 10 kN/m3.
31 A.Bulu
4m
2m
45m
45m
W1 = γ c A1 = 23.5 × 4 × 47 = 4418 kN m
41× 47
W2 = γ c A2 = 23.5 × ≅ 22642 kN m
2
Hydrostatic force;
1 1
Fx = γ w H 2 = ×10 × 452 = 10125 kN m
2 2
Uplift force;
2 1
Fup = × × γ w H 2
3 2
2
Fup = ×10125 = 6750 kN m
3
σ=∑ ∑ Me
F
±
A I
∑ F =W1 + W2 − Fup
∑ F = 4418 + 22642 − 6750 = 20310 kN m
A = 1× 45 = 45m 2
32 A.Bulu
H ⎛ 45 4 ⎞ ⎛ 2 45 ⎞ ⎛ 2 45 ⎞
∑ M = −F x
3
+ W1 ⎜ − ⎟ + W2 ⎜ 41× − ⎟ − Fup ⎜ 45 × − ⎟
⎝ 2 2⎠ ⎝ 3 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 2 ⎠
∑ M = −10125 ×15 + 4418 × 20.5 + 22642 × 4.83 − 6750 × 7.5 =
∑ M = −2570kNm
Consider normal stress at heel and toe;
45
− 2570 ×
19159 2
σ heel = +
45 453
12
σ heel = 425.76 − 7.61 = 418.15 kN m 2
σ toe = 425.76 + 7.61 = 433.37 kN m 2
b) What would be the stresses if earthquake forces were also included? Consider only
horizontal acceleration toward reservoir and take earthquake coefficient α = 0.10.
W1 → F = ma
W1
F1 = × 0.10 g = 0.10W1
g
47
Moment arm: m
2
47
Added moment: − × 0.10 × 4418 = −10382kNm
2
W2 → F2 = 0.10W2
47
Added moment: − × 0.10 × 22642 = −35472kNm
3
33 A.Bulu
Pe = 0.555αγ w hu2
Pe = 0.555 × 0.10 ×10 × 45 2 = 1124 kN m 2
4hu 4 × 45
Pressure centre (line of action) of this force: y = = = 19.10m
3π 3π
P Me
σ= ±
A I
45
− 69892 ×
σ = 425.76 ± 2 = 425.76 ± 207.09
453
12
σ heel = 632.85 kN m 2
σ toe = 218.67 kN m 2
EXAMPLE 3.3: A concrete dam with a triangle shape has a base width 72 m and
height 75 m. Specific weight of the concrete, γc = 23.5 kN/m3. Specific weight of
water, γw = 10 kN/m3. Area reduction factor, η = 0.70. Sliding factor, f = 0.80. The
strength of the rock foundation, σ = 2 kN/m2. Unit shear resistance of the concrete, τ =
1500 kN/m2.
Solution: The problem will be solved for unit width of dam to the figure. The primary
forces on the concrete dam are,
a) Hydrostatic force,
1
FU , H = γ w hU2
2
1
FU , H = ×10 × 75 2 = 28125 kN m
2
34 A.Bulu
b) Hydrostatic uplift,
hu
Fup = ηAγ w
2
75
Fup = 0.70 × 72 ×10 × = 18900 kN m
2
W =γC A
75 × 72
W = 23.5 × = 63450 kN m
2
75 m
W 48m
FU,H 25m
O
75γ 72m
75γ
Fup
a) Resistance to overturning;
FO =
∑M +
=
W × 48
∑M − FU ,H × 25 + Fup × 48
63450 × 48
FO = = 1.89
28125 × 25 + 18900 × 48
35 A.Bulu
b) Resistance to sliding,
f =
∑H = F U ,H
∑V W − P up
28125
f = = 0.68
63450 − 18900
β=∑
Vf + Aτ
≥5
∑H
β=
(W − P )× f + b ×τ ×1
up
FU , H
β=
(63450 − 18900)× 0.80 + 72 ×1500 = 5.11
28125
Determination the vertical stresses and major principal stresses at either faces when
the dam is full and empty;
75
Moment arm = = 25m
3
Weight = 63450kN/m
72
Moment arm = 48 − = 12m
2
∑M ∗
= 63450 ×12 − 28125 × 25 = 58275kNm
e=
∑M ∗
=
58275
= 0.92m
∑V 63450
36 A.Bulu
e lies upstream of the centroid.
σ up = ∑ ⎜1 −
V ⎛ 6e ⎞
⎟
b ⎝ b ⎠
63450 ⎛ 6 × 0.92 ⎞
σ up = ⎜1 − ⎟ = 814 kN m
2
72 ⎝ 72 ⎠
σ down = ∑ ⎜1 +
V ⎛ 6e ⎞
⎟
b ⎝ b ⎠
63450 ⎛ 6 × 0.92 ⎞
σ down = ⎜1 + ⎟ = 948 kN m
2
72 ⎝ 72 ⎠
When the dam is empty,
Hydrostatic force = 0
72
Moment arm = 48 − = 12m
2
∑M ∗
= 63450 ×12 = 761400kNm
e=
∑M ∗
=
761400
= 12m
∑V 63450
σ up = ∑ ⎜1 −
V ⎛ 6e ⎞
⎟
b ⎝ b ⎠
(No tensile stresses)
63450 ⎛ 6 × 12 ⎞
σ up = ⎜1 − ⎟=0
72 ⎝ 72 ⎠
σ down = ∑ ⎜1 +
V ⎛ 6e ⎞
⎟
b ⎝ b ⎠
63450 ⎛ 6 × 12 ⎞
σ down = ⎜1 + ⎟ = 1763 kN m
2
72 ⎝ 72 ⎠
Height of the dam = H = 100 m, specific mass of concrete = ρc = 2.4 ton/m3, specific
mass of the water = ρw = 1 ton/m3, area reduction factor for uplift = η = 0.70,
earthquake coefficient = α = 0.20.
37 A.Bulu
Solution:
Pe
FH H/3
b/3 b/3
C
B M1 M2
4H/3π
ηγwH
Fup
The various forces acting on the dam shown are shown on the Figure.
a) Vertical forces
1 1
W = bHγ c = × b × 100 × 2.4 × 9.81 ≅ 1177b
2 2
Hence,
b
Moment arm to point M2 =
3
38 A.Bulu
b) Horizontal forces
1) Hydrostatic force;
r 1 1× 9.81× 100 2
FH = γ w H 2 = = 49050kN
2 2
H
Moment arm =
3
2) Earthquake forces;
r 1
F = αW = α bHγ c
2
r 1
Fearth = 0.20 × × 100 × 2.4 × 9.81× b ≅ 235b
2
H
Moment arm =
3
3) Hydrodynamic pressure;
Pe = 0.555 × αγ w H 2
Pe = 0.555 × 0.20 × 1× 9.81× 100 2 = 10889kN
4 H 4 ×100
Moment arm = = = 42.44m
3π 3π
If the resultant of all forces has to pass through the outer third part M2, moment of all
these forces at this point must be zero.
b H H
∑V × 3 − F H
3
×
− Fearth × − Pe × 42.44 = 0
3
b 100 100
834b × − 49050 × − 235b × − 10889 × 42.44 = 0
3 3 3
278b 2 − 7833b − 2097129 = 0
7833 ± 7833 2 + 4 × 278 × 2097129
b1, 2 =
2 × 278
7833 ± 48922
b1, 2 =
556
b ≅ 102 m
39 A.Bulu
Putting α = 0 when no earthquake acts, the value of b reduces to,
b H
∑V × 3 = FH × 3
834b 2 100
= 49050 × = 1635000
3 3
b ≅ 77 m
H 100
b= = ≅ 77m
ρc −η 2.4 − 0.7
EXAMPLE 3.5: A concrete dam cross-section is given in the Figure. Check the
stability of the dam for,
a) Reservoir empty,
b) Reservoir full,
c) Reservoir empty with earthquake effect,
d) Reservoir full with earthquake effect.
40 A.Bulu
90m
89m
FV
W1
28m W2
FH
W3
8m 7m 58m
73m
89γwη
Solution:
1) Vertical forces;
W1 = γ c × 7 × 90 = 24 × 7 × 90 = 15120 kN
7
Moment arm to toe = 58 + = 61.50m
2
58 × 89
W2 = × 24 = 61944kN
2
2
Moment arm = × 58 = 38.67m
3
8 × 28
W3 = × 24 = 2688kN
2
8
Moment arm = + 7 + 58 = 67.67m
3
41 A.Bulu
M 3 = 2688 × 67.67 = 181897 kNm
89 × 61
↓ FV = 8 × × 10 = 6000kN
2
Moment arm to toe O may be calculated by dividing the trapezoidal pressure diagram
to a triangle and a rectangle,
28 × 28 8
61× 8 × 10 × 4 + × = 6000 × x
2 3
x = 3.30 m
c) Uplift force,
73 × 89 2 73 × 89
↑ Fup = γ wη = 10 × × = 21657kN
2 3 2
2
Moment arm = × 73 = 48.67m
3
2) Horizontal forces;
a) Hydrostatic force,
r 1 1
FH = γ w H 2 = × 10 × 89 2 = 39605kN
2 2
42 A.Bulu
89
Moment arm = == 29.67m
3
4 H 4 × 89
Moment arm = = = 37.77m
3π 3π
90
Moment arm = = 45m
2
89
Moment arm = = 29.67m
3
28
Moment arm = = 9.33m
3
∑V = W + W + W = 79753kN
1 2 3
∑ M = 3507151kNm
+
43 A.Bulu
Distance where the resultant force acts from toe is,
x=
∑M =
3507151
≅ 44m
∑V 79752
b 73
e= − x = − 44 = −7.50m (At the left of the center)
2 2
σ=
∑ ⎜1 +
V ⎛ 6e ⎞ 79752 ⎛ 6 × (− 7.5) ⎞
⎟= ⎜1 ± ⎟
b ⎝ b ⎠ 73 ⎝ 73 ⎠
σ = 1092.49 × (1 m 0.62)
Reservoir is empty.
x=
∑M =
1696225
= 26.46m
∑V 64095
44 A.Bulu
b 73
e= − x = − 26.46 ≅ 10m
2 2
σ=
∑V ⎛⎜1 ± 6e ⎞⎟ = 64095 ⎛⎜1 ± 6 ×10 ⎞⎟
b ⎝ b ⎠ 73 ⎝ 73 ⎠
σ = 878 × (1 ± 0.82)
F0 =
∑M +
=
3925351
= 1.76 > 1.50
∑M −
2229126
f =
∑ H = 39605 = 0.62 < 0.70
∑V 64095
β=
∑Vf + Aτ >5
∑H
64095 × 0.70 + 73 × 1× 1400
β= = 3.71 < 5
39605
↓ ∑V = 79752kN
∑M = ∑M +
− M 4− = 3507151 − 68040 = 3439111kNm
45 A.Bulu
x=
∑M =
343911
= 43.12m
∑V 79752
b 73
e= −x = − 43.12 = −6.62m
2 2
79752 ⎛ 6 × 6.62 ⎞
σ= × ⎜1 m ⎟
73 ⎝ 73 ⎠
σ = 1092.49 × (1 m 0.54 )
σ toe = 502kPa
σ heel = 1682kPa
F0 =
∑M +
=
3507151
= 52 > 1.50 (safe)
∑M −
68040
f =
∑ H = 1512 = 0.02 < 0.70 (safe)
∑V 79752
iii)Shearing factor,
∑V = 64095kN
∑ M =3507151 + 418200 − 1054046 − 1175080 − 166037 − 68040 − 183775 − 2510
∑ M = 1275863
+
46 A.Bulu
x=
∑M =
1275863
= 19.91m
∑V 64095
b 73
e= −x = − 19.91 = 16.60m
2 2
64095 ⎛ 6 × 16.60 ⎞
σ= × ⎜1 ± ⎟
73 ⎝ 73 ⎠
σ toe = 2076kPa
i) Overturning check,
F0 =
∑M +
=
3925351
= 1.48 ≈ 1.50 (Not safe)
∑M −
2649488
f =
∑ H = 39605 + 4396 + 1512 + 6194 + 269
∑V 64095
(Not safe)
51976
f = = 0.81 > 0.70
64095
The dam cross-section is therefore, unsafe for the present loading conditions.
47 A.Bulu