Index

Index Terms Links

ac circuit
analysis of power in an 1.23
maximum power transfer in an 1.26
Adjustable speed drives 5.25
Alternators, internal voltage of 13.6
Annual loads, generation 8.18
Apparent power, calculation of 10.18
Armature reaction, in a dc motor 3.16
Automatic generation control (AGC) 12.12
Autotransformer
buck/boost 4.16
step-up, performance of 4.16
Autotransformers 10.22
Autotransformer starting, of a threephase
induction motor 5.14

Balanced dc bridge network 1.12

Balanced delta system, analysis of a 1.27

Balanced wye-wye system, analysis of a 1.27

Batteries 18.2
ampere-hour capacity of 18.29
calculating end voltage 18.7
capacity (C rate) 18.6
charger size for 18.33
discharge characteristics of 18.10
electrolytes in 18.35
first-minute loads 18.25
K-factors 18.16
nickel-cadmium 18.5
recharging 18.34
S curves for 18.15
short-circuit currents in 18.31
sizing for constant power 18.30
Index Terms Links
Batteries, continued
sizing for multiple-load profile 18.27
sizing for single-load profile 18.26
stationary 18.3
voltage depression in 18.19
voltage vs. time curves 18.11
Battery cells
computing number of 18.19
parallel 18.6
series 18.5
Battery chargers, temperature and altitude derating for 18.34
Boiler-feed pumps 17.7
Braking, three-phase induction motors 5.10
Branch-circuit analysis, dc network 1.6
Breaker failures 16.15
Bus classification, for power systems 11.7
Bus voltages, calculated by matrix equation
and inversion 13.26

Cables
capacitive susceptances associated with underground 9.27
geometry for parameter calculations for 9.18
inductive impedances of multiconductor 9.18
inductive reactances of 9.16
inductive sequence impedances of threephase 9.22
Capability penalty, for unequal units 8.37
Capacitance
associated with transmission lines 9.22
of three-phase lines 9.24
of a two-wire line 9.23
Capacitive reactance, of three-phase lines 9.25
Capacitive susceptance, of multiconductor
transmission lines 9.25
Capacity factor, annual generation 8.11
Capacitor motor, starting-torque 6.9
Capacitors, power-factor improvement with 10.20
Cash flows 19.9
Cells, nickel-cadmium, selecting 18.20
Index Terms Links
Charging current, in transmission lines 9.28
Circuit-breaker selection 13.22
Coefficient of utilization 20.4
Coefficient of utilization, finding the 20.15
Cogeneration 17.10
gas-turbine–based plant 17.2
steam-turbine–based plant 17.2
Cogeneration plant
gas-turbine–based 17.1
output and heat rate 17.11
Cogeneration plant cycle 17.2
Cogeneration plants, comparative analysis of 17.13
Competition
monopolistic 19.6
in the power industry 19.2
Competitive environments 19.5
Competitive market 19.7
Complex power
calculated with symmetrical components 13.14
calculation of 10.11
Condensate pumps 17.7
Conductors
ACSR (table) 9.8
resistance of 9.2
separation components (table) 9.11
stranded, inductance of 9.5
types of, used on transmission lines 9.2
Control-criteria specifications 12.5
Conversions, wye-delta and delta-wye 10.8
Coordination
fast trip 15.13
fuse-fuse 15.13
recloser-fuse 15.13
Cost of money 19.8
Costs, levelized annual 19.22
Critical fault clearing (CFC) times 16.18
Current
in a balanced three-phase circuit 13.4
Index Terms Links
Current, continued
Cartesian form of 13.10
polar form of 13.10
Current measurement 2.3
Current transformers, connection and sizing of 15.2

Daily load factor 19.15

dc bridge network
balanced 1.12
unbalanced 1.13
dc compound generator, terminal conditions
calculated for 3.4
dc generator
added series field to produce flat compounding 3.5
interpole windings for a 3.6
separately excited, rated conditions 3.2
used as speed/voltage measurement 3.1
used as tachometer measurement 3.1
dc machine, compensating winding for 3.8
dc motor
armature reaction in a 3.16
chopper drive for 3.21
manual starter for 3.13
select by duty cycle 3.14
separately excited dynamic braking for 3.17
shunt, counter-emf automatic starter for 3.22
three-phase SCR drive for a 3.18
torque and efficiency for 3.11
dc motors, starters for 5.27
dc network
branch-circuit analysis of a 1.6
mesh analysis of a 1.7
nodal analysis of a 1.8
dc network solution
using Norton’s theorem 1.11
using superposition theorem 1.9
using Thevenin’s theorem 1.10
dc self-excited generator, stator and armature
Index Terms Links
dc self-excited generator, continued
resistance 3.9
dc shunt-motor, speed determined from armature
current and no-load saturation curve 3.20
dc shunt generator, efficiency of 3.10
Delta system, balanced, analysis of a 1.27
Demand metering, electric peak-power 2.9
Depreciation
annual 19.10
declining-balance 19.10
sinking-fund 19.22
straight-line 19.11
sum-of-years digit 19.9
Differential protection, of power systems 15.15
Direct-axis reactances, per-unit 7.3
Discounted cash flow 19.26
Distance relays, infeed effect 15.18
Distribution systems
fuses used on 15.5
one-line diagram of 15.9
protection of 15.5
reclosers used on 15.12
Duty cycle, used to select dc motor 3.14
Dynamic modeling 16.2 16.28
Dynamic simulation 16.2
data preparation for large-scale 16.27
Dynamic stability 16.1

Economic dispatch 19.14

Economics
project cost 19.21
table of variables 19.30
Electric energy production, cost of 19.19
Electrolyte, battery 18.35
End-voltage, battery 18.7
Energy market, framework for the 19.2
Energy storage 19.18
Excitation system 16.3
Index Terms Links
Excitation system simulations 16.3

Fan curve, for batteries 18.10

Faraday’s law 16.2
Faults
long-distance, impedance of 14.13
short-distance, impedance of 14.13
Feedwater-heater heat balance 17.20
Fixed-charge rate 19.23
generation 8.12
Footcandle 20.1
Forced-outage rate 19.19
Forecasts, uncertainty of 19.28
Fractional-hp motor, breakdown torque–speed
relationship 6.16
Fuel costs, generation 8.13
Fuel markets 19.7
Fuses, time-current curve 15.7

Gauss-Seidel, power-flow equations using 11.1

Gauss-Seidel algorithm, for solving power flow 11.7
Generating plant
decisions for a new 8.1
optimum design for 8.29
steps to determine optimum 8.8
Generating plants, selecting unit rating and site for 8.5
Generating systems, comparison of 8.4
Generation-based control 12.7
Generation
alternative decisions 8.8
annual capacity factor 8.11
annual load duration 8.7
capital costs 8.30
commercially available systems for 8.22
daily load curves 8.7
expansion plans 8.24
expansion plans using computers 8.28
fixed-charge rate 8.12
Index Terms Links
Generation, continued
fuel costs 8.13
heat rates 8.13
heat rate vs. exhaust pressure curve 8.33
hydropower 8.23
loading schedules 19.15
O&M costs 8.30
optimum unit 8.7
parameter decisions 8.1
plant cost 19.20
production costs for 19.4
reliability, effect on capital and O&M costs 8.35
reliability vs. capital costs and O&M 8.36
replacement fuel cost 8.35
screening curve for coal-fired unit 8.10
screening curves 8.10
steam condition changes, effect on heat rates 8.34
systems
energy source for 8.4
types of 8.3
thermal efficiency 8.31
turbine configurations 8.22
unit rating vs. capital costs 8.38
Generation scheduling
open-loop control of 12.12
short-term control of 12.9
Generator-capability curve 7.6
Generator
salient pole 13.15
ungrounded wye-connected 13.16
Generator and mechanical losses 17.5
Generator efficiency 7.13
Generator governor 16.4
Generator grounding transformer 7.14
Generator ratings, for installed units 8.29
Generator reactance 10.4
Generator regulation 7.9
Generator resistor 7.14
Index Terms Links
Generator short-circuit ratio 7.11
Government regulation 19.2
Grounding electrodes 14.14
Grounding plates 14.15
Grounding system, selection of 14.1
Grounding systems
concrete piers 14.5
construction 14.4
design and planning of 14.17
driven grounds 14.5
effect of distance from ground point 14.11
electrolytic electrode 14.16
formulas for calculating resistance of 14.7
grids 14.9
resistance testing of 14.20
resistivity of earth, effect of 14.12
six-point star 14.1
solidly grounded 14.3
testing existing 14.2
water pipes 14.16
Ground resistance
induced frequency testing of 14.19
measuring, three-point fall-off method of 14.18
Ground rods 14.15
Ground systems, testing existing 14.20

Heat rate 17.9

Heat rate calculations 17.15
Heat rates, generation 8.13
Hydropower generation 8.23

Illuminance, at a point 20.3

average 20.2
recommended levels of 20.5
Illumination, levels of 20.4
Income statement 19.13
Inductance, of a six-conductor line 9.7
Index Terms Links
Induction motor
equivalent circuit of 13.24
inrush current 13.23
short-circuit current 13.25
Induction motors, single-phase loss and efficiency of 6.8
Inductive reactance
of a bundled transmission line 9.9
per-phase 9.7
of a six-conductor line 9.9
of a two-wire transmission line 9.4
using tables 9.10
Instrumentation, bibliography on 2.14
Integrator, response of to a rectangular pulse 1.30
Internal machine angle 16.10
Investment tax credit 19.13
Isocandela curves 20.19

Jacobian matrix 11.10

Lamp types
characteristics of 20.10
comparison of 20.9
Lead-acid cells, random load profile for 18.23
Levelized annual cost 19.22
Light-loss factor 20.4
Light-loss factors 20.15
Lighting, guide for industrial 20.6
Lighting design, outdoor area 20.16
Lighting system
designing a 20.14
for an indoor industrial area 20.10
Light sources, selecting 20.4
Load-flow software 11.16
Load-shedding schemes 16.22
Load factor
annual 19.16
daily 19.15
Load management 19.17
Lumen method, of illuminance calculation 20.2
Index Terms Links
Luminaires
coefficient of utilization for 20.11
determining number of 20.15
mounting height 20.16

Magnetic flux linkage 9.3

Mechanical losses, of generators 17.5
Mesh analysis, dc network 1.7
Model validation 16.30
Money, cost of 19.8
Motor
Fractional-hp, breakdown torque–speed
relationship 6.16
reluctance
mechanical power in a 6.15
synchronous speed and torque 6.13
repulsion, field- and armature-winding design 6.18
series (universal), equivalent circuit for 6.21
universal
ac/dc torque comparison 6.19
mechanical power 6.19
Motors
capacitor, starting-torque in 6.9
characteristics and applications of 5.28
induction, inrush current 13.23
protection of small 15.19
selection for a constant load 5.24
selection for variable load 5.27
shaded-pole, losses and efficiency 6.11
single-phase
bibliography for 6.23
equivalent circuit 6.2
input conditions for 6.5
power developed in 6.5
power factor 6.6
torque and efficiency 6.3
single-phase induction, loss and efficiency 6.8
split-phase, starting torque 6.10
Index Terms Links
Motors, continued
subtransient current contributions from 13.22
three-phase induction
autotransformer starting 5.14
braking 5.10
equivalent circuit for 5.2
equivalent circuit parameters 5.3
performance characteristics 5.5
plugging 5.8
reactance starting 5.17
resistance starting 5.16
series-parallel starting 5.17
three-phase induction motors
frequency control 5.22
line-voltage control 5.20
multistep starting 5.18
speed control 5.20
Motor starting, selection of 5.23
Mutual flux linkage, effect of 9.12

N-R algorithm 11.12

NERC’s Operating Committee 12.1
Network analysis
basic 1.1
dc, series-parallel 1.1
Newton-Raphson
method for power-flow solutions 11.9
power-flow equations using 11.10
Nodal analysis, dc network 1.8
Nonsinusoidal input, circuit response to a 1.18
Norton’s theorem, dc network solution using 1.11
Numerical integration techniques 16.1

Offset wave, analysis of an 1.17

Open-circuit time constants, per-unit 7.4
Opportunity costs 19.14
Outdoor lighting, levels of illumination for 20.21
Index Terms Links
Parallel RLC circuit, steady-state ac analysis 1.20
Payback period 19.27
Peak-power, demand metering 2.9
Per-unit quantities, changing the base of 10.7
Per-unit base quantities 7.1
Phase-sequence components, determination of 13.10
Phase sequence, checking with lamps 10.12
Phasor diagram, steady-state 7.5
Phasor operators, properties of 13.12
Phasor representation 13.13
Plant instability, computing frequency of 16.16
Plates, battery 18.9
Plugging, three-phase induction motors 5.8
Power-angle relations 16.11
Power-factor improvement, generator 7.15
Power-factor measurement 2.7
Power-flow equations, developing 11.2
Power-flow modeling 16.27
Power-flow solution 11.6
Power-system control
assumptions for normal operation of a 12.8
in a changing industry 12.13
classification of tools for 12.7
on a customer level 12.4
equipment level 12.10
hierarchial, in the regulated industry 12.9
load demand 12.8
multiarea case 12.11
at a power-producer level 12.4
single area 12.9
at a sub-system level 12.4
Power-system protection, differential 15.15
Power-systems control, objectives of 12.2
Power-system stability 16.1
Power-voltage (PV) curve 16.26
Power
analysis of, in an ac circuit 1.23
in a balanced system 10.14
Index Terms Links
Power, continued
calculation of 10.18
real and reactive, in a three-phase motor 10.26
in unbalanced three-phase circuits 13.9
Power diagram 10.20
Power factor
analysis of 1.24
calculating 7.12 10.18
correction of 1.25
generator 7.11
in a single-phase induction motor 6.6
Power factor correction
with capacitors 10.20
with synchronous motors 10.21
Power measurement
on a four-wire line 2.6
using a single-phase wattmeter 2.4
using a three-phase wattmeter 2.5
Power output, generator 7.11
Power plant
gross power output 17.8
heat and fuel consumption 17.8
net power output 17.8
Power system
graphic elements in a 10.2
per-unit method of solving problems 10.3
two-bus 11.3
Power systems, control performance 12.2
Power transfer, maximum, in an ac circuit 1.26
Pressure measurement 2.12
Production costing 19.8
Production costs 19.4
Pumps
boiler-feed 17.7
condensate 17.7

Quadrature-axis reactances, per-unit 7.4

Index Terms Links
Rate of return 19.21
Reactances
per-unit direct-axis 7.3
per-unit quadrature-axis 7.4
Reactance starting, of a three-phase induction motor 5.17
Reactive-power measurement 2.6
Reactive power
analysis of 1.24
calculation of 10.18
in transmission lines 9.28
Reclosers, used on distribution systems 15.12
Rectangular pulse, response of an integrator to a 1.30
Relay-breaker clearing times 16.18
Relays
distance 15.16
protective 15.1
step-distance 15.16
Reluctance motor
mechanical power in a 6.15
synchronous speed and torque 6.13
Repulsion motor, field- and armature-winding design 6.18
Reserve margins, planning for 8.19
Resistance starting
three-phase induction motors 5.17
of a three-phase induction motor 5.16
Revenue requirements 19.25
Roadway lighting 20.20
photometric data for 20.22

SCR drive, for a dc motor 3.18

Screening curve
construction of 8.14
data used for 8.16
Screening curves, generation alternatives 19.27
Series-parallel ac network, analysis of a 1.22
Series-parallel starting, three-phase induction motors 5.17
Series motor, single-phase, equivalent circuit for 6.21
Series RLC circuit, steady-state ac analysis of a 1.19
Index Terms Links
Shaded-pole motor, losses and efficiency 6.11
Short-circuit calculations 10.5
line-to-ground 13.18
line-to-line 13.16
three-phase 13.5
Short-circuit currents, subtransient, transient
and synchronous 13.7
Single machine–infinite bus illustration 16.8
Single machine, infinite network of a 16.9
Sinking-fund depreciation 19.22
Sinusoidal wave, analysis of a 1.14
Soil resistance, testing 14.20
Soils
effect of moisture on resistivity of 14.8
effect of temperature on resistivity of 14.8
resistivity of 14.19 14.8
Soil types 14.19
Speed control, of motors 5.23
Square wave, analysis of a 1.16
Stability, computer simulations of 16.21
Stability analysis, steady-state 16.24
Stability controls, problems with 16.21
Starters, for dc motors 5.27
Stationary batteries
constant-power loads on 18.8
determining worst-case load profile for 18.20
ratings for 18.4
sizing 18.8
Steady-state ac analysis
parallel RLC circuit 1.20
series RLC circuit 1.19
Steady-state stability analysis 16.24
Step-up transformers, generator, impedance range 16.19
Superposition theorem, dc network solution using 1.9
Supply vs. demand curve 19.5
Surge-impedance loading, for transmission lines 9.32
Swing equation 16.10
using Euler’s method 16.12
Index Terms Links
Synchronous generator, dynamic model of 16.5
Synchronizing power coefficient 7.14
System disturbance 16.6
System dynamic database working group 16.27

Tapped secondaries, transformer with 4.6

Taxes 19.12
Temperature measurement 2.10
Thevenin’s theorem, dc network solution using 1.10
Three-phase circuits, voltage and current in a
balanced 13.4
Time constants
per-unit short-circuit 7.5
per-unit open-circuit 7.4
Transformer
all-day efficiency 4.12
characteristics and performance 4.7
connected to load 4.3
efficiency of 4.11
generator-step-up 4.17 16.19
impedance matching 4.3
with a lagging power-factor load 4.7
with a leading power-factor load 4.10
maximum efficiency of 4.12
with multiple secondaries 4.4
open- and short-circuit tests 4.14
power, equivalent circuits for 4.14
short-circuit conditions 4.14
step-up 4.2
supplying cyclic loads 4.13
tapped secondaries 4.6
terminal voltage at full load 13.3
three-winding, impedance transformation of a 4.5
turns ratio 4.2
voltage regulation of 4.10
Transformers
bibliography on 4.21
closed delta 10.25
Index Terms Links
Transformers, continued
division of load 10.15
fuses for protecting 15.6
open-delta 10.24
open delta 4.19
per-unit reactances 10.10
phase shift in 10.16
regulation determined from short-circuit test 13.1
scott-connected 4.2
turns ratio 10.17
vee-vee 4.19
Transient stability, selecting design criteria 16.13
Transient stability aids 16.17 16.19
Transient stability analysis 16.6
Transmission-line faults 16.14
Transmission-line models, for power-frequency studies 9.29
Transmission/distribution control, of a power system 12.8
Transmission line
capacitive sequence susceptances of threephase 9.26
geometry for capacitance calculations 9.26
inductance of a single 9.3
inductance of a two-wire 9.4
power flow through 13.27
Transmission lines
capacitance associated with 9.22
complex power in 9.31
eliminating ground wires on 9.14
inductance of six-conductor 9.7
inductance of three-phase 9.6
inductive impedances, of multiconductor 9.13
inductive sequence impedances of threephase 9.15
long, models for power-frequency studies 9.30
medium, models for power frequency studies 9.29
surge impedance loading 9.32
Turbine stages, power output 17.3
Two-bus power system 11.3
Two-wire line, capacitive reactance of a 9.24
Index Terms Links
Ufer grounds 14.16
Unbalanced dc bridge network 1.13
Unit commitment, system 19.15
Universal motor, ac/dc field- and armature winding
design 6.19
Utility industry
structure of 19.3
supplier costs for the 19.4
Utilization factor, determining the 20.17

Voltage, in a balanced three-phase circuit 13.4

Voltage collapse 16.25
Voltage measurement 2.1
Voltage regulator 16.3
Voltage stability analysis 16.24

Wattmeters, for determining power 10.23

Wenner soil resistivity test 14.20
Wye-wye system, balanced, analysis of a 1.27

Zero-sequence diagrams 13.19