Standard Normal Probabilities

The table is based on the area P under the standard normal probability curve, below the respective z-statistic.

DPMO ÷ 1Mil

z 0 -0.01 -0.02 -0.03 -0.04 -0.05 -0.06 -0.07 -0.08 -0.09

-6.0 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
-5.9 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
-5.8 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
-5.7 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
-5.6 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
-5.5 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
-5.4 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
-5.3 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000 0.0000000
-5.2 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001
-5.1 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001 0.0000001
-5.0 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002 0.0000002
-4.9 0.0000005 0.0000005 0.0000004 0.0000004 0.0000004 0.0000004 0.0000004 0.0000003 0.0000003 0.0000003
-4.8 0.0000008 0.0000008 0.0000007 0.0000007 0.0000006 0.0000006 0.0000006 0.0000006 0.0000005 0.0000005
-4.7 0.0000013 0.0000012 0.0000012 0.0000011 0.0000011 0.0000010 0.0000010 0.0000009 0.0000009 0.0000008
-4.6 0.0000021 0.0000020 0.0000019 0.0000018 0.0000017 0.0000017 0.0000016 0.0000015 0.0000014 0.0000014
-4.5 0.0000034 0.0000032 0.0000031 0.0000029 0.0000028 0.0000027 0.0000026 0.0000024 0.0000023 0.0000022
-4.4 0.0000054 0.0000052 0.0000049 0.0000047 0.0000045 0.0000043 0.0000041 0.0000039 0.0000037 0.0000036
-4.3 0.0000085 0.0000082 0.0000078 0.0000075 0.0000071 0.0000068 0.0000065 0.0000062 0.0000059 0.0000057
-4.2 0.0000133 0.0000128 0.0000122 0.0000117 0.0000112 0.0000107 0.0000102 0.0000098 0.0000093 0.0000089
-4.1 0.0000207 0.0000198 0.0000189 0.0000181 0.0000174 0.0000166 0.0000159 0.0000152 0.0000146 0.0000139
-4.0 0.0000317 0.0000304 0.0000291 0.0000279 0.0000267 0.0000256 0.0000245 0.0000235 0.0000225 0.0000216
-3.9 0.0000481 0.0000461 0.0000443 0.0000425 0.0000407 0.0000391 0.0000375 0.0000359 0.0000345 0.0000330
-3.8 0.0000723 0.0000695 0.0000667 0.0000641 0.0000615 0.0000591 0.0000567 0.0000544 0.0000522 0.0000501
-3.7 0.0001078 0.0001036 0.0000996 0.0000957 0.0000920 0.0000884 0.0000850 0.0000816 0.0000784 0.0000753
-3.6 0.0001591 0.0001531 0.0001473 0.0001417 0.0001363 0.0001311 0.0001261 0.0001213 0.0001166 0.0001121
-3.5 0.0002326 0.0002241 0.0002158 0.0002078 0.0002001 0.0001926 0.0001854 0.0001785 0.0001718 0.0001653
-3.4 0.0003369 0.0003248 0.0003131 0.0003018 0.0002909 0.0002803 0.0002701 0.0002602 0.0002507 0.0002415
-3.3 0.0004834 0.0004665 0.0004501 0.0004342 0.0004189 0.0004041 0.0003897 0.0003758 0.0003624 0.0003495
-3.2 0.0006871 0.0006637 0.0006410 0.0006190 0.0005976 0.0005770 0.0005571 0.0005377 0.0005190 0.0005009
-3.1 0.0009676 0.0009354 0.0009043 0.0008740 0.0008447 0.0008164 0.0007888 0.0007622 0.0007364 0.0007114
-3.0 0.0013499 0.0013062 0.0012639 0.0012228 0.0011829 0.0011442 0.0011067 0.0010703 0.0010350 0.0010008
-2.9 0.0018658 0.0018071 0.0017502 0.0016948 0.0016411 0.0015889 0.0015382 0.0014890 0.0014412 0.0013949
-2.8 0.0025551 0.0024771 0.0024012 0.0023274 0.0022557 0.0021860 0.0021182 0.0020524 0.0019884 0.0019262
-2.7 0.0034670 0.0033642 0.0032641 0.0031667 0.0030720 0.0029798 0.0028901 0.0028028 0.0027179 0.0026354
-2.6 0.0046612 0.0045271 0.0043965 0.0042692 0.0041453 0.0040246 0.0039070 0.0037926 0.0036811 0.0035726
-2.5 0.0062097 0.0060366 0.0058677 0.0057031 0.0055426 0.0053861 0.0052336 0.0050849 0.0049400 0.0047988
-2.4 0.0081975 0.0079763 0.0077603 0.0075494 0.0073436 0.0071428 0.0069469 0.0067557 0.0065691 0.0063872
-2.3 0.0107241 0.0104441 0.0101704 0.0099031 0.0096419 0.0093867 0.0091375 0.0088940 0.0086563 0.0084242
-2.2 0.0139034 0.0135526 0.0132094 0.0128737 0.0125455 0.0122245 0.0119106 0.0116038 0.0113038 0.0110107
-2.1 0.0178644 0.0174292 0.0170030 0.0165858 0.0161774 0.0157776 0.0153863 0.0150034 0.0146287 0.0142621
-2.0 0.0227501 0.0222156 0.0216917 0.0211783 0.0206752 0.0201822 0.0196993 0.0192262 0.0187628 0.0183089
-1.9 0.0287166 0.0280666 0.0274289 0.0268034 0.0261898 0.0255881 0.0249979 0.0244192 0.0238518 0.0232955
-1.8 0.0359303 0.0351479 0.0343795 0.0336250 0.0328841 0.0321568 0.0314428 0.0307419 0.0300540 0.0293790
-1.7 0.0445655 0.0436329 0.0427162 0.0418151 0.0409295 0.0400592 0.0392039 0.0383636 0.0375380 0.0367270
-1.6 0.0547993 0.0536989 0.0526161 0.0515507 0.0505026 0.0494715 0.0484572 0.0474597 0.0464787 0.0455140
-1.5 0.0668072 0.0655217 0.0642555 0.0630084 0.0617802 0.0605708 0.0593799 0.0582076 0.0570534 0.0559174
-1.4 0.0807567 0.0792698 0.0778038 0.0763585 0.0749337 0.0735293 0.0721450 0.0707809 0.0694366 0.0681121
-1.3 0.0968005 0.0950979 0.0934175 0.0917591 0.0901227 0.0885080 0.0869150 0.0853435 0.0837933 0.0822644
-1.2 0.1150697 0.1131394 0.1112324 0.1093486 0.1074877 0.1056498 0.1038347 0.1020423 0.1002726 0.0985253
-1.1 0.1356661 0.1334995 0.1313569 0.1292381 0.1271432 0.1250719 0.1230244 0.1210005 0.1190001 0.1170232
-1.0 0.1586553 0.1562476 0.1538642 0.1515050 0.1491700 0.1468591 0.1445723 0.1423097 0.1400711 0.1378566
-0.9 0.1840601 0.1814113 0.1787864 0.1761855 0.1736088 0.1710561 0.1685276 0.1660232 0.1635431 0.1610871
-0.8 0.2118554 0.2089701 0.2061081 0.2032694 0.2004542 0.1976625 0.1948945 0.1921502 0.1894297 0.1867329
-0.7 0.2419637 0.2388521 0.2357625 0.2326951 0.2296500 0.2266274 0.2236273 0.2206499 0.2176954 0.2147639
-0.6 0.2742531 0.2709309 0.2676289 0.2643473 0.2610863 0.2578461 0.2546269 0.2514289 0.2482522 0.2450971
-0.5 0.3085375 0.3050257 0.3015318 0.2980560 0.2945985 0.2911597 0.2877397 0.2843388 0.2809573 0.2775953
-0.4 0.3445783 0.3409030 0.3372427 0.3335978 0.3299686 0.3263552 0.3227581 0.3191775 0.3156137 0.3120669
-0.3 0.3820886 0.3782805 0.3744842 0.3707000 0.3669283 0.3631693 0.3594236 0.3556912 0.3519727 0.3482683
-0.2 0.4207403 0.4168338 0.4129356 0.4090459 0.4051651 0.4012937 0.3974319 0.3935801 0.3897388 0.3859081
-0.1 0.4601722 0.4562047 0.4522416 0.4482832 0.4443300 0.4403823 0.4364405 0.4325051 0.4285763 0.4246546
0.0 0.5000000 0.4960106 0.4920217 0.4880335 0.4840466 0.4800612 0.4760778 0.4720968 0.4681186 0.4641436
 Notes

1. Oftentimes we are looking for a value in the table that resides

between 2 values. For example what Z value is DPMO = 31,750?
From the table, the answer is between 1.85 and 1.86 - but where
exactly? We can interpolate to find the answer - see below.

Linear Interpolation

÷ 1Mil Linear Interpolation

X0 = 0.0007888
Use this to find X1 = 0.0008020
a value between X2 = 0.0008164
2 other values Y0 = 3.1500
in the table Y1 = 3.1548 ← Answer
Y2 = 3.1600
Input in yellow cells

2. There are several ways to calculate DPMO and Z in Excel.

A few different ways are shown below.

The Z ↔ DPMO Conversion Formula

Input Output

DPM Z 802 3.1516 ← Method 1: formula

DPM Z 802 3.1552 ← Method 2: Excel built in function

Z DPM 3.00 1,350

Input in yellow cells, answer here

3. Notice that there are .0000034 defects (3.4 per Mil) when Z=4.5
In Six Sigma we talk about 3.4 defects at 6 sigma, Z=6.0
The difference is the 1.5 sigma shift that is assumed to occur in processes,
the difference between short term and long term. Over time, processes
are thought to drift by 1.5 standard deviations. So if we have a six sigma
process initially, we might expect it to perform at 4.5 sigma in
the longer term. At 4.5 sigma we have 3.4 defects per Mil and so in the discipline
of six sigma, we have adopted the notion that Z=6.0 produces defects
= 3.4 per Mil.
To explain it slightly different: if we have a process that initially performs
at Z=6.0, we might expect that to equate to 3.4 defects per Mil in the longer term.
 Standard Normal Probabilities:
The table is based on the area P under the standard normal probability curve, below the respective z-statistic.

z 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

-4.0 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002
-3.9 0.00005 0.00005 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00004 0.00003 0.00003
-3.8 0.00007 0.00007 0.00007 0.00006 0.00006 0.00006 0.00006 0.00005 0.00005 0.00005
-3.7 0.00011 0.00010 0.00010 0.00010 0.00009 0.00009 0.00008 0.00008 0.00008 0.00008
-3.6 0.00016 0.00015 0.00015 0.00014 0.00014 0.00013 0.00013 0.00012 0.00012 0.00011
-3.5 0.00023 0.00022 0.00022 0.00021 0.00020 0.00019 0.00019 0.00018 0.00017 0.00017
-3.4 0.00034 0.00032 0.00031 0.00030 0.00029 0.00028 0.00027 0.00026 0.00025 0.00024
-3.3 0.00048 0.00047 0.00045 0.00043 0.00042 0.00040 0.00039 0.00038 0.00036 0.00035
-3.2 0.00069 0.00066 0.00064 0.00062 0.00060 0.00058 0.00056 0.00054 0.00052 0.00050
-3.1 0.00097 0.00094 0.00090 0.00087 0.00084 0.00082 0.00079 0.00076 0.00074 0.00071
-3.0 0.00135 0.00131 0.00126 0.00122 0.00118 0.00114 0.00111 0.00107 0.00103 0.00100
-2.9 0.00187 0.00181 0.00175 0.00169 0.00164 0.00159 0.00154 0.00149 0.00144 0.00139
-2.8 0.00256 0.00248 0.00240 0.00233 0.00226 0.00219 0.00212 0.00205 0.00199 0.00193
-2.7 0.00347 0.00336 0.00326 0.00317 0.00307 0.00298 0.00289 0.00280 0.00272 0.00264
-2.6 0.00466 0.00453 0.00440 0.00427 0.00415 0.00402 0.00391 0.00379 0.00368 0.00357
-2.5 0.00621 0.00604 0.00587 0.00570 0.00554 0.00539 0.00523 0.00508 0.00494 0.00480
-2.4 0.00820 0.00798 0.00776 0.00755 0.00734 0.00714 0.00695 0.00676 0.00657 0.00639
-2.3 0.01072 0.01044 0.01017 0.00990 0.00964 0.00939 0.00914 0.00889 0.00866 0.00842
-2.2 0.01390 0.01355 0.01321 0.01287 0.01255 0.01222 0.01191 0.01160 0.01130 0.01101
-2.1 0.01786 0.01743 0.01700 0.01659 0.01618 0.01578 0.01539 0.01500 0.01463 0.01426
-2.0 0.02275 0.02222 0.02169 0.02118 0.02067 0.02018 0.01970 0.01923 0.01876 0.01831
-1.9 0.02872 0.02807 0.02743 0.02680 0.02619 0.02559 0.02500 0.02442 0.02385 0.02330
-1.8 0.03593 0.03515 0.03438 0.03362 0.03288 0.03216 0.03144 0.03074 0.03005 0.02938
-1.7 0.04456 0.04363 0.04272 0.04181 0.04093 0.04006 0.03920 0.03836 0.03754 0.03673
-1.6 0.05480 0.05370 0.05262 0.05155 0.05050 0.04947 0.04846 0.04746 0.04648 0.04551
-1.5 0.06681 0.06552 0.06425 0.06301 0.06178 0.06057 0.05938 0.05821 0.05705 0.05592
-1.4 0.08076 0.07927 0.07780 0.07636 0.07493 0.07353 0.07214 0.07078 0.06944 0.06811
-1.3 0.09680 0.09510 0.09342 0.09176 0.09012 0.08851 0.08691 0.08534 0.08379 0.08226
-1.2 0.11507 0.11314 0.11123 0.10935 0.10749 0.10565 0.10383 0.10204 0.10027 0.09852
-1.1 0.13566 0.13350 0.13136 0.12924 0.12714 0.12507 0.12302 0.12100 0.11900 0.11702
-1.0 0.15865 0.15625 0.15386 0.15150 0.14917 0.14686 0.14457 0.14231 0.14007 0.13786
-0.9 0.18406 0.18141 0.17878 0.17618 0.17361 0.17105 0.16853 0.16602 0.16354 0.16109
-0.8 0.21185 0.20897 0.20611 0.20327 0.20045 0.19766 0.19489 0.19215 0.18943 0.18673
-0.7 0.24196 0.23885 0.23576 0.23269 0.22965 0.22663 0.22363 0.22065 0.21769 0.21476
-0.6 0.27425 0.27093 0.26763 0.26434 0.26108 0.25784 0.25462 0.25143 0.24825 0.24509
-0.5 0.30853 0.30502 0.30153 0.29805 0.29460 0.29116 0.28774 0.28434 0.28095 0.27759
-0.4 0.34457 0.34090 0.33724 0.33359 0.32997 0.32635 0.32276 0.31917 0.31561 0.31206
-0.3 0.38209 0.37828 0.37448 0.37070 0.36692 0.36317 0.35942 0.35569 0.35197 0.34826
-0.2 0.42074 0.41683 0.41293 0.40904 0.40516 0.40129 0.39743 0.39358 0.38974 0.38590
-0.1 0.46017 0.45620 0.45224 0.44828 0.44433 0.44038 0.43644 0.43250 0.42857 0.42465
0.0 0.50000 0.49601 0.49202 0.48803 0.48404 0.48006 0.47607 0.47209 0.46811 0.46414
he respective z-statistic.

The Conversion Formula

Input Output

DPM Z 60,000 1.56

DPM Z 381,217 0.30

Z DPM 0.30200 381,326