A Study on Psycho-social

Problems of Elderly
women in Dhaka City
 1. The Impacts of mobility limitations on health outcomes among older
adults.

Author- Shirely Musich Phd, Shaohung S.Wang Phd, Joann Ruiz MPH, Kevin
Hawkins Phd. Ellen Wicker Math.

Article History
Received 4 June 2017
Received in revised from 1 August 2017
Accepted 7 August 2017
Available online 01 September 2017

Objective
i) To test the utility of utilizing two simple screening questions to
strategy a population to severe moderate and he mobility limitations
by estimating the prevalence and associated characteristics among
insured in AARP Medical Supplement Plans.
ii) To validate the impact of these mobility limitations level on selected
health outcomes falls rates preventive services compliance, health care
utilization and expeditions. These reteach was convened under New
England IRB(NEIRB) number 120160532

Methodology
To be eligible for this must have been in a plan for a minimum 12 months and
to have been at least 65 years of age. The sample included 16000 insureds
where sicker members were oversampled as they often have lover response
rates.
Key Findings
Among weighed survey respondents (N=15,989) sever, moderate and no
limitations levels were 21.47%, 18.4% and 60.3% respectively. The strongest
predictors of increased limitations included pain and poor health. Individuals
with more severe limitations had increased falls, decreased preventive services
compliance and increased healthcare utilization and expeditions. Utilizing two
screening. Questions stratified this population to three meaningful mobility
limitations levels, Higher levels of mobility limitations were strongly associated
with negative health outcomes. Mobility enhancing interventions could promote
successful again.

Knowledge Gap
The study is not covered psychosocial problem of olden women. It is not fulfill
for information about demographic socio economic situation.

2. Psychosocial issues in Elderly

Article- June 2015

Authors
Lambrini Kourkouta
Alex and ros Moris

Objectives
To identity the psycho-social problem of the elderly people, their symptom and
the way to prevent them. Their treatment well as the role of nurses and health
professionals in general.
Methodology
Extensive review of the recent literate was conducted in electronic Medline data
base and the Association of Greek Academic Libraries with the following
keywords diseases, psychosocial problem, old age.

Key findings
Exploring psych-social problems is of great importance as this age is
characterized by feelings of love lines, fear depression and isolation from
themselves thoughts but it is also dominated by negative feelings.

Knowledge Gap
The study is only about psycho social problem of the elderly. It is not only elder
women which are very vulnerable than older men.

3. The psychosocial preferences of older adults : A Pilot Examination of

content and structure.

Authors
Brain D. Carpenter, Phd. Kimbarly Van Haitsma, Phd. Kary Rackdeschel, Phd.
and M powell Lawton Phd.1998(Carpenter, Van Haitsma, Ruckdeschel
Lawton, 1998)

Objectives
i) To provide a relatively open elder task that enables participants to
impose on the items the structure that is intuitive to them.
ii) Each item is related usually on a Likert type scale in terms of its
importance to the concept under consideration
iii) Participants name each group to indicate what the group to indicate
what the group represents to them.
Methodology
Twenty eight individuals were contacted to participate in this pilot study. 20(11
men and 9 women) provided completed protocols. A majority lad completed
doctoral work (67%) and most worked in researched on academic
settings(78%). This sample size is comparable to these used in other studies.
Employing concept mapping.

Key findings
They assist formal and informal care givers in tailoring their interventions to
provide individualized care that enhances equality of life fun older adults.

Knowledge Gap
The study is not fulfill about psychosocial problem of olden women as well as
coping strategies of older women from their psychosocial problem.

4. Morbidity pattern and psycho social problems of elderly in a rural

population of uttar pradesh, India: a cross-sectional study.

Authors
Rajesh Kumar Seth
Year Receive 21 October 2016
Revised 26 November 2016
Accepted 26 Nov 2016

Objectives
To study the mobility profile and their psychosocial problems of elderly in a
rural population in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.
Methodology
This was a cross sectional community based descriptive study. People of either
sex, more than 60 years of age residing in the community medicine constituted
the study population. Socio demographic information like name, age sex,
religion, education, occupation etc. and other information like housing,
ventilation, overcrowding were collected in semi structure and pretested
proforma often obtaining informed consent. The multi stage sampling of study
unit.

Key findings
The need for the hour is to set up special health services for geriatric population
in accordance with the common existing problems. Providing screening services
as well as creative, rehabilitative services and convales cent homes to provide
long term care is also a priority.

Knowledge Gap
The study is rural based and only for older people not only for elder women.

5. Family social support and Health status of older people in Tehran.

Authors
Maryam Tajvar
Dec 2015

Objectives
To examine direct and stress buffering associations between social support and
mental health in older age groups potential differences between men and
women in the associations and the role of different sources of support were also
examined. A review of the existing literature indicated that this topic is under
researched in Iran or culturally similar countries method.

Methodology
A quantities cross sectional survey of a random sample of 800 people aged
60years. Resident in Tehran was conducted in total 644 people responded.

Key findings
No strong evidence of a stress, buffering effect of social support in the
association between physical functioning and mental health was found, except
in the case of receipt of social support with transportation. The only type of
support that showed a significant interaction with gender was receipt of support
with paperwork. The source of support did not seem to matter.

Knowledge Gap
The study conducted for older person. not only olden women. The olden women
has many problems than older men.

6. Factors Impacting on Elderly women’s Access to Healthcare in rural

Bangladesh.

Authors
Mohammad Hamiduzzaman Evdokic Kalaizidis
Anita De Bells Wendy Abigali
March 2016, Publication

Objective
To identify factors impacting on elderly women’s access to healthcare.
Methodology
The political social and economic implication of there findings. Require
significant changes in the private and public domains to improve the health and
wellbeing of elderly women in rural areas.

Knowledge Gap
The study is only for healthcare not all over psychosocial problem. The internal
is rural based but the under elder women faces so many problems which are
psychosocial problem.

7. The Situation of the Elderly in BD.

Author
Antoni Barikdan. Tahera Ahmed, Shamima Parvin Lasker
2016

Objective
To identify emerging issues and challenges of the elderly and to explore
different type of vulnerabilities of elderly people in Bd.

Methodology
they have chosen different types of paper work and networking as well as some
qualitative tools as research methodology.

Key Findings
The growing trend towards nuclear family on where children live abroad will
put the elderly parents in dilemma the financial and social support that is
essential for them has not yet emerged people depend on adequate food safe
water, proper sanitation facilities and maintain hygienic standards. Knowledge
gap the study is only rural based. It is only health related not described other
problems of older women which are called psychosocial problem.

8. Health Problems of Elderly People in BD.

Author
Islam MA Rahman MF3
June 2017

Objective

Methodology
A cross sectional study carried out by house to house sarvey of all people age
over 60 years in an urban slum.

Key Findings
Elderly people in lower and lower middle socio economic class suffers from
financial crisis when they are in need of money for treatment. In a study in
Dhaka district only 14% of elderly had health insurance coverage knowledge
gap.
The study is only health problem related not psychosocial problem not only
older women.
9. Policy responses to the Emerging population Ageing in BD : A
developing countries Experience.

Author
Mehedi Hasan Khan. Asst. Prof. Dep. of popu science un of Dhaka Bd,2007
Objective
To explore the major policy response for the welfare of the elderly people in
Bd.

Methodology
A descriptive analytical approach. Two objectives among the 16 image
objectives.
i) Actively support measures to provide food and social security and shelter
for the disadvantage including the elderly. destitute physically and
mentally referred persons.
ii) Support poverty alleviating strategies and conductive environment for
improved quality of life.

Key Findings
Although the percentage of the elderly people is still not very high, the absolute
number of the elderly people is absolutely high to get serious attention from the
policy levels. Increasing female life expectancy would certainly add a new
dimension of feminization of ageing.

Knowledge Gap
The study is not concern about psychosocial problem of older women it is
highlighted about gov. and non gov. org of older person.
10. A study of older peoples livelihoods in Bd.

Author
Prepared by susan Erb for Help Age Internationalized and cordial, January
2011.

Objectives
To provide an analysis and better understanding of the opportunities and
barriers faced by older people to income Security and identity strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities and challenges as they relate to livelihoods as well as
the impact of older peoples Associations with regard to provision of economic
support.

Methodology
The research methodology was participatory in nature.
GD concluded with an opportunity for participants to ask the interviewers and
representable to ask the interviewers and representative NGD staff questions.

Key Findings
Finally the research sought to determine whether banks were guilty of
discrimination based on age. This question was put to all older persons and the
response was near universal. Banks discriminate on the basis of economic
capacity not on age, none will loan to a person without assets, regardless at their
age. Existing schemes in sufficiently support the needs of destitute older
persons.

Knowledge Gap
The study is not focused about elder women’s psychosocial problem. Only for
income source for their livelihood.
11. Biological Psychological and social determinants of old age. Bio psycho-
social aspects of human aging

Author- Malgorzata Dziechcing, Rafal Filip 2014.

Objectives
to present the aging processes of humans and changes in bio psycho-social areas
by reviewing available literature.

Methodology
Key findings the subjective way of perceiving the aging process influences the
aging featuring life activity and all actions and contact with often people.

Knowledge Gap
The study is not highlighted for older women’s psychosocial problem which is
more various than older man.

12. Life satisfaction among inhabitants of selected old age homes at

Chandigarh- A cross-sectional survey.

Author- Jaison Joseph, K.R Ranjith, Inderjit Kaur, Sandhya Chai, Nitasha
Sharma. 2014

Objectives
This prompted the investigations to explore this area.

Methodology
This cross sectional study used convenient sampling and psychological
wellbeing was assessed based on the questionnaire and genetic depression scale.
Very finding fifty subjects participated in the study and majority of them were
residents of old age homes undertaken by U.T Chandigarh. More than half of
the participants expressed moderate psychological wellbeing as per test scores.

Knowledge gap
The study is based on old age home.

13. Psychological and social effects of Ageing.

Author- Rodica Gabriela Enache

Objectives
To investigate and analyze the aspects that are related to defective of social
adapting of retired individuals to shady the correlation between the psycho-
social factors that act on the elderly persons.

Methodology
The cattle questionnaire to determine the level of quietly. The Cope
questionnaire of coping strategies evaluation.
Quality of life inventory adapted for remaining population.

Key Findings
The elderly people are dealing with frustration and insecurity. They manifest an
average to high level of anxiety and are characterized by a state of interval
tension, irritability, nervousness, talk to self-esteem, stress, reluctance to risking
situations.
Knowledge Gap
The study is only focused older person but not older women.
14. Social protection interventions in Bangladesh. Key challenges & ways.
Forward for enhancing food security.

Author
Care Bangladesh, Shouhardo I program
22 May,2014

Objectives
1. Consider the policy and legal environment effecting forgetting in social
protection programs.
2. Review the regional findings on how social protection initiatives could
contribute more in protecting food security in BD.
3. Identity opportunities, challenges and strategies affectivity address issues
and gaps and access of PEP in social protection intervention.
4. Purse a policy environment for social protection to be more pro-poor in
order to protect food security for sustainable development.

Key Findings
To provide a series of recommendations that will remove existing barriers to
effective social protection and can be taken to the government level in order to
strengthen existing policies, ensuring that the poor and extreme poor reap the
benefits.

Knowledge Gap
The study is focused only social protection which is covered one criteria of
phyehosocial problem but not focused all over problems of olden woven.
15. Prevalence of psycho-social problems among Elderly in urban
population of Mysore City, Karnataka, India.

Author-
Prakash Boralingaiah
Prashanta Bettappa
Sharddha Kashyap
2012

Objective
To know the psychosocial problems of elderly in urban population of Mysore,
determine the extent of functional impairment among the elderly to know the
psychosocial distances of the elderly using outta scene.

Method
The community based cross sectional study was carried out of the field practice
area of urban health center JSS. Medical College, Mysore.

Key Findings
All psychosocial distance were found more among elderly women. The
functional score was significantly higher for young old, for literates for middle
class and for employed.

Knowledge Gap
The study is not focused. Demographic information and socio economic
situation of older women.
16. Life cycle transitions and vulnerabilities in old age: A review.

Author
Asgar Zaidi 2014

Objectives
To conceptualizing the quality of life and wellbeing of older people as well as
information on distinctive analytical tools that help measure and monitor
varying outcomes across different policy contexts.

Key Findings
The paper points to the long term impact of transitions and life course
experiences on three key components of the quality of life and well-being of
older persons. Financial wellbeing, health and social support and connectedness.

Knowledge Gap
The study is not focused older women’s psychosocial problem, demographic,
information and socio economic situation.

17. A bio-psychosocial model of successful aging as shown through the

variable “ Physical Activity ”

Author-
Martina Kanning
Wolfgang Schlicht 2008
Objectives
Focus on physical activity. to describe successful aging mainly by
psychological factors as well as conative and physical functional factors as well
as cognitive and physical functional factors.

Key Findings
The bio psychosocial model explains that the chance to enhance SWB is
restricted by personal dispositions and social structural constraints.

Knowledge Gap
The study is not concern about elder women’s demographic information, socio-
economic condition over all. Other problem which are related to phychosocial
problem.

18. Guideline for psychological practice with older adults.

Author-
American psychological Association
Jan 2014

Objectives
To provide practioners with a frame of reference for engaging in critical work
with olden adults and basic information and further references in the areas of
attitudes, general aspects of aging.

Key Findings
These guidelines are organized into six sections. a) competence and attitudes, b)
general knowledge about adult development aging and older adults, c) clinical
issues d) assessment e) intervention, consultation and other service provision
and f) professional issues and education.

Knowledge Gap
The study is not concern about socio-economic situation, demographic
condition of olden women.

19. The future of psychosocial treatments for elderly patients.

Author
Ellen J Klausner Phd.
George S. Alexopoulos Md. 1999

Findings
This study may help develop useful strategies for interventions with caregivers
in this group and perhaps in other ethnic groups.

Knowledge Gap
The study is not focused elder women’s psychosocial problem, demographic
situation only imp arise about psychosocial treatment.

20. A Study on old age problem in changing families of Bangladesh.

Author
Md. Rabiul Islam, Nov 2012

Methodology
Case Study

Objectives
To document the changing trend of the family and to asses the impact of these
changes on the existing social system and traditional institutions. To observe
how these changes affect the day to day livelihood of the rural elderly people in
Bd.

Findings
The study shows that traditional joint or extended family is transforming into
nuclear or single family due to mans poverty, over population, urbanization,
migration from rural to urban areas, changing social norms and values.
indifferent attitudes of the family members towards the elderly, westernization
globalization, high cost of living materials and so on.

Knowledge
The study is concern with changing families which is one of the cause of
psychosocial problem of elderly. Moreover there are many causes for
psychosocial problem of elder women.

21. The problems of Ageing in Bangladesh A socio demographic study.

Authors
A.S.M Atiqur Rahman
Professor M. Hafizul Islam. 2002

Methodology
Observation as a method.
Objectives
To revel the socio-economic characterizing of the older persons in Bd. to
precisely identity the main social and economic problems felt by them. To
assess the extent of care currently available to them from public and private
sources and to study the attitude at the aged population towards the process of
ageing

Findings
The findings of the study support to the supposition that inter alia, lack of
access to health services along with poverty is the greatest to the interest of
older people. By and large the older people in urban areas faces greatly the
problems of exclusion and loneliness, lack of employment and income
opportunity and mental incongruity and social stress than their and counterparts.

Knowledge Gap
The study is concern about older person’s problems. not only psychosocial
problem Elder women is more vulnerable than a elder man. That why my study
will be focused about elder women and findings. The causes why they are
vulnerable.

22. Psychosocial, mental health and behavioral issues of aging with HIV.

Authors
Sergio Rveda
Stephanie Law and Sean B. Rouke. 2014

Findings
This study found that being HIV+ increased the odds of social isolation by 1.0-
6.8 times with an increasing trend by a given the higher overall prevalence of
social isolation on hospitalization and death is likely greaten among those who
aging.

23. Prevalence of depression among the eldealy (60 years and above)
population in India.(1997-2016) a systematic review and meta analysis.

Author
Manjla pilania, Vikas Yadav,

Methodology
This systematic review is reported in accordance with the PRISMA checklist
and is registered in the prosper database.

Objectives
To identify articles reported community based prevalence of depression among
elderly population using screening tools.

Findings
Fifty one studies from 16 states of India were included as 56 database which
estimated the prevalence of depression among Indian elderly population as
34.4%. in sub group analysis, the pooled prevalence was higher among female
rural populations and in the eastern part of the country.

Knowledge Gap
The study is focused about depression which is one of the cause of psychosocial
problem de net concern other causes of psychosocial problems.
24. Psychosocial Functioning in the Elderly an assessment of self concept
and Depression.

Authors-
Nicci Crace
Samia R. Toukhsah 20.030.2014

Objectives
To explore the relationship between self concept and depression elderly people
living in residential aged care settings.

Findings
All self concept domains. were significantly lower in RAC. Residents in
comparison to norms drawn from community dwelling samples.

Knowledge Gap
The study is focused about depression net often causes of psyelosocial problem.

25. Role and status of Activate Elderly women in urban Bangladesh.

Authors-
Razina Sultana
1998

Objectives
To understood the socio-economic Bangladesh of the achieve elderly women.
To identity their present roles in performing household causes
To find out about the roles of elderly women to their present status in the
family.
Interview schedule was used, the sample size was constituted as 80. The
schedule with both close ended and open ended.

Findings
The majority of the respondents had a regular contact with their children, which
is why they are happy and proud. The status of most elderly women is due to
the significant roles they play and their importance with the family has not been
seen.

Knowledge Gap
The study is not concentered socio-economic condition, demographic situation
and psychosocial problem of elder women.

26. Situation of older women residing in BAAIGM’S old home.

Authors-
Papia Sultana
Bangladesh Journal of Journalist
Vol-48, Oct-2013

Objectives
To explore the causes for living in old age home. To visualize the vulnerabilities
of study people to know the available services facilities of the BAAIGM old age
home. To identify the problem facing in old age home.
To identify the study people needs and explore their suggestions.
Methodology
Qualitive research method. Instrument-in-depth interviews key important
interviews and focus group discussion.

Findings
Residents mostly come because their family environment is not so positive for
them. and when they started to live here permanently their relatives fell free
from their responsibility about them.

Knowledge Gap
Elder women faces so many problems. In their family not only old home. All
are problems named psychosocial problem.

27. Elder abuse and Neglect Evidence from Bangladeshi older women.

Author-
Masud Ibn Rahman 2013
Bangladesh Journal of Gernalics
Vol-48, October,2013

Objectives
To find the negligence status and intensity of Bangladesh older women from
different economic status. A statistical analysis. A qualitative approach has been
applied.

Findings
Psychological negligence is higher than other types of neglect. Neglect situation
is very prominent in Bangladeshi society as most of the respondents were found
to be neglected in diverse form.

Knowledge Gap
Abuse and neglect is one of the cause of psychosocial problems of older
women. But this study is not concern any other causes of psychosocial problem.

28. Participation of older persons in Family Decision making process.

Author-
Sheik MJU, Zaman, S. Mahmud, M.S. Azad
MAK and Yesmin MS
Bangladesh Journal of Geriatrics
Vol.48, October 2013

Objectives
1. To know family and demographic informations of aged person.
2. Participation of fulfilling basic needs of family.
3. Participation of decision making process in the economic activities of the
family.
4. Participation of aged person in socio cultural activities of the families.
5. Participation of elderly person in their own problem solving process.

Methodology
Case study is a qualitive method.

Findings
In Bangladesh the older persons also suffer from the psychosocial problem due
to loss of authority in decision making in family affairs

Knowledge gap
There are some objectives same to my research objects. But not focused about
psychosocial problem.

29. Problems of Elderly widow. An Empirical study.

Author-
Isalm M.S Khatun
S. Shams
T.b khatun
S. Chowdhury
NJ and Hossain A
Bangladesh Journal of Deriatrics
Vol.48 Oct 2013

Objectives
To explore the problems of the elderly widow to know the socio-economic
problems of the elderly widow. To know the health related problems of the
elderly widow to find out the suggestion in regarding to solve their problems.

Methodology
Qualitative in nature. Case study method was used in data collection.

Findings
Poor social interaction and relationship were very common among almost all
the elder widows of this study.

Knowledge Gap
The study is concern about widow. Not all about elder women. Elder women
suffered a lot when they are widow They have no support financial or mental.
Moreover they face many abuse from their family.
These problems are called psychosocial problem which indicates my study.

30. Human rights situation of older persons in Bangladesh.

Author
A.S.M Atiqur Rahman
Bangladesh Journal of Geriatric Vol.47 Oct.2012

Findings
Human rights issues of older persons are not marked or recognized specifically
or prominently. Older people in Bangladesh cannot actually claim their rights to
health and social security programs. Rather these an uncertain unpredictable and
not guarneteed. Bd is a country of the list developed regions. But it is not out of
current global ageing stream. It is a country of about 160 million people
including more than 10 million older persons, is facing a demanding challenge
of providing social security, healthcare and after support and safety net to the
serious Again the older section of the population is increasing much faster than
the total population along with their vulnerability thereby multiplying the
dimension of the problem. Present situation of older persons in this country is
much more terrific than that of the developed societies. Most of them are
seriously suffering from basic human needs related. Challenges. Lack of
minimum income employment opportunities, extreme poverty, senile diseases
appointed by absence of proper health, medical care, food nutrition and
comfortable living arrangements, isolation, exclusion, loneliness, negligence.
psychosocial and actual complexities etc. Their capacity for doing creative and
socially useful work is under estimated feeling of proximity of loss of position
and status in the family and society, spectra of reduced income, insecurity and
deprivation in the later life are indeed depression. It calls for proper action
programs to reduce their vulnerabilities and bring them in the main stream of
social life as active, productive, healthy and right based dignity members of the
society.

In Bd the situation of older women’s much worse than older men because of
their longer life expectancy and extreme vulnerability due to social and
economic marginalization. Feminization of poverty in old age has also some
other reasons including gender discrimination, pattern of economic dependency
reproductive and family responsibilities, widowhood, rural and religious
tradition etc. Older women also own fewer assets and have less control over
family income and are more willing to endure more chronic disease and
disability than their male counterparts. Antagonistic relationship between
daughter in laws is a very common feature in this society which effects care of
the older persons. Especially in the case of older women. Moreover widowed,
divorced, single on ever uprooted older women and men live alone like severely
destitute. This humiliated life sometimes encourages them to commit suicide on
more frequently to depend on begging. The mazority (68%) of older women in
Bd are widowed. Husbands death is the start of their decent into almost
complete dependency and gradually they lose their ranks, prestige, authority
accompanied by livelihood security. Usually they begin to live in the families
of their married sons and spend their final years completely dependent on the
good wished and pity of their sons and daughter in laws. But they take on more
responsibilities for caring for their grand children and other house held works.
There is also a mistaken. presumption that older persons are physically inactive,
net open to new ideas and unable to participate effectively in community and
economic activities. When considered and seen as welfare issues, older persons
are regarded as a burden on society and passive recipients at care, Lack of
public awareness and informations about older persons contributions,
circumstances, issues or needs create negative images of ageing.
Bangladesh, historical the upholder of Asian, Indian, Hindu, Buddhist and
Islamic culture, addressed their older people basically through family, kin,
community and religious support system in the past. Outside family the Hindu
and Buddhist introduced Briddhasram (refuse for the elderly people, organized
maintained by the local community people, particularly on the basis of religion
on the other hand, Muslims follow to caring their elderly members whiten the
family environment as part of Islamic obligation. So, family care system has
traditionally been considered as the deepest reservoir of support for the older
persons in this region.
Besides, family intervention, retirement pension and old-age allowance, almost
two-third older persons remained uncared for minimum subsistence and
livelihood.
Unfortunately, It is the hand reality that a significant number of older persons in
Bangladesh live on charity, i.e begging through it is a part of our culture in the
name of community support but we should not acknowledge these miserable
humiliating and disgraceful arrangements for our respected older persons.
People of Bangladesh feel it as their privilege for eternal relief. But beggary is
prohibited by law in Bangladesh for long ago. Still in different special religious
days and in some religious places and mausoleums older persons receive cash
and kind from general mass for their survival.

In conclusion, the main factors those are contributing to induce the ageing
process in BD are the demographic factors, downward trend of fertility and
mortality rates, socio0economic factors, lake of employment and income
opportunities made to my retirement, rapid urbanization and migration,
improvement in health care facilities etc. older persons in Bd are suffering from
basic human problems, negligence, helpless, psycho-social and culture
complexities and so on. They are still passing their days amidst the tender care
and support mostly provided by their extended families without any remarkable
backing from the national level. However, the situation is in transition as the
family pattern gradually shifting toward the nuclear type due to changes in
value cultural diffusion, huge population, mass poverty etc. With the process of
urbanization, industrialization, migration, pauperization, individualization and
expansion of health care and family planning program, trends in migration is
increasing rapidly changes are taking place not only in the kinship structure but
also in the parent-child relationship which putting them in the different worlds
and also in different classes. The only support to the older persons of Bd from
the state is the provision of old age Allowance that is scanty and covers only
about 20 percent older persons. Again, the formal pensioners, retired
government services constitute only a negligible fraction of them.

Although in BD. Some philanthropic programs and services are being

introduced just to support older persons but partially or indirectly. Evidence
indicates that existing human rights instruments and mechanisms of Bd. do not
protect the rights of older persons in an adequate rather- so, it is essential that
our government should have an explicit legal framework with guidance and
support to enable rights of older people. to be realized in the increasingly ageing
situation.