Dynamics

 Study on the way in which force produces motion

Force
 Push or pull exerted on objects
 Represents an object’s interaction with the environment
o Kick a ball
o Sitting on a chair
o Pushing a cart
o Pushing a wall
 Can produce changes in motion
o Capable of changing an object’s state of motion
 Force may not necessarily produce a change in motion
 Force acts alone, the object on which it acts will change its state of motion
a. Force causes an object at rest to start moving
b. Force causes a moving object to stop
c. Force causes a moving object to change its direction
Net force
 Vector sum or the resultant of all the forces acting on an object or a system

Balanced forces
 Equal in magnitude but act in opposite direction
 0 (zero) net force

Unbalanced forces
 Non-zero net force
 Net force producing an acceleration
 Can cause deformation to an object
o Change in size or shape of an object

Types or Classes of Force:

1. Contact Forces
 Arise because of physical contact between objects
a. Normal force
b. Frictional forces
c. Tension force
d. Applied force
2. Field Forces/Action-at-a-distance forces
 No physical contact between objects
a. Force of gravity
b. Electrical force between two charges
c. Magnetic force between two magnets
d. Nuclear force
e. Weak interaction force

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A. Contact Forces
a. Normal force (FN)
o One component of the force that a surface exerts on an object with which it is in
contact
o Component perpendicular to the surface

FN

b. Frictional forces
o Resistance to motion that occurs whenever two materials, or media, are in contact
with each other
o Force parallel to the surface
o fs = static frictional force
o fk = kinetic frictional force

fs
fk a

c. Tension force (T)

o Force exerted on an object by flexible strings (or ropes or wires) and is directed
along the string
o Transmitted undiminished through the string

Tension is the same everywhere in the string

d. Applied force (F)

o Force exerted on an object directly by another object or by any factor

B. Field Forces
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 a. Gravitational Force
o Influenced by the pull of gravity
o Universal Gravitation

Every particle in the universe exerts an attractive force on every other
particle
Gm1 m2

Fg = G = 6.67 x 10-11N·m2/kg2
d2
Weight
 The gravitational force that the earth exerts on the object
 Always acts downward, toward the center of the earth
 W = mg

Free-Body Diagrams
 Vector diagrams which describe all forces acting on a particular body or object
 General Steps:
a. Sketch a space diagram and identify the forces acting on each body of the system.
b. Isolate the body for which the free-body diagram is to be constructed. Draw a set of
Cartesian axes with the origin at a point through which the forces act and with one of axes
along the direction of the body’s acceleration.
c. Draw properly oriente4d forces vectors on the diagram emanating from the origin of the axes.
d. Resolve any forces that are not directed along the x and y axes into x and y components.

Examples of free body diagrams:

1.
FN
W
W FN

2.
a
θ F FN
θ Fx
W θ
W FN Fy

3.
F
a θ Fx

49
 FN Fy
θ
W
W FN

4.

Θ θ W θ

Fy
Fx

5.

Θ θ
T1 T2
T1 T2 T1y T2y
Θ θ
T1x T2x
W

6.
θ
T2
T2 T1 T2y
T1 θ
W T2x

Newton’s Laws of Motion

a. Newton’s First Law of Motion
 Law of Inertia
 A body will maintain its state of motion (at rest/having uniform motion along a straight path)
unless acted upon by external net force
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b. Newton’s Second Law of Motion
 Law of Acceleration
 The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net external force acting on the
object and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
F
 aα F = ma
m

c. Newton’s Third Law of Motion

 Law of Interaction
 For every force exerted by a body on a second body, the second body exerts an equal and
opposite force on the first.

Sample Problems (Second Law of Motion)

1. What force will give a 300-g mass an acceleration of 6 m/s 2?
Given: m = 300 g = 0.3 kg F=?
a = 6 m/s2
Solution:
F = ma
F = (0.3 kg) (6 m/s2) F = 1.8 N

2. What mass of an object will be accelerated at the rate of 16 m/s 2 by a force of 120 newtons?
Given: F = 120 N m=?
a = 16 m/s2
Solution:
F
m=
a
120 N
m= m = 7.5 kg
16m / s 2

3. A force of 90 newtons is applied on a 1.75 kg object. What acceleration will be produced on the
object?
Given: F = 90 N a=?
m = 1.75 kg
Solution:
F
a=
m
90 N
a= a = 51.43 m/s2
1.75kg
4. A 40-kg body was acted upon by a net force of 50 newtons. If the body was originally at rest, what
was its final velocity if the force was applied for 7 seconds?
Given: F = 50 N vf=?
m = 40 kg
vi = 0 m/s
t=7s

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 Solution:
F
a=
m
50 N
a= a = 1.25 m/s2
40kg

vf = vi + at
vf = (0 m/s) + (1.25 m/s2) (7s) vf = 8.75 m/s

5. At what rate could an 80-kg racer accelerates himself by exerting a force of 490 newtons?
Given: F = 490 N a=?
m = 80 kg

Solution:
F
a=
m
490 N
a= a = 6.13 m/s2
80kg

6. A constant net force of 200 newtons is exerted on a cart which moved from rest to 40 m/s in 10 s.
Find the mass of the cart
Given: F = 200 N m=?
vi = 0 m/s
vf = 40 m/s
t = 10 s

Solution:
vf  vi F
a= m=
t a
40m / s  0m / s 200 N
a= m=
10 s 4m / s 2
a = 4 m/s2 m = 50 kg

7. A 20-kg traveler’s bag is pulled along the floor. The 50-N force is applied on the handle at an angle of
30° along the horizontal.
a. Solve for the acceleration
b. Solve for the force exerted by the floor on the bag

Given: m = 20 kg a) a
F = 50 N b) FN
Θ = 30°
Solution:

52
 W = mg Fx = F cos θ Fy = F sin θ
W = (20 kg) (9.8 m/s2) Fx = (50 N) cos 30° Fy = (50 N) sin 30°
W = 196 N Fx = 43.30 N Fy = 25 N

F
a= Fnet y = 0
m
43.30 N
a= (no vertical motion) Fnet y = FN – W + Fy
20kg
a = 2.17 m/s2 0 = FN – 196 N + 25 N
FN = 171 N

8. A 10-kg object is place on a frictionless inclined plane making an angle of 20.0° with horizontal.
a. What is the normal force acting on the object?
b. What is the object’s acceleration?

Given: m = 10 kg a) FN
Θ = 20° b) a

Solution:
W = mg Wx = W sin θ Wy = W cos θ
W = (10 kg) (9.8 m/s2) Wx = (98 N) sin 20° Wy = (98 N) cos 20°
W = 98 N Wx = 33.52 N Wy = 92.09 N

F
a= Fnet y = 0
m
33.52 N
a= (no vertical motion) Fnet y = FN – Wy
10kg
a = 3.35 m/s2 0 = FN – 92.09 N
FN = 92.09 N

Frictional Forces
a. Static Friction
 Frictional force is enough to prevent relative motion between surfaces in contact
 fs = μsFN
 Fnet = FN-fs
b. Sliding or Kinetic Friction
 Occurs when there is relative (sliding) motion at the interface of the surfaces in contact
 fk = μkFN
 Fnet = FN-fk
c. Rolling Friction
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  Takes place when on surface rotates as it moves over another surface but does not slip nor slide
at the area of contact.
 Difficult to analyze

Sample Problems (Friction)

1. A sled is resting on a horizontal patch of snow, and the coefficient of static friction is 0.350.
The sled and its rider have a total mass of 38.0 kg. What is the magnitude of the maximum
horizontal force that can be applied to the sled before it just begins to move?
Given: μs = 0.350 fs = ?
m = 38 kg
Solution:
fs = μsFN
fs = μs(mg)
fs = (0.350) (38.0 kg) (9.8 m/s2)
fs = 130.34 N

2. The coefficient of kinetic friction between a block of wood and a wooden floor is 0.15. If the
block has a mass of 0.6 kg, what is the frictional force when the block is made to slide over the
floor?
Given: μk = 0.15 fk = ?
m = 0.6 kg
Solution:
fk = μkFN FN = W (no vertical movement)
fk = μk (mg)
fk = (0.15) (0.6 kg) (9.8 m/s2)
fk = 0.88 N

3. Find the force of kinetic friction if the block of wood having a mass of 0.6 kg is made to slide on a
wooden plank whose ends are raised at an angle of 30°? (μk = 0.15)
Given: μk = 0.15 fk = ?
m = 0.6 kg
θ = 30°
Solution:
fk = (μk) (Wy) F N = Wy
fk = μk (mg) (cos θ) FN = W cos θ
fk = (0.15) (0.6 kg) (9.8 m/s ) (cos 30°)
2
FN = mg cos θ
fk = 0.76 N

4. What force will be needed to move the block of wood having a mass of 0.6 kg up the inclined plane
(θ = 30) so that it will attain a velocity of 1.5 m/s after 3 seconds? (μ k = 0.15)
Given:
v = 1.5 m/s F? ( to move the block)
t=3s
m = 0.6 kg
μk = 0.15
θ = 30°

Solution:
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 v
a= Fnet = ma Fnet = F + Wx + fk
t
1.5m / s
a= Fnet = (0.6 kg) (0.5 m/s2)
3s
a = 0.5 m/s2 Fnet = 0.3 N

Wx = mg sin θ
Wx = (0.6 kg) (9.8 m/s2) (sin 30°)
Wx = 2.94 N

fk = (μk) (Wy) F N = Wy
fk = μk (mg) (cos θ) FN = W cos θ
fk = (0.15) (0.6 kg) (9.8 m/s2) (cos 30°) FN = mg cos θ
fk = 0.76 N

Fnet = F + Wx + fk
0.3 N = F + -(2.94 N) + (-0.76 N)
F = 4.00 N

Sample Problems; (Tension Forces)

1. A picture hangs motionless on a wall. If it has a mass of 5 kg, what are the tension forces in the
wires? (θ = 30)

T1 T2
T1y T2y
Θ θ
T1x T2x
W

55
 Solution:
T1 = T2
W = mg
W = (5 kg) (9.8 m/s2)
Examples: W = 49 N
1. An airplane has a mass of 3.1 x 10 4 kg and takes off under the influence of a constant net
ΣFyof= 3.7
force Tsinx θ10+4 Tsinθ – W is the net force that acts on the plane’s 78-kg pilot?
N. What
0 = 2Tsin45° - 49 N
49N
2. A bicycle has a
2 sin 45
= mass of 13.1 kg and its rider has a mass of 81.7 kg. The rider is pumping
2 sin 45  sin 45 net force of 9.78 N accelerates them. What is the
hard, so that a 2horizontal
T = 34.65
acceleration? T1 = 34.65 N and T2 = 34.65 N

3. A person with a black belt in karate has a fist that has a mass of 0.70 kg. Starting from
2. A 12 rest,
kg lantern is suspended
this fist attains afrom the ceiling
velocity of 8.0 by two
m/s in vertical
0.15 s. wires.
What What
is theismagnitude
the tensionofin the
each
wire?average net force applied to the fist to achieve this level of performance?
Given: m = 12 kg
4. Scientists are experimenting with a kind of gun that may eventually be used to fire
Solution:
payloads directly into orbit. In one test, this gun accelerates a 5.0-kg projectile from
restWto
= mg
a speed of 4.0 x 10 W3 =m/s.
T1 + The
T2 net forceT1 = T2
accelerating the projectile is 4.9 x 10 5
N. W = (12)
How much(9.8) W = for
time is required 2T the projectile to come up to speed?
W= 117. 6 N 117.6 N = 2T
5. When a 58-g tennis ball isTserved,
= 58.8 itNacceleratesT1 = 58.8
from rest N
to and T2 =of58.8
a speed N
45 m/s. The
impact with the racket gives the ball a constant acceleration over a distance of 44 cm.
What is the magnitude of the net force acting on the ball?

6. In an amusement park ride known as Magic Mountain Superman, powerful magnets

accelerate a car and its riders from rest to 45 m/s in a time of 7.0 s. The mass of the
car and riders is 5.5 x 103 kg. Find the average net force exerted on the car and riders
by the magnets.

7. Only two forces act on an object with a mass of 4.00 kg. Force 1 which is 60.0 N due
north and Force 2 which is 40.0 N due west. Find the magnitude and direction of the
acceleration of the object.

8. Two forces, F1 and F2, act on the 5.00 kg block of wood. The magnitudes of the forces
are 45.0 N and 25.0 N respectively. What is the horizontal acceleration of the block of
wood?

9. Only two forces act on an object with a mass of 3.00 kg. Force 1 which is 40.0 N due
east and Force 2 which is 60.0 N 45° due north of east. Find the magnitude and
direction of the acceleration of the object.

10. A billiard ball strikes the cushion of a pool table perpendicularly. The mass of the ball is
0.38 kg. The ball approaches the cushion with a velocity of +2.1 m/s and rebounds with a
velocity of -2.0 m/s. The ball remains in contact with the cushion for a time of 3.3 x 10 -3
s. What is the average force exerted on the ball by the cushion?

56
11. An 18.6 N object rests on a smooth, horizontal surface. The object is acted upon by a
force of 5.0 N applied at an angle of 53° above the horizontal.
a. What is the mass of the object?
b. What is the acceleration of the object?
12. Two forces, one having a magnitude of 15 N and the other 10 N, act on a 5 kg object
parallel to the frictionless surface on which it rests. Find the magnitude and direction
of the acceleration of the object
a. if the forces act in the same direction
b. if the forces act in the opposite direction

13. A 35.0 N object slides down a frictionless, 30.0° inclined plane.

a. Find the component of the objects’ weight parallel to the incline
b. FN
c. m
d. a

14. A 35-kg crate rests on a horizontal floor, and a 65-kg person is standing on the crate.
Determine the magnitude of the normal force that (a) the floor exerts on the crate and
(b) the crate exerts on the person.

15. A block whose weight is 45.0 N rests on a horizontal table. A horizontal force of 36.0 N
is applied to the block. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction are 0.650 and
0.420, respectively. Will the block mover under the influence of the force, and, if so,
what will be the block’s acceleration?

16. A 60 kg crate rests on a level floor at a shipping dock. The coefficients of static and
kinetic friction are 0.760 and 0.410, respectively. What horizontal pushing force is
required to (a) just start the crate moving and (b) slide the crate across the dock at a
constant speed?

17. A skater with an initial speed of 7.60 m/s is gliding across the ice. Air resistance is
negligible. (a) The coefficient of kinetic57
friction between the ice and the skate blades is
0.100. Find the deceleration caused by kinetic friction. (b) How far will the skater
travel before coming to rest?
Solutions:
1. Given: ma = 3.1 x 104 kg Fp = ?
Fa = 3.7 x 104 N
mp = 78 kg
Solution:
F = ma
F
a= Fp = (mp) (a)
m
3.7 x 10 4 N
a= Fp = (78 kg) (11.94 m/s2)
3.1 x 10 4 kg
a = 11.94 m/s2 Fp = 931.32 N

58
2. Given: mb = 13.1 kg a=?
mr = 81.7 kg
F = 9.78 N
Solution:
mtotal = mb + mr F = ma
F
mtotal = (13.1 kg) + (81.7 kg) a=
m
9.78 N
mtotal = 94.8 kg a=
94.8kg
a = 0.10 m/s2

3. Given: m = 0.70 kg F =?
vi = 0 m/s
vf = 8 m/s
t = 0.15 s
Solution:
vf  vi
a= F = (m) (a)
t
8m / s  0 m / s
a= F = (0.70 kg) (53.33 m/s2)
0.15s
a = 53.33 m/s2 F = 37.33 N

4. Given: m = 5.0 kg t=?

vi = 0 m/s
vf = 4.0 x 103 m/s
F = 4.9 x 105 N
Solution:
F = ma
F vf  vi
a= t=
m a
4.9 x 10 5 N 4.0 x 10 3 m / s  0m / s
a= t=
5.0kg 9.8 x 10 4 m / s 2
a = 9.8 x 104 m/s2 t = 0.41 s
5. Given: m = 58 g = 0.058 kg F =?
vi = 0 m/s
vf = 45 m/s
d = 44 cm = 0.44 m

Solution:
vf vi 2
2
a= F = (m) (a)
2d
(45m / s ) 2  (0m / s ) 2
a= F = (0.058 kg) (2.30 x 103 m/s2)
2(0.44m)
a = 2.30 x 103 m/s2 F = 133.4 N

6. Given: m = 5.5 x 103 kg F =?

59
 vi = 0 m/s
vf = 45 m/s
t = 7.0 s

Solution:
vf  vi
a= F = (m) (a)
t
45m / s  0m / s
a= F = (5.5 x 103 kg) (6.43 m/s2)
7s
a = 6.43 m/s2 F = 3.54 x 104 N

7. Given: Fy = 60.0 N a=?

Fx = 40.0 N
m = 4.0 kg
Solution:
FR = 60 2  40 2
FR = 72.11 N

F = ma
F 60 N
a= θ = tan-1
m 40 N
72.11 N
a= θ = 56.31° N of E
4.0kg
a = 18.03 m/s2 18.03 m/s2 56.31° N of E

8. Given: m = 5.0 kg ax = ?
F1 = 45.0 N 65° N of E
F2 = 25.0 N west
Solution:
Fx Fy
F1 19.02 40.78 F = ma
F
F2 -25 0 a=
m
 5.98 N
Σ -5.98 40.78 ax =
5.0kg
a = -1.20 m/s2

9. Given: m = 5.0 kg FR = ?
F1 = 45.0 N 65° N of E a=?
F2 = 25.0 N west θ=?
Solution:

60
 Fx Fy
F1 40 0 FR = (82.43) 2  (42.43) 2
F2 42.43 42.43 FR = 92.71 N
Σ 82.43 42.43

F = ma
F 42.43N
a= θ = tan-1
m 82.43 N
92.71N
ax = θ = 27.24° N of E
3.0kg
a = 30.90 m/s2 30.90 m/s2 27.24° N of E

10. Given: m = 0.38 kg F =?

vi = +2.1 m/s
vf = -2.0 m/s
t = 3.3 x 10-3 s

Solution:
vf  vi
a= F = (m) (a)
t
( 2.0m / s )  ( 2.1)m / s
a= F = (038 kg) (-1242.42 m/s2)
3.3 x10 3 s
a = -1242.42 m/s2 F = -472.12 N

11. Given: W = 18.6 N m =?

F = 5.0 N a=?
Θ = 53 °
Solution:
W
m= Fx = F cos θ Fy = F sin θ
g
19.6 N
m= Fx = (5.0 N) cos 53° Fy = (5.0 N) sin 53°
9.8m / s 2
m = 2 kg Fx = 3.01 N Fy = 3.99 N

F
a=
m
3.01N
a= (no vertical motion)
2kg
a = 1.51 m/s2

12. Given: F1 = 15 N a (same direction of forces) =?

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 F2 = 10 N a (opposite direction of forces) = ?
m = 5 kg
Solution:
F F F
a= a= a=
m m m
(15 N  10 N ) (15 N  10 N ) (10 N  15 N )
a= a= a=
5kg 5kg 5kg
a = 5 m/s2 a = 1 m/s2 a = -1 m/s2

13. Given: W = 35 N a) Wx and Wy

Θ = 30° b) FN
c) m
d) a
Solution:
W
m= Wx = W sin θ Wy = W cos θ
g
35 N
m= Wx = (35 N) sin 30° Wy = (35 N) cos 30°
9.8m / s 2
m = 3.57 kg Wx = 17.5 N Wy = 30.31 N

F
a= Fnet y = 0
m
30.31N
a= (no vertical motion) Fnet y = FN – Wy
3.57 kg
a = 8.49 m/s2 0 = FN – 30.31 N
FN = 30.31 N

14. Given: mc = 35 kg FN (floor – crate)

mp = 65 kg FN (crate – person)

Solution:
FN = mg FN = mg FN (crate – person)
FN = (35 kg) (9.8 m/s2) FN = (65 kg) (9.8 m/s2) FN = 343 N
FN = 343 N FN = 637 N

15. Given: W = 45 N move (Y/N)

Fx = 36 N a =?
μs = 0.650
μk = 0.420
m = 0.6 kg

Solution:
fs = μsFN FN = W
fs = μsW
fs = (0.650) (45 N)
fs = 29.25 N

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 fk = μkFN fk < Fx Therefore the object will move
fk = μkW fs < Fx
fk = (0.420) (45 N)
fk = 18.9 N

W Fnet
m= Fnet = Fx – fk a=
g m
45 N 17.1N
m= Fnet = 36 N – 18.9 N a=
9.8m / s 2 4.59 kg
m = 4.59 kg Fnet = 17.1 N a = 3.73 m/s2

16. Given: m = 60 kg Fx (start)

μs = 0.760 Fx (slide)
μk = 0.410

Solution:
fs = μsFN FN = W
fs = μs (mg) W = mg
fs = (0.760) (60 kg) (9.8 m/s2)
fs = 446.85 N

fk = μkFN
fk = μk(mg)
fk = (0.410) (60 kg) (9.8 m/s2)
fk = 241.08 N

17. Given: vi = 7.60 m/s a =?

μk = 0.100 d =?
vf = 0 m/s

Solution:
vf 2  vi 2
fk = μkFN d=
 2a x
vf 2  vi 2
fk = μk(mg) d=
 2 k g
 fx 0 2  7.60 2
ax = d=
m  2(0.100)(9.8)
  k mg
ax = d = 29.47 m
m
ax = -μkg
ax = -(0.100) (9.8 m/s2)
a = -0.98 m/s2

63