You are on page 1of 18

$"1±56-04&.

*¶5*$"%&-40/*%0
:%&-".¼4*$"


/PUBTTPCSFTFNJÓUJDBZNÙTJDB"QVOUFT
BQMJDBCMFTBMBNÙTJDBSFHJPOBMTJOBMPFOTF
5BOJVT,BSBN

-BTFNJÓUJDBNVTJDBMZTVTQSPCMFNBT
1BSB-ÓQF[$BOP MBTFNJÓUJDBEFMBNÙTJDB ĬĦ
TFPDVQBEFMFTUVEJPEFMPTQSPDFTPT
QPSNFEJPEFMPTDVBMFTMBNÙTJDBBERVJFSFTJHOJêDBEPQBSBBMHVJFO&TEFTVCSBZBS
RVFMBTFNJÓUJDBOPTFJOUFSFTBQPSEFêOJSMPTTJHOJêDBEPTEFBMHP TJOPQPSEFTDSJCJS
MPTQSPDFTPTQPSNFEJPEFMPTDVBMFTÊTUPTTPOHFOFSBEPT&TUPFTVOPEFMPTSBTHPTRVF
MBEJTUJOHVFOEFMBIFSNFOÊVUJDB-BTFNJÓUJDBSFBMJ[BTVFTUVEJPEFMBTJHOJêDBDJÓOB
QBSUJSEFMBOPDJÓOEFTJHOP&MTJHOPFTFMPCKFUPEFFTUVEJPEFMBTFNJÓUJDB BMUJFNQP
RVF VO BSUFGBDUP UFÓSJDP QPS NFEJP EFM DVBM ÊTUB NPEFMB MPT QSPDFTPT EF TJHOJêDB
DJÓORVFQSFUFOEFFTUVEJBS­TUBFTPUSBDBSBDUFSÎTUJDBRVFMBEJTUJOHVFEFPUSBTEJTDJQMJOBT
RVFUBNCJÊOUJFOFOQPSPCKFUPEFFTUVEJPMPTQSPDFTPTEFTJHOJêDBDJÓO
 6OBEFMBTDBSBDUFSÎTUJDBTEFMBTEJWFSTBTTFNJÓUJDBTEFMBNÙTJDBFTRVFTFUSBUBEF
UFPSÎBTNVTJDBMFTDPNQSFOTJWBT&TUPRVJFSFEFDJSRVFOPTFEFUJFOFOFOMBUFPSJ[BDJÓO
EF QBSÃNFUSPT BJTMBEPT EF MB FTUSVDUVSB NVTJDBM NFMPEÎB  SJUNP  BSNPOÎB  UJNCSF 
FUDÊUFSB
TJOPRVFEFTBSSPMMBOVODPNQMFKPEJTDVSTPDPOEJNFOTJPOFTUBOUPFTUÊUJDBT
DPNPUÊDOJDBT IBDJFOEPFYQMÎDJUPVOBDPODFQDJÓOEFNÙTJDBFOMBRVFMBTJHOJêDBDJÓO
DPCSBVOQBQFMGVOEBNFOUBM%FFTUFNPEP BEFNÃTEFNÊUPEPTEFBOÃMJTJTNVTJDBM 
MBTUFPSÎBTTFNJÓUJDBTEFMBNÙTJDBPGSFDFOVOBSJDBCBUFSÎBEFSFëFYJPOFTEFOBUVSBMF[B
FTUÊUJDBTPCSFVOPEFMPTQSPCMFNBTNÃTJOTPOEBCMFTEFMBêMPTPGÎBEFMBNÙTJDBFMEFM
TJHOJêDBEPEFMBNÙTJDB%FIFDIP FONJPQJOJÓO FMBQPSUFEFMBTEJGFSFOUFTUFPSÎBT
TFNJÓUJDBTEFMBNÙTJDBFTNBZPSFOFMÃNCJUPEFMBSFëFYJÓOFTUÊUJDBRVFFOFMEFMB
NFUPEPMPHÎB BOBMÎUJDB 4JO FNCBSHP  BDUVBMNFOUF NVDIBT EF TVT UÊDOJDBT BOBMÎUJDBT
FTUÃOFODPOTUBOUFSFWBMPSBDJÓO $G-ÓQF[$BOP 

 1BSB.BSUÎOF[ 
MBĬĦUJFOFUSFTDBNQPJOUFSSFMBDJPOBEPTEFJOWFTUJHBDJÓO

4FNJPTJTNVTJDBMJOUSÎOTFDB PFMFTUVEJPEFMTJHOPNVTJDBMDPOTJHPNJTNP&OFTUF
DBNQP TF USBCBKB DPO MB TJHOJêDBDJÓO NVTJDBM JOUFSOB 4F USBUBEFMBTFNJÓUJDB
EF MB NBUFSJBMJEBE NVTJDBM -B TFNJPTJT JOUSÎOTFDB BCBSDB FM QSPCMFNB EF MBT


DVBMJEBEFTNVTJDBMFT MBSFBMJ[BDJÓOEFPCSBTZFTUSVDUVSBTNVTJDBMFT ZMPTIÃCJUPT
EFPSHBOJ[BDJÓOFOMBNÙTJDB UBMFTDPNPTJTUFNBTNVTJDBMFT FTUJMPTZFTDVFMBT

3FGFSFODJBNVTJDBM PFMFTUVEJPEFMPTTJHOPTNVTJDBMFTSFMBDJPOBEPTDPOTVTQPTJCMFT
PCKFUPT4FUSBUBBRVÎEFMBJOWFTUJHBDJÓOEFMBTSFQSFTFOUBDJPOFTNVTJDBMFTEFVOB
WBSJFEBEEFPCKFUPTBDÙTUJDPTPOPBDÙTUJDPT-BTQSJODJQBMFTDVFTUJPOFTEFFTUF
DBNQPJODMVZFODÓNPVOTJHOPNVTJDBMTFSFêFSFBTVPCKFUP MPTQPTJCMFTPCKFUPT
SFQSFTFOUBEPT QPS MB NÙTJDB Z TVT NPEPT EF FYJTUFODJB  MBT QPTJCMFT SFMBDJPOFT
FOUSFVOPCKFUPZMBNBOFSBDPNPMPSFQSFTFOUBFMTJHOP

*OUFSQSFUBDJÓONVTJDBM PFMFTUVEJPEFMPTTJHOPTNVTJDBMFTSFMBDJPOBEPTDPOTVT
JOUFSQSFUBOUFT&OFTUFDBNQPTFJOWFTUJHBMBBDDJÓOEFMPTTJHOPTNVTJDBMFTFO
VOBNFOUFQPUFODJBMPFYJTUFOUF-BTDVFTUJPOFTEFJOUFSQSFUBDJÓONVTJDBMQVFEFO
TFS EJWJEJEBT FO USFT TVCDBNQPT 
 QFSDFQDJÓO NVTJDBM  
 FKFDVDJÓO  Z

TVCEJWJEJEPFOJOUFMJHFODJBNVTJDBMZDPNQPTJDJÓO-BJOUFMJHFODJBNVTJDBM
BCBSDBBOÃMJTJT DSÎUJDB FEVDBDJÓO UFPSÎBEFMBNÙTJDBZTFNJÓUJDBNVTJDBMFT

&MFTRVFNB TPCSFUPEPRVJFOFTIFNPTUSBCBKBEPMBUFPSÎBEFMBDPNVOJDBDJÓO QBSFDF


TVHFSFOUF  QPSRVF FWPDB FTPT USFT TVCTJTUFNBT RVF GPSNB QBSUF EFM iQVOUP EF WJTUB
DPNVOJDBUJWPuRVFQVFEFOEBSQJFQBSBVOQSPHSBNBEFTFNJÓUJDBEFMBQSPEVDDJÓO 
EFMBFYQSFTJÓONVTJDBMZMBSFDFQDJÓOJOUFSQSFUBDJÓOEFMGFOÓNFOPTPOPSPNVTJDBM
%FNBOFSBQBSUJDVMBSQBSBMBTUFPSÎBTEFDPNVOJDBDJÓO FTUBQFSTQFDUJWBFTTVHFSFOUF
Z DPOTUJUVZF VO BQPSUF RVF EFTEF FTUB EJTDJQMJOB TF QVFEF IBDFS BM DPOKVOUP EF MBT
IVNBOJEBEFTZMBTDJFODJBTTPDJBMFT
 %FTEFVOBQFSTQFDUJWBNÃTTBVTTVSJBOB 4IVMU[ 
QSPQPOFVOBQFST
QFDUJWBEJBDSÓOJDBDPJODJEFOUFDPOVOBQFSTQFDUJWBJOUFODJPOBMNFOUFIJTUÓSJDBEFMBT
USBOTGPSNBDJPOFTEFMGFOÓNFOPNVTJDBMVOBEFTVTNFUBTTFSÎBMBCÙTRVFEBEFMTFOUJEP
EF MPT DBNCJPT FTUJMÎTUJDPT FO MB IJTUPSJB EF MB NÙTJDB TF USBUBSÎB EF DBSBDUFSJ[BS MB
TFNÃOUJDB FTUÊUJDB EF DBEB FTUJMP NVTJDBMQBSBEFTDSJCJSEFNBOFSBFTQFDJBMMBTUSBOT
GPSNBDJPOFT Z MPT DBNCJPT IJTUÓSJDPT -B QFSTQFDUJWB TJODSÓOJDB UJFOF FOUSF TVT JO
RVJFUVEFT BM TFOUJEP EF MB DSFBDJÓO NVTJDBM  MB OBUVSBMF[B EF MB JNBHFO NVTJDBM  MBT
EJNFOTJPOFTEFMUJFNQPZFMFTQBDJPFOMBNÙTJDB MBTSFMBDJPOFTRVFTFFOUBCMBOFOUSF
MBQFSDFQDJÓOZPUSPTBTQFDUPTNVTJDBMFT


6OBEFTDSJQDJÓOTFNJÓUJDBEFMBNÙTJDB
6OB EFTDSJQDJÓO NVTJDBM NVZ CÃTJDB QPESÎB DPSSFTQPOEFS B RVF MPT GFOÓNFOPT
NVTJDBMFT BRVFMMPTRVFTFQSFTFOUBOFOMBNFOUFDPNPNÙTJDB
QVFEFODPOTUJUVJSTF
NFSBTDVBMJEBEFTBDÙTUJDBT QSJNFSJEBE
FYJTUFOUFTJOEJWJEVBMFT TFHVOEJEBE

DPNPIÃCJUPTPTJHOPT UFSDFSJEBE

 %F BDVFSEP DPO 1FJSDF  FM QFOTBNJFOUP TÓMP FT QPTJCMF NFEJBOUF TJHOPT &TUB
OPDJÓOTFFYUJFOEFFWJEFOUFNFOUFBMBNÙTJDB6OTJHOPNVTJDBMQVFEFTFSVOTJTUFNB 
VOBDPNQPTJDJÓOPTVFKFDVDJÓO VOBGPSNB VOFMFNFOUPJOUFSOPBFTBGPSNBPBVO VO
FTUJMP VODPNQPTJUPS VONÙTJDPPTVJOTUSVNFOUP ZBTÎTVDFTJWBNFOUF%FDVBMRVJFS
NPEP TFHÙO1FJSDF FMQSPDFTPEFTJHOJêDBDJÓOPDVSSFQPSMBSFMBDJÓOUSJÃEJDBEFVO
TJHOPZFMPCKFUPRVFÊMSFQSFTFOUBQBSBVOJOUFSQSFUBOUFRVF FOFMDBTPEFMBNÙTJDB FT
PUSPTJHOPEFTBSSPMMBEPFOMBNFOUFEFMPZFOUF NÙTJDP DPNQPTJUPS BOBMJTUBPDSÎUJDP
WÊBTFêHVSBM
-BTFNJPTJTNVTJDBM PFMQSPDFTPEFTJHOJêDBDJÓOFONÙTJDB QVFEF
TFSFTUVEJBEBFOTVTSFMBDJPOFTFOUSFTJHOP PCKFUPFJOUFSQSFUBOUF DVBOEPFOUPODFTMB
DMBTJêDBDJÓOEFMPTTJHOPTTFUSBOTGPSNBFOVOJOTUSVNFOUPEFBOÃMJTJT
 -BFTUSVDUVSBEFMTJHOPZMBOBUVSBMF[BEFTVBDDJÓO PTFNJPTJT TFEFTEPCMBFOMB
DMBTJêDBDJÓOEFMPTTJHOPT&TDPOPDJEBFOMBMJUFSBUVSBTPCSF1FJSDFMBTJHVJFOUFUBCMB
EFMBTUSJDPUPNÎBT

5BCMB5SJDPUPNÎBTQFJSDFBOBT

&MTJHOP &MTJHOP &MTJHOP

FOTÎNJTNP ZTVPCKFUP ZTVJOUFSQSFUBOUF

1SJNFSJEBE $VBMJTJHOP *DPOP 3FNB

4FDVOEJEBE 4JOTJHOP ±OEJDF %JDFOUF

5FSDFSJEBE -FHJTJHOP 4ÎNCPMP "SHVNFOUP


7ÊBOTFMPT$PMMFDUFEQBQFST  


-MFWBEPBMBEFTDSJQDJÓONVTJDBMCÃTJDB .BSUÎOF[ 
QSPQPOFMBTJHVJFOUFSFMBDJÓO
-B QSJNFSB USJDPUPNÎB  FM TJHOP FO SFMBDJÓO DPOTJHP NJTNP UFOFNPT MPT TJHVJFOUFT
FKFNQMPT
rDVBMJTJHOP VOBDVBMJEBE QPSFK VOUJNCSF
rTJOTJHOP VOFYJTUFOUFJOEJWJEVBM QPSFK VOBFKFDVDJÓOEFMB4JOGPOÎB'BOUÃTUJDB
EF#FSMJP[
rMFHJTJHOP VOBMFZPDPOWFODJÓO QPSFK MBGPSNBTPOBUB

1BSBMBTFHVOEBUSJDPUPNÎB FMTJHOPFOSFMBDJÓODPOTVPCKFUP
rJDPOP VOTJHOPRVFSFQSFTFOUBTVPCKFUPQPSFMIFDIPEFRVF FOTÎNJTNP QPTFF
DVBMJEBEFTTFNFKBOUFTBÊM QPSFK MPTDBOUPTEFQÃKBSPTFOMB&TDFOBVOUPBM
BSSPZPEFMB4JOGPOÎB1BTUPSBMEF#FFUIPWFO
r ÎOEJDF  VO TJHOP RVF SFQSFTFOUB TV PCKFUP QPS FM IFDIP EF RVF TF SFMBDJPOB
EJOÃNJDBNFOUF DPO ÊM  QPS FK  VO TPMP EF TJUBS DPNP TJHOP EF MB NÙTJDB EF
*OEJB
rTÎNCPMP VOTJHOPRVFTFSÃJOUFSQSFUBEPDPNPSFêSJÊOEPTFBTVPCKFUPNFSBNFOUF
EFCJEPBVOIÃCJUPPDPOWFODJÓO QPSFK VOIJNOPOBDJPOBM VOMFJUNPUJW

1BSBMBUFSDFSBUSJDPUPNÎB FMTJHOPFOSFMBDJÓODPOTVJOUFSQSFUBOUF
rSFNB VOTJHOPRVFQBSBTVJOUFSQSFUBOUFDPOTUJUVZFBQFOBTVOBQPTJCJMJEBE QPS
FK MBBVEJDJÓOEFVODPODJFSUPEFNÙTJDBBMFBUPSJB
r EJDFOUF  VO TJHOP RVF QBSB TV JOUFSQSFUBOUF FT VO TJHOP EF GBDUP  QPS FK  FM
SFDPOPDJNJFOUPEFVOBEFUFSNJOBEBDPNQPTJDJÓOFOVODPODJFSUP
r BSHVNFOUP  VO TJHOP RVF QBSB TV JOUFSQSFUBOUF FT VO TJHOP EF MFZ  QPS FK  VO
BOÃMJTJTNVTJDBMFOVOBSFWJTUBFTQFDJBMJ[BEB

&OMBÙMUJNBEFOVFTUSBFYQPTJDJÓOBQMJDBSFNPTBMHVOPTEFFTUBTPCTFSWBDJPOFTFOFM
NBSDPEFVOBEFêOJDJÓOTFNJÓUJDBHFOFSBMTPCSFMBNÙTJDBEFCBOEB


"OPUBDJPOFT TFNJÓUJDBT Z TPDJPDVMUVSBMFT TPCSF MB NÙTJDB
SFHJPOBMEFMOPSPFTUF iNÙTJDBEFCBOEBu


&OUSFUFMBTEFMBEFêOJDJÓOTPCSFMBiNÙTJDBEFCBOEBu
&OMBTFHVOEBNJUBEEFMTJHMPBOUFQBTBEP DPNJFO[BOUBNCJÊOBMHVOBTNFODJPOFTB
MBNÙTJDBQSPEVDJEBQPSMBTDPNVOJEBEFTEFMMVHBS&MPSJHFOEFMBCBOEBDPNPUBM
UFOFNPTRVFCVTDBSMPFOMBTBHSVQBDJPOFTNJMJUBSFTRVFGVFSPOEFKBOEPHJSPTZIVFMMBT 
MPNJTNPEVSBOUFFTUBODJBEFBMHVOBTHVBSOJDJPOFTFTUBEPVOJEFOTFTZFVSPQFBT RVF
EF MBT BHSVQBDJPOFT MPDBMNFOUF GPSNBEBT RVF SÃQJEBNFOUF HFOFSBO TVT BTQFDUPT
QSPQJPT
 -B NÙTJDB EF CBOEB SFTVMUB VO GFOÓNFOP EF NVDIP NBZPS JOUFSÊT EF MP RVF
QBSFDF 1PS QSJODJQJP  TV DBSÃDUFS NBSHJOBM  BM HSBEP RVF OP IB NFSFDJEP JOUFSÊT TJ
RVJFSB EF IJTUPSJBEPSFT NVTJDBMFT P FUOPNVTJDÓMPHPT  NÃT RVF FO FTUVEJPT DPNP
SBSF[BT-PTUSBCBKPTBDBEÊNJDPTTPCSFCBOEBTPOSFBMNFOUFNVZFTDBTPT BVOEFOUSP
EFMPTFTQFDJBMJTUBTEFMBNÙTJDBGPMDMÓSJDB
FMQSJNFSFTUVEJPIFDIPQPSVOTJOBMPFOTF
TPCSFMBNÙTJDBEFTVFTUBEP FTEFM-BQSPQJB4JNPOFUU 
EBDVFOUBEFMPRVF
QBSBFMMBTVQVTPJODVSTJPOBSBMBNÙTJDBGPMDMÓSJDBNFYJDBOB ZNÃTFTQFDÎêDBNFOUFMB
CBOEBTJOBMPFOTF MPTDPNFOUBSJPTJSÓOJDPTEFMPTRVFGVFPCKFUPDVBOEPDIBSMBOEPDPO
DPMFHBTZBNJHBTDPNFOUBCBTVJOUFSÊTQPSFTUFFTQBDJPDVMUVSBMZNPEPEFFYQSFTJÓO
 6OPEFMPTQSJNFSPTBTQFDUPTBDPOTJEFSBSFTMBQSPQJBEFêOJDJÓOEFMBCBOEB MB
DVBMFTPCKFUPEFVOBFYUSBPSEJOBSJBEJTQFSTJÓOTFNÃOUJDBTFIBCMBEFiUFDOPCBOEBu 
iCBOEBDPOUFNQPSÃOFBu iCBOEBTJOUFUJ[BEBuPOFPCBOEB1PSFKFNQMP QBSBMBSFWJTUB
'VSJB .VTJDBM TF VUJMJ[BO iUFDOPCBOEBu Z iCBOEBu DPNP TJOÓOJNPT -PT SFDVSTPT
FMFDUSÓOJDPTZTVSFMBUJWBDPMPDBDJÓOFOFMNFSDBEPFTUBEPVOJEFOTFIBGBDJMJUBEPVOB
EJGVTJÓONBZPSEFMBCBOEBDPNPUJQPEFTPOPSJEBE&MNPSGFNBiCBOEBuTFQVFEF
BQMJDBSJHVBMNFOUFBMBiCBOEBEFNÙTJDBu BTÎFOHFOFSBM
iCBOEBTQPQVMBSFTu iCBOEBT
EFWJFOUPuPBTVTNPEBMJEBEFTFMFDUSÓOJDBT
 %FDVBMRVJFSNBOFSB MBiCBOEBuOPFTTPMBNFOUFVOUJQPBHSVQBDJÓO DPOTUJUVZF
VOPEFMPTTJHOPTJEFOUJUBSJPTEFMBSFHJÓOZDPODSFUBNFOUFEF4JOBMPBDPNPFTUBEP ZB


/PTSFGFSJNPTB'MPSFT(BTUFMVN. 
)JTUPSJBEFMBNÙTJDBQPQVMBSFO4JOBMPB$VMJBDÃO%*'0$63

6OTJHOPDVMUVSBMEFEJDIBBDFQUBDJÓOFTRVFFMMPHPUJQPEFMBTQMBDBTRVFMMFWBOUPEPTMPTDBSSPTDPNQSBEPTFO
FMFTUBEPEF4JOBMPB FTMBUBNCPSB IBZPUSPUJQPEFNBUSÎDVMBRVFFTFMUPNBUF



MPTRVFCJFOQVEJNPTVCJDBSMPRVF3JD’VS DJUBEPQPS4JNPOFUU 
EJDFTPCSF
MBEJTUBODJBUFNQPSBM FOFMTFOUJEPRVFOPFTJOUFSWBMPNVFSUP TJOPVOBUSBOTNJTJÓO
HFOFSBEPSBEFTJHOJêDBEPT-BCBOEBDPNPGFOÓNFOPZFYQSFTJÓODPOFDUBZPSHBOJ[B
BTQFDUPT EF MB FYQFSJFODJB EFTEF FM VNCSBM TFNÃOUJDP RVF QPTJCJMJUB $POTUJUVZF VO
DPNQPOFOUFNBDSPTFNJÓUJDB EFUJQPJOEJDJBMRVFBMNJTNPUJFNQPQPSUBFMFNFOUP
EFTFOUJEPVCJDBEPTBVOOJWFMNÃTBNQMJP-BCBOEBDPNPGFOÓNFOPTPDJPDVMUVSBM
OPTFJOUFSQSFUBZEFêOFÙOJDBNFOUFQPSTVQSJNFSJEBETPOPSPTB FTVOGFOÓNFOPEF
GVFSUFSBJHBNCSFDVMUVSBMZNFEJÃUJDB FOVOB[POB DPNPFMOPSPFTUFNFYJDBOP
RVFFO
HFOFSBMIBQBSUJDJQBEPEFNBOFSBQFSJGÊSJDBFOMBTFYQSFTJPOFTDVMUVSBMFTEPNJOBOUFT
EF.ÊYJDP
 -BNÙTJDBJOUFSQSFUBEBQPSMBTiCBOEBTTJOBMPFOTFTuFTVOBDPNCJOBDJÓOEFHÊOFSPT
ZEJTDVSTPT OPSFNJUFÙOJDBNFOUFBVOHÊOFSP FTUJMPPUJQPEFNÙTJDB iGPMDMÓSJDBu 
iQPQVMBSu  iHSVQFSBu
 4J CJFO SFNJUFO B VOB NBUSJ[ BHSVQBEB TJOUÊUJDBNFOUF FO FM
UÊSNJOPiNÙTJDBCBOEBu QPSMBJOTUSVNFOUBDJÓOVTBEB
ÊTUFFTJNQSFDJTPOJFMPSJHFO
EFMBNÙTJDBRVFTFJOUFSQSFUBFTEFiCBOEBuOJMBCBOEBSFNJUFBMBTGPSNBTPSJHJOBMFT
RVFMFTPOQSPQJBTFOMBIJTUPSJBEFFTUBBHSVQBDJÓOFOFMOPSPFTUFNFYJDBOP&OFM
SFQFSUPSJPEFTVEPDFOBEFEJTDPTFODPOUSBNPTSFGFSFODJBBHÊOFSPTBOUPMÓHJDBNFOUF
BTPDJBEBTBMOPSUFEFMQBÎT&MEJTDVSTPTPOPSPZVYUBQPOFIVFMMBTEFMGPMDMPSFSFHJP
OBMDPOMPTFTUJMFNBTZBTQFDUPTEFMHVTUPFOFMEJTDVSTPNFEJÃUJDP FOVOBTFSJFEF
KVFHPTZDPOUSBQFTPTRVFFWFOUVBMNFOUFQVFEFOQFSNJUJSWBSJBTMFDUVSBTFOVOBJOUFS
QSFUBDJÓO ZRVFEFIFDIPQVFEFOFYQMJDBSFMÊYJUPFOMBDJSDVMBDJÓO QSJODJQBMNFOUF
FO FM OPSPFTUF
 &M EJTDVSTP BERVJFSF TJHOJêDBEPT Z VTPT FTQFDÎêDPT FO DPOUFYUPT
BTPDJBEPT B SJUVBMFT EF WJEB DPUJEJBOB êFTUBT  GFTUJWBMFT  EFTêMFT  FWFOUPT QÙCMJDPT

RVFQBSUJDVMBSNFOUFDPOWJFOFFTUVEJBSQBSBMBCBOEBDPNPVOEJTQPTJUJWPRVFNBSDB
EJDIBTQSÃDUJDBTZMBTJNQSFHOBEFWBMPSBDJPOFTQBSBTVTVTVBSJPT

-BiNÙTJDBEFCBOEBuDPNPFDPTJTUFNBNFEJÃUJDP
"CSJM 
 OPT IB BEWFSUJEP DPNP IPZ OP IBZ QSÃDUJDB DVMUVSBM RVF RVFEF GVFSB
EFM FTQBDJP EF BDDJÓO EF MPT NFEJPT  BTÎ DPNP ÊTUBT Z EF NBOFSB NBT BNQMJBT MBT
JOEVTUSJBTDVMUVSBMFTZOPTÓMPMPTNFEJPT
QVFEFOFOUFOEFSGVFSBEFTVGVODJÓOEF
NFEJBDJÓO"DFQUBNPTVOBDJFSUBUFOTJÓOFOUSFMBUFOEFODJBBMBIPNPHFOJ[BDJÓOZ
IBDJB MB EJGFSFODJBDJÓO DVMUVSBM  UBOUP FO MB NÙTJDB DPNP FO MB JNBHFO WJTVBM RVF


WBMFQBSBMPTGPSNBUPTEFiNÙTJDBQPQVMBSu MPTDVBMFTNVZQPDBTWFDFTTFBTPDJBOEF
NBOFSBÙOJDBBMEJTDVSTPTPOPSPTJOSFGFSFODJBBMBJDPOPHSBGÎB TJTUFNBTUJQPHSÃêDPT
P EFNÃT DPOTUSVDDJPOFT FMBCPSBEPT QPS MB JOEVTUSJB EFM WJEFP  MB QSFTFOUBDJÓO FO
57  FUDÊUFSB
 -BT JOEVTUSJBT DVMUVSBMFT OP USBOTNJUFO DPOUFOJEPT TJOP RVF NFEJBO
SFMBDJPOFTIVNBOBT EFDPOPDJNJFOUPZTFOTJCJMJEBE$BCFBRVÎMBJEFBEFNBUFSJBMJEBE 
ZBQFTBSEFRVFMBNBUFSJBMJEBEQSJODJQBMRVFBOBMJ[BNPTFTMBBDÙTUJDBZFTUÊUJDB IBZ
DMBSPT DPNQPOFOUFT WJTVBMFT  DPHOPTDJUJWPT  JEFPMÓHJDPT  DVMUVSBMFT F IJTUÓSJDPT RVF
TPOJHVBMNFOUFJNQPSUBOUFTFOMBQSÃDUJDBDVMUVSBMBBOBMJ[BS
 1BSBFOUFOEFSMBTSFMBDJPOFTFOUSFNÙTJDBDPOFOTVFDPTJTUFNBNFEJÃUJDPZDPOP
DFSMBFYQSFTJÓONVTJDBMDPNPQSÃDUJDBTFNJEJTDVSTJWB OPIBZRVFPMWJEBSFMDPOUFYUP
EFHSBOEFTDBNCJPTFOFMFTQBDJPDVMUVSBM BOJWFMMPDBMZNVOEJBM
RVFWJFOFBMUFSBOEP
FM NBQB EF MPT TBCFSFT  HVTUPT "TJTUJNPT B USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT FO MPT JNBHJOBSJPT
DPMFDUJWPT EFMBDVBMOPTÓMPDVFOUBMBTJNÃHFOFT TJOPMBTiJNÃHFOFTTPOPSBTu&OUSF
ÊTUBT MB NÙTJDB IB BERVJSJEP VOB JNQPSUBODJB FOPSNF FO MB DPOGPSNBDJÓO EF MBT
SFQSFTFOUBDJPOFT DPMFDUJWBT  JEFOUJEBEFT  GPSNBT TPDJBMFT EF QSPEVDJS Z DPNQBSUJS
TJHOJêDBEPTFTVOGBDUPSEFNPWJMJ[BDJÓOZDPOTUSVDDJPOFT EFWJTJCJMJ[BDJÓOJEFOUJUBSJB
ZSBTHPTEFMBDVMUVSB MPNJTNPFOTVFTQBDJPEFPSJHFORVFFOPUSPTDPOUFYUPT QPS
FKFNQMPMBNÙTJDBEFCBOEBFOMPT&TUBEPT6OJEPT

 -BT GPSNBT EJTDVSTJWBT EFSJWBEBT EF MB NÙTJDB EF CBOEB OPT QSFTFOUBO WBSJBT
GPSNBT MB HSBCBDJÓO EJTDPHSÃêDB  FM DPODJFSUP FO EJSFDUP  FM WJEFP QPS FM DBOBM QPS
DBCMF EF NÙTJDB HSVQFSB #BOEBNBY
 TPO QMBUBGPSNBT QBSB NPEPT EJGFSFODJBEPT EF
FYQFSJFODJBZBQSFOEJ[BKFTPDJBMZQPSTVQVFTUPQBSBMBDPOTVNBDJÓOEFVOEFUFSNJOBEP
TFOUJEPEFMBNÙTJDBZMBSFDFQDJÓO7BSÎBTMBTFYQFSJFODJBTSFDFQUJWBTZBQSFDJBDJÓOFOFM
DPODJFSUPPFMWJEFP DPNPNÙTJDBFOFMUFMÊGPOPDFMVMBS .1PFMJ1PE GFSJBTSFHJPOBMFT
PMPDBMFT DVBOEPTFFTDVDIBDPOVOHSVQPEFBNJHPTPCJFODPOFMĜĝBUPEPWPMVNFO
FOFMBVUP4JCJFODBEBFYQFSJFODJBUJFOFSBTHPTÙOJDPT DBEBWF[NÃTMBNÙTJDBFTVOB
DPNCJOBDJÓOFOGPSNBTEFJOUFSBDDJÓODVZBTFNJPTJTRVFFOMB[BOMPÎOUJNPZMPQÙCMJDP 
MPQSÓYJNPZMFKBOPRVFQSPQPOFOVFWBTFYQFSJFODJBTZDPOTUSVZF

-PTWBJWFOFTEFMUJNCSFFOMBiCBOEBu
6OP EF MPT DPNQPOFOUFT EFM GFOÓNFOP TPOPSP QBSB JOJDJBS TV DBSBDUFSJ[BDJÓO FT FM
UJNCSFEFMBCBOEBDPNPUBM%FUPEBTMBTDVBMJEBEFTRVFQVFEFBTVNJSFMTPOJEPNVTJDBM 


UBMWF[MBNÃTÎOUJNBZFTQFDÎêDBFTFMUJNCSF&TVOBWÎBQSÓYJNBEFJEFOUJêDBDJÓO&M
UJNCSFQVFEFEBSDVFOUB QPSFKFNQMPQBSBFMDBTPEFMBWP[IVNBOB TJFTIPNCSFP
NVKFS OJÒPPKPWFO FUD&MUJNCSF ZUBMWF[FMSJUNP
BQFMBEFNBOFSBNÃTQPEFSPTBMB
TFOTPSJBMJEBEEFMFTDVDIB EFVOBNBOFSBBOÃMPHBBMDPMPSFOMBQJOUVSB&MUJNCSFEB
VOQSPUBHPOJTNPFYQSFTJWPTFHÙONPNFOUPZDJSDVOTUBODJBTEFMPTQBTBKFTNVTJDBMFT
FO FM USBOTDVSTP EF VOB PCSB &M UJNCSF UJFOF VOB FYQMJDBDJÓO BDÙTUJDB B QBSUJS EFM
NBUFSJBMEFMJOTUSVNFOUP MPOHJUVE HSPTPS UFOTJÓOZFTQFTPS-BFMFDDJÓOEFMUJNCSF
FOMBDPNQPTJDJÓODPSSFTQPOEFBFTFSPQBKFTPOPSPRVF UPEBQSPQPSDJÓOHVBSEBEB
MB
SFUÓSJDBMMBNBFMPDVUJPFOPDBTJPOFT MBDPNQPTJDJÓOTFWFNPUJWBEBQPSMBDPODFQDJÓO
RVF FM DPNQPTJUPS SFBMJ[B EF FTUF iSPQBKFu -BT DVBMJEBEFT FYQSFTJWBT EFM UJNCSF IBO
TJEPPCKFUPEFOVUSJEBBEKFUJWBDJÓORVFSFTDBUBEFMUPEPFOQBMBCSBT QPSFKFNQMP FM
DMBSJOFUF RVFTFVTBFOMBCBOEB
TFEJDFUJFOFVOUJNCSFiMJTP BCJFSUP DBTJIVFDPu $G
4DIVMU[ 

 -B CBOEB FT CÃTJDBNFOUF TPOPSJEBE  TJ QPS FMMP FOUFOEFNPT MB QSFTFODJB EFM
FTQFDUSPTPOPSPPDVQBEP JSSVNQJEPTJOPUSPBGÃOEFDPOGSPOUBDJÓO&TDPOUVOEFODJBZ
DMBSJEBEFOMBTPOPSJEBEEFMPTJOTUSVNFOUPTEFNFUBMFT DMBSJOFUF UVCB USPNCÓO
RVF
EBOCSJMMBOUF[ZQSFDJTJÓOBVOTPOJEPRVFOPTJFNQSFQVFEFTFSNBUJ[BEP BMNFOPTFO
HSBEBDJPOFTNVZTFOTJCMFTZTVUJMFT&TUFDBSÃDUFSIBDFDBTPRVFTVNBOJGFTUBDJÓOMMFWF
BMNPWJNJFOUPZMBBUFODJÓO/PFTQPTJCMFQBTBSEFTBQFSDJCPPJOEJGFSFOUF&TUFSBTHP
OFDFTBSJBNFOUFEFSFMBDJÓO FTEJGÎDJMFTDVDIBSMBTPMP
FTQSPQPSDJPOBMBTVDPOUVO
EFODJB4VGVFS[BFTCÃTJDBNFOUFNFUBDPNVOJDBUJWB JNQMJDBVOBSFMBDJÓO
 -BiNÙTJDBEFCBOEBuFTVOEJTQPTJUJWPEFQSPEVDDJÓO VOTJTUFNBTPOPSPEJWFSTP
RVFUJFOFDPNPQFDVMJBSJEBE FOTVFYQPTJDJÓONFEJÃUJDB
TJHOJêDBSFMNBUFSJBMTPOPSP
FJOUFHSBS BVODVBOEPTFUSBUBEFDBODJPOFTWFIJDVMBEBTEFTEFPUSPTEJTQPTJUJWPTPHÊ
OFSPT DVNCJB  NBSJBDIJT  CPMFSPT  SBODIFSB
 FMFNFOUPT TFNÃOUJDPT RVF MPT JOUÊS
QSFUFTTBCFOBEBQUBSFJODMVTPKVHBSDPOQPTJCJMJEBEFTOPEBEBT"EJGFSFODJBEFMP


-PTBOUJHVPTDPOTJEFSBCBOMBFMPDVDJÓODPNPFMiSPQBKFMJOHÛÎTUJDPuDPOFMRVFTFWJTUFOMBTJEFBTZQBSBBMHVOPT
FTUBNCJÊOTJOÓOJNPEFFTUJMP%FOUSPEFMBFMPDVUJPTFQSPDFEFBMBFMFDDJÓO &MFDUJP
EFMPTUSPQPTZêHVSBT 
ZBEFNÃTTFSFBMJ[BMBDPNQPTJDJÓO DPNQPTJUJP
RVFDPOTJTUFFOEJTQPOFSMBTFYQSFTJPOFT DPOGPSNFBMPSEFO
TJOUÃDUJDP EFOUSPEFDBEBPSBDJÓOZDBEBGSBTFFTEFDJS FOMBDPOGPSNBDJÓOTJOUÃDUJDBZGPOÊUJDBEFMBTGSBTFT MBT
PSBDJPOFTZMBTTFSJFT

1FOTBNPTFOFMDBTPEFMFOTBNCMBKFIFDIPQPSQBSUFEFMBCBOEBi&M3ÊDPEPuBWBSJBTDBODJPOFTJOUFSQSFUBEBT
QPSPUSPTJOBMPFOTF1FESP*OGBOUF


RVFPDVSSFFOMBNÙTJDBiDVMUBu PEPOEFMBDSFBDJÓOQVFEFTVQPOFSFMUFNB NPUJWPZ
FM SPQBKF TPOPSP MB JOUFSQSFUBDJÓO EF CBOEB QSPDFEF JOWFSTBNFOUF DVBMRVJFS UFNB 
NPUJWPFYQVFTUPBOUFSJPSNFOUFMPUSBTWBTFBMBTQPTJCJMJEBEFTFYQSFTJWBTEFMBCBOEB
DPOFGFDUPTRVFQVFEFOTFSNÃTPNFOPTFGFDUJWPT"EJGFSFODJBEFMPTUFNBTRVFOBDFO
JNCSJDBEPT DPO VOB TPOPSJEBE JNCSJDBDJÓO FO MB RVF FODVFOUSBO TV TFOUJEP
 MBT
DVBMJEBEFTFYQSFTJWBTEFMBCBOEBBEKFUJWBOMBCBMBEBPMBDVNCJB MBSBODIFSB

$JFSSF
1PSNÃTBOPEJOPRVFQVFEBQBSFDFSFMFKFSDJDJPRVFJOUFOUBNPT BMQSPQPOFSBMHÙOQVOUP
EFWJTUBTFNJÓUJDBQBSBMBNÙTJDBEFCBOEB FOSFBMJEBE DPNPIBOTFÒBMBEPRVJFOFT
QPTUVMBOVOFOGPRVFCÃTJDBNFOUFDVMUVSBMQBSBFMFTUVEJPEFMBTFNJÓUJDB DVBMRVJFS
QSÃDUJDBDVMUVSBMQVFEFBOBMJ[BSTFTFNJÓUJDBNFOUFNÃTBÙO TFQJFOTBRVFOPFYJTUF
PUSPQVOUPEFWJTUBRVFOPTFBÊTUF.ÃTBMMÃEFMBTQPTUVMBDJPOFTTFNJPDVMUVSBMFTEF
DPSUFMPUNBOJBOP RVFOPJOUFOUBNPTBIPSB TÎOPTQBSFDFRVFQPSMPQSPOUPQPEFNPT
BWBO[BSDPOBMHVOBTEFTDSJQDJPOFTZBDFSDBNJFOUPTRVFOPTEFOQJFTTPCSFQPTJCJMJEBEFT
DPNQSFOTJWBTFOBMHVOPTGFOÓNFOPT4JCJFOMBTTJHVJFOUFTDBSBDUFSJ[BDJPOFT NÃTRVF
FTUSJDUBNFOUFTFNJÓUJDB FOUBOUPOPFYQMJDBGVODJPOBNJFOUPTSFMBDJPOBMFT
QVFEFTFS
NFODJPOBEB DPNP iQSPUPTFNJÓUJDBu  DPOTUJUVZF BMHVOPT FKFSDJDJPT RVF OPT BZVEF B
QSPGVOEJ[BS

r$VBMJTJHOP VOBDVBMJEBE QPSFK VOUJNCSFDBSBDUFSÎTUJDPRVFIBDFQSÃDUJDBNFOUF


JODPOGVOEJCMFBMBCBOEB-PIFNPTTFÒBMBEPFOFMBQBSUBEP
r4JOTJHOP VOFYJTUFOUFJOEJWJEVBM FTVOSFQSFTFOUBOFNGPSNBEPQPSVOBSFBMJEBE
GÎTJDB 4J CJFO FTUP MP QPEFNPT TFÒBMBS TPCSF DVBMRVJFS PCSB  FYJTUFO OPUBCMFT
EJGFSFODJBTFOQSJNFSMVHBSTJTPOCÃTJDBNFOUFJOTUSVNFOUBMFTPQPSUBOFMBODMB
KFEFMBWP[%FDVBMRVJFSNBOFSB QBSFDFRVFMBTPOPSJEBEQBSUJDVMBSFJOEJWJEVBM
EFMBCBOEBQPTFFTFNBTJODPOGVOEJCMFT
r-FHJTJHOP VOBMFZPDPOWFODJÓO QPSFK BMHVOBTEFMBTGPSNBTDPOWFODJPOBMFTRVF
WFIJDVMBMBNÙTJDBEFCBOEB1BSBFMEJTDVSTPNVTJDBMFTUFSFQSFTFOUBNFOGPSNBUP
QPSVOBMFZEFSFHVMBSJEBETPOVOBTFSJFEFGPSNBTFOMBNÙTJDBWFSOÃDVMBRVF
MBiCBOEBuSFTQFUBZPCTFSWB QPSFKFNQMPMBTGSBTFTQSFWJBTRVFTJSWFOEFNBSDP
QSFMJNJOBSBMBFOUSBEBEFMBWP[MBTGPSNBTCÃTJDBNFOUFFTUBCMFTRVFTFUSBEVDFO


FOVODJFSUPUJFNQPmOPIBZVOBDBODJÓORVFEVSFNJOVUPTmZVOBFTUSVDUVSB
NVTJDBMQSPQJBEFMCPMFSPPMBCBMBEB
-PTDBOUBOUFT JOUFSQSFUFTZPZFOUFTZBIBO
FTDVDIBEP DBODJPOFT Z FTQFSBO DJFSUBT SFHVMBSJEBEFT RVF TJ GVFTFO WJPMFOUBEBT
TFSÎBOJONFEJBUBNFOUFJEFOUJêDBEBTDPNPUBM

1BSBMBTFHVOEBUSJDPUPNÎB FMTJHOPFOSFMBDJÓODPOTVPCKFUP
r *DPOP  FT FM UJQP EF TJHOP RVF TF SFMBDJPOB DPO TV PCKFUP QPS UFOFS BMHVOB
TFNFKBO[BDPOÊTUF-BNÙTJDBEFCBOEBPGSFDFBMHVOPTFKFNQMPTUÎQJDPTDVBOEP
TF SFQSPEVDFO iTPOJEPT EF BSNBTu HPMQFT EF CBMB EBEPT QPS MB UBNCPSB
 FO
BMHVOPTOBSDPDPSSJEPTPFWFOUVBMNFOUFFMSFMJODIJEPEFVODBCBMMP
r±OEJDF FTQBSUJDVMBSNFOUF QPSRVFMBiCBOEBuDPNPUBMFTVOÎOEJDFUPQPHSÃêDP
EFMBSFHJÓOEFMOPSPFTUFZQBSUJDVMBSNFOUF4JOBMPB BVORVFOPTFBFYDMVTJWBEF
FTUFFTUBEP
$POUPEPMPRVFMBSFGFSFODJBBFTUB[POBDPOMMFWBZMPRVFMBQSPQJB
NÙTJDBEFCBOEBIBFTUBOEBSJ[BEPQPSTVTVTPTTPDJBMFTNBZPSJUBSJPT)BZRVF
SFDPSEBSRVFQBSB1FJSDFGPSNBMNFOUFOPIBZSFGFSFODJB TJOPTJTUFNBTSFMBDJPOFT
RVFTFBDUJWBSÎBO FOFTUFDBTPFOMBDPNVOJDBDJÓONVTJDBM
r4ÎNCPMP DJFSUBTNBOJGFTUBDJPOFTFOMBNÙTJDBEFCBOEBDPOEFOTBOBDUJUVEDPO
MBTDVBMFTMPTPZFOUFT QFOTBNPTTPCSFUPEPFOFMPZFOUFFOFMOPSPFTUFEFMQBÎT

TJFOUFOJEFOUJêDBDJÓONÃTBMMÃEFMBTDBODJPOFTUPQPOÎNJDBT RVFDVNQMFOQBSB
OPTPUSPTVOiWBMPSJOEJDJBMuFOFMSFQFSUPSJPEFMBNÙTJDBCBOEÎTUJDB
UFOFNPTQPS
FKFNQMPFMiTJOBMPFOTFuDPNPVOFMFNFOUPQSPUPUÎQJDP BDBTPFMQSJODJQBMTÎNCPMP
EFOUSPEFMBQSPEVDDJÓOEFFTUFUJQPEFNÙTJDB4JCJFOUJFOFVOGVODJPOBNJFOUP
JOEJDJBM  DPNP IFNPT TFÒBMBEPT  DVNQMF PUSP NÃT DPNQMFKP  FM TJNCÓMJDP  BM
VCJDBSTFFOMVHBSEFBUSJCVDJPOFTJEFOUJUBSJBTRVFMMFWBOBNBSDBSMBTSFMBDJPOFT
FOUSFMPTPZFOUFTZQPTUVMBSBMBCBOEBNJTNBDPNPTÎNCPMPEFiTFSTJOBMPFOTFu 
ZBDBTPQPSUBEPSBEFUPEPMPRVFMBCBOEBQVFEFDPOOPUBS

1BSBMBUFSDFSBUSJDPUPNÎB FMTJHOPFOSFMBDJÓODPOTVJOUFSQSFUBOUF
r3FNB VOTJHOPRVFQBSBTVJOUFSQSFUBOUFDPOTUJUVZFBQFOBTVOBQPTJCJMJEBE QPS
FK MBBVEJDJÓOEFVODPODJFSUPEFNÙTJDBBMFBUPSJB
r %JDFOUF  TPO UPEPT MPT TJHOPT RVF FM FTDVDIB SFDPOPDF DPNP QSPQJP EF VOB
SFHJÓO VOHÊOFSPPJOUÊSQSFUF1BSBFMDBTPEFMBNÙTJDBEFCBOEB PSJHJOBMNFOUF


BETDSJUBT GVFSUFNFOUF B VO QPCMBEP  FM %JDFOUF FT FM SFDPOPDJNJFOUP EFM MVHBS
Z MB JEFOUJêDBDJÓO EFM QSPQJP FTQBDJP &O NVDIPT JOUFSQSFUFT MB NÙTJDB TF
QMBHBVOBUPQPHSBGÎBRVFHFOFSBMPNJTNPDPNQMJDJEBERVFJOTUSVDDJPOFTQBSB
EFDPEJêDBDJPOFTNÃTEFQFOEJFOUFTEFMNBSDPFTQFDÎêDPEFFTDVDIB
r"SHVNFOUP TFSFNJUFBMBQSPEVDDJÓONVTJDPMÓHJDBEFMBNÙTJDB3FTVMUB DPNP
IFNPTTFÒBMBEP MPTJHOJêDBUJWPRVFUJFOFFTUBNÙTJDBDPNPQPDPFTUVEJBEB/P
IBZRVFEFKBSEFDPOTJEFSBSRVFMBiNÙTJDBEFCBOEBuQVEPIBCFSTJEPFMJDPOP
EF MB NÙTJDB OBDJPOBM B EJGFSFODJB EFM NBSJBDIJ  MB iCBOEBu UBSEÓ FO JOHSFTBS
B MPT NFEJPT Z TV EJGVTJÓO GVF NÃT MFOUB ÊTUPT Z PUSPT GFOÓNFOPT FYQMJDBO MB
CBOEBDPNPTJHOPBSHVNFOUPBMDVBMTFMFDPOêFSFOBUSJCVUPTEFOUSPEFMBTDP
NVOJEBEFTDJFOUÎêDBT UBOUPEFNÙTJDBDPNPFODPNVOJDBDJÓO


&O TVNB  RVF FO FTUF USBCBKP IFNPTRVFSJEPJOUSPEVDJSOPTBVOBGPSNB EF SFMBDJÓO


DPOFTUBNÙTJDBFOUBOUPGFOÓNFOPTNFEJÃUJDPZTPDJPDVMUVSBM/PTQBSFDF QBSBFMDBTP
EFMBNÙTJDBEFCBOEBRVFTVTBTQFDUPTFTUSJDUBNFOUFTPOPSPTUJFOFORVFWJODVMBSTF
DPO TVT QSPDFTPT EF BTJNJMBDJÓO  DPO MB QBSUJDVMBSJEBE EF TV FTUÊUJDB Z MBT GPSNBT
EF TV DPNVOJDBDJÓO BMUBNFOUF FGFDUJWB FO TVT DPOUFYUPT EF SFDFQDJÓO -B TFNJÓUJDB
FTUBSÎBEFTUJOBEB OPTQBSFDF BEBSDVFOUBEFFTPTUSFTOJWFMFTRVFBSSJCBIFNPTDJUBEP
DPO.BSUÎOF[RVF BMNFOPTQPSMPRVFIFNPTSFWJTBEP OPTFIBFYQMPSBEPQBSBFTUB
QBSUJDVMBSNBOJGFTUBDJÓODVMUVSBM

#JCMJPHSBGÎB

Abril G (2004) So much trouble: notas sobre la música popular y el contexto mediático
contemporáneo [En línea, diciembre 2006] Artículo disponible en IUUQXXXVDN
FTFQSJOUTHPO[BMP@FTQBIUN

López Cano (2006) “Semiótica, Semiótica de la música y semiótica cognitivo-


enactica: notas para el manual de usuario” en página del autor. [en línea noviembre
2006] Disponible en:
IUUQXXXHFPDJUJFTDPNMPQF[DBOP"SUJDVMPT4FNJPUJDB@.VTJDBQEG


.BSUÎOF[  +PTÊ -VJ[ 
 i4FNJÓUJDB EF MB NÙTJDB VOB UFPSÎB CBTBEB FO 1FJSDFu
<"SUÎDVMPFOMÎOFBFOFSP>%JTQPOJCMFFO
IUUQXXXDFSWBOUFTWJSUVBMDPNTFSWMFU4JSWF0CSBT
QIUN

4DIVMU[  .BSHBSJUB 


 y2VÊ TJHOJêDB MB NÙTJDB  %FM TPOJEP BM TFOUJEP NVTJDBM
4BOUJBHPEF$IJMF&ET%PMNFO

Simonett H. (2004) En Sinaloa nací. Historia de la música de banda. Mazatlán-


Asociación de Gestores del Patrimonio Histórico y Cultural.


%FMDJOFBMBNÙTJDBMBDPOTUSVDDJÓOEFJDPOPT
TPOPSPTFOMPBVEJPWJTVBM
+VMJÃO8PPETJEF

$POFMTVSHJNJFOUPEFMBUÊDOJDBNVTJDBMDPOPDJEBDPNPiTBNQMFPu FTEFDJS UPNBS


VOB NVFTUSB EF VO PCKFUP TPOPSP QSFWJBNFOUF HSBCBEP F JOTFSUBSMP FO VOB OVFWB
DPNQPTJDJÓO 8PPETJEF  
 MB BQSPQJBDJÓO Z SFTJHOJêDBDJÓO EF TPOJEPT FO MB
TPDJFEBE IB FTUJNVMBEP MB DSFBDJÓO EF iNPUJWPT TPOPSPNVTJDBMFTu RVF TVSHFO
EF QSPEVDUPT BVEJPWJTVBMFT DPNP FM DJOF  Z TPO BQSPQJBEPT QPS MB DVMUVSB QPQVMBS
FO EJTUJOUBT GPSNBT EF FYQSFTJÓO "M UPNBS VO GSBHNFOUP TPOPSP EF VOB QFMÎDVMB F
JOTFSUBSMPFOVOBDBODJÓO VODPNQPTJUPSEFDJEFIBDFSEJTUJOUBTGPSNBTEFBMVTJÓOBMB
JNBHFOZUFNÃUJDBEFMBPCSBDJOFNBUPHSÃêDB
 :BTFBRVFGVODJPOFDPNPVOBNFUPOJNJBPTJOÊDEPRVFEFMBJNBHFO PTFBVOB
SFGFSFODJBBVOQFSTPOBKFPJEFBRVFIBTVQFSBEPMBTCBSSFSBTEFMQSPEVDUPBVEJPWJTVBM
ZFTUJNVMFMBDSFBDJÓOEFFTUFSFPUJQPTZMVHBSFTDPNVOFTFOFMDJOF DPNPIBPDVSSJEP
DPOFMVTPEFMPTWJPMJOFTFO1TJDPTJTPMBGSBTFiRVFMBGVFS[BUFBDPNQBÒFuEF4UBS8BST

FMFTUVEJPEFMTBNQMFPDJOFNBUPHSÃêDPFOMBNÙTJDBQPQVMBSQFSNJUFDPNQSFOEFSDÓNP
DJFSUPTPCKFUPTTPOPSPTTPOSFTJHOJêDBEPTQPSVOBDVMUVSB ZBTFBMBRVFMPTQSPEVDF
VPUSBRVFEFDJEBBQSPQJBSTFEFFMMPT TJFOEPFTUPVOQSÊTUBNPEFMPBVEJPWJTVBMFOMP
TPOPSPNVTJDBM QPSRVFOPQJFSEFMBSFGFSFODJBFOFMJNBHJOBSJP
ZBMNJTNPUJFNQP
VOBUSBEVDDJÓOJOUFSTFNJÓUJDB QPSRVFDBNCJBEFTPQPSUF

 -BQSPQVFTUBBRVÎFTFOUFOEFSFTUBDJSDVMBDJÓOTJNCÓMJDBEFMPTPOPSPFOMBDVMUVSB
Z BMNJTNPUJFNQP DPNQSFOEFSDÓNPFTRVFTFEBMBDPOTUSVDDJÓOEFTFOUJEPBMJOUFSJPS
EFVOQSPEVDUPBVEJPWJTVBMNFEJBOUFFMEJTFÒPTPOPSP-BTPCTFSWBDJPOFTRVFTFQSFTFO
UBOTPOQSPEVDUPEFVOBTFSJFEFJOWFTUJHBDJPOFTSFMBDJPOBEBTDPOFMTPOJEPZMBNÙTJDB
EFTEF VOB QFSTQFDUJWB TFNJÓUJDB Z TV SFMBDJÓO DPO EJTUJOUBT GPSNBT EF DPNVOJDBDJÓO
NFEJBOUFTPOJEPTSBEJPGÓOJDB BVEJPWJTVBM PSBM NVTJDBM TPOPSB FUDÊUFSB
 &MTBNQMFP QPSTVOBUVSBMF[B FTMBÙOJDBDJUBêFMFOFMMFOHVBKFTPOPSPZNVTJDBM 
BEJGFSFODJBEFQPTJCMFTBMVTJPOFTPSFGFSFODJBTDPNPFMDBTPEFMiTPVOEBMJLFuFOMB
NÙTJDB JNJUBS VOB NFMPEÎB
 P MBT iBOBGPOÎBTu RVF 1IJMMJQ 5BHH EFêOF DPNP iPUSB


GPSNBEFIBDFSTPOBSBMHPRVFZBFYJTUFDPNPTPOJEP NPWJNJFOUPPUBDUPQFSDFQUJCMFu
5BHH 
%FEPOEFTFUPNBMBDJUBFTEFMiQBJTBKFTPOPSPu PCKFUPRVFFMDPNQPTJUPS
.VSSBZ4DIBGFSEFêOFDPNPVOFOUPSOPBDÙTUJDPFTQFDÎêDP RVFQVFEFTFSFTUVEJBEP
EFMBNJTNBNBOFSBRVFVOUFYUPMJUFSBSJP VOBQJOUVSBPGPUPHSBGÎB 4DIBGFS 

&TEFDJS BCTPMVUBNFOUFUPEPTMPTTPOJEPT JODMVZFOEPMBNÙTJDBRVFFODPOUSFNPTFO
VOFTQBDJPEFUFSNJOBEP4FQVFEFIBDFSFOUPODFTVOBQSJNFSBBêSNBDJÓOFMEJTFÒP
TPOPSPEFVOBQFMÎDVMBFTVOQBJTBKFTPOPSP
 "OUFTEFDPOUJOVBSZQSPGVOEJ[BSDPOFTUBJEFB FTOFDFTBSJPFOUFOEFSMBBQPSUBDJÓO
EFM FTUVEJP EFM TBNQMFP FO MB NÙTJDB FO HFOFSBM -P BOUFSJPS TF QVFEF BQSFDJBS EF
NBOFSBNÃTFYIBVTUJWBFO&MJNQBDUPEFMTBNQMFPFOMBNFNPSJBDPMFDUJWB)BDJBVOB
TFNJÓUJDBEFMTBNQMFP 8PPETJEF 
&MFTUVEJPEFFTUBUÊDOJDBBZVEBBDPODFCJS
MBJEFBEFVOTJHOPTPOPSPNVTJDBM BMFKÃOEPTFEFMVTPEFMBQBSUJUVSBVPUSPUJQPEF
SFHJTUSPTDPNPGVFOUFQBSBVOBJOWFTUJHBDJÓOTFNJÓUJDBNVTJDBM1FSNJUFDPNQSFOEFS
DÓNP IPZ FO EÎB  B EJGFSFODJB EF DÓEJHPT NVTJDBMFT QSFWJPT DPNP FO FM #BSSPDP  MB
NÙTJDBZFMEJTFÒPTPOPSPEFVOQSPEVDUPBVEJPWJTVBMTFDPNQPOFOEFTPOJEPTBOUFT
RVF EF NÙTJDB &T EFDJS  QPS NÃT RVF TF FODVFOUSF VOB FTUSVDUVSB EFêOJCMF DPNP
NÙTJDB FO BMHVOP EF MPT DBNQPT EF FTUVEJP EFM TPOJEP  FM TFS IVNBOP DPOTUSVZF Z
QFSDJCF MP TPOPSP Z MF EB MB TJHOJêDBDJÓO QFSUJOFOUF NÙTJDB  TFÒBM  ÎOEJDF Z EFNÃT
GPSNBTTJNCÓMJDBT"EFNÃT QFSNJUFJEFOUJêDBSDÓNPTFDPOTUSVZFOEFGPSNBWBSJBCMF
MBTVOJEBEFTTJHOJêDBUJWBTFOFMTPOJEPZMBNÙTJDB&TEFDJS OPIBZVOBFTUSVDUVSBZ
MPOHJUVEDPOTUBOUFT QVFEFSFUPNBSTFMBNFMPEÎB FMSJUNP MBWP[ FUDÊUFSB ZBRVFMB
FYUFOTJÓOEFMTBNQMFPFTUÃEFêOJEBQPSMBEVSBDJÓOEFMBHSBCBDJÓO NJFOUSBTRVFTV
TJHOJêDBEPMPEFêOFFMDPOUFYUPZTVDVBMJEBEJOUFSUFYUVBM
 "MNPNFOUPEFMFTUVEJPEFMEJTFÒPTPOPSPFODVBMRVJFSQSPEVDUPBVEJPWJTVBM MBT
OPDJPOFTBSSJCBEFTDSJUBTTPOÙUJMFTZBRVFTFDPODJCFEFNBOFSBDMBSBRVFBMNPNFOUP
EFQFSDJCJSZDSFBSFMDÓEJHPTPOPSPNVTJDBM MBTVOJEBEFTWBSÎBOZFMDPOUFYUPNJTNP
OPTEBTVTMÎNJUFT&TEFDJS FOFMDBTPEFVOBDIJDIBSSBOPJNQPSUBUBOUPTJTFFTDVDIBO
PTFHVOEPTEFMBNJTNB TJOPRVFTFFTDVDIBFTFTPOJEPZFMFOUPSOPMBEFêOF
DPNPFNFSHFODJBPFMDBNCJPEFDMBTF BVORVFOPEFKBEFTFSVOBBMFSUB-PNJTNP
PDVSSFDPOMBNÙTJDBJODJEFOUBMZPUSPTBSSFHMPTFOFMDJOF-PRVFEFCFEFJNQPSUBS
FOFTUFFOGPRVFOPFTMBFTUSVDUVSBEFMBDPNQPTJDJÓO TJOPTVTJHOJêDBEPBMJOUFSJPSZ
FYUFSJPSEFMBDJOUB"DPOUJOVBDJÓOTFQSFTFOUBPUSPFKFNQMP


 &TDÙDIFTFFMDBSBDUFSÎTUJDPDPOKVOUPEFWJPMJOFTRVFBDPNQBÒBOVOBFTDFOBFO
EPOEFTFWFDÓNPVOJOEJWJEVPBDVDIJMMBBVOBNVKFS"TÎFT TFFTUÃIBCMBOEPEFMB
GBNPTBFTDFOBEFMBSFHBEFSBFO1TJDPTJTEF"MGSFE)JUDIDPDL 
$VBOEPTFCVTDBO
EFTDSJQDJPOFTZSFTFÒBTEFEJDIPTPOJEP DPOTJEFSÃOEPMPDPNPVOJEBETJNCÓMJDB TJO
JNQPSUBSMBFYUFOTJÓO
MPEFêOFODPNPTJMPTWJPMJOFTQFSGPSBSBOMPTPÎEPT DPNPTJ
GVFSBOBOHVTUJPTPT MMFHBOEPBTÎBMBDPOTUSVDDJÓO GVOEBNFOUBEBPOP EFFTUFSFPUJQPT
ZMVHBSFTDPNVOFTFOMBDVMUVSBQPQVMBS"MHVOPTNBOVBMFTEFBOÃMJTJTEFBVEJPFOFM
DJOFMPBCPSEBOTFQBSÃOEPMPQPSDPNQPOFOUFT EJÃMPHPT FGFDUPT NÙTJDBZBNCJFOUFT

BEFNÃT EF MB BQSPYJNBDJÓO SBEJPGÓOJDB EF QSJNFS QMBOP  TFHVOEP QMBOP Z GPOEP 
QBSBEFTQVÊTJSDPOTUSVZFOEPVOBOBSSBUJWB&TJNQPSUBOUFBDMBSBSRVFFMBVEJPZMB
JNBHFOFTUÃODPNQMFUBNFOUFMJHBEPT ZDVBMRVJFSJOUFOUPEFEJTPDJBSMPTPDBTJPOBSÎB
VOBJOUFSQSFUBDJÓOUPSDJEBFJODPNQMFUBEFMBQMFOBTJHOJêDBDJÓO"VORVFDMBSPRVFFT
OFDFTBSJPDPNQSFOEFSMBTDBSBDUFSÎTUJDBTEFMPTEJTUJOUPTTPQPSUFT1FSPMPRVFBRVÎTF
QSPQPOFFTFOUFOEFSBMEJTFÒPEFBVEJPDPNPVOQBJTBKFTPOPSPRVFDPOTUSVZFTVTFOUJEP
BM JOUFSJPS VO DÓEJHP TPOPSP QBSUJDVMBS QBSB DBEB DJOUB
 Z FYUFSJPS DPO SFGFSFOUFT
DVMUVSBMFT
EFMBPCSB*ODMVTPMBBVTFODJBEFTPOJEPKVFHBVOQBQFMJNQPSUBOUFFOFTUB
DPOTUSVDDJÓOEFTFOUJEP
 -PRVFBRVÎJOUFSFTBOPFTTJFMVTPEFWJPMJOFTSFëFKBBOHVTUJBQPSTVTDVBMJEBEFT
FTUÊUJDBT TJOPDÓNPFTUFPCKFUPTPOPSPGPSNBQBSUFEFVOiNBDSPEJTDVSTPOBSSBUJWP
TPOPSPuFOMBTPDJFEBE FOEPOEFTFIBDFODPOTUBOUFTSFGFSFODJBTBFTFFTUJMPQBSUJDVMBS
EFBSSFHMP&OFTUFDBTP MPTQSPEVDUPTBVEJPWJTVBMFTUJFOFOMBDBSBDUFSÎTUJDBEFNBOUF
OFSQBSBGVUVSBTFYQFSJFODJBT QPSTFQBSBEP FMOFYPFOUSFJNBHFOZTPOJEP&TBTÎRVFTF
QVFEFWFSVOBJNBHFORVFZBTFSFDPOPDFZBQMJDBSMFBVEJP BTÎDPNPFTDVDIBSVOEJÃMPHP
P DPNQPTJDJÓO NVTJDBM Z BEKVEJDBSMF MB JNBHFO DPSSFTQPOEJFOUF &TUB QPTJCJMJEBE
TF IB EFTBSSPMMBEP FO PUSBT JOWFTUJHBDJPOFT CBKP FM OPNCSF EF iPSBMJEBE SFHJTUSBEBu
8PPETJEF 
ZBRVFBVORVFFYJTUFVOBQPTJCJMJEBEEFSFHJTUSPZSFQSPEVDDJÓO MB
FYQFSJFODJBBVEJUJWBOPEFKBEFTFSFGÎNFSBZBDVNVMBUJWB
 3FUPNBOEPFMFKFNQMPEF1TJDPTJT MBDVMUVSBQPQVMBSTFIBBQSPQJBEPEFEJDIB
TFDVFODJB  QBSPEJÃOEPMB Z IBDJFOEP SFGFSFODJB B FMMB FO DJFOUPT EF GPSNBT  WJTVBM Z
TPOPSBNFOUF4FFYQPOFOEPTDBTPTEFMBTFSJFBOJNBEB-PT4JNQTPO&OFMFQJTPEJP
EFMBTFHVOEBUFNQPSBEB MMBNBEPi*UDIZ4DSBUDIZ.BSHFu DVBOEP)PNFSPTF
FODVFOUSBIBDJFOEPMBCPSFTEFDBSQJOUFSÎBFOMBDPDIFSBEFTVDBTB BQBSFDF.BHHJF 


Z EF NBOFSB TPSQSFTJWB MF EB VO NBSUJMMB[P FO MB DBCF[B NJFOUSBT TF FTDVDIBO MPT
NFODJPOBEPTWJPMJOFT&MSFTUPEFMBTFDVFODJBTFWFDÓNP)PNFSPDBFZUJSBVOCPUF
EFQJOUVSBSPKBRVFEFTQVÊTFTDVSSFQPSVOBDPMBEFSB QBSPEJBOEPMBTBOHSFZMBUJOBEF
MBFTDFOBPSJHJOBM&OPUSPFQJTPEJP EFMRVFOPTFIBQPEJEPDPOTFHVJSSFGFSFODJB IBZ
VOBFTDFOBFYUFSJPSFOMBDVBMTFBQSFDJBVOCPTRVFPTDVSPZUFOFCSPTPFOEPOEFTF
FTDVDIBEFGPOEPFMNJTNPNPUJWPEFMPTWJPMJOFTRVFHFOFSBTVTQFOTP QBSBEFTQVÊT
BQSFDJBS DÓNP BQBSFDF FO FTDFOB VO DBNJÓO RVF USBOTQPSUB VOB PSRVFTUB TJOGÓOJDB
RVFiFOTBZBuEJDIBQJF[B4FCBKBVOPEFMPTJOUFHSBOUFTZTFQJFSEFFOMBPTDVSJEBEEFM
CPTRVFUPDBOEPFMBSSFHMP
 &TUPT FKFNQMPT QFSNJUFO DPNQSFOEFS MB DPOTUSVDDJÓO EF iNPUJWPT TPOPSP
NVTJDBMFTu RVF TF HFTUBO B QBSUJS EF MB FYQFSJFODJB DPMFDUJWB Z MPT MVHBSFT DPNVOFT
EFMDJOF DPOTUSVZFOEPVOBiNFNPSJBDPMFDUJWBTPOPSBuRVFEFêOÎDPNPiNBDSPEJT
DVSTP TPOPSPu 1PS TV QBSUF  FM FTUVEJP EFM TBNQMFP QFSNJUJÓ JEFOUJêDBS DÓNP TF EB
MB SFTJHOJêDBDJÓO EF EJTUJOUPT NPUJWPT TPOPSPNVTJDBMFT  TPCSF UPEP FO FM EJTDVSTP
NVTJDBM ZDÓNPMBFYUFOTJÓOZDPOTUJUVDJÓOEFFTUPTNPUJWPTPTJHOPTTPOPSPTWBSÎB
UBOUPFOFYUFOTJÓODPNPFOMPTOJWFMFTFOMPTRVFTFEB NFMPEÎB BSNPOÎB SJUNP WP[ 
UJNCSF FUDÊUFSB
"êOBMEFDVFOUBT MBNÙTJDBFTBCTUSBDDJÓO QFSPTFDPOTUSVZFIPZ
FOEÎBDPOSFGFSFOUFTTPDJBMFTZDVMUVSBMFT ZTPCSFUPEPOPIBZRVFPMWJEBSRVFBOUFTEF
DPOTUSVJSTFDPNPDÓEJHPNVTJDBM ÊTUBFTVODPOKVOUPEFTPOJEPTVPCKFUPTTPOPSPT
 &OSFTVNFO FMFTUVEJPEFBVEJPFOQSPEVDUPTBVEJPWJTVBMFTTFUJFOFRVFBQPZBS
EFMBTTJHVJFOUFTJEFBT
r "QSPYJNBSTF B TV PCKFUP DPNP VO QBJTBKF TPOPSP  DPO MÎNJUFT Z DÓEJHPT
FTQFDÎêDPT
r &M BVEJP VUJMJ[BEP FO MB DJOUB QSPWJFOF EF MB FYQFSJFODJB F JNBHJOBDJÓO EFM
EJTFÒBEPSZTVFOUPSOP
r-BJEFBEFiPSBMJEBESFHJTUSBEBuQFSNJUFDPNQSFOEFSRVFMBFYQFSJFODJBTPOPSB
Z NVTJDBM FT FGÎNFSB  Z RVF BVORVF IBZB VO SFHJTUSP RVF QFSNJUF SFQSPEVDJS
VOBZPUSBWF[FMPCKFUP MBFYQFSJFODJBTFVCJDBFOVOUJFNQPFTQBDJPRVFMFEB
TFOUJEPEFNBOFSBDPOTUBOUFNFEJBOUFTVIJTUPSJDJEBE
r -PT NPUJWPT TPOPSPNVTJDBMFT UJFOFO EJTUJOUBT GPSNBT Z GVODJPOFT 1VFEFO
TFS VO TPOJEP BJTMBEP P VO DPOKVOUP EF TPOJEPT 4PO SBTUSFBCMFT FO UPEBT MBT
QSPEVDDJPOFTBSUÎTUJDBTZDVMUVSBMFTEFVOBTPDJFEBE ZTVFTUVEJPDPNPPCKFUPT


TPOPSPT RVFQVFEFOTFSJOTFSUBEPTFOEJTUJOUPTDÓEJHPT QFSNJUJSÃDPNQSFOEFS
MBDPOTUSVDDJÓOEFVONBDSPEJTDVSTPTPOPSP
r.JFOUSBTRVFFMTJHOJêDBEPEFMPTPCKFUPTTPOPSPTTFEBEFGPSNBFTQFDÎêDBFODBEB
PCSB MPTNPUJWPTTPOPSPNVTJDBMFTTPOFYQSFTJPOFTFOVOVOJWFSTPTJNCÓMJDP
FYUFSOPBMTPQPSUFPSJHJOBM MPRVFQFSNJUFVOFTUVEJPBNBZPSQSPGVOEJEBEEFM
QBJTBKFTPOPSPEFVOBTPDJFEBE

3FGFSFODJBT

(SPFOJOH .BUU  %JDJFNCSF


*UDIZ4DSBUDIZ.BSHF<ѮF4JNQTPOT>

)JUDIDPDL "MGSFE 


1TZDIP

4DIBGFS .VSSBZ 


ѮF4PVOETDBQFPVS4POJD&OWJSPONFOUBOEUIF5VOJOHPGUIF
8PSME7FSNPOU%FTUJOZ#PPLT

5BHH 1IJMJQ 


i4VCKFDUJWJUZBOE4PVOETDBQF .PUPSCJLFTBOE.VTJDu&O)FMNJ
+ÅSWJMVPNB &E
 4PVOETDBQFT &TTBZT PO 7SPPN BOE .PP QQ 
 5BNQFSF
5BNQFSF6OJWFSTJUZ1SFTT

8PPETJEF + 


&MJNQBDUPEFMTBNQMFPFOMBNFNPSJBDPMFDUJWB)BDJBVOBTFNJÓUJDB
EFM TBNQMFP 5ÊTJT EF MJDFODJBUVSB  .ÊYJDP 6OJWFSTJEBE "VUÓOPNB .FUSPQPMJUBOB
9PDIJNJMDP

8PPETJEF + 


'PSNBTZGVODJPOFTEFMTBNQMFPWPDBM5SBCBKPQSFTFOUBEPFOFM
$POHSFTP*OUFSOBDJPOBMEFMBĚĜĥĚ "NFSJDBO$PNQBSBUJWF-JUFSBUVSB"TTPDJBUJPO

BCSJM1VFCMB



You might also like