RICMAESEL FEEDS AND AGRIVET SUPPLY

GROUP 5:
JEFFREY M. BERTUMEN
MARJORIE MAE M. CRUZAT
BOYCIE F. TARCA

A Case Study Analysis

Submitted to
Prof. Jeanette Madamba
University of the Philippines Los Baños

In partial fulfillment of
the requirements
for the
MASTER OF MANAGEMENT MAJOR IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
BM240
Production and Operations Management

August 27, 2016

1. Analyze the two-year average ending inventory and average sales data of Ricmaesel Feeds and
Agrivet Supply. How can Mrs. Coronel cut back on inventory costs?
Inventory value is the cost of unsold/on-hand inventory at the end of an accounting period.
There are three most common methods in inventory valuation, the First-In-First-Out, Last-In-
First-Out and the Average Cost or Weighted Average Cost. Ricmaesel Feeds and Agrivet Supply
use the Average Cost, we suggest to used the First-In-First-Out method because as we all know
The first in, first out (FIFO) method of inventory valuation is a cost flow assumption that the first
goods purchased are also the first goods sold. In most companies, this assumption closely
matches the actual flow of goods, and so is considered the most theoretically correct inventory
valuation method (Steven Bragg, 2013); it tends to help to minimize the inventory cost.

We used the ABC analysis in order to classify the items of Ricmaesel Feeds and Agrivet Supply
according to the most valuable items to the least, being the Class A items as the most valuable
items and Class C items as the least valuable. The Class A items are the 18.35%of items which
contributes largest value in the sales – 80% of sales. These items must be closely monitored. The
Class B items are the 23.22% of inventory that contributes 15% in the sales. And the Class C
items are the 58.43%, the largest portion in the inventory but contribute only 5% in the sales.

AVERAGE PERCENTAGE ACCUMULATED

ITEM
SKU MONTHLY CONTRIBUTIO PERCENTAGE
CLASSIFICATION
SALES (Php) N OF ITEMS OF ITEMS

Ld hog grower special 18,739.78 8.6648% 8.6648% A

Ld hog starter pellet 13,880.17 6.4179% 15.0827% A

Ld hog grower pellet 13,493.78 6.2392% 21.3219% A

Ld broiler starter crumble 8,040.61 3.7178% 25.0397% A

Ld broiler finisher crumble 8,016.94 3.7068% 28.7466% A

Ldcrackcorn 40kg 7,378.83 3.4118% 32.1584% A

Ld hog breeder special 6,457.72 2.9859% 35.1443% A

Value mix concentrate 6,264.61 2.8966% 38.0409% A

Class ab5w(orange) 25kg 6,009.11 2.7785% 40.8194% A

Bionic developer 5,682.72 2.6276% 43.4469% A

Ld pigeon pellet 5,240.33 2.4230% 45.8699% A

Ld hog finisher special 5,018.61 2.3205% 48.1904% A

Ld hog lactating special 4,851.61 2.2433% 50.4337% A

Ld chick grower crumble 3,036.89 1.4042% 51.8379% A

Paiwi Finisher Pellet 50kg 2,840.44 1.3134% 53.1512% A

Palyat 40kg 2,839.56 1.3129% 54.4642% A

Battle Star Split Conc. 25kg 2,768.28 1.2800% 55.7442% A

Class AAW(White)25kg 2,627.67 1.2150% 56.9591% A

Tb gmp2 stag developer 2,489.44 1.1511% 58.1102% A

Amtyl-500 Tablet 100's 2,389.11 1.1047% 59.2149% A

Hygro fc 1000 2,363.44 1.0928% 60.3077% A

Tb stag developer 1kg 2,359.11 1.0908% 61.3985% A

Hygro fc 3000 2,265.56 1.0475% 62.4460% A

Hygro fc 2000 2,260.78 1.0453% 63.4913% A

Tb gmp3 maintenance pellet 2,210.28 1.0220% 64.5133% A

Ldcorngrits 2,185.11 1.0103% 65.5237% A

Bionic start 2,081.06 0.9622% 66.4859% A

B.s maintenance pellet 2,062.42 0.9536% 67.4395% A

Ld hog pre-starter pellet 1,839.22 0.8504% 68.2899% A

Tb baby stag booster 1kg 1,795.56 0.8302% 69.1202% A

Texas derby con 1,734.50 0.8020% 69.9222% A

Strike high protein dog food 1,666.53 0.7706% 70.6927% A

Ld chick booster premium 1,560.72 0.7216% 71.4144% A

Turbo conditioner 1,528.17 0.7066% 72.1210% A

Texas con 1,390.72 0.6430% 72.7640% A

Vetracin gold capsule 1,373.22 0.6349% 73.3989% A

Kr special concentrate 1,334.39 0.6170% 74.0159% A

Tb gmp1 chick booster 1,330.78 0.6153% 74.6312% A

Sg baby stag developer 1,318.89 0.6098% 75.2411% A

Kr concentrate 1,312.06 0.6067% 75.8477% A

Class AA(white) 25kg 1,272.61 0.5884% 76.4362% A

Sp broiler starter crumble 1,253.78 0.5797% 77.0159% A

KR Regular Concentrate 25kg 1,227.94 0.5678% 77.5837% A

Ld Finisher Pellet 50kg 1,213.83 0.5612% 78.1449% A

Budgetcon 1,213.11 0.5609% 78.7058% A

Ace Starter Pellet 1,194.22 0.5522% 79.2580% A

Tb platinum 1kg 1,182.89 0.5469% 79.8049% A

Sg winning line 1,153.78 0.5335% 80.3384% A

Hammer tablet 1,120.56 0.5181% 80.8565% A

Tb enertone 1kg 1,077.44 0.4982% 81.3547% B

Sg chick booster 1kg 1,052.11 0.4865% 81.8412% B

Opt.hog starter pellet 1,043.11 0.4823% 82.3235% B

Turbo super concentrate 1,021.56 0.4723% 82.7959% B

B.s super slasher 925.67 0.4280% 83.2239% B

Legcord Ordinary 901 0.4166% 83.6405% B

Fighting con 818.72 0.3786% 84.0190% B

Ace Pre-Starter Pellet 807.56 0.3734% 84.3924% B

Centrum Silver 270's 721.78 0.3337% 84.7262% B

Fightermix 688.89 0.3185% 85.0447% B

Premium red 688.11 0.3182% 85.3628% B

Tropical conditioner 663.78 0.3069% 85.6698% B

Sp Broiler FInisher Crumble 50k 644 0.2978% 85.9675% B

Opt.hog grower pellet 639.33 0.2956% 86.2631% B

Happy Hoggy Pre Starter Pellet 628.97 0.2908% 86.5540% B

Battle Slasher 616.17 0.2849% 86.8389% B

Ambroxityl powder 5g 613.67 0.2837% 87.1226% B

B.s derby mix 50kg 606.56 0.2805% 87.4031% B

Sg high action 603.78 0.2792% 87.6822% B

B-Seed Us 25kg 597.72 0.2764% 87.9586% B

Kr super concentrate 553.89 0.2561% 88.2147% B

B50 forten 551.22 0.2549% 88.4696% B

Urea fertilizer (drilled) 547.5 0.2532% 88.7227% B

JB LAYER CRUMBLE 50KG 545.5 0.2522% 88.9750% B

Sg ready to fight 542.22 0.2507% 89.2257% B

Complexor 10ml 535.44 0.2476% 89.4733% B

Scratchpen 525 0.2427% 89.7160% B

B12 caplet 50'S ARVETS 524.44 0.2425% 89.9585% B

Vetracin gold 5g 499.22 0.2308% 90.1893% B

Bionic Boost 50kg 497.33 0.2300% 90.4193% B

Budgetcon w/ propel 496.33 0.2295% 90.6488% B

Selectrogen 457.06 0.2113% 90.8601% B

Urea fertilizer (granullar) 424.92 0.1965% 91.0566% B

Class ab5 orange 423.67 0.1959% 91.2525% B

Belamyl 20ml 421.11 0.1947% 91.4472% B

Vetracin gold 24g 405.78 0.1876% 91.6348% B

Swine & poultry pellet 350.78 0.1622% 91.7970% B

Swine & poultry mash 349.78 0.1617% 91.9587% B

Vetracin classic 5g 341.11 0.1577% 92.1165% B

CENTRUM GOLD 338.33 0.1564% 92.2729% B

ACe Grower Pellet 338.11 0.1563% 92.4292% B

Mycipen 10dose 333.89 0.1544% 92.5836% B

Belamyl 10ml 326.89 0.1511% 92.7348% B

Washout shampoo 316.78 0.1465% 92.8812% B

Kr powerfightermix 312.67 0.1446% 93.0258% B

Pigilito 300.67 0.1390% 93.1648% B

Derby box double plastic 300 0.1387% 93.3035% B

Tb power pellet 1kg 295 0.1364% 93.4399% B

Bexan XP 10ml 293.78 0.1358% 93.5758% B

Vitality high energy puppy 288.19 0.1333% 93.7090% B

Tb successor 282.33 0.1305% 93.8396% B

Folding pen 277.78 0.1284% 93.9680% B

Kr extreme 274.22 0.1268% 94.0948% B

Multivitamins 272.67 0.1261% 94.2209% B

Vetracin premium 5g 261.11 0.1207% 94.3416% B

B12 tablet arvet 248.22 0.1148% 94.4564% B

Red gell forte 245.11 0.1133% 94.5697% B

Tb multigrain 1kg 244.89 0.1132% 94.6829% B

Sevin Powder 50g 236.78 0.1095% 94.7924% B

T2s caplet 231 0.1068% 94.8992% B

Calcium lactate 217.44 0.1005% 94.9998% B

Complexor 100ml 213.33 0.0986% 95.0984% B

Derby Box Carton double 209.44 0.0968% 95.1953% C

Baxidil powder 7g 203.67 0.0942% 95.2894% C

Chloramphenicol 500mg 197.22 0.0912% 95.3806% C

Baxidil powder 30g 188.67 0.0872% 95.4678% C

T2s 5g 183.33 0.0848% 95.5526% C

Hataw 180 0.0832% 95.6358% C

Bexan XP 100ml 178.89 0.0827% 95.7186% C

Bio 800 169.44 0.0783% 95.7969% C

Trisullak caplet 168.44 0.0779% 95.8748% C

Meeb 10ml 164.44 0.0760% 95.9508% C

Hepaxivit 10ml 163.33 0.0755% 96.0263% C

Amoxicillin 500mg 161.11 0.0745% 96.1008% C

Foster milk 160 0.0740% 96.1748% C

Voltplexkq 156.89 0.0725% 96.2474% C

JB Piglet Booster Pellet 1kg 155.56 0.0719% 96.3193% C

Apralyte powder 6g 153.44 0.0709% 96.3902% C

MarcaBulaklak Fertilizer 50kg 153.33 0.0709% 96.4611% C

Jectran Premium 10ml 150.44 0.0696% 96.5307% C

Malathion 60ml 150.11 0.0694% 96.6001% C

14 14 14 Fertilizer 50kg 148.44 0.0686% 96.6687% C

Vermex tablet 146.22 0.0676% 96.7363% C

Pharmaton Caplet 146 0.0675% 96.8038% C

Waterer small 145.89 0.0675% 96.8713% C

Red cell 60ml 142.78 0.0660% 96.9373% C

Wheatgerms 280g 140.56 0.0650% 97.0023% C

Spcrackcorn 50kg 139.06 0.0643% 97.0666% C

Biomix-battle vmix bio 800 25kg 136.89 0.0633% 97.1299% C

CtcCdmc 1kg 129.89 0.0601% 97.1900% C

Vetracin gold 113.5g 128.89 0.0596% 97.2496% C

Hammer suspension 122.44 0.0566% 97.3062% C

Belamyl 50ml 122.22 0.0565% 97.3627% C

Ld Laying mash 50kg 120.11 0.0555% 97.4182% C

Mite free shampoo 120.11 0.0555% 97.4738% C

Claypot medium 117.78 0.0545% 97.5282% C

Globes ordinary 4pairs 111.11 0.0514% 97.5796% C

Ctctryco 1kg 110 0.0509% 97.6305% C

Belamyl 100ml/100cc 109.22 0.0505% 97.6810% C

Plastic pot medium 109 0.0504% 97.7314% C

Opt.finisher pellet 108.44 0.0501% 97.7815% C

T2s Powder 20g 103.89 0.0480% 97.8295% C

Tb Hi lander Maintenance 1kg 101.78 0.0471% 97.8766% C

Wormal tablet 100.56 0.0465% 97.9231% C

B12 Inj 1000mcg rotex 99.11 0.0458% 97.9689% C

Waterer medium 96.44 0.0446% 98.0135% C

Dextrovet 100g 94.44 0.0437% 98.0572% C

Pusham 94.22 0.0436% 98.1007% C

Claypot Small 93.33 0.0432% 98.1439% C

Trisulak Powder 7g 93.11 0.0431% 98.1869% C

Doxylak tablet 92.44 0.0427% 98.2297% C

Dextrovet 300g 91.89 0.0425% 98.2722% C

Ct williams 87.67 0.0405% 98.3127% C

Hepaxivit 100ml 86.67 0.0401% 98.3528% C

Trisulak Powder 30g 84.44 0.0390% 98.3918% C

Value Meal Adult Dog Food

82.78 0.0383% 98.4301% C
20kg

Sg stag developer 79.22 0.0366% 98.4667% C

Derbybox Single Carton 77.78 0.0360% 98.5027% C

Fowlfox tablet 76.56 0.0354% 98.5381% C

Axylin Powder 5g 75 0.0347% 98.5728% C

B12 tablet lakpue 73.78 0.0341% 98.6069% C

Zero mite 69.67 0.0322% 98.6391% C

Legcord cobra 69.44 0.0321% 98.6712% C

Viminolak 69.33 0.0321% 98.7033% C

Disposable Syringe 1cc 68.89 0.0319% 98.7351% C

Oxyrid Drops 5ml 67.56 0.0312% 98.7664% C

Delux Breeder Pellet 50kg 65.78 0.0304% 98.7968% C

V22 100tablet 64.44 0.0298% 98.8266% C

Bee pollen tablet 63.89 0.0295% 98.8561% C

Quick heal wound spray 63.33 0.0293% 98.8854% C

Feeder 1ft 62.22 0.0288% 98.9142% C

JFL Dextrose Powder 300g 61.11 0.0283% 98.9424% C

Pit fighter expander 1kg 61.11 0.0283% 98.9707% C

V22 30 tablet 61.11 0.0283% 98.9989% C

Waterer large 61.11 0.0283% 99.0272% C

SMP 500 58.67 0.0271% 99.0543% C

Jectran premium 20ml 57.78 0.0267% 99.0810% C

Aquadox Powder 5g 55.89 0.0258% 99.1069% C

Jectran Premium 100ml 55.56 0.0257% 99.1326% C

Legcord strap 55.56 0.0257% 99.1582% C

Delux Lactating Pellet 50kg 52.78 0.0244% 99.1827% C

Hygro Grower Mash 50kg 52 0.0240% 99.2067% C

Zinc Phosphide 51.67 0.0239% 99.2306% C

Electrogen Powder 20g 51.11 0.0236% 99.2542% C

Hygro Breeder Mash 50kg 50.44 0.0233% 99.2775% C

Vetracin Powder 150g 47.78 0.0221% 99.2996% C

Golden Oats 200g 46.67 0.0216% 99.3212% C

Waterer 1/8 45.11 0.0209% 99.3421% C

Sapin and Hago 4pairs 44.89 0.0208% 99.3628% C

Jb Crack corn 40 kg 39.61 0.0183% 99.3811% C

Chloramphenicol 250mg 39.33 0.0182% 99.3993% C

Hepaxivit 20ml 38.89 0.0180% 99.4173% C

Legcord jumbo 38.89 0.0180% 99.4353% C

Pyristat solution 7g 38.11 0.0176% 99.4529% C

Globes Special 37.78 0.0175% 99.4704% C

Premium w/ propel 37.33 0.0173% 99.4876% C

Wheatger 100g 37.22 0.0172% 99.5048% C

Skim Milk 500g 35.33 0.0163% 99.5212% C

Pidro Powder 24g 35 0.0162% 99.5374% C

Legcord double 34 0.0157% 99.5531% C

Rubber pot medium 33.78 0.0156% 99.5687% C

Animycin 120ml 33.44 0.0155% 99.5842% C

Latigo 1000 SD 5g 32.33 0.0149% 99.5991% C

Jb corngrits30kg 31.86 0.0147% 99.6139% C

Slazbolak 10ml 29.33 0.0136% 99.6274% C

Legcord single 28.89 0.0134% 99.6408% C

BIomix-texascon bio 800 25kg 28 0.0129% 99.6537% C

Feeder 3ft 27.78 0.0128% 99.6666% C

PIDRO 2.4G 27.56 0.0127% 99.6793% C

Dovitron Powder 5g 26.89 0.0124% 99.6917% C

Doxylak Powder 7g 26.67 0.0123% 99.7041% C

Apex ear Drops 15ml 24.44 0.0113% 99.7154% C

Pit Fighter pointing pellet 1kg 24.44 0.0113% 99.7267% C

Latigo 1000 10g 23.33 0.0108% 99.7375% C

Class AB 1(yellow)25kg 23.11 0.0107% 99.7481% C

Class AB4 violet Con 25kg 23.11 0.0107% 99.7588% C

B12 aafes tablet 22.22 0.0103% 99.7691% C

Thyrolac 50g 21.78 0.0101% 99.7792% C

Animycinsusp 60ml 21.67 0.0100% 99.7892% C

Creolina 60ml 21.33 0.0099% 99.7991% C

Combinex 86g 20.78 0.0096% 99.8087% C

Axylin powder 20g 20 0.0092% 99.8179% C

Dovitron powder 20g 20 0.0092% 99.8272% C

Legcord short 20 0.0092% 99.8364% C

Truegrit 19.78 0.0091% 99.8456% C

Legcordsgp style 19.44 0.0090% 99.8545% C

Legweight balancer 19.44 0.0090% 99.8635% C

Baxidil tablet 18.33 0.0085% 99.8720% C

Feeder 2ft 16.11 0.0074% 99.8795% C

Amoxtin powder 5g 15.78 0.0073% 99.8867% C

Electrogen powder 6g 15.56 0.0072% 99.8939% C

Amoxicillin Tablet 250mg 14.67 0.0068% 99.9007% C

Respigen 15ml 14.67 0.0068% 99.9075% C

Bayong 12.78 0.0059% 99.9134% C

Fertiplus 220g 12.22 0.0057% 99.9191% C

Creolina 500ml 12 0.0055% 99.9246% C

Pinetar 60ml 11.67 0.0054% 99.9300% C

Wing Band 11.67 0.0054% 99.9354% C

Pork O Milk 150g 11.11 0.0051% 99.9405% C

Agmectin Powder 5g 10 0.0046% 99.9452% C

GamotsaPagtatae ng Baboy 10g 10 0.0046% 99.9498% C

Pedigree puppy 400g 10 0.0046% 99.9544% C

Hammer Extractor 200's 9.89 0.0046% 99.9590% C

Oxybiotic 200 10ml 9.78 0.0045% 99.9635% C

Canex Tablet 9.44 0.0044% 99.9679% C

Galimycin Powder 5g 9.44 0.0044% 99.9722% C

Bio 300 50kg 9.33 0.0043% 99.9766% C

LcVit Forte Syrup 60ml 9 0.0042% 99.9807% C

Texas Combat 7.33 0.0034% 99.9841% C

Calcium plus 220g 7.22 0.0033% 99.9874% C

Tape (tare) 5.56 0.0026% 99.9900% C

Legband plastic 4.22 0.0020% 99.9920% C

Disposable syringe 3cc 3.89 0.0018% 99.9938% C

 Disposable Syringe 5cc 3.89 0.0018% 99.9956% C

Latigo 500 Tablet 2.78 0.0013% 99.9969% C

Sulit Laying Mash 50kg 2.67 0.0012% 99.9981% C

UterexCoblet 2.56 0.0012% 99.9993% C

ScourexCoblet 1.56 0.0007% 100% C

TOTAL 216,273.72      

As we correlate this Average Inventory Sales to the Average Ending Inventory, (refer to the table
below) most of the items with negative value in the ending inventory are the Class A items and
Class B items. These items must not have negative value because these items contribute most in
the sales. In order to cut back these inventory cost, the lead time of these items, especially Class
A items must not be later than 7 days since these items are fast moving and contributes largest
in the sales. Only the Class C items with negative value must be delisted because it will just add
up to the inventory cost. Class C items with zero inventory value will not be delisted because
according to Mrs. Coronel, having a minimal inventory will look unattractive to customers.

AVERAGE MONTHLY AVERAGE INVENTORY ITEM

SKU
SALES (Php) VALUE (Php) CLASSIFICATION

Ld hog grower special 18,739.78 -3767.19 A

Ld Finisher Pellet 50kg 1,213.83 -1670.00 A

Tb multigrain 1kg 244.89 -1645.00 B

Texas derby con 1,734.50 -1447.36 A

B.s super slasher 925.67 -1442.00 B

Ld hog breeder special 6,457.72 -1283.68 A

Ld pigeon pellet 5,240.33 -1112.62 A

Tb gmp3 maintenance pellet 2,210.28 -886.95 A

Swine & poultry pellet 350.78 -834.00 B

MarcaBulaklak Fertilizer 50kg 153.33 -663.00 C

Palyat 40kg 2,839.56 -659.45 A

Ld chick grower crumble 3,036.89 -590.95 A

Class ab5 orange 423.67 -583.26 B

Sg ready to fight 542.22 -511.00 B

Sg winning line 1,153.78 -510.00 A

Value mix concentrate 6,264.61 -495.61 A

Biomix-battle vmix bio 800 25kg 136.89 -461.70 C

Ld hog starter pellet 13,880.17 -386.40 A

Urea fertilizer (granular) 424.92 -352.60 B

 Swine & poultry mash 349.78 -330.26 B

B12 tablet lakpue 73.78 -254.44 C

T2s 5g 183.33 -101.70 C

Tb platinum 1kg 1,182.89 -94.00 A

Bio 300 50kg 9.33 -71.65 C

Wheatgerms 280g 140.56 -48.00 C

Claypot Small 93.33 -47.88 C

Fowlfox tablet 76.56 -3.36 C

CtcCdmc 1kg 129.89 -1.26 C

2. What type of inventory control system would you recommend to Mrs. Coronel? Explain your
choice.
Ricmaesel Feeds and Agrivet Supply is a retailing business of livestock feeds, veterinary drugs
and accessories. In order to be successful in supply chain management, one must focus on the
inventories. And by keeping inventories, certain level of control must be exercised.

As discussed in Question no. 1, we used the ABC Analysis as the inventory control method to
classify items in order for Mrs. Coronel to determine the items that are top grosser, that falls in
Class A. While items that falls into Class C tends to be least gross and anything that falls
between these two categories will be labeled as Class B.

Each class can and should be handled in a different way, of course giving more attention to Class
A items. For this method, items that are labeled as Class A should be monitored closely for
shrinkage and be able to react if an item needs to be replenished. Substantially, Class A items
should be maintained in a small amount of inventory but needs a wide variety of
suppliers/sources, and should be replenished on a weekly basis to avoid stock-outs. So in short,
these Class A items should not be depleted. While the items that are under class B and C will be
monitored with less supervision and can have a large amount of inventory or buffer stocks. For
class B items, these items must be kept on a lower safety stock. Assuming that the demand
level is known, we will use the reorder point, and just place an order when it is time to do so.
While in Class C items, Mrs. Coronel should find out if these items can be a special order from
here on.

Because inventory levels are affected by the customers’ expectations, and the ambiguity in
demand, it should be monitored in such a way that we maintain desirable customer service.
After all, the best customer service is the availability of stocks.

Basically, Mrs. Coronel will be able to minimize the inventory using a hybrid system using the
determined classification of the ABC analysis. For example, all Class A items will have a minimum
amount of inventory and should be monitored by an optional replenishment system by
reviewing the inventory in a fixed time interval or if the inventory reaches below its
predetermined level. In Class B and C items, Mr. Coronel can use the Base-stock system by
purchasing the items based on the time and quantity it has been withdrawn from the inventory.
3. Do you think the JIT concept is applicable to this scenario? Why or why not?
We believe that JIT (just in time) concept is not applicable to this scenario because as stated in
the case. “The idea behind JIT, is to have the supplies a firm needs at the exact moment that
they are needed.” (David Broyles, 2005) Inasmuch as the demand varies from different backyard
farmers and the cock fighting enthusiast, the demand consequently manifest a sales seasonality.
As discussed in the case, the sales seasonality is attributed to low live weight of hogs and
broilers plus the molting season of fighting cocks, thus determining the future demand will be
difficult for Mrs. Coronel because the demand will be based on the life span of the animals that
each owner produces. In addition, suppliers’ lead time is not consistent which are prone to
delayed deliveries and may result to stock-outs.